IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WtST  MAIN  STRHT 

WfBSTH.N.Y.  MStO 

(716)S72-4S03 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notet  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  inttituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographicaliy  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


r~|   Covers  damaged/ 


n 


D 


n 


Couverture  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurAe  at/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartas  gAographiquas  an  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (I.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encra  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I     I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Ralii  avac  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutias 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissant  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsqua  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  «t*  fiimAas. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  supplAmantairas: 


L'Institut  a  microfilmA  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  AtA  poaalola  de  ae  procurer.  Lea  dMails 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduita,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthoda  normala  de  filmaga 
sont  indiqufo  cl-dessous. 


r~n   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


This  item  is  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  da  reduction  indiqu*  cl-dessous. 


Th( 
to 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  pellicultes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  dtcoiortes,  tachetAes  ou  piqutes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachias 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

l~~|  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I — I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I     I  Pages  detached/ 


I      I   Showthrough/ 


Transparence 


I     I   Quality  of  print  varies/ 


QualitA  InAgaia  de  I'impresslon 

includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprand  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


Th 
po 
of 
filr 


Orl 
be 
th< 
sic 
oti 
fin 
sio 
or 


Th 
shi 
Til 
wl 

Ml 
dif 
en 
be 
rig 
re< 
mi 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissuea,  etc.,  have  iMen  refllmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  peges  totalament  ou  partiallement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  una  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  AtA  filmAes  i  nouveeu  de  fapon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

7 

12X                           16X                           20X                           24X                           28X                           32X 

V 

Is 

u 

ifiar 

ia 

ige 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  has  bssn  rsproduced  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Tha  imagaa  appe<irlng  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
posslbia  consldaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spaclfications. 


L'axampiaira  fiimi  fut  raproduit  grAca  A  la 
gAntrositA  da: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Las  imayos  sulvantas  ont  Att  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soln,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  ia  nattatA  da  l'axampiaira  f ilmA,  at  an 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


5*t'- 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  lliustratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  beginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  anding  on  the  last  paga  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  lest  recorded  freme  on  each  microfiche 
shell  contein  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  tha  symbol  V  (maening  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  retios.  Those  too  lerga  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ere  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hend  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  exempiairas  originaux  dont  ia  couverture  en 
pa;«ier  est  imprim4e  sont  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  la  prsmier  plat  at  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  paga  qui  comporta  una  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'iilustration,  soit  par  ia  second 
plat,  salon  ie  ces.  Tous  les  autres  exempiairas 
originaux  sont  filmte  an  commandant  par  la 
pramlAre  paga  qui  comporta  una  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustradon  at  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  Ie 
ces:  Ie  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  ie 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  plonches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
fJImAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  an  un  seui  clichA,  ii  est  film*  A  partir 
da  I'engle  supArleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  heut  en  bas,  an  pranant  ia  nombra 
d'images  nAcesseire.  Les  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrant  ia  mAthoda. 


ita 


lure. 


: 


tx 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE   INTERIOR. 


REPORT 


<; 


raiTED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


or 


THE   TERRITORIES. 


F.  V.   I-IA^YDEN, 

UNITED  STATES  O  EOLOli  IST-I  N-C  H  A  RO  R  . 


VOLUME  XL 


WASniNOTOX: 

QOVKItNMENT     PUINTINO     OFFICE. 

1877. 


'"""^■^nP^^'OT^iaiWIMPMWfiMMBIiPI 


■■■■■■■PMHHM 


LETTER  TO  THE  SECRETARY. 


Office  of  the  United  States  Geological  and 

Geoqbaphical  Sobvey  of  the  Teebitoeies, 

Washington,  D.  C,  May  31,  1877. 

Sib:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  for  your  approval  and  for 
publication,  the  Eleventh  Volume  of  Final  Reports  of  the  Survey  under  my 
charge. 

This  Report  consists  of  a  series  of  Monographs  of  the  several  North 
American  Families  of  Bodentia,  prepared  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  of  the  United 
States  Army,  now  Secretary  of  the  Survey,  and  Prof.  J.  A.  Allen,  of  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  one  of  the  special  collaborators  of  the  Survey — gentlemen  whose 
names  guarantee  the  high  scientific  character  of  the  work  here  accomplished. 

It  has  become  the  settled  policy  of  ttie  ourvey  to  devote  a  reasonable 
and  proper  share  of  attention  to  the  Zoology  of  the  Territories  explored,  as  a 
subject  entirely  germane  to  the  main  purposes  for  which  the  Survey  was 
established,  and  as  one  having  an  important  bearing  upon  the  agricultural 
and  other  industrial  resources  of  the  West.  To  this  end,  zoologists  have, 
from  time  to  time,  been  attached  to  the  various  surveying  parties,  and  have 
been  instructed  to  avail  themselves  of  every  opportunity  to  acquire  informa- 
tion respecting  the  Fauna  of  the  regions  visited,  as  well  as  to  make  collections 
of  specimens  illustrating  all  branches  of  Zoology.  The  material  thus  secured 
has  been  deposited  in  the  National  Museum,  where  it  now  remains. 

The  present  series  of  Monographs  is  based  primarily  upon  the  collections 
furnished  by  the  Survey;  and  a  glance  at  the  "Lists  of  specimens  examined" 
which  the  authors  have  given  in  this  volume  will  show  the  extent  of  the 
material  thus  contributed.  Through  the  liberal  policy  pursued  by  the  author- 
ities of  the  National  Museum  and  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of 
Cambridge,  the  authors  have  been  enabled  to  avail  themselves  also  of  the 

iii* 


iv* 


MONOGHAl'ns  OV  NOItTU  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


If! 

II 


entire  collections  of  Rodents  contiiined  in  these  Mnseums,  nmounting  in  the 
aggregate  to  severiil  thousand  specimens.  No  work  of  the  kind  hitherto  pub- 
lished rests  upon  sncli  an  enormous  amount  of  material,  nnd  no  naturalists  arc 
more  competent  to  elaborate  it  than  the  authors  of  these  memoirs  have  proven 
tlicmselves  to  be.  Their,  work,  it  is  believed,  will  challenge  comparison  in 
points  of  laborious  and  conscientious  research,  of  uccnrate  and  minute  detail, 
and  of  thorougldy  scientific  method  in  study. 

The  Rodcntia  constitute  by  far  the  largest  order  of  Mammals,  ond  one 
of  the  mo.st  important  from  an  economic  ns  well  as  scientific  standpoint. 
Thougii  the  species  are  mostly  small  and  apparently  insignificant,  their  rela- 
tion? with  man  arc  of  much  moment.  Some  of  them,  like  the  Beaver,  the 
Muskrut,  and  others,  furnish  important  articles  of  commerce ;  while  a  large 
majority  of  the  species  directly  aflect  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  nation. 
Various  cpccies  occur  in  countless  multitudes,  and  constitute  one  of  the  most 
serious  obstacles  with  which  the  agriculturist  has  to  contend  in  many  parts 
of  the  country.  It  is  not  easy,  therefore,  to  give  undue  prominence  to  a 
group  of  Mammals,  accurate  and  full  information  respecting  which  is  essen- 
tial to  the  intelligent  direction  of  measures  to  stay  their  ravages.  In  the 
present  work,  the  technical  history  of  nil  the  species  known  to  inhabit  North 
America  is  presented  in  full,  together  with  their  geographical  distribution 
and,  in  some  cases,  their  habits.  The  fossil  as  well  as  the  recent  species  are 
considered,  and  many  of  the  exotic  allies,  of  Mexico  and  of  Central  and 
South  America,  are  also  brought  under  review. 

It  is  now  twenty  years  sihcc  the  Rodents  of  North  America  were  revised 
by  Professor  Baird,  in  his  "Mammals  of  North  America".  This  interval 
almost  exactly  coincides  with  the  period  of  the  rise  and  establishment  of  the 
theory  of  evolution,  or  latest  scientific  views  of  the  development  of  species, 
and  their  variability  under  climatic  and  other  conditions  of  environment.  The 
Rodents  of  North  America  have  never  before  been  systematically  treated  from 
this  standpoint,  which  necessitates  a  thorough  revision  of  the  whole  subject. 
The  authors  have  thus  not  only  been  able  to  avail  themselves  of  a  vastly  greater 
amount  of  material  than  that  at  the  command  of  any  other  investigators, 
but  they  have  also  studiously  applied  the  sounder  principles  of  modern  sci- 
ence to  the  elucidation  of  the  subject.  They  are  well  known  as  leaders 
among  American  Mammalogists  in  this  line  of  research,  ai.a  ■;:  eir  studk<^8 
have  resulted  in  placing  the  subject  in  an  entiiely  new  light.  It  is  believed 
that  the  publication  of  this  volume  will  murk  en  era  in  the  history  of  Ameri- 


LKTTEU  TO  TUB  8ECItKTABY. 


▼  • 


can  Maniinnlogy.  Being  oxIiouHtivc  ontio  subject,  it  nocesRuriiy  becoiMes  tlie 
permanent  bnnis  of  t'ntiire  work  on  tliin  group,  and  roniains  an  enduring  wit- 
ness to  the  industry,  ability,  ami  scientific  acquirements  of  the  authors. 

A  word  of  explanation  of  the  plan  of  the  work  will  not  be  out  of 
place.  The  Rc|)ort  consists  of  eleven  separate  and  distinct  memoirs,  each 
treating  of  a  single  family.  The  Murida,  Zapodida,  IlajilodontidtB,  (Jeomt/ida, 
and  Saccomijidu!  ore  by  Dr.  Coues;  the  Leporida,  Lagomyida,  Hi/.s(iicida, 
Castoroididte,  Castorida,  and  Sciurida  arc  by  Prof..  Allen.  The  authors, 
while  working  together  in  entire  accord,  have  prepared  their  rcsi>ective  por- 
tions independently  of  each  other,  and  neither  is  to  be  accredited  with  the 
work  of  the  other,  or  to  be  held  responsible  therefor.  Prof  Allen  has  alone 
treated  of  the  fossil  species  of  the  order.  The  general  superintendence  of 
the  volume  during  its  passage  through  the  press  has  devolved  upon  Dr.  Coues. 
The  memoirs  have  been  accepted  for  publication  and  put  to  press  in  the 
order  in  which  they  have  been  transmitted  to  this  office.  Their  sequence  in 
the  volume,  therefore,  is  not  according  to  the  natural  classification,  which  will 
be  found  upon  a  subsequent  page. 

The  Bibliography  of  North  American  Mammals  (Appendix  B),  with 
which  the  work  concludes,  has  been  contributed  by  Prof.  Theodore  Gill  and 
Dr.  Coues  conjointly.  Though  regarded  by  the  authors  as  incomplete,  it  is, 
nevertheless,  by  far  the  most  extensive  nnd  elaborate  exposition  of  the 
subject  extant. 

The  thanks  of  the  Survey  are  due  to  the  Public  Printer,  the  foreman  of 
printing,  and  the  proof-readers  and  compositors  of  the  Government  Printing 
Office,  for  the  pains  they  have  taken  to  render  the  typography  of  the  volume 
so  creditable  to  all  concerned.  In  this  connection,  I  take  pleasure  in  men- 
tioning particularly  Mr.  William  Young,  who  (nay  be  justly  regarded  as  one 
of  the  most  accomplished  proof-readers  of  the  country,  and  whose  zealous 
discharge  of  his  duties  and  long  experience  in  scientific  publications  have 
rendered  his  services  invaluable. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

F.  V.  HAYDEN, 

United  States  Geologist. 
Hon.  Cabl  Schurz, 

Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Washingtcn,  D.  C. 


UNITED  STATES  OBOLOGIOAL  SURVEY  OV  THE  TERRITORIES. 


MONOGRAPHS 


NORTH  AMERICAN 


RODENTIA. 


ELLIOTT    OOUES, 

OAPTAIM  AND  AH8IHTAMT  8UII0KON  rNITKD  g.'ATKS  ARMY, 
BKCRKTAIIV  ANI>  KATtlRAMST  OF  THE  8PPVF.V  ; 


JOEL  ASAPH   ALLEN, 

AgSUTANT  IN  TUK  MUSBDM  Or  COMPARATIVK  ZOfiLOOY,  CAMBRIBOB, 
8PBCIAI,  CObLARORATOR  OF  THR  BDRVBY. 


WASHINGTON: 

OOTRRNHENT    PBINTINO    OPPIOB, 

1877. 


vn' 


SYSTEMATIC  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS; 

OH, 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

Order  GLIRESs  Rodents. 

Suborder  I.— 8IMPLICIDENTATI :  Ordinary  Rodents. 
Series  I.— SCIUROMORPIIA:  Sciubinb  Rouksth. 

Family  I.— SCIVBIDJEi  8<)uiiiiikm,  etc. 

Pagra. 

MONOGRAPH  XL—A/ien 631-940 

Family  II.-HAPIX»DONTIDiE*  Skwkujsl. 

MONOGRAPH  lX.—Coue.i 543-600 

Family  Ili.-CASTOBID.K  I  Beavkk. 

MONOGRAPH  Yl— Alien 427-454 

Sbbies  II.— MYOMORPHA:  Mdrine  Rodents. 

•  ■ 

Family  IV.— ntVBIDiE  i  Mick,  etc. 

MONOGRAPH  I.—Coues (i-x),  1-264 

Family  V.— XAPODIDJB  i  Jiimfiko  Mouse. 

M     .v^GRAPH  Vll.~a'ttc.v 455-480 

Family  VI.-8ACCOniYID.Kl  Pouched  Mice. 

MONOGRAPH  Yllt—Couea 481-542 

Family  VII.-OEOm VID JB  i  Oophkbs. 

MONOGRAPH  X.—Coues 601-630 

ix* 


I  ; 


X*  MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 

Series  III— IIYSTRICOMORPIIA:  Hystricine  Rodents. 

Family  VIII.-CASTOROIDIDA  :  (K088IL.) 

Pages. 

MONOGRAPH  Y.— Allen 416-426 

Family  IX.-HVSTBICIDiKt  I'oncui'iNXS. 

MONOGRAPH  III.— Allen 379-398 

Suborder  DUPLICIDENf  ATI :  Leporine  Rodents. 

Family  X.—  JLEPOBIDiE  I  IIaiiks. 

MONOGRAPH  II.— Allen '. 265-378 

Family  XL-LAGOMVID^S;:  I'ikas. 

MONOGRAPH  lY.— Allen 399-414 


GENERAL  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  OF  THE  WHOLE  VOLUME. 

(for  Special  Tablet  of  CtmtenU  tee  each  Monograpk.) 


Piges. 

Title  of  the  Eleventh  Volume  op  Reports i* 

Letter  to  the  Secbetary  (F.  V.  Hat/den) iii* 

Title  op  the  Monographs  of  the  Rodentia  (Coues  and  Allen)  vii* 

Systematic  Table  op  Contents  (classification) ix* 

General  Table  op  Contents  (of  the  whole  volume) xi* 

MONOGRAPH  I.— nVRID^.    By  Elliott  Coues (i-x),  1-264 

Title '     I 

Introdaction  (Letter  of  Transmittal) m 

Table  of  Contents Tn 

List  of  lUnstrutions IX 

Family  MnridsB 1 

Bibliographical  App(endix  , 255 

MONOGRAPH  II.-LEPORID^.     By  J.  A.  Allen  ...' 265-378 

Title .". 265^ 

Letter  of  Transmittal 265  bis 

Table  of  Contents 260 

Family  LeporidiB 867 

Bibliographical  K6snm6 277 

Supplementary  Note :   Extinct  American  Hares 373 

MONOGRAPH  lU.— HTSTRICID^.    By  J.  A.  Allen 379-398 

Title 379 

Letter  of  Transmittal 381 

Table  of  Contents 383 

Family  Uystricidae .           386 

Extinct  North  American  Porcupines 307 

MONOGRAPH  IT.-IiA«OIHTID2E.     By  J.  A.  Allen 399-414 

Title 399 

Letter  of  Transmittal 401 

Table  of  Contente  403 

Family  Lagomyidae 405 

MONOGRAPH  V.-CA8TOROIDID^.    By  J.  A.  Allen 4 15- 126 

Title 415 

Table  of  Contents 417 

'     Family  CastoroididtB •. 419 


XI 


i« 


Hi 


Xli*  MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 

Pages, 

MONOOKAPH  VI.-CASTORID^.     liy  ./.  A.  Allen 427-454 

Title 427 

Table  of  Contents 429 

Family  CastoridoB 431 

Bibliographical  Appendix 454 

MONOGRAPH  V1I.-ZAPODIDJB.    By  ElUott  Coues 455-480 

Title : 465 

Letter  of  Transmittal 457 

Table  of  Contehts 459 

Family  Zapodido) 461 

MONOGRAPH  YlU.-$iACCOinVID^.     By  Elliott  Coues.  481-542 

Title 481 

Letter  of  Transmittal 483 

Table  of  Contents 485 

Family  SaccorayidaB 487 

MONOGRAPH  lX.-HAPLODOWTIDiB.     By  Elliott  Coues .  543-600 

Title 543 

Letter  of  Transmittal 645 

Table  of  Contents 547 

Family  HaplodontidsB 549 

MONOGRAPH  X.-GEOin¥ID^.    By  Elliott  Coues 601-630 

Title 601 

Table  of  Contents 603 

Letter  of  Transmittal • 605 

Family  Geomyidaa 607 

MONOGRAPH  XI.-SCIURID.S:.     By  J.  A.  Allen 631-940 

Title 631 

Letter  of  Transmittal    633 

Table  of  Contents 636 

Family  Bciaridse 637 

Extinct  American  Sciuridoe 929 

Appendix  A.— Synoptical  List  op  the  Fossil  Rodentia  op 

North  America.    By  J.  ^.  Allen 943-960 

Appendix  B.~Material    for  a    Bibliography    of    North 

American  Mammals.     By  Theodore  Gill  and  Elliott  Coues.  951-1082 

Index  to  the  Whole  Volume • 108:j-1091 


MONOGRAPHS 


NORTH   AMERICAN   RODENTIA. 


M.  I.-MURIDJl. 


By   ELLIOTT   OOUiCS, 


t-u 


-\ 


Vo 


i^'i-^ 


17 


^:^^' 


\ 


INTRODUCTION, 


Smithsonian  Institution, 
Washington,  D.  C,  January  1,  1876. 

Sib  :  A  inemoir  on  the  Muridce  is  herewith  trantitiitted  as  one  of  the 
series  of  "Monographs  of  North  American  Rodentia"  in  course  of  prepara- 
tion by  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  and  myself,  for  publication  by  the  Survey  un<ler  your 
charge. 

It  is  supposed  that  the  series  will  consist  uf  ten  memoirs,  each  treating 
of  a  single  family.  Those  to  follow  will  probably  occupy  less  space  than  the 
present  one,  the  Murida  being  much  the  largest  family  of  American  Rodents. 
The  successive  articles  will  be  entirely  independent  of  each  other,  and  may 
be  issued  separately  if  desired.  As  the  Cvsnplete  series  will  doubtless  make 
a  volume  of  convenient  size,  it  is  suggested  that  the  set  of  monographs  will 
be  available  for  one  of  the  quarto  "Reports"  of  original  investigations,  now 
publishing  by  the  Survey. 

Circumstances  having  been  unfavorable  to  the  joint  authorship  which 
both  Mr.  Allen  and  myself  cordially  desired,  it  has  been  decided  to  divide  the 
work  in  another  way,  each  taking  up  certain  families  agreed  upon.  Neil;' 
author,  therefore,  is  to  be  held  responsible  for  the  work  of  the  other.  Several 
additional  articles  are  in  an  advanced  state  of  preparation,  and  will  be 
presented  in  the  order  of  their  completion,  without  reference  to  the  natural 
sequence  of  the  several  groups. 

The  present  memoir,  prepared  in  1872,  is  based  upon  the  material  con- 
tained in  the  National  Museum  at  Washington,  the  whole  of  its  unparalleled 
collection  of  American  MuridcB  having  been  placed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  in  my  hands  for  elaboration.  The  specimens 
collected  by  yourself,  or  by  the  Survey  under  your  direction,  will  be 
found  duly  accounted  for  in  the  tabular  lists.  The  stiite  consists  of 
several  thousand  specimens,  among  them  many  of  the  types  of  American 
writers,  and  represents,  I  have  no  doubt,  much  more  material  than  has  hith- 
erto been,  made  the  basis  of  any  monograph  of  a  single  group  of  mammals 


IV 


INTRODUCTION. 


Naturalists  001111110111)- coiu|ilain  of  dearth  of  material:  I  iiave  iieoii  embar- 
rassed by  the  enormous  amount  I  have  been  obliged  to  examine  in  order  to 
faithfully  e.\..cutc  my  self-imposed  task.  Every  specimen  has  been  made  to 
contriiiute  to  the  general  result.  The  collection  has  been  catalogued,  and 
labeled  according  to  my  views ;  the  duplicates  have  been  made  up  into  about 
thirty  sets  for  distribution  by  the  Institution.  A  few  of  the  leading  sets  are 
only  less  complete  than  the  Smithsonian  reserve  series  itself;  the  value  of  the 
others  successively  <lecrcascs  with  lack  of  the  rarer  dujilicates. 

The  results  of  the  investigation  being  fully — perhaps  not  without  pro- 
lixity and  some  repetition — given  in  the  body  of  llie  memoir,  need  not  to  be 
here  noticed;  I  only  allude  to  their  entirely  original  character.  I  wish, 
however,  to  have  one  word  upon  the  met)  ,d  of  study  I  pursued  in  this  case, 
us  determining  the  shape  which  the  article  finally  assumed.  The  paper 
is  presented  very  nearly  as  it  was  originally  prepared,  my  official  engagements 
having  prevented  any  leisurely  revision  of  the  manuscript;  and  it  was  written 
in  such  odd  hours  as  I  could  find  in  the  midst  of  active  professional  duties. 
I  began  the  investigation  with  no  more  knowledge  of  the  subject  tlian  any 
naturalist  might  have  incidentally  acquired.  I  had  no  "views"  to  advance, 
and  was  entirely  free  from  prejudice.  I  studied,  as  I  conceive  a  naturalist 
should  in  such  cases,  with  a  specimen  in  one  hand  and  my  pen  in  the  other. 
In  taking  up  the  species  successively,  I  never  knew,  and  certainly  never 
cared,  what  the  result  would  be,  being  perfectly  satisfied  to  let  the  specimens 
tell  their  own  story  in  their  own  way.  I  studied  these  mice,  at  intervals,  for 
about  a  year,  and  then  put  my  notes  together.  So  the  work  grew;  and  if  the 
results  be  found  to  square  with  late  progressive  views  respecting  so-called 
"specific"  distinctions,  it  will  be  remembered  that  I  am  but  the  mouthpiece 
of  the  animals  themselves,  and  claim  only  the  credit  of  making  an  accurate 
report. 

On  some  accounts,  I  wish  that  opportunity  had  offered  to  revise  and 
condense  an  article  which  will  doubtless  be  more  respected  for  the  labor  it 
represents  and  for  its  possible  value  as  a  contribution  to  knowledge  than 
as  a  model  of  literary  handicrait.  Yet  an  honest  showing  of  processes  may 
have  its  value,  ns  well  as  a  formal  exhibition  of  results.  The  knowing  iiow 
a  piece  of  work  is  done  may  be  of  use  in  testing  its  (juality. 

The  illustrations  which  accompany  this  paper  are  from  photographs  of 
the  objects  directly  on  sensitized  wood,  by  Smillie's  process;  the  engraving  was 


INTFODITCTION.  y 

done  by  Nichols.  This  method  of  representing  small  skulls  promised  more 
accuracy  than  seemed  to  be  attainable,  after  several  trials,  by  hand-drawing; 
but  the  figures  should  not  be  relied  upon  too  implicitly. 

A  short  abstract  of  this  paper  appeared  in  the  "Proceedings"  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  for  1874. 
I  am,  Sir.  Ac., 

ELLIOTT  COUES. 
Dr.  P.  V.  Hayden, 

U.  8.  Qeofogist,  djr., 

Washington,  D.  C. 


TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 


liVaiDM 1-964 

HDIUN.a  (SlQMODOKTBS) 6-130 

Xtotoma 7-31 

Neotoma  floridana -■' 14-19 

ftuofpes 19-98 

ferraginea SS-94 

oinerea 94-99 

magister 99-31 

Sigmodon :.  31-43 

Sigmodon  bUpidu* 36-43 

Hetptnm^ 43-117 

(Te$p«rimu*) 45-105 

HespcioiDys  (Vesperimna)  lencopns , BO-75 

goMypinoa 76-78 

sonoriemia 79-88 

ereiniona 88-91 

anroolas -. 91-93 

miohigaoensis 94-97 

oalifornicDi 96-100 

aateena 100-108 

melaiiophrys 103-105 

(OiiyotoMya) 105-111 

HespeiomyB  (Onychomya)  leucogaiter. 108-lOf 

torridaa 109-111 

(Or^mmf) lU-117 

HeBperom;s  (Or;xomys)  paluatris 113-117 

[IWrtroAw] : 118-119 

[Reitbrodon  onnioDloides,  R.  typioos,  R.  (Enneomys)  ohinobiiloides] 119-119 

Otketodm 120-130 

OcbetodoD  haroilla 183-186 

longicanda 196-198 

mezioanaB 19&-130 

tmontanaB 130-130 

AKVICOUNiE 131-855 

BtoUm^ 131-149 

Evotomys  ratlins 136-143 

gapperi 148-149 

AnUola 14»-897 

(Uymtomet) , 153-166 

Arvicola  (Myouomea)  rlparias 156-185 

tbotealia 196-197 

towDsendi 165-189 

xantbognathns , 197-803 

triobardBooi 804-806 

VII 


VIII 


TABLE  OV  CONTENTS. 


MURlDJi— Coiitiuiitxl 
Arvicolina  .  ■• 

Anicola.                                                                   ■    .      ''  Fag*- 

[CkilotHt) soT-wa 

Arvioolu  (Clillutna)  oregoniia ■ iXn'-JtOB 

(Pedonst) S09-81S 

Arvicola(Pe<1oiuyH)  antterua 810-SU 

ourtotiu SI6-S18 

(Vilymgt) Sl»-»7 

Arvicola  vPltyinyR)  piuetoraio S19-996 

quiuiater SM-9S7 

Sgnapiomgi 9S»-S3« 

Hynaptotnys  cooper! 836-S30 

M)0dn 237-iM3 

Myodea  obensis 941-S43 

Ciiiiici(Iu« SM3-SS1 

CuDiculaa  torqoatas M6-iBl 

FUer 851-itC6 

Fiber  zibetbicoa 864-866 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX S&6-8«4 


II  i 


LIST   OF   ILLU&TKATI0N8. 


PLATE  I. 

Fig.    1.  JVcDtoMa/oHdniia,  •kullfromtbove 8066 

Fig.   S.       "             "        RkoUloprofile '. 806G 

Fig.   3.       "             "        left  Jaw,  oiitdde 30e6 

Fig.   *.       "             "        (Icnll  ftom  below il066 

Fig.   6.       "       /rmifiiMa,  ■knll  rrom  above K\U 

Fig.   0.        "                "          Bkallinproaie..... , MiU 

Fig.   7.       "               "         left  Jaw,  ontaide 18114 

Fig.   8.       "               "         aknll  from  below 18114 

PLATE  II. 

Fig.   9.  Iftotoma  dii«rea,  akoU  from  above 4868 

Fig.lO.       "             "       akoU  in  profile 4868 

Fig.ll.       "             "       left  Jaw,  oDtaide 4808 

Kig.  19.       "            »       akall  from  below 4868 

Fig.13.       •■        ««fii/«r,  riahtjaw.ootaide 1!«07 

Fig.  14.  aitmtdon  kiipida*,  akall  ftna  abore 4763 

Flg.15.        "            "        akall  in  profile 4763 

Fig.16.        "            "        left  Jaw,  ootaide 4763 

ng.l7.        "            "        aknll  from  below..: 4763 

PLATE  lU. 

Fig.  18.  BieqMrraiyf  Imctptu,  akuU  fromabore 1944 

Fig.l9.          "                "        akoU  in  profile 1K44 

Fig.80.          "                "        left  Jaw,  oaUide 1IM4 

Fig.ai.        '"                "        akull  from  below 1M4 

Fig.  88.          "          fM>|y<Mf,  akall  fiom  abo-e 4766 

Fig.83.          "                 "         akall  in  profile 4766 

Fig.84.          "                 "         left  Jaw,  ontaile 4766 

Fig.28.          "                 "         akull  ftom  beJxw 4766 

Fig.  86.          "          *ikMfaii<N«<«,  akall  fh>m  a\'>Te 1673 

Fig.87.          "                     "           akolUn  profilii 1673 

Flg.88.         "                   "          left  Jaw,  oat».de 1878 

Fig.89.          "                     "           akall  fhND  below 1678 

Fig.30.         "                   "          akall  firom  above 17J6 

Flg.3l.          "                     •■          akall  in  profile 1796 

Fig.38.          "                     "          left  Jaw,  outaide 1796 

Fig.33.          "                     "          akall  firom  below :.. 1796 

Fig.  34.          "          aarcoiiif,  akull  from  above 8088 

Fig.3&.          "                "       akull  in  profile 8088 

Fig.36.          "                "       left  Jaw,  oalside v 908S 

Fig.37.          "                "       aknU  from  below 8083 

Fig.38.  Xvottmfi  fopj"*^  •knU  from  above 1767 

Fig.39.        "            "        ikuU in  profile 1787 

Fig.40.        "             "        leftJaw.oaUide 1767 

Fig.41.        "            "        skall  fkom  below 1767 

IX 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATE  IV. 

JIo. 

Fig.  i'l.  Arvioola  ripariui,  aknll  from  above "** 

Kig.43.         "             "         skull  In  profile ' 1^9 

KIk.44.         "             "         left  Jaw,  ont«i(le 'W 

t'lg.  4f>.         "             "         sknll  from  below 'W 

KIg.  46.         "             "         iikiill  from  above *"* 

Kig.47.         "             "         skull  In  profile ^*8 

Flg.48.         "             "         left  Jaw,  ontdltle *** 

Fig.  49.         "             "         aknll  rroni  below..*. <** 

Fig.OO.        "       (oifiumdl,  iknll  from  above 6*89 

Klg.r.l.         "               "         aknll  in  profile 9808 

Flg.na.         "               "         left  Jaw,  onlalile «*» 

Kig.  M.         "               "         aknll  from  below WW 

Fig.  54.         "        zaiifAoffiialAiM,  ekull  from  above 1*118 

Flg.WJ.         "                   "           akull  In  profile 18118 

FIk.56.         "                   "           lift  Jaw,  outalde 18118 

Fig.  57.         "                   "           aknll  from  l>elow 18118 

PLATE  V. 

Fig.  58.  Anicola  aNaferu,  aknll  from  above 1863 

F'„.59.        "            "         aknll  In  profile 1889 

Flg.60.        "            "         Jaw,  both  aide* , 18«8 

Flg.61.        "            "         akoilfVom  below : 1868 

Fig.  68. kuU  from  above. .". 948 

Flg.63.        "            "         aknll  in  profile .♦. 948 

Flg.64.        "            "         left  Jaw,  ontalde 948 

Flg.66.        "            "         aknll  from  below 948 

Fig.66.        '•        curfalM,  akull  from  above 18160 

Flg.OT.        '•           "         aknll  In  profile 18169 

Flg.68.        "            "          leftjaw.onteldo 1S169 

Fig.69.        "            "          akull  from  below 19169 

Fig.  70.        "       pinetomm,  akull  from  above 1930 

Flg.71.        "             "          akull  in  profile 1990 

Fig.72.        "              "           left  jaw,  outaide 1030 

Flg.73.        "              "           Hkull  from  below 1930 

Fig.  74.  SgnaplotKHi  cooptri,  skull  from  above 6916 

Flg.75.         "             "        akull  in  profile 6915 

Fig.76.          "              "         leftjaw.onteldo ;....  6015 

Flg.77.          "              "         akullfVom  below 6016 

Nora.— Tbe  nninbers  of  the  rlgbt-hand  column  at«  thow  of  the  speeimen*  Kgored. 


-k,    .  ;    </>. ' 


Family  MURIDAE. 


The  family  Muridte  will  be  taken  in  itH  current  acceptation,  as  far  oa 
Korth  American  representatives  are  cnncern««l,  but  with  exclusion  of  the 
genus  Zapua*  {Meriones  or  Jaculua  of  American  authors),  which,  as  type  of  a 
oeparate  family  Zapodlda,  will  be  treated  in  a  subsequent  memoir  of  this 
series.  This  genus  differs  sufficiently  from  any  of  the  Murida  in  certain  cranial 
and  dental  characters,  proportions  of  limbs,  ana  other  features. 

With  the  exclusion,  then,  of  Zapus,  the  fairtily  Murida  is  represented  in 
North  America  l)y  only  two  subfamilies,  Murinas  and  Arvicolina,  out  of  the 
number  of  groups  into  which  it  is  usually  divided.  We  are  inclined  to  believe 
that  the  same  considerations  which  induce  us  to  eliminate  Zapus  as  the  type 
of  a  distinct  family  (as  has  already  been  done  by  Gill),  would  require 
certain  Old  World  genera,  in  which  the  molars  are  more  or  less  than  §,  to 
be  likewise  separated  from  Murida  proper,  which  would  then  be  constituted 
solely  by  forms  in  which  there  are  §  molars.  Such  construction  of  a 
family  Murida  would  render  it  rather  equivalent  to  the  subfamily  Murine 
of  authors.  But  in  our  present  ignorance  of  many  exotic  forms  usually 
brought  under  Murida,  we  do  not  venture  upon  general  considerations  touch- 
ing the  definition  of  the  family  at  large. 

As  represented  in  North  America,  and  by  the  two  subfamilies  Murinee 

and  ArvicoHna;,  the  family  Mu  '  '^  may  be  recognized  by  the  following 

characters : 

T  1-1    r.  0-0    T>  0-0   ,,  3-3      8      .„,     ,, 

^-  r-1'  ^-  (Po'  P-  oiU'  *^-3::3  =  8  =  ^^*'^^**'- 

Anteorbital  foramen  a  large  pyriform  slit,  bounded  exteriorly  by  a  broad 
plate  of  the  maxillary.  Coronuid,  condylar,  and  descending  processes  of  the 
mandible  well  developed  and  distinct.     Tibia  and  6bula  united  below. 

*  ZapuM,  H.  g.,  Codes,  Ballotla  U.  S.  Qeol.  Surv.  Terr.  Sd  ser.  No.  5, 1875,  p.  863 


2 


MOXOGRAPIIS  OF  NOUTQ  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


The  character  of  tlie  antcorbital  foramen  is  peculiar,  and  probal)!}-  dia;,'- 
nostic  of  the  group.  "This,"  as  Baird  has  said,  "consists  of  a  narrow  vortical 
fissure  anterior  to  the  corner  of  the  frontal  bone,  widening  above,  and 
bounded  externally  by  the  zygomatic  branch  of  the  upper  maxillary,  wiiich, 
instead  of  standing  out  more  or  less  horizontally,  is  l)ent  up,  so  that  its  ante- 
rior edge,  at  least,  is  almost  in  a  vertical  plane,  and  parallel  with  its  fellow  on 
the  opposite  side.  In  fact,  the  zygomatic  process  is  <livided  into  three  parts : 
one  articulating  behind  with  the  malar  bone ;  another  completing  the  enclosure 
of  the  foramen  just  described;  and  a  third  arlicuh'ting  with  the  antcorbital 
process  of  the  frontal.  Tiie  inferior  narrow  pari  of  the  antcorbital  foramen 
serves  for  the  passage  of  the  infra-orbital  nerve ;  the  wider  upper  portion,  the 
outlet  of  which  is  directed  upward,  accommodates  a  portion  of  the  massetcr 
muscle.  The  suture  of  the  malar  bone,  with  the  zygomatic  process  of  the 
upper  maxillary,  is  distinctly  visible;  the  bone  itself  does  not  extend  to  the 
frontal  bone     ..." 

The  two  subfixmilies  with  which  we  have  to  do  on  the  present  occasion 
arc  well  contrastci'.,  at  least  as  far  as  North  American  genera  are  concerned, 
and  may  readily  be  distinguished  by  the  following  among  other  characters 
which  might  be  enumerated: 

MURINiE. — Molars  rooted,  tul)ercular,  with  crenate  periphery.  Incis- 
ors compressed,  narrower  than  deep.  Root  of  under  incisor  causing  a  protu- 
berance on  outer  side  of  tiie  niandible,  at  or  near  notch  between  condylar  and 
coronoid  processes.  Descending  process  of  the  mandible  a  broad  flattened 
plate,  wholly  below  the  plane  of  the  molars.  Anterior  root  of  tiie  zygoma 
deeply  nicked  at  the  antcorbital  foramen.  Zygoma  (usually)  dipping  down  to 
the  level  of  the  palate.     Palate  nearly  plane.    Nasals  projecting  anteriorly. 

ARVICOLIN^E. — Molars  normally  rootless  (except  in  Evotomys),  pris- 
matic, with  flat  crown  and  serrate  pcripliery.  Incisors  often  broader  than 
deep.  Root  of  under  incisor  causing  a  protuberance,  if  any,  on  the  inner  side 
of  tiie  mandible,  at  or  near  notch  between  condylar  and  descending  process. 
Descending  process  of  the  ir.andil)le  hamular;  the  apex  of  the  hook  attaining 
tiie  level  of  tiie  molars.  Anterior  root  of  zygoma  not  obviously  nicked. 
Zygoma  not  dipping  down  to  the  level  of  the  palate.  Palate  highly  arched. 
Nasii'.s  not  produced  beyond  premaxillaries. 

To  the  foregoing  brief  <iiagnostic  characters,  many  points  touching  the 
general  distinctions  in  outward  appearance,  habits,  &c.,  of  the  groups  might 


MDBID^— GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS. 


3 


be  added.  The  elaboration  of  the  genera  which  is  to  follow  renders  this, 
however,  in  a  measure  superfluous.  We  may  here  only  allude,  then,  to  the 
broad  general  distinctions — the  Murince  being  animals  which  include,  and,  in 
all  their  members,  recall,  the  familiar  house-rat  and  house-mouse,  of  lithe  and 
supple  form,  quick  in  movement,  having  large  bright  eyes,  pointed  mobile 
snout,  prominent  ears,  and  lengthened  limbs  and  tail ;  all  of  which  points  are 
contrasted  with  the  squat  and  heavy  shape,  the  slower  action,  very  small  eyes, 
blunt  snout,  inconspicuous  ears,  and  shortened  members  of  the  Arvicolince. 
Tiiere  is  also  a  striking  difference  in  the  ensemble  of  the  dentition  of  the  two 
groups — tlie  compressed  and  comparatively  small  incisors  of  Murince  as 
against  tiie  large  broad  fore  teeth  of  the  Arvicolince — the  small,  tubercular,  and 
rooted  molars  of  the  former,  in  contrast  witli  the  great,  flat-topped,  prismatic, 
and  continually-growing  grinders  of  the  latter,  in  which  it  would  seem  that 
the  perfection  of  rodent  dentition  is  attained. 

In  their  geographical  distribution  in  America,  moreover,  the  two  groups, 
though  associated  to  some  extent,  differ  decidedly.  The  Arvicolince  occupy 
the  northern  half  of  the  hemisphere ;  they  are  not  known  to  occur  farther 
south  than  Mexico;  they  are  most  numerously  represented  by  individuals  in 
liigh  latitudes,  while  some  of  them  are  among  the  most  arctic  of  mammals. 
The  northern  limit  of  the  Murince  is,  perhaps,  not  exactly  knowM;  but  they 
do  not  reach  the  arctic  seas,  v/hile  they  are  most  abundant  in  temperate  and 
warm  climates,  and  spread  over  Cetitral  and  South  as  well  as  most  parts 
of  North  America. 

In  the  following  table,  prepared  with  much  care,  the  cranial  and  dental 
cliaracters  of  Muridce,  as  represented  in  North  America,  are  exhibited.  The 
points  brougijt  out,  it  will  be  observed,  are  of  varying  grade,  from  those  that 
run  through  both  subfamilies  down  to  those  that  particularize  the  subgenera, 
and  serve  to  indicate  the  several  degrees  of  relationship  which  subsist  between 
the  respective  groups. 


'  u 


ifi 


il|ii 


MONOGKAPUS  OF  NOKTH  AMEKICAN  liODENTIA. 

Diagmttk  table  o/eome  cranial  and  denial  ckaraclert  0/ North  American  MuiiiD^ 


HVRWJE. 

UL'IEIN^. 

AUVICOI.INjIS. 

ilurOL 

Siffn.odonta. 

3 

i 

a 

& 
s 

'A 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

i 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

1 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

Uetptro- 
lnyt. 

Arvieota. 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

• 

1 
1 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
f 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
1 

-\ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

i 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

S 

i 
•c 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

i 
S 

1 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

i. 
1 

a 
0 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

-1- 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
f 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

1 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

1 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

Dental  formula : 

'•i_i'  i-o-o' *o-u' "-a-a    <-4    a 

Antcorbital  foramen : 

A  InrRC  Blitliko  conal  in  the  maiilliiry,  with 
pyrifonn   orilice,   boaudcd   exteriorly  by   a 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

Top  bonier  of  tbis  foramen  deeply  iiickinf;  tbo 

root  of  the  zyi^oma,  viewed  from  alwvo 

Koot  of  ryfioma  not  obvionsly  tbus  nicked 

Deseeiiding  proccas  of  mandibU  * 

A  broad,  flattened,  squaribb  plute,  wholly  below 

A  narrow,  booked,  recurred  proceas,  attaining 

level  of  niolara 

Coronoid  prweaa  of  mandible : 
Well  developed,  acute : 

Notaabi{;li  aa  condyle 

Aa  bi^h  aa  condyle 

Interparietal : 

^Va^Iy  aa  long  aa  broad,  one-third  aa  largo  aa 

parietal 

Luzengc-abaped  or  quadrangular,  much  anialler- 
Parletale : 

Small,  Bubcireular,  with  various  an^lea 

Lirge.  Bubquadrale,  with  poatero-cxtcrnal  ex- 
teuBion 

Temporala : 

Ilypcrtrophiod,  proJectl»g  at  right  nnglo  far 

intoorbita 

Moderate,  Iwunding  orbita  by  an  obtuse  piomi- 

DencD  

Zygomata : 

Styloid,  or  iitllo  expanded 

Laminar,  or  broadly  expanded 

Strongly  divergent  postorierly 

Approximately  parallel 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

Descending  to  tbo  level  of  the  pal:ito 

Not  dropping  to  tbo  level  of  tbo  palate 

Nasala,  anteriorly : 

l'roduce<l  beyond  |iremaxlllarlra and  inclaors.... 

Barely  or  not  exceeding  prcmaxlUaries 

Fot»mon  magnum : 

Sobclrcular,  trefoil,  or  higher  than  broad 

Broader  than  high 

•■t 


I, 


MURIDiE— DIFFERENTIAL  CHARACTEKS. 


Diag»o»Uo  Mile  of  lome  cranial  and  dental  characten  of  North  American  Mdridje: — ContiDned. 


■■  ''''".^-       '     ■>■■'     ;■■ 

uvniDx. 

uuniNA. 

Aimcousx. 

Uuret. 

Sigmodontet.         ^ 

i 
a 

+ 

HefjMro- 

Anitala. 

1 

11^ 

a  o  ph 

^     a     a 

g  1  1 

+  +  + 

S    "  '  i 

1 
+  +  ■ 

s  1 

St 

I'alatsCon  tliewbolo): 

Liltlo  aacendiiiE  ontoriorlj— nearly  piano 

+ 

H    +    + 

+  + 

+ 

+  +  + 

luoislve  foramina : 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+  +  + 

+  +  -t 
+  +  ■( 

1 

+  +:  ■ 

+  + 
+  + 

Sburt,  Dot  rcQctiicg  opposite  DK^aiti 

luterorbital  coDRtriction : 

Narrower  than  roatniin 

About  equal  Id  breadth  to  rostrum 

Rather  broader  tfann  rostrum,  or  much  broader. . 
Mnrnin  of  nrbit  posteriorly : 

H    +    + 

^  +  + 

+  + 
+  + 

+ 

+  +  + 
h  +  + 

Smooth  and  rounded  off,  or  with  intraorbital  ridg« 
Polato  endiof;  poatvrioily : 

Aa  0  broad,  traosTerae,  straight  ehclf  across 
BpBCO  bet'.trefn  second  and  third  molars 

Bimilar  shtif,  but  not  quite  so  perfectly  trans- 
verse,  and  with  lateral  fosscD  shored  under  its 
border 

Similar  shelf,  but  still  less  excavated  at  sides, 

f  +  + 

+  + 

+ 

+  +  + 



+ 



•• 

+  ..  .. 

Similar  shelf,  but  about  opposite  last  molar,  the 
shelf  narrow,  occupying  ooly  the  median  part. 

+  +  ^ 

h  -  + 

•     +     •* 

As  in  the  lest,  but  farther  back,  and  with  a 
small  fossa  on  each  side 

As  in  the  last  in  sbnpe,  but  in  position  far  back 
of  the  molara,  and  without  fosse 

+ 

+ 

With  n  mediau  emargination,  opposite  the  sec- 
ond and  third  molars,  bounded  on  each  side  by 
a  deep  fosaa ;  this  terminal  portion  of  the  pal- 
ate on  a  different  plane  from  the  rest 

Upper  incisors: 

+ 

+  -. 

III 

... 

+  ■• 
+  -i 
+  + 

+ 

+ 
+ 

..  +  •• 
+  +  + 
+  +  + 

Each  wider  across  than  deep 

No  wider  than,  or  narrower  than,  deep 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+  + 
+  + 

+  + 

f  +  + 

f  +  + 

f  +  + 

+  +  + 

Under  incisors: 

Knnnlng  up  back  of  condylar  procMs 

+  + 

Stopping  abruptly  at  posterior  molara 

Molars: 

Booted  1 

With  S  roots  apiece 

Ftnt  upper  one  with  S  or  3  roots 

+ 

+  +  •• 

"       "        "       "    8,3,or4  roots 

"       *'        "       ■*    3, 4,  or  more  roots 
Normally  rootless 

+ 

+  +  + 

+  •• 

f 

•r     4      + 

•fttV!!"*'^ 


i 


il 


'  s 


f» 


6  MONOGRArnS  OF  NORTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

Diag«oi,lic  table  of  .o»ie  cranial  and  denial  character,  of  Xorth  American  MtiiUD^-Continnoa. 


MURIDiE. 

1 

MUllIN^. 

AIIVICOUX*. 

Mures. 

Sigmadontet. 

a 

s 

'A 
+ 

+ 
+ 

i 

+ 

\ 

1 
+ 

1 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

napert- 

Arvicola. 

•j 

N 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

>> 

el 
a 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

t 
I 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

i 
1 

o 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

1 

S 

+ 

+ 
+ 

1 
&. 

> 
+ 

+ 

+ 

'  + 
1 

+ 

+ 

+ 

W 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

i 

1 

o 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

4 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

4 

>\ 

B 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

Molar  crowns ; 

TiibtTtulato,  crcnate-cdjictl ; 

+ 

PrUmalir.: 

Sharply  anjrnlflr,  both  8iilc« 

Sbarp  one  siile,  obtim*  tlie  other 

■Whon  fully  worn,  coiiBi»tiD(j  osseDtiolly  of  one 
dentine  area,  within  ad  t-namel  wall,  which. 
however  tlwply  plicate,  does  not,  fuse  from 

+ 
+ 

Even  Bft*r  wear  still  couaistinK  of  several  tleu- 
tine  iRtaocls.  owinf;  to  fusloD  of  tbo  enamel 

watts  from  opposite  sides 

Molar  scries : 

Strongly  convergent  anteriorly 

Little,  if  any,  converg»'iit  anteriorly 

Uppormolars: 

Of  approximately  rqnal  size  thronKhoiit 

Decreasing  in  i*ize  from  before  backward 

Subfamily  MURIN  J). 

Tlie  characters  of  this  subfamily  having  already  been  given  in  sufficient 
detail  for  present  purposes,  we  may  at  once  proceed  to  consider  its  subdivision 
into  the  two  tribes  or  scries  of  genera ;  namely,  Mures  and  Sigmodontes.  This 
separation  of  the  Old  World  (Mures)  and  New  World  (Sigmodontes)  repre- 
sentatives of  the  subfamily  seems  to  us  warrantcid,  and  not  alone  upon  geo- 
graphical grounds;  for  a  decided  difference  in  dentition  is  found,  serving  for 
their  immediate  identification.  ; 

Mures. — Molars  of  upper  jaw,  with  the  tubercles  in  three  series.  Palate 
e.\tending  back  of  the  molars.     (Palajogrcan.) 

Sigmodontes. — Molars  of  upper  jaw,  with  the  tubercles  in  two  scries. 
Palate  ending  opposite  last  molars.     (Neogrean.) 

The  Mures  which  occur  in  North  America, — namely,   four  species 


V   '      MUBIDiE— SIGMODOKTES— NEOTOMA.         ■'-  T 

of  the  t^ipical  genus  Mus, — not  being  indigenous  to  this  country,  and  being, 
moreover,  among  the  best-known  of  mammals,  will  not  be  treated  in  the 
present  paper,  .»        .         . 

Tribe   SIGMODONTES. 

Under  tliis  head  come  all  tlie  Murince  indigenous  to  America.  Those 
of  the  northern  division  of  the  hemisphere  may  be  grouped  under  four 
genera, — Neoloma,  Sigmodon,  Oclietodon,  and  Llesperomijs ;  the  latter  with 
three  subgenera.  Full  descriptions  of  these  and  of  their  respective  species 
follow.  • 

Genus  NEOTOMA,  Say  &  Ord.  ;"' 

Miu'ap.,  Say  &  Oiii),  181B-a3.— Dksmauest,  ISiS.  |}.j  jj  -,,. 

ylri'ico/a,  sp.,  llAltLAN,  1825. 

Lemmiu,  up.,  KiscilKU,  l&Jti. 

Xcoloma,  Bay  &,  Onu,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  iv,  pt.  ii,  1825, 34C  (typo,  X.  Jloritlana).—Avi>.  &  Bach., 

Qiincl.  N.  A.  i,  1849,  31.— Baihd,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  486.— CouES,  Proc.  Acud.  Nat.  Soi.  Pliila 

1875, 174. 
Hyoxm,  Bp.,  RicilAliDSON,  Zoiil.  Journ.  iii,  1828,  517  (N.  cinerea). 
Teonoma,  J.  E.  Gray,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Load,  18—,  p.  —  (xV.  cintrea). 

CiiAHS. — Embracing  sigmodont  rats  of  the  largest  size ;  highly  murine 
in  general  aspect ;  peculiar  to  North  and  Middle  America.  Snout  pointed, 
mobile;  whiskers  very  long  (the  longest  ones  reaching  to  or  beyond  the 
siiouldcrs)  ;  eyes  large  and  full  (as  in  Dipodomys)  ;  ears  very  large,  orbicular, 
nearly  naked.  Tail  long,  nearly  equaling  the  body  with  or  without  tiie  head, 
either  scant-haired  (nearly  as  naked  and  scaly  as  in  Mm)  or  bushy  (much  as 
in  Myoxus).  Feet  small,  but  broad  for  their  length,  with  short  toes ;  the  fore 
with  four  perfect  clawed  digits,  which  in  length  run  3d,  4th,  2d,  5th ;  and  a 
rudimentary  tiiumb  bparing  an  abortive  nail;  the  hind  with  five  perfect 
clawed  digits,  tiie  middle  three  of  which  are  subequal  and  longest ;  the  5th  is 
not  much  siiorter,  its  claw  reaching  about  to  the  base  of  the  4th  claw,  while  the 
1st  reaches  about  to  the  median  node  of  the  2d.  Palms  naked,  5-tuberculate ; 
one  tubercle  postero-external,  another  postero-intemal  near  base  of  poUex ; 
two  at  bases  of  2d  and  5th  digits,  respectively,  and  one  at  base  of  3d  and  4th 
digits  together.  Soles  naked  at  least  for  their  anterior  two-thirds — the  pos- 
terior third  hairy  in  northern  species,  mostly  naked  in  tropical  forms;  fur- 
nished with  seven  tubercles,  thus :  one  near  postero-external  angle  of  foot, 
only  evident  in  naked-soled  species ;  *  a  larger  one  a  little  farther  in  advance 
on  internal  border;  another  (smaller)  in  advance  of  this  externally;  throe 

'ILirdly  n  true  tiiburelu,  howovor;  being  mutol;  oaiued  by  protuberance  of  tbe  lattjaccnt  bone, 
ovot  which  the  skin  ia  not  particularly  thickened.  .  ' 


8 


MONOGBAPUS  OF  NOllTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


II 


large  ones  at  baf5es  of  1st,  2(1,  and  5th  toes,  respectively;  and  one  at  con- 
joined bases  of  3(1  and  4th  toes;  tiiose  at  (he  bases  of  all  the  digits,  except 
the   hallux,  being  more   or  less   connuent.*     Pelage  soft,  lustrous,  white 

below. 

To  the  foregoing  characters,  rather  descriptive  than  simply  definitive, 
and  indicating  little  else  than  an  overgrown  Hesperomys,  we  may  add  the  fol- 
lowing more  diagnostic  features,  derived  from  the  skull  and  teeth : 

Skull  elongate,  twice  (at  least)  as  long  as  wide,  in  spite  of  the  divergent 
zygomata;  these  do  not  sink  to  the  level  of  the  palate,  and  turn  toward  the 
scpiamosal  almost  at  an  angle  {cf.  Hesperomys).  Maxillar  bou  idary  of  ante- 
orbital  foramen  developing  no  pointed  process  {cf.  Sigmodon).  Palate  ending 
as  a  simple  emarginate  or  concave  shelf,  opposite  the  interspace  between  lost 
and  penultimate  molars ;  the  palato-maxillary  suture  opposite  the  interspace 
between  first  and  middle  molars  {cf.  any  other  sigmodont  genus).  Incisive 
foramina  very  short,  Foramen  magnum  broader  than  high.  Auditory  bullse 
rather  small;  their  axes  very  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  skull.  Nasal  bones 
not  reaching  as  far  back  as  nasal  branches  of  intermaxillaries,  which  gain  the 
interorbital  region.  No  definite  bead  on  upper  margin  of  orbits.  Inter- 
parietal bone  subquadrate,  but  with  a  large,  well-defined  spur  on  each  side. 
Posterior  aspect  of  skull  truncate  ;  i.  e.,  the  occipital  plane  is  about  perpendic- 
ular, meeting  the  (lattened  superior  surface  of  the  skull  nearly  at  right  angles 
(in  all  other  genera,  the  coronal  rounds  more  or  less  gently  into  the  occipital 
surface).  Under  jaw  with  long,  acute,  coronoid  process,  overtopping  condyle  ; 
root  of  the  under  incisor  causing  a  moderate  protuberance  on  the  outside 
of  the  jaw,  rather  at  the  root  of  the  condyle  itself  than  at  the  notch  between 
condyle  and  coronoid.  Teeth  of  the  ordinary  sigmodont  pattern  ;  nearest  to 
Hesjieroimjs  proper,  and,  as  in  that  genus,  decreasing  regularly  in  size  from  first 
to  last — in  tiic  upper  jaw  at  any  rate ;  in  the  lower,  t  he  last  tooth  conspicuously 
smaller  than  eitlicr  of  the  other  two.  All  the  upper  teeth  with  usually  two 
external  and  one  internal  reentrant  loops  of  enamel  (but  tiie  first  often  with 
a  supplementary  internal  loop,  and  the  last  often  with  only  one  external  loop). 
First  and  second  under  molars  each  with  two  internal  and  two  external  reen- 
trant loops;  last  under  molar  with  one  of  each.  In  unworn  teeth,  nil  the 
reentrances  open,  tiie  saliencies  correspondingly  sharp  and  divaricating,  thus 
simulating  the  prismatic  structure  of  ArvicoUna ;  in  old  teetii,  however,  these 

•The  tubercles  at  bases  of  all  the  exterior  lingers  and  toea  show  a  tendency  to  develop  little 
accessory  tubercles  upon  tlioir  outer  faces. 


MURID^— SIGMODOJJTBS— NEOTOMA. 


0 


appearances  arc  obscure  or  lost.     Upper  molars  mostly  3-rooted ;  under  with 

only  two  roots  apiece. 

-       In  amplification  of  the  characters  of  this  genus,  we  continue: 

Ncotoma  shows  us  the  largest  murine  skull  of  North  America,  and  many 
strong  generic  characters.  The  zygomatic  width  is  relatively  greater  than  in 
other  forms,  amounting  to  half  the  length  of  the  skull,  mainly  in  consequence 
of  the  outward  obliquity  of  the  zygomata,  which  diverge  from  each  otiicr  as 
they  pass  backward,  instead  of  lying  nearly  parallel.  The  same  length 
of  skull,  with  parallel  zygomata,  would  much  exceed  twice  the  zygomatic 
width.  They  also  do  not  dip  so  low  down  as  in  most  other  genera,  not  descend- 
ing to  the  level  of  the  palate  ;  and  the  union  of  the  jugals  with  the  squamosal 
spurs  is  abrupt,  almost  angular.  In  general  contour,  there  is  an  observable 
difference  in  the  two  sections  of  the  genus — that  with  scant-haired  tail  and 
the  bushy-tailed  species ;  the  latter  having  the  rostral  portion  of  the  skull 
more  lengthened  and  the  internrbital  constriction  greater.  In  N.  Jloridana 
the  interorbital  width  is  about  one-seventh  of  the  total  length,  and  rather 
exceeds  the  rostral  diameter,  though  this  is  swollen.  The  nasals  are  much 
widened  anteriorly,  where  they  end  with  crescentic  outline;  behind,  they 
stop  opposite  the  anterior  roots  of  the  zygomata,  and  always  (we  believe)  in 
advance  of  the  nasal  branches  of  the  intermaxillaries,  which  reach  into  the 
interorbital  constriction.  In  most  other  genera,  there  is  no  special  difference 
between  the  length  of  the  nasals  and  the  intermaxillary  behind,  or  else  the 
difference  is  fluctuating.  At  the  extreme  antero-superior  corner  of  the 
orbit,  the  maxillary,  just  where  it  unites  with  the  frontal,  throws  up  a  tubercle 
for  muscular  attachment  stronger  than  we  have  noticed  in  other  genera.  The 
thin  plate  of  the  superior  maxillary  that  forms  the  outer  wall  of  the  anteor- 
bital  foramen  has  a  gently-rounded  anterior  borddr,  with  its  convexity  looking 
forward,  instead  of  running  into  a  sharp  point  as  in  Sigmodon,  where  the 
same  edge  is  deeply  concave  by  reason  of  this  pointed  proi  >s ;  and  likewise, 
when  looked  down  upon  from  above,  the  foramen  appears  as  merely  an  emar- 
gination  instead  of  a  nearly-closed  oval.  The  edge  of  the  orbit  is  sharp 
above,  but  not  beaded.  The  interparietal  is  moderate  and  subquadrate,  with 
a  spur;  the  paroccipital  processes  are  strong;  the  tympanic  bulla?,  medium; 
the  pterygoids  large,  hamulate,  and  fenestrate.  The  foramen  magnum  is 
remarkable  for  its  depressed  elliptical  shape,  being  usually  much  wider  than 
high ;  the  condyles  are  far  apart  at  the  ends  of  the  major  axis.  The  ))alatc 
ends  behind  as  a  simple  shelf  with  concave  border  opposite  the  last  molars 


10 


MOXOGBAPnS  OF  NORTQ  AMERICAN  KODEN'TIA. 


or  space  between  tliese  and  the  penultimate  pair.  The  incisive  Ibramiiia  are 
of  nearly  usual  size  and  sliape;  liicy  do  not  quite  rcacii  to  the  molars.  The 
under  jaw  is  noticeable  for  the  great  size  of  the  coronoid  process,  whicli  over- 
tops the  condyle.  The  descending  process  is  large,  subquadrate,  and  flaltish, 
with  (lie  under  edge  thickened  and  curled  inward. 

AVith  a  general  resemblance  to  that  of  Sigmodon,  the  molar  dt^ntition 
of  Ncotoma  exhibits  a  meutionable  tendency  to  recede  from  the  ordinary  sig- 
modont  style,  and  approach  the  arvicoline,  in  the  somewhat  prismatic  nature 
of  the  extra-alveolar  j)art  of  the  teeth.  The  teeth,  however,  are  firmly  rooted, 
and  the  arvicoline  bent  is  at\er  all  little  more  than  a  superficial  resemblance. 
The  upper  teeth  are  3-rooted,  as  usual  in  the  tribe,  ciich  with  two  exterior 
and  one  interior  fang;  but  the  anterior  two  of  these  arc  ollen  or  usually 
(except  in  the  first  tooth)  more  or  less  fused  together.  The  under  ones  have 
only  two  prongs,  seriatim.  The  tuberculation  of  the  molar  crowns  is  an  open 
question  :  we  have  never  .seen  any  teeth  not  worn  flat,  and  cannot,  therefore, 
speak  of  the  character  of  the  tubercles,  if  such  exi.st  after  the  teeth  are 
extruded  from  the  gums;  and,  at  any  rate,  this  ftict  indicates  a  tooth  that 
grows  much  more  ra))idly  than  in  Mus,  Ilesperoinys,  or  Oc/ielodon.  It  is  much 
tiic  same  with  Sigmodon  as  witii  N^eotoma.  The  teeth,  as  in  Ilesperomys,  &c., 
decrease  in  size  from  first  to  last,  in  both  jaws,  though  in  this  case  there  is 
less  diirerencc;  for  the  posterior  upper  one  is  at  least  two-thirds  as  large  as 
the  anterior  one,  and  is  but  little  less  plicated.  In  the  upper  series,  the 
decrease  is  regular  from  first  to  last;  in  the  lower,  the  middle  tooth  is  as 
large  as  the  front  one,  but  the  back  one  suddenly  diminishes  in  size  nearly 
one-half 

Average  adult  examples  show  a  state  of  llie  teeth  as  follows:  All  the 
upper  ones  are  trilobate  externally,  bilobate  infernally  ;  that  is  to  say,  there  are, 
upon  the  outer  side,  two  deep,  opdn  Indentations,  where  the  eiuimcl-sheet  loops 
into  the  tooth,  and,  consequently,  three  rounded  saliencies  or  h)bes,  as  just  men- 
tioned; while  on  the  inside  there  is  one  such  indentation,  or  loop,  opposite  the 
middle  of  the  tooth,  producing  two  such  rounded  saliencies.  On  the  front 
upper  molar,  however,  the  autero-interior  lobe  is  slightly  indented,  making 
three  lobes  in  all,  as  on  the  outside.  The  interior  reentrant  loops  of  enamel  arc 
wide  open  and  sliallow,  not  reucliiug  half-way  across  liie  face  of  the  tooth; 
the  exterior  loops,  on  tlie  contrary,  are  very  deep,  reaching  nearly  or  quite 
iiCHLss  Ihe  tooth.  At  tiic  outset,  these  exterior  loops  are  wide  open,  like  the 
intoiior  ones;  but  they  soon  shut,  the  two  folds  of  enamel  being  mutually 


MURID^— 8IGMODGNTBS— NEOTOMA. 


11 


apprcsscd,  and  thus,  as  one  double  enamel  fold,  they  penetrate  the  tooth. 
The  apex  of  the  antero-exterior  Ioo|)  in  each  upper  tooth  abuts  against  the 
apex  of  the  single  interior  loop;  the  apex  of  the  other  exterior  loop  abuts 
against  the  surrounding  wall  of  enamel  of  tiic  opposite  side;  and  thus  the 
crown  is  divided  into  three  distinct  dentine  islands.  But,  in  other  cases,  these 
reentrant  promontories  of  enamel  do  not  reach  either  the  internal  loop  or  the 
inner  wall;  then  we  have  a  straggling  djntine  area  on  the  face  of  the  tooth 
partially  cut  up  into  three.  The  faces  of  tlie  crowns  difl'er  in  sculpture  to  a 
considerable  degree  with  age,  as  in  other  genera ;  but,  owing  to  the  more  pris- 
matic form  of  the  teeth,  this  variability  is  not  so  great  as  in  Ilesperomys 
or  Mus,  and  the  pattern  above  described  will  be  found  essentially  preserved 
in  most  cases,  except  in  the  extremes  of  youth  and  old  age.  In  very  worn 
leeth  the  reentrant  folds  are  all  ground  out,  leaving  a  single  irregular  dentine 
area  surrounded  by  a.  crenulate  enamel  wall,  as  in  Sigmodon,  &c. ;  at  one 
period,  there  are  enamel  islands  left  in  this  area.  The  back  molars  wear  down 
from  the  condition  above  described  to  a  simple  figure-of-8,  or  hour-glass 
shape.  The  under  molars  differ  from  the  upper  in  being  more  complicated, 
but  also  vary  among  themselves  to  a  greater  degree  still.  In  the  upper, 
moreover,  the  lateral  protuberances  are  essentially  alternate  (there  being  two 
outside  and  only  one  inside) ;  while  in  the  lower,  there  being  the  same  num- 
ber of  indentations  on  both  sides,  these  are  opposite.  The  front  an.l  middle 
lower  molars  are  extremely  similar  to  each  other,  both  having  two  reentrant 
loops  and  three  rounded  saliencies  (all  mutually  opposite),  so  that  their  crowns 
make  a  figure-of-8,  with  an  extra  loop.  The  chief  difference  between  them 
is  that  the  anterior  lobe  of  the  front  one  is  enlarged  a  little,  and  shows  a 
shallow  indentation.  The  apices  of  the  lateral  reentrant  loops  abut  each 
against  its  fellow,  by  which  means  the  crown  is  divided  into  three  dentine 
spaces,  one  behind  the  other ;  often,  however,  the  ends  of  the  loops  do  not 
touch,  so  that  passage-way  is  left  from  one  dentine  space  into  the  others. 
The  hinder  tooth  may  be  best  described  as  a  two-thirds  of  either  of  the 
others :  i. «.,  it  is  a  figurc-of-8  without  the  extra  loop  above  mentioned ;  it  has 
one  reentrant  fold  of  enamel  on  each  side,  opposite  the  middle.  These  folds 
may  meet  or  not  in  the  center  of  the  tooth ;  and,  in  very  old  teeth,  the  grind- 
ing-away  of  the  folds  leaves  simply  a  somewhat  irregular  subcircular  crown. 

One  specimen  shows  an  instructive  condition  of  this  last  under  molar. 
The  exterior  reentrant  loop  is  becoming  detached  from  the  side-wall  of  enamel, 


If 


12  MONOOUAl'US  OF  NOHTII  AMKRICAN  KODENTIA. 

un.l  about  lo  appear  as  nn  island  of  c.a.nd  i.i  tl.c  dcnlinc  area.     This  is 
exactly  what  occurs  in  lIcq>eromi/ti,  &c. 

Upon  attentive  eonsi.lerution  of  the  sul)j.;ct.  wo  conclude  that  there  is 
really  no  es.sevtiul  difference  in  the  molar  structure  of  our  several  f>eneru ; 
that  N,'ofo»ia  and  SIgmodon  merely  wear  off  their  teclh  faster  than  He.s- 
peromi/s  docs ;  that  the  pattern  just  described  for  Neotomu  is  indicative  of  early 
maturity;  that  with  age  the  reentrant  folds  of  enamel  are  ground  off  from 
their  connection  with  the  general  enveloping  sheet,  and  appear  as  islands  of 
enamel  in  the  general  dentine  area;  and  that,  finally,  these  islands  are  rubbed 
out,  when  we  have,  as  a  condition  of  senility,  a  continuous,  depressed  dentine 
surface  bounded  by  a  raised,  indented  wall  of  enamel. 

We  tabulate  together  a  part  of  our  skulls  of  the  several  species,  both 
real  and  nominal.  The  difference  in  the  length  of  muzzle  of  the  bushy- 
tuiled  species  is  evident  from  the  figures. 

Table  I.—Meaaaremeiitii  of  eighteen  tkulh  of  varioiu  «jicci««  of  Neotoma 


No." 


;i44a 

Ui:\ 

80.M) 
22U1 

nm 

a4(io 
21G0 
3,')97 
;i59d 
;i,VJ9 
3()00 
3G01 
3602 

yoio 

Il>7() 


Locality. 


.a 

a 

Si 

3 

o 
H 


South  Atlantic  St.ites.... 

do 

Saint  Simon's,  Ga 

do 


Soutbeiu  States 

Geoi(!iii 

, do 

Sonora 

Fort  T.'jon,  Cttl  .... 

do 

do 

do 


2.10 
a.  0.-. 
a.0o 

1.90 
1,80 
1.9S 
l.(W 
1.80 
1.9o 
1.87 

i.ei 


, do I 

, do 1 

Santa  Clara,  Cat 1 

Cliarco  ICitcondido,  Mox.. .' 
W:ialiiii)!ton  Territory....! 
Deer  Creek,  "Nob", 


1.92 
1.90 
2.10 


2.10 
2.05 


I 


0.72 
0.70 
0.68 
0.65 


0.61 
0.62 
0. 62 

o.ns 

0.65 
0.62 


°    it 


1.08 
1.05 
1.02 


0.65 
0.68 


0.98 
0.84 
0.97 
1.02 
0.94 
0. 95 
0.92 
0.95 
0.95 
1.12 


1.07 
1.05 


?  3 


0.27 
0.25 
0.25 
0.25 
0.82 
0.24 
0.21 
0. 22 

o.2;t 

0.23 
0.26 
0.22 
0.25 
0.21 
0.85 


11 


0.77 
0.77 
0.75 
0.70 
0.08 
0.70 
0.61 
0. 65 
0.76 
0.72 
0.71 
0.70 
0.75 
0.70 
0.77 


a   is 

9     O 
►J    ~ 


1.40 


0,20 
0.25 


0.86 
0.82 


1.30 
1.25 
1.20 
1, 25 
1.10 
1.22 
1.2.1 
1.18 
1.22 
1.12 
1.20 
1.20 
1.40 
1.20 
1.42 
1.45 


Remarks. 


floriiana;  iierfootly  adult. 

do. 

floridana;  mature. 

do. 

floridana;  youngish. 
floridana ;   nearly  adult. 
floridana ;  quite  youug. 
"niexioana";  mature. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

fatdpet !  adult, 
"niieroiius";  adult, 
"occidentalis";  udult. 
cinerea;  adult. 


\ti 


*Of  the  specimen,  in  the  register  of  the  National  Museum,  Smithsonian  lustitution,  and  on  its 
label.  The  same  with  regard  to  the  nnmbers  in  the  first  column  of  each  table  throughout  the  present 
monograph. 

t  Taken  by  laying  the  skull  on  a  flat  surface,  and  rocasnring  perpendicularly  from  the  surface  to 
the  highest  point  of  the  parietals.    The  name  mode  of  measurement  in  snhsequent  tables. 

t  From  the  tip  of  the  incisors  to  the  back  of  the  condyle.    The  same,  in  following  tables. 

N.  1).— Measurcmouts,  throughout  this  article,  are  iu  decimals  of  the  Uuglish  inch. 


MUIlIDiE-  SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA. 


18 


We  tabulute  none  of  the  very  young  skulls  before  us,  ns  these  would 
vitiate  the  results,  especiiilly  as  regards  the  lengthened  muzzle  of  the  busiiy- 
tailed  species ;  the  young  of  that  animal  not  having  the  snout  noticeably 
dillcrent  from  that  of  tiie  rest.  The  difference  in  length  of  snout  betwecsn 
cinerea  a.m\  Jloridana  does  not  seem  to  be  much  from  the  figures;  but  n  tenth 
of  an  inch  on  the  end  of  a  rat's  nose  is  something;  and,  viewing  the  naked 
skulls,  the  rostral  part  in  cinerea  is  seen  to  be  slenderer,  ns  well  ns  longer, 
than  it  is  \n  Jloridana ;  the  interorbital  space  is  more  constricted  and  more 
deeply  indented.  Aside  from  this,  the  skulls  show  nothing  diagnostic  among 
the  several  real  or  supposed  species.  Adult  ones  average  about  two  inches 
long  (1.84  to  2.10)  by  an  inch  broad  (0.84  to  1.12J  across  the  zygomata,  and 
barely  over  two-thirds  of  an  inch  in  height  (taken  as  described — see  under 
Tab.  1,  p.  12).  The  extreme  length  of  the  under  jaw  is  about  an  inch  and  a 
fourth  on  an  average,  but  runs  from  1.10  to  1.45 ;  a  part  of  this  difference 
being  due  to  the  fluctuating  length  of  the  under  incisor.  This  generally 
protrudes  one-half  of  an  inch,  or  a  little  more ;  the  upper  incisors  protrude 
about  one-third  of  an  inch.  The  molaV  series  is  from  three-  to  nearly  four- 
tenths  of  an  inch  long ;  thereis  nothing  diagnostic  in  its  length. 
'  In  connection  with  the  rostra^  elongation  of  the  skull  of  N.  cinerea,  we 
should  note  another  slight  peculiarity — not,  however,  diagnostic  of  species, 
much  less  of  sections  of  the  genus.  In  all  the  western  skulls  examined,  includ- 
ing even  those  of  N.  Jloridana,  there  is  a  tendency  to  a  narrowing  of  the  con- 
duit of  the  posterior  nares  by  more  or  less  filling  in  of  bone  from  the  alveolar 
border.  Thus,  in  ordinary  South  Atlantic _/?on'dri«a,  the  whole  palate  is  defi- 
cient behind  the. point  indicated  in  the  generic  diagnosis — nothing  bounds 
the  space  on  either  side  but  the  alveolus  itself.  In  the  other  extreme,  there  is 
quite  a  little  shelf  on  either  hand,  noticeably  narrowing  the  aperture.  But 
the  feature  is  extremely  variable,  and  cannot  be  relied  upon  for  even  specific 
diagnosis. 

We  know  thiee  good  North  American  species  of  this  genus :  first,  there 
is  the  ordinary  N.  Jloridana,  really  Inhabiting  most  of  the  United  States, 
except  New  England,  though  decidedly  southerly,  and  ranging  thence  into 
Mexico ;  secondly,  the  N.  fuscipes,  which  appears  to  be  perfectly  distinct, 
and  is  a  highly  interesting  animal,  opening  the  way,  through  several  of  its 
features,  into  the  tropical  aspect  of  the  genus,  such  as  is  exhibited  by  the 
N.  ferruginea  of  Tomes,  from  Guatemala,  and  furnishing  an  analogy  to  tlie 


14 


MONOdHAPIIS  OF  NOllTfl  AMERICAN  ItODENTIA, 


long  blnck-tnilcd,  partly  (lusky-footca.  style  of  He^peromys  witnessed  in  such 
a  species  ns  Nijdemys  sumkhraMi ;  tiiinlly,  tlie  still  more  peculiar  N.  cinerea 
of  Uritisii  America  and  various  western  Territories— nn  animal  tiiat,  although 
a  true  Ncotomn,  sliows  us  the  densely  luiiry,  almost  l)ushy  tail  of  Myozus—n 
condition,  in  fact,  tliat  would  almost  equal  a  squirrel's,  were  the  tail  perfectly 
distichous  instead  of  rather  terete.  It  has,  indeed,  been  made  the  type  of  a 
ditlerent  genus,  Teonomn,  but  this,  like  many  of  Dr.  J.  E.  Gray's  genera,  need 
not  l)e  adopted.  We  tabulate  the  three  species,  together  with  the  Guate- 
malan one. 

Analysis  of  species  of  Nkotoma. 

1.  Tail  scANT-iiAiKEi)  (nearly  as  in  Mus),  hicolor,  grayish  and 

whitish,  in  length  at  most  barely  equaling  the  body  without 
the  head.  Feet  entirely  white.  Adults  with  the  general 
body-colors  of  the  Norway  rat,  l)ut  more  fulvous  on  the 
sides;  white  below;  young,  gray  or  slate.  Upward  of  9 
inches  long;  tail  upward  of  6;  hind  foot  upward  of  1.50. 
Skull  averaging  2  inches FLORIDASA. 

2.  Tail  scant-haiked,  as  before,  nnicolor,  blackish,  nearly  as  long 

as  head  and  body  (up  to  8^  inches).     Feet  pnrtly  dusky. 

General  body-colors  as  before,  if  anything  darker.     Aver-         '  >  '■ 

aging  larger  than  the  last? FUSCIPES. 

3.  Tail  seANT-nAiUKD,  as  before,  unicolor,  blackish,  nearly  as 

long  as  head  and  body.    Feet  partly  dusky.     General  body-  ' 

colors  of  adults  rich  ivarm  rusty-red,  hardly  darker  on  the  ' 

l)ack  ;  vnder  parts  snowy,  with  distinct  line  of  demarkation. 

Small;  upwr.rd  of  7  iuclies;  tail  nearly  as  much;  hind 

foot  under  1.50 ;  skull  about  1.75 ferruqinea. 

4.  Tail  densely  hairy  (as  in  Myo.vus),  bicolor,  brown  or  gray, 

and  white,     ^'izc  of  Jloridana,  or  c\cn  larger ;  l)ody-colors  . d 

of  Jloridana,  but  varying  between  dark  plumbeous  and  pale  ' 

luteOUS CINEREA, 


NEOTOMA  FLORIDANA,  Say  &  Ord.        ,      ; 

Wood  Knt.  -'  '^  u 

Ifut  fionAamm,  Obd,  Hull.  Soc.  riiilom.  Phila.  1818, 181.— Desmahest,  Mamm.  il,  1R22,  307.— Sat,  Long's 

Expert.  R.  Mts.  i,  1S23,  54. 
ArricoXa  Jloridamis,  IIai  i.an,  Fn.  Aiiicr.  1885, 141  j  Med.  and  Pliys,  Rc8. 1835,  53,  pi.  x,  f.  1,  8.  3,  4. 


MUPIDiE— SKiMODONTKS— NEOTOMA  FLOUIDANA. 


16 


Jfeoloma  JImidana,  Sav  A  Oiin,  Joiirii.  Ai-ni\.  Nut.  S<^i.  Pliiln.  Iv,  IHar>,  ar.2,  pi.  x,  f.  1,  9,  n,  4;  7M\.  Joiirn. 
il,  IHari,  aU4,  iil.  x,  f.  l,  a,  :),  4;  liil»,  IH^T,  xx,  IU;ir>.— Oihi-fith,  Aiiim.  KIuk'I.  iil,  l'"-'7,  w\ 
111.  — .— AuD.  A.  Uacii.,  y.  N.  A.  I,  lrt4ll, :«,  ]il.  iv.— ('ikokkmoy,  ZhoI.  Vciy.  Vimhih,  IKA,  154, 
pi.  xili.— Kknnkott,  AKrIc.  Ucp.  U.  H.  I'lito'it  Olllc'u  for  IWid  (1h:i7),  (iio  ti'xt),  pi.  xi\-.— 
Il.Miil>,  M.  N.  A.  IfTiT,  4M7.— Maximilian,  Ari;li.  NiilurK.  xviil,  IHO'J,  p.  — ;  Vcrz.  N.-Aiii. 
HitiiK.  IHIIU,  iur>.— Am.kn,  Hull.  MiiH.  C'uuip.  Zuiil.  ii,  1671,  ltiit.—CovM,  I'roc.  Acud.  Nut.  hc\. 
riiilii.  1H74,  175. 

Lfmrnut  Jtoi-tdamiii,  Fisciikii,  SynopsU,  l«89,  WX 

Xeotona  vutiea»a,  IIaiiid,  I'mc.  Acud.  Nut.  Mvi.  I'liiln.  1855,  vli,  :i3n;  M.  N.  A.  1857, 400;  II.  R.  &.  Mvx.  Iloniiil. 
Siirv.  ii,  pt.  ii,  1850,  Mnimii.  p.  44,  pi.  24,  f.  1,  a  to ff  (Bkiill).— CouK-f,  Am.  Nut.  i,  18117,  ;i'JO. 

Xeolona  micropu;  Daikd,  I'roo.  Acud.  Nut.  8ei.  Plilla.  vii,  1855,  XU;  M.  N.  A.  18,57,  Vfi;  V.  H.  &  Mex. 
UuiiikI.  ijiirv.  ii,  pt.  il,  1850,  Mniiini.  p.  41. 

Habitat. — Southern  United  States  and  Northern  Mexico.  North,  some- 
times,  to  Maryland  (Audubon),  New  York  (Bell),  and  Massachusetts  (Gihbs). 
Daliota.  Illinois.  Kansas.  Arkansas.  Very  abundant  in  the  South  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  States,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  parts  of  California. 

•  Diagnosis. — N.  (adultvs)  luteo  brunnea,  dorso  obscuriore,  later ibus  fulves- 
centihus,  infra  alba,  pedibus  nivek,  caudd  bicolore;  (juv.)  svpra  schistaceo-grisea, 
infrd,  Candida.  Long.  tot.  G-d-poll.,  caudce  i-G-poll.,  cranii  bipoll ,  pedis 
sesquipoll.  . 

The  adult  animal  is  colored  above  very  nearly  like  the  Norway  rat,  but 
is  brighter,  and  still  more  so  on  the  sides.  The  difference  is  parallel  with  that 
between  Ochetodon  humilis  and  Mus  muscitlus.  Thus,  Ocheto<lon  is  precisely 
the  color  of  a  house-mouse,  except  tliat  the  ...des  have  a  fulvous  or  pale  dull 
pinki8h-l)rown  wash;  and  in  this  Neotoma,  while  the  back  is  finely  lined  with 
brownish-gray  and  blackish,  as  iu  the  Mus  decumanus,  the  sides  are  quite 
ta%vny  or  fuwn-color,  especially  near  the  line  of  dcmarkation  between  this 
color  and  the  white  of  the  under  parts.  The  color  of  the  upper  parts  runs 
down  on  the  legs,  but  stops  abruptly  at  the  wrists  and  ankles,  leaving  the 
back  of  the  hands  and  feet  snowy  white  ;  this  is  invariable  in  all  the  speci- 
mens examined.  The  under  parts  are  white ;  on  tiie  throat,  breast,  p-d  low- 
est belly,  this  color  is  pure,  the  fur  being  white  to  the  very  roots ;  but  across 
the  middle  belly,  and  on  the  insides  of  the  limbs,  and  along  the  sides  of  the 
body  generally,  tiie  appearance  is  only  whitish,  because  the  ashy  bases  of  the 
luiirs  show  througli.  On  the  head,  the  color  of  the  upper  part  is  rather  darker 
or  grayer  than  elsewhere,  and  the  extreme  snout  is  of  this  shade ;  but  the 
whole  upper  lip  is  broadly  white,  like  the  under.  The  whiskers,  which  reach 
to  or  beyond  the  shoulders,  are  part  black,  part  white.  The  ears,  which  are 
dusky  ia  the  dried  state,  perhaps  showing  somewhat  of  flesh-color  in  life,  .ire 
nearly  naked  on  both  sides,  and  especially  inside ;  but  close  inspection  shows 


16 


MOXOGRAPna  OF  XORTII  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


n  scanty  pilosily,  especially  outside;  they  are  very  large  and  nearly  orbicular, 
with  moderate  antitnigiis.  On  tlie  tail,  the  long  body-hairs  run  out  a  little 
ways  beyond  what  seems  to  Iji"  its  true  root,  and  occasion  some  discrepancy 
of  measurement  with  diHereiit  persons.  This  mend)cr  is  rarely,  if  ever, 
([uite  so  decidedly  naked  and  scaly-annular  as  in  Mus,  though  often  closely 
approaching  this  condition.  The  most  naked  and  scaly  and  least  bicolor  tails 
are  generally  shown  by  the  original ^onWana  from  the  South  Atlantic  States; 
while  western  specimens,  even  those  from  deserts,  as  the  Camp  Grant  ones 
below  tabulated,  have  more  hairy  tails,  and  the  hairiness  reaches  a  maximum 
in  some  Kansas  examples.  Here,  not  far  from  the  habitat  of  the  bushy-tailed 
species,  we  find  tails,  of  which  the  hairs  are  a  fourth  or  even  a  third  of  an 
inch  long,  completely  concealing  the  annuli,  forming  a  slight  terminal  pencil, 
and,  in  fact,  not  distinguishable  at  first  glance  from  some  of  the  scantiest- 
haired  (early-spring)  specimens  of  cinerea.  In  these  examples  oi  Jloridana, 
the  tail  is  sharply  and  perfectly  bicolor — slaty-gray  above,  pure  white  below ; 
and,  in  general,  the  upper  surface  of  th&tail  tends  to  a  gray,  darker  than  the 
back.  The  soles  are  closely  pilous  as  far  as  the  posterior  tubercle,  and  a  slight 
fringe  continues  all  along  their  sides.  The  disposition  of  the  tubercles 
lias  alrca<ly  been  given;  in  this  species,  the  posterior  one,  that  sliows  in 
iiakcd-lieeled  species  like  ferruginea,  is  not  apparent.  These  tubercles,  and 
generally  most  of  the  sole,  are  blackish ;  the  toes,  and  the  whole  palms, 
flesh-colored. 

The  cliangcs  of  pelage,  with  age,  are  precisely  as  in  Hesperomys  leucopm, 
and  most  other  species  of  that  genus.  The  young  animal  is  slaty-gray  above 
and  slaty-white  below,  almost  black  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  a  little 
more  i)rownish  on  the  sides.  This  color  insensibly  gives  way  to  the  normal 
hues  of  the  adults;  there  arc  no  definite  intermediate  stages.  In  the  very 
youngest  animals,  the  hands  and  feet  are  snowy-white,  as  on  the  old  ;  a  fact 
particularly  to  be  noted  in  connection  with  the  study  of  iV:  fuscipcs. 

In  specimens  from  the  same  locality,  there  is  not  very  much  individual 
variation  in  color,  it  would  seem,  aside  from  the  conditions  of  immaturity. 
As  a  rule,  the  soutiiern-coast  specimens  are  the  darkest  and  most  rat-colored, 
with  most  indistinctly  bicolor  tails,  lacking  the  brighter  fulvous  hue  that  marks 
those  from  the  dryer  regions  of  Kansas  and  Arkansas.  As  noted  els.^where, 
all  tlic  prairie  Murines  and  Arvicolines,  if  not,  indeed,  all  the  prairie  mammals, 
siiow  the  .sime  thing.     The  pallor  reaches  its  maximum  in  the  specimens  from 


MURID^— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA  FLOHIDANA. 


17 


the  deserts  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Here  tlie  characters  tally  precisely 
with  those  of  Hesperomys  "sonorieiisis"  or  "gamheli";  indeed,  they  only  fall 
short  of  the  extreme  seen  in  Hesperomiis  var.  eremicus.  The  general  hue, 
instead  of  a  rat-brown  mixed  witli  blackish,  is  a  dull  pinkisli  fulvous  or  fawn, 
especially  on  the  sides,  intermixed  on  the  back  with  a  few  black  hairs. .  The 
heels  are  somewhat  less  hairy,  and  the  ears  a  trifle  larger,  more  "foliaceous" 
and  nude.  At  the  same  time,  curiously  enough,  the  tail,  instead  of  being 
extremely  naked,  as  was  to  have  been  anticipated,  is  even  hairier  than  in 
Georgia  examples,  and  approaches  the  Kansas  maximum  in  this  respect.  The 
young  animals  from  the  same  region  are  paler  gray  than  usual,  corresponding 
to  some  samples  of  Sigmodon  "berlandicri";  and  some  show  a  slight  silvery 
margin  of  the  ears,  as  usual  in  desert  Hesperomys  "sonoriensis".  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  add  that  this  extreme,  witnessed  only  in  animals  from  the  Colorado 
and  Gila  deserts,  is  mixed  and  obscured  in  every  degree  in  the  animals  living 
in  neighboring  wooded  and  watered  regions,  and  is  directly  connected  with  the 
Georgian  extreme  by  Texan,  Coloradan,  Arkansan,  and  Kansan  examples. 

The  supposed  Neoloma  "mexicana"  rests  upon  these  points  of  coloration; 
for,  as  we  learn  from  the  table  given  below,  nothing  in  the  way  of  measure- 
ments ascribed  to  it  is  distinctive.  The  species  was  originally  based  upon 
a  few  specimens,  all  in  very  poor  condition,  some  of  them  indicating  the 
extreme  stage  above  described.  Had  Professor  Baird  possessed  at  that  time 
the  intermediate  series  we  now  command,  it  is  doubtful  whether  he  would 
have  differed  from  Geoffroy  as  to  their  specific  identity  with  j/fonV/lana ;  a 
matter  of  which,  in  our  mind,  there  is  no  question. 

The  case  of  Neotoma  "micropus"  presents  some  difficulty,  owing  to  lack 
of  material ;  we  have  nothing  additional  to  Professor  Baird's  two*  types.  One 
of  these,  No.  561,  is  so  young,  that  the  molars  are  not  cut  at  all!  the  skull 
measuring  only  1.08,  or  about  half  the  normal  adult  average.  We  will,  there- 
fore, confine  our  attention  to  the  other  specimen,  No.  554.  This  has  the 
appearance  of  being  mature,  or  nearly  so,  except  that  it  is,  as  stated,  in  a 
grayish-slate  state  of  pelage.  In  thr  first  place,  we  n,ay  dismiss  the  impres- 
sion that  would  be  gained  from  the  name  "microj  as";  the  feet  being  exactly 
as  long  as  in  samples  of  ordinary ^rtdlawa  or  "  mexicana",  and  quite  as  large. 
Of  the  many  cranial  characters  adduced,  we  fail,  with  the  skull  in  our  hands, 

*  No8.  554, 561,  pnbliBlied  in  M.  N.  A.— Besides  these,  wo  Hiid  in  ulcohol,  from  Snntu  Kosalia  (Coiicli), 
two  uthors,  Nos. 8699, 2700,  litlieled  " niicnitius".    Tlioy  are,  however,  mere  suckliuga  (about  three  iuchua 
Inn);),  nnil  iiOunl  nn  clinrnctcrs  nt  nil. 
2    H 


18 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOIlXn  AMRUICAN  HODENTIA. 


1? 


i 


to  npiireciate  the  exclusive  pertinence  of  any  of  tlicin,  in  comparison  with 
our  largo  scries,  except  one — the  palatal  notch  is  narrower  tlian  in  Georgian 
flor'ulana.  But,  as  already  stated,  this  tendency  to  narrowness  of  the  palatal 
notch  is  a  feature,  more  or  less  stiongly  expressed,  of  all  western  Ncotomas 
(even  cinerea  shows  it),  and,  consequently,  =t  loses  diagnostic  value  in  this 
case.  The  disproportion  of  tail  to  trunk  seems  niusually  great  (4.25  to  9.10); 
but  the  tail  has  been  broken  and  mended,  and  the  skin  is  greatly  distorted — 
a  full  inch,  if  not  two  inches,  or  more,  overstretched.  The  chief  character 
of  "micropus"  rests  upon  the  assumption  that  the  gray  pelage  No.  554 
shows  is  permanent.  Altliougii  tiiis  presumption  is  colored  by  Dr.  Bcrlan- 
dier's  testimony,  that  naturalist  is  as  liable  to  be  mistaken  as  another  one ; 
and  we  are  satisfied  that  Neotoma  "micrjpuc"  is  not  a  valid  species. 

Table  II.— ilfo<Mureffleti(so/«ir(y  specimens  o/Neoto.«a  floridana /com  the  Vtiited  Stales  avd  Mtacico. 


t 

a 

D 

Locality. 

CoUcctor. 

>C80  to— 

% 

1 

■a 

i 

RcniArha. 

1 
1 

t 

:m 

Pi! 

vm 

1628 
9CM 
2C'J7 
30T! 
SC78 

441) 
2951 
2953 
2954 

8iar 
ei3ti 
«ai 

OCO'.i 
04X1 
3715 
1730 
1731 
1732 

vm 

1328 
1329 
3051 
3053 
:I0,54 
8434 
11151 

liiic.lnmlCoimty.N.y.. 

South  CiirolitiB 

GeorHift 

ilo 

J.  o.  Bell 

8.00 
0.85 
0.37 
7.23 
0.75 
0.00 

5.50 
4.E0 
4.00 
0.30 
4.30 
3.33 
5. '.15 
5.75 
0.40 

1.55 
1.45 
1.33 

0.80 
0.80 
0.75 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry;  tall  atrotched. 

Dry;  younR. 

Dry;  young. 

Alcobolio. 

Alcobolio. 

Alooholio. 

Alcobolio. 

Dry. 

Mounted. 

Dry. 

Dry;  very  yonng. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry:  younR. 

Alcoholic;  yonng. 

Dry ;  gray. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry;  much atTOtcbod. 

Dry. 

Dry;  much  atret«bad. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

do    

S.W.  Wilson  .  .  . 

...  do 

...do 

1.  33  ;  0. 75 

....do    .'. 

...do 

...  do  

...do 

0.85 

1.06 

2.10 

1.42 
1.48 
1.38 
1.40 
LOO 
1.35 
L45 
1.20 

Lao 

1.40 
L37 
1.40 
1.20 

1.00 
0.70 
0.80 

0.77 
0.70 

...do    

...do  

Florida 

B.  L.  C.  Wailes 

Fort  lialulall    

Arkansas 

F.V.  Hoyden 

A.  W.  Whlpplo... 

1.10 

2.20 

9.40 

7.50 
0.00 
0.00 

4.12 
5.00 

W.  A.  Hammond.. 
...  do  .... 

1.00 

2.00 

...do 

...do 

...do    

...  do 

A.Croclier 

...  do  

0.07 

1.00 

ROO 
8.00 
8.25 
0.25 

0.00 
,5.00 
4  75 
4.00 

...do 

...do 

CnU'radoTerii',^r> 

T«-\afl 

...do 

J  Stevenson  

0.05 

0.85 

tT.I'opo 

Now  *j[cxtco 

W.  W.  Audorsoo 

7.  SO 
4  40 
8.00 

10.50 
7.00 

10.50 

g.oo 

0.00 
8.50 
0.75 
7.50 

4.50 

4.90 
5.00 
O..'i0 

0.50 
0.00 
4.90 
4.7-1 

1.18 
1.33 
L33 
L40 
1.18 
1.33 
1.30 
1.30 
1.32 
1.20 
1.30 

0.70 

1.05 
1.00 
0.95 

0.80 

J.roiw 

...  do  

...do 

...do 

,...dr  

California 

....do 

...do 

J.  F.  Hainmond  . . . 

A.  Schott 

...  do   .... 

....do  

...do 

...do   

...do 

...do    

i 

Arizoua 

...do 

F.Blecboir 

MURID.E— 810M0D0NTES— NEOTOMA  FU8C1PBS. 


19 


Tablb  II. — Meaaurementt  of  fixly  spedmcxi  of  Neotoma  floridaka— Continued. 


1 

• 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Noaoto- 

t 

1 

1 

SemarkB. 

1 

i 

i 

H808 
8809 
8800 
8801 
8800 
8803 
886S 
8801 
8804 
8809 
8810 
8811 

eoos 

8900 

0089 
to 
9900 
1339 
to 
1343 
1328 
1339 
1033 
903 
389 
954 
961 
3099 
8100 

1.00 

1.00 

1.90 

6S!S 
7.50 
1.00 
1.50 
0.15 
1.35 
1.40 
&00 
6.35 

4.15 
4.15 
5.50 
4.75 
5.75 
5.  CO 
4.00 
5.00 
5.7S 
1011 

1. 85 
1.25 
1.35 
1.15 
1.30 
1.30 
l.i» 
1.20 
1.30 
1,35 

0.90 
0.90 
0.85 
0.05 
1.00 
0.95 
0.90 
0.05 
1.00 
0.95 

Dry. 
Dry. 
Dry. 
Dry. 
Dry. 
Dry. 
Dry. 

Dry.           -         .: 
Dry. 
Dry. 

Dry;  yonng. 
Dry;  yonng. 
Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic;  notgrow^. 
N08.  9980-04  are  alco- 
holic; very  yonng. 

holio;  embryos. 
Alcoholic  i  very  yonng. 

Dry. 
Dry. 
Monnled. 

do     

do   

....do 

....do 

....do 

do   . 

....do 

...do 

...do .'. 

do 

l.OO 
0.0.« 

1.80 
1.10 

1.85 

...do 

do     

...do 

do 

..     do    

....do 

...  do 

do 

do 

do 

do           ... 

do 

do 

1.09 

8.00 

7.50 
&00 

6.00 
3.75 

1.25 
1.15 

1.10 

...  do    

.  .  do  

I    .0     

.  do 

J 

J.  Colorado  BItct,  Ariz. . . 
....ia   

do 

10.90 
0.00 

a  75 
6.60 

1.33 
1.30 

1.00 
0.95 

....do   

.  .  do   

....do   

....ilo 

T.H.Wobb  

5.00 
7.90 
9.00 
6.90 

4.89 

1.17 
1.18 
1.40 

Chihaahna 

Mojioo 

...do 

J.PottB 

0.?4     Dry. 

a  an      Tim    ^  Tvimh    nf  "mi. 

D.N.  Conch 

....do 

....do 

...  do  

Alooholif ,  rery  yoong. 
Alooi  'Ho;  very  yonng. 

....do 

...do 

NE070MA  FUSCIPE? 


I'lJopper 


Jluiky -t  )OV.^d  Wood  Bat. 

Mcvlima  fntdpeii,  Cooper,  MiiS.— B.tTRr>,  M.  N.  A.  16S7,  495.— Cocas,  Proo.  Aoad.  Nat.  Soi.  Fhllu. 
1874, 17C. 

Diagnosis. — N.  caudd  unicolore,  nigricante,  elongatd,  truncum  sine  capite 
aquante  sive  exceedente,  pedibus  supra  partim  fuscis,  auriculis  plantisque  ferh 
nudLs ;  nigro-badia,  infra  albida.    Long.  tot.  9.50  poll.,  caudd  8.50,  pedis  1.60. 

Habitat. — California. 

This  remarkable  rat  is  much  unlike  any  other  of  the  genus  we  know  of 
Witii  a  general  agreemci.*.  in  form  with  other  species  of  the  scanty-haired 
tailed  group,  there  are  striking  difTcrcnces,  the  first  of  which  that  we  shall 


20 


MONOGRAPUS  OF  NOHTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


notice  is  the  length  of  tiiil.  In  N.Jloridana,  tlie  tail  only  exceptionally  equals 
the  trunk  vvitliout  tiic  head;  in  N.  fuscipcs,  tiie  tail  is  only  exceptionally  so 
short  us  this,  ranging  usually  from  a  little  more  than  length  of  the  trunk  to 
tlie  full  length  of  tiic  trunk  aiui  head  together.  Besides  its  length,  the  tail  in 
the  dried  specimens  shows  the  peculiarity  remarked  hy  Professor  Baird,  being 
compressed  for  its  terminal  third,  somewhat  as  in  the  muskrat.  At  first,  we 
thought  this  was  a  taxidermal  or  other  accident,  but  all  the  specimens  show 
the  same  thing;  so  that,  whether  or  not  the  tail  be  compressed  in  life,  it,  at 
any  rate,  dries  in  that  shape.  Nothing  of  the  sort  occurs  in  N.  Jhridana. 
The  pilosity  of  the  tail  is  about  the  same  in  the  two  species.  The  ears 
of  fuscipcs  are  larger  than  those  oi'Jloridana,  although  the  general  size  of  the 
two  animals  is  nearly  the  same.  The  soles  o(  fuscipes  are  nearly  naked 
throughout,  but  not  perfectly  so ;  a  scant  hairiness  occupying  the  posterior 
third  of  the  sole,  which  is  densely  furry  in  Jhridana.  The  general  pelnge 
of /«scy;cs  is  coarser  and  iiarsher  than  it  is'm  floridana,  although  the  differ- 
ence is  not  very  noticeable ;  not  more  so  than  that  between  prairie  and  forest 
examples  of  N.  cinerea.  In  other  respects,  of  size,  form,  and  pelage,  we  note 
no  essential  characters. 

In  color,  however,  there  are  likewise  marked  features,  the  most  promi- 
nent of  which  is  the  nearly  uniform  blackishness  of  the  tail,  and  the  next 
most  so  is  the  duskiness  of  the  hind  feet.  This  peculiarity  is  uniform  and 
very  conspicuous  in  all  the  specimens  examined.  The  surface  of  the  meta- 
tarsus is  dark-brown,  like  the  outside  of  the  leg;  the  toes  being  abruptly 
white.  This  coloration  and  that  of  tiic  tail  are  especially  interesting  in  the 
geographical  connection  mentioned  below.  In  general  color,  the  animal  is 
of  a  darker  and  warmer  shade  than  ordinary jf?o/iV/aHa,  and  many  times  deeper 
than  the  pale  desert-breed  of  the  latter  from  neighboring  regions.  The  main 
color  is  a  strong  reddisli-brown,  overpowered  with  blackish  on  the  back,  but 
very  bright  on  the  sides.  The  under  parts  are  white,  as  usual ;  the  hairs  oh 
the  middle  line  white  to  the  very  roots,  but  those  along  the  sides  of  the  belly 
ashy  at  root.  On  the  fore  leg,  the  dark  color  runs  to  the  wrist  and  then  stops 
abruptly ;  on  the  hind,  as  stated,  it  reaches  the  roots  of  the  toes. 

We  have  not  specimens  enough  to  show  the  full  range  of  variation  in 
size  and  proportions;  but  tiiese,  no  doubt,  are  perfectly  parallel  with  those 
oijloiidana ;  and,  similarly,  we  cannot  give  the  entire  variation  in  color.  We 
Bhould  judge,  from  the  restricted  area  that  this  species  occupies,  that  its  colors 


MUKlDiE-SIGMODOHTES— NEOTOMA  FDSCIPES. 


21 


woultl  only  vary  us  much  as,  say,  those  of  South  Atlantic  coast  Jloridana  do. 
Wc  have  no  very  young  animals  before  us;  but  Nos.  1169  and  1182  show 
much  the  same  signs  of  juvenility  that  Ihe  same  ages  oi  Jloridana  do.  The 
gray,  however,  is  tiot  so  slaty;  being  more  lined  with  yclIowish-brown,  result- 
ing in  a  color  almost  identical  with  that  of  Mus  decumanus.  The  feet  are 
dusky,  quite  as  in  the  adult. 

We  should  very  much  like  to  see  specimens  of  this  species  from  other 
localities,  especially  a  little  to  the  southward,  where  the  physical  influences 
that  give  the  peculiar  fades  to  Mexican  MuridcB  could  be  observed  at  play.  As 
Dc  Saussure  has  remarked  (/.  c),  there  is  a  tendency  to  extension  of  the  color 
of  the  back  down  the  legs  and  on  to  the  feet  in  the  Mexican  forms  of  Hespe- 
romys ;  thus,  in  H.  azlecus,  the  basal  third  of  the  metatarsus  is  sharply  dusky, 
while,  in  H.  (NyctemynJ  sumichrasti,  the  whole  metatarsus  to  the  toes  is 
dusky.  These  two  species  also  finely  illustrate  two  other  parallel  tendencies : 
these  arc,  to  the  change  of  the  ochrey  or  yellowish-browns  of  northern  species 
into  a  ricii  rusty  red,  with  lengthening  and  blackening  of  the  tail.  Neotoma 
ferruginea  of  Guatemala  and  Southern  Mexico  shows  likewise  all  three  of 
these  features.  Neotoma  fuscipcs,  with  closest  relationships,  if  any,  to  Mexi- 
can forms,  shows  us  the  beginning  of  changes  that  appear  to  culminate  in  N. 
ferruginea ;  but  we  have  no  links  to  excite  suspicion  that  it  is  not  perfectly 
distinct  from  the  last  named,  as  it  certainly  is  from  any  other  United  States 
species. 

Mr.  Samuels's  Petaluma  examples  are  strictly  identical  with  Cooper's 
types. 

•  The  Fort  Tejon  example  is  interesting,  and  merits  special  mention.  By 
referring  to  our  table  of  N.  Jloridana,  it  will  be  seen  that  we  record  three 
specimens  of  that  species  from  this  locality ;  these  are  pure  Jloridana,  abso- 
lutely identical  with  South  Atlantic  styles ;  they  do  not  even  approach  in  color 
the  paler  "mexicana"  of  the  neighboring  desert  regions.  But  No.  3655  is 
equally  \i\iTG  fuscipcs ;  the  dusky  occupies  the  posterior  two-thirds  of  the 
metatarsus,  and  the  tail,  which  is  only  an  inch  shorter  than  the  head  and  body, 
is  of  a  nearly  uniform  blackish"  color  all  around.  This  occurrence,  at  Fort 
Tejon,  of  the  two  species  of  Neotoma,  each  preserving  its  own  characteristics, 
confirms  the  specific  distinctness  of  fuscipes,  and  is  an  interesting  parallel  with 
the  case  of  the  Hesperomys  of  the  same  region ;  for  it  will  be  seen  further  on, 
that  while  the  ordinary  mouse  of  Fort  Tejon  is  the  "gambeli"  strain  of  leu- 


IT 


22 


MOXO(il{Al'US  OV  NOKTII  AMEUICAN  KODENTIA. 


if 


II: 


M'l 


it 


if 


)■' 


copus,  yot.  the  siiifjularly  difrcrcnt  //.  californicus  (parasiticus  of  Cooper)  also 
occurs  tlicre;  and  tliat  some  of  the  samples  of  "gaml)cli"  seem  to  tend  a 
little  toward  ca/iforniciin.  Here  appears  to  be  the  gateway,  both  iii  Hesperomijs 
and  in  A^eofoma;,  ihai  leads  out  from  an  ordinary  type  into  a  localized  ditTeren- 
tiation.  We  must  confcs.8  that  wc  suspect  that  certain  intermediate  Ncotoma 
and  Ilcspcronii/s  will  yet  be  found  in  this  region  to  show  us  the  steps  of  depar- 
ture from  N.  Jloridanas  inU)  fuscipcs  and  from  H.  kucopus  into  californicus. 

The  skull  of  A'",  fuscipcs  shows  nothing  diagnostic ;  a  slight  narrowness 
of  the  post-palatal  notch  being  shared  by  the  other  western  and  Mexican 
forms.  One  example,  No.  2040,  measures  2.15  in  length  by  1.15  across  the 
zygomata. 


T.MII.J 

lll.—Mtamremenl»  of 

MX  »j)«cifflen«  of  Neotoma 

I'USCirES. 

1 
1 

Locality. 

ColU'Ctor. 

Noaeto— 

t 

8.50 
6  TiO 

i 

0.75 

1 

s 
la 

■A 

KciuarkH. 

1 

i 
1 

'3 
H 

1 158  '  Snntn  Clara.  Cal 

495 

9.00 

9.  .10 
ft  SO 
6  25 

1.55 
1.00 
1.02 
1.58 
1.28 
1.35 

1.10 
1.00 
1.05 
1.20 
1.00 
1.00 

Drj';  ndult;  type. 
Dry  J  youDK. 
Dry  i  young. 
Alrnholic;  adult. 
Alcoholic ;  young. 

1159 

....do 

do  ... . 

iie-j 

....ilo 

...  do  

7.10  ! 

7. 90  1  0. 85 
0.25     0  76 
6^50     0  70 

8679 

sei^o 

PetaluDiQ,  Cal 

...ilo 

K.  Snliiucla 

....<lo.... 

1.07 
0.80 

S.00 

1.50 

S.40 
1  n.'. 

3055  !  Fort  Telon.  Cal 

7.50 

1 

NEOTOMA  FERRUGINEA,  Tomes. 

A^eotemo /trniffiiiffl,  ToMi-s,  Pioc.  ZiiOl.  .Sw.  ItHil,  2.^1.  (I'mm  Guiitetimla.  D«sciibe<l  nH  bright  rufous, 
inixcd  with  black  liuirs  on  Ibu  back,  below  [iiiro  wbitp,  tbe  line  of  deninrkutioii  distinct. 
Length  (i"  (>'",  bead  1"  9'",  fore  foot  8'",  bind  foot  1"  8'",  tail  0".)— CoUKS,  Pnw.  Acad. 
Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  1874,  17.5. 

Diagnosis.— (No.  9507,  Mus.  Smiths.,  ex  Tehuantepec.)— iV.  aureo-fcrru- 
ginea,  dorso  obsciiriore,  infra  nivca,  auriculis  suhnudis,  plantis  ferii  nudis,  caudd 
nigricante  unicolore,  truncum  cum  capite  suhcequante,  metatarsis  supra  ex  alhklo 
fuscescenlibuK.     Long.  tol.  l.bi)  po//.;  criudce  G.50;  pedis  1.40;  auricula  0.90. 

Upper  parts  of  a  rich  rusly-red,  almo.st  golden-rust,  color  along  the  sides ; 
on  the  back  obscured  witli  considerable  admixture  of  blackish  hairs;  the  line 
of  demarcation  on  the  sides  very  sharp:  (he  color  of  the  upper  parts  (or  a 
duskier  hue)  running  down  the  outside  of  the  legs  to  the  wrists  and  ankles; 
the  superior  surfaces  of  (he  feet  of  most  of  the  s|)ecimens  white,  clouded  with 
dusky,  sometimes  the  dusky  strongly  predominating,  in  other  specimens,  haw- 
ever,  hardly  or  not  appreciable.  Extremity  of  muzzle  colored;  but,  on  the 
sides  of  the  lip,  the  white  reaching  up  to  the  roots  of  the  whiskers,  wiiile  just 
behind  this  the  ferrugineous  dips  abruptly  downward,  so  that  the  outline 
of  the  white  and  ferrugineous  is  tar  from  a  straight  line.     Below  snowy-white ; 


H' 


MURID^— SIGMODONTE8— NEOTOMA  FERRUGINEA. 


23 


the  liiiirs  white  to  the  roots  in  the  middle,  but  along  the  sides  with  ashy  roots, 
somewhat  obscuring  the  purity  of  tlie  white.  Tail  nearly  as  long  as  the  head 
and  body  together,  at  least  exceeding  the  body  alone,  and  i)lackish  throughout, 
or  so  nearly  unicolor  that  the  under  side  is  merely  a  shade  paler  than  the 
upper.  Whiskers  very  long,  all  jet-black  at  base,  paler  at  ends.  Soles  very 
scant-haired  back  of  the  posterior  tubercle;  ears  likewise  nearly  naked  (both 
much  as  m  fuscipes).  General  form  and  proportion  of  parts  as  in  the  other 
scaly-tailed  Neotomas.  Size  averaging  somewhat  less  than  in  Neotoma  Jhri- 
dana  (see  table  of  measurements). 

The  fine  series  collected  by  Professor  Sumichrast  enables  us  to  ciiarac- 
terizc  this  animal  with  precision.  The  five  specimens  vary  but  little,  the 
difference  being  mainly  in  the  purity  and  intensity  of  the  colors ;  the  meta- 
tarsus, however,  in  one  specimen  at  least  (9435),  is  white,  whereas  in  all  the 
others  it  is  clouded  with  dusky.  The  animal  is  related  to  N.  fuscipes  in  this 
respect,  as  also  in  the  length  and  blackness  of  tail,  but  is  smaller  than  that 
species,  and  otherwise  distinguished  at  a  glance  by  its  rich  rusty-red  color, 
by  which,  furthermore,  it  is  separated  from  any  other  of  the  rat-colored 
United  States  Neotomas. 

The  skull  of  No.  9507  has  no  structural  peculiarities,  but  is  smaller  than 
any  adult  United  States  skulls  examined;  it  measures  1.80  in  length  by  0.95 
across  the  zygomata.  The  post-palatal  notch  may  be  rather  n;  w,  but  is 
not  conspicuously  so.  The  dentition  affords  us  nothing  diagnostic,  as,  in  fact, 
is  the  case  with  all  the  rest  of  the  genus ;  and  we  suspect  that  any  peculiarity 
Mr.  Tomes  may  have  noticed  in  his  types  of  ferruginea  will  prove  only  an 
individual  feature,  to  be  matched  in  other  species. 

We  have  not  seen  the  young  of  this  species,  and  do  not  know  how  gray  it 
may  be  in  youth ;  but  we  should  expect  that  the  dark  gray  or  slate  color 
oi  floridana  and  other  northern  species  would  not  be  perfectly  exhibited  in 
this  case. 

Tablk  Vf.—Meaturtmmtt  of  five  apeoimetu  of  Nkotoma  vkriiugikba. 


1 

Locality. 

CoUector. 

NOMiO— 

t« 

1 

n 

1 

Bemuks. 

i 

^ 

<i 

t 

93T9 
B380 
R381 
SMS 

tan 

TehuftntejMO,  Mexloo . 

....do 

....do 

....do 

r.  Saraichnwt.... 

...do 

....do 

0.75 

aeo 

1.65 
1.60 

1.83 
1.75 

7.00 
7.00 
7.85 

aoo 

7.75 

6.50 

7.00 
6  75 
6.75 

0.70 
0.65 
0.711 
0.68 
0.75 

1.35 
1.35 
l.M 
1.30 
1.45 

0.85 
0.02 
a97 

0.00 

Dry;  adult. 
Dry;  adnlt. 
Dry!  adult. 
Dryi  adalt. 
Dryi  adult 

....do 

...do 

....do 

II 


j>fnv>V'.l,"^ 


24 


MONOGKAIUIS  OF  NOliTII  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


ii 


NEOTOMA  CINEREA,  (Ord)  Baird. 
Basby-tallfd  IVood  Rat. 

A»h-iohured  rat,  <rilh  hairy  lail,  of  Uockij  Moiinlaim,  Lkwis  &  C1.AIIK,  jMtaini. 

lUm  ciii.TOKi,  ()lil>,  fiiilliiii'«  (ii'oR.  id  Am.  c<l.  ii,  IHlf.,  i'M    (Hancil  (ill  the  fiiri'Koing.) 

i\r(,loma  miirea,  ilAllil),  M.  N.  A.  IHT)?,  4!l!l,  pi.  liii,  f.  1.— ColKX,  I'loc.  Acnil.  Nut.  8ci  Pliila.  1874,  175. 

Mi/oim  ilriimmumlii,  Hicil.MslisoN,  Zdcil.  .loiiiii.  iii,  lH2t<,  517.— W'AiiNF.Ii,  Sclirtli.  Siiiij;.  iv,  pi.  iW7A. 

Nwloma  drimmoiidii,  Kh-iiaiidso.v,  1'.  I).-A.  i,  IHaO,  VX7,  pi.  viii.-MAXiMll.lAN,  IMne,  i,  IK)!),  :«i5.— Wao- 

NKii,  Suppl.  .Sclirol).  iii,  lH4:t,  .'■|60.- At:i>.  &  Hacii.,  Q.  N.  A.  i,  184!t,  22a,  pi.  xxix.— Maximilian, 

Arch.  Niitiir);.  xviil,  Iritii,  |i.  — ;  Vcrz.  N.-Am.  .Siiiif,'.  lf^>2.  l"*!. 
Xeoloma  occtrf(n(a/i»,  CooI'kk,  MSS.— Uaiiid,  Troc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliiln.  vil,  1^55,  335 ;  M.  N.  A.  1857,  496, 

pi.  nil.  f.  3.— CooPKit  &  SUCKI.EY,  Not.  Hint.  Wash.  Terr.  IHtiO,  128. 

Tadlb  v.— J/;a«iireraeH(»  of  forty  specimcm  of  Nkotoma  cineiika. 


Locality. 


4301 
f>3l4 

1091 
5n07 

fioei 

.Viiia 

SfiTO 


10616 

10017 

3S4 

lllil 

4330 

4303 

4301 

4:108 

m)1 

3898 

3751 

i):iS4 

11.3-U 

3181 

37.'i8 

.37.'iO 

2397 

8544 

8130 

463 

4KI 

OTi 

3806 

3733 

89 

068 

3318 

3370 

4068 


Ftirl  C'liiirrliill,  nnilwm'HRay. 

SHHtinlcliewaii  Kivrr 

Flirt  niilliil,  Uml.  Il«y  Tit... 

Fori  Manl,  Hiiil.  Hay  Tor.  . . 

..  ..ilii 

(lo 

ilo 

do 

(lo 

?,  Hiiilnnn'ti  Hay  Ter  . . . 

?,  I'liitcil  Slaica 

YellowatoiiL'  Kiver,  Mont 

do 

MllltKlvtr  

F.irt  Sarpy,  Veb 

BigUnrn  River,  Nob 

Deer  Creek,  Neb 

(lo 

Williani'a  Springs,  Utah 

do 

I'iko'a  Peak,  Colo 

Campl9,Colo 

do    

Fort  Maa8ac'bllHotl^  N.  Mox 

do    _..  

Fort  Riircwyn,  N.  Mex 

Straita  of  Filca 

Waxliiiigtoii  Territory 

do    

Shoalwater  Ilay,  W.  T 

do 

do 

Lake  DepAt,  Utah 

Simiahmoo 

Columbia  River 

Aatoria,  Oreg 

do 

Fort  Umpiina,  Oreg 

Fort  Crook,  Cal 


Collector. 


Noao  to— 


Tall  lo- 


\V.  Mactavinb  .... 

.T.  McCaiiley 

.1.  Liickardt 

W.  L.  nardiHty  ... 

...do 

..".do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

It.  Campbell 

J.  A.  Alien 

...do 

G.  Suckley 

F.  V.  Hayden  — 

(i.U.Trook 

...do 

F.  V.  Itayden  .... 

..do 

C.SMcCartliy... 

...do 

D.C.Collier 

RRidiiway 

...do  

D.C.  Peters 

E.  C.  Itowman 

W.  W.  AnderaoD. 

G.Suekley 

J.n,,Swan 

...do  

.T.G.Cooper 

...do    

..  do 

C.  n.  R  Kennerly 

•T.  Wayne   

J.  K.  Townaend  . , 

.T.  Wayne 

...do 

E.P.Vollum 

D.  F.  Parkinson  . . 


3.10 


11.00 
9.50 
9.00 
9.  .'.0 

10.75 
9.00 

aoo 
a  75 

0.00 
8.50 
8.35 


7.75 
7.00 


6.00 
5.75 
9.SS 

6.00 
4. 75 
5.50 
5.75 
5.00 
.5.50 
6.00 


5.00 
4.00 


7. 50  i  5. 50 
10.00 

9.00 
10.00 

8.00 

0.50 

7.  .10 

7.50 
10.50 

aoo 
a5o 

8.75 
9.73 
10.00 


10.00 
9.00 

11.00 
9. 33 
a  33 

10.00 

Rao 
aoo 
aso 
7.00 


6.00 
.5.00 

6.35 
5.33 
7.50 
6.50 


5.50 
5.75 


7.00 
5.00 


7.35 
7.75 
6.75 

7.35 
6.00 

ass 

6.75 
,5.50 
6.50 
7.00 


1.65 
1.53 
1.60 

1.03 
1.60 
1.65 
1.80 
1. 53 


6.50 
7.75 


7.00 
a  10 
7.33 
6.(0 
a  40 
7.00 


a  50 

7.00 
&30 
6.30 
7.73 

a. 50 
6.70 

5.  .50 

aoo 
5.73 


1.40 
1.65 
1.55 


1.19 
1.50 
1.45 
1.63 
1.40 
1.50 
l.riO 
1.70 
1.60 


1.75 
1.69 
1.85 
1.00 
1.53 
1.75 
L73 
1.60 
1.63 


1.00 
0.90 


1.15 
1.06 


Remark  a. 


Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dr>-. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Drj-. 

Dry. 

Drj-. 

Dr.v. 

Drj'. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Fresh. 

Dr.v. 

Dry. 

Fnah. 

Frrsli. 

Fresh. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Freah. 

Fresh. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 


MUUID^— 8IGMODONTE8— NBOTOMA  OINBREA. 


25 


Diagnosis. — N.  caudd  hirsutmhnd,  {myoxina  s.  subsciurina),  bicolorc, 
supra  f^riseo-fusca,  infra  olba ;  corpore  supra  cinerco  {luteo-  s.  badio- .«.  fusco- 
cinerco),  infra  ex  albido  albo.  Long.  tot.  circ.  9  poll.,  caudce  circ.  6.00,  pedis 
1.40-1.76,  (luriculcB  1. 

Habitat. — Western  and  Nortliwcstern  Nortli  America.  Eastward  to 
Hudson's  Bay,  Nebraska,  and  Colorado,  &c.  Southward  to  New  Mexico  and 
California.     Westward  to  the  Pacific.         •      -    '         :r   ' 

Since  both  form  and  color  come  into  play  in  consideration  of  the  nominal 
species  we  shall  presently  discuss,  we  have  at  once  inserted  our  table 
of  measurements,  after  examining  which  we  shall  note  the  coloration  of  the 
animal,  and  then  investigate  llie  supposed  N.  occidentalis. 

lu  size,  this  animal  is  rather  the  largest  of  the  genus,  averaging  near  the 
maximum  of  Jloridana.  The  only  specimen  that  touches  11  inches  is  some- 
what stretched;  but  as  several  others  reach  or  exceed  10,  11  inches  is  prob- 
ably not  beyond  a  natural  maximum.  Only  one  (No.  3898)  that  seems  by  ita 
coloration  to  be  adult  falls  below  7  inches,  and  this  one  appears  to  be  some- 
what compressed  in  the  make-up  of  the  skin.  We  may  safely  deduce, 
therefore,  striking  off  somewhat  from  both  ends,  an  ordinary  range  of  varia- 
tion in  length  from  7.50  to  lO.ftO  inches,  with  an  average  dimension  of  about 
9  inches. 

The  tail,  as  usual,  is  still  more  variable ;  and  as,  moreover,  it  is  badly 
stuffed  in  most  of  our  specimens,  the  true  dimension  is  hard  to  reach.  We 
find,  as  the  figures  stand,  the  vertebra;  running  from  4.00  to  7.50  inches,  and 
the  hairs  from  4.50  to  8.50.  Cutting  off  0.50  eacii  way  for  probable  error, 
even  then  there  is  left  a  range  from  4.60  to  7.00  inches  for  the  vertebrre,  and 
from  5.00  to  8.00  for  the  hairs.  This  variation  amounts  to  nearly  33  per 
cent,  of  the  average  length  of  the  head  and  body.  Excluding  some  of  the 
more  striking  extremes  in  relative  length  of  tail  to  body,  we  may  safely  say 
that  the  shortest  normal  length  of  tail  to  body  would  be  about  as  in  No.  5662, 
or  No.  1321,  where  the  proportion  is  as  5  :  9,  or  4  :  7;  56  :  100  nearly,  or 
but  little  over  half  the  length  of  the  head  and  body  ;  while  the  longest  rela- 
tive length  of  tail  is  about  as  represented  by  No.  3270,  where  the  tail  is  as 
70  :  85,  as  82  :  100,  or  four-fif\hs  the  head  and  body.  But,  since  this 
animal  (No.  3270)  is  supposed  "occidentalis",  we  might  here  be  accused 
of  assuming  in  the  premises  what  we  wish  to  find  in  conclusion ;  so  we  will 
take  another  specimen,  No.  3758,  from  New  Mexico,  being  typical  "cinerea" 


■^Jjn"iiiijr>v)r.»  X'. '  'MJV 


20 


MONOGKAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Ilorc  th(3  figures  arc  6.25  to  8.50.  or  nearly  as  75  :  100;  that  is,  tho  tail  ii» 
about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  head  and  body,  at  any  rale.  But,  to  be 
fair  to  ourselves,  we  will  take  one  other.  No.  380G,  a  typical  "occidentalis;" 
here  the  figures  arc  5.50  :  9.25,  or  about  59  :  100;  that  is,  considerably  undci 
two-thirds  thi;  Iciigtii  of  the  head  and  body. 

In  other  words :  throughout  the  whole  series,  the  tail  (vertcbr«3)  ranges 
from  about  half  as  long  to  about  four-fifths  as  long  as  bead  and  body ;  in  the 
scries  of  true  cinerea  alone,  the  tail  ranges  from  about  one-half  to  about  three- 
fourths  as  long;  in  the  series  of  "occidentalis",  so  called,  the  tail  ranges  from 
less  than  two-thirds  to  about  four-fifths  as  long;  and  the  respective  ranges 
of  the  two  series  overlap  each  other  by  about  as  much  as  they  difTer  from 
each  other.  Throughout,  the  variation  is  by  insensible  degrees;  there  is  no 
l)reak  in  the  series.  Obviously,  therefore,  the  characters  "caudal  vcrtebraj 
about  as  long  as  the  trunk",  as  opj)osed  to  "caudal  vertebroB  considerably 
shorter  than  the  trunk"  {Baird,  op.  cil.  487),  fail  to  be  diagnostic  of  two 
species. 

The  average  tail  is  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  average  body. 

Excluding  No.  3898,  which  seems  to  be  an  abnormally  small  individual 
if  really  adult,  as  it  appears,  the  hind  feet  range  from  1.40  to  1.85  in  length, 
a  more  customary  range  being  1.45  to  1.75;  and  the  average  settles  very  nearly 
at  1.66  inches.  The  fore  feet  (not  given  in  the  table)  are  about  one-third 
of  an  inch  long. 

The  ears,  measured  from  the  notch  in  front,  average  a  little  over  un  inch 
iu  lengtli,  ranging  from  0.90  to  115. 

The  whiskers  are  immensely  long — the  longest  ones  averaging  nearly  4 
inches.  An  idea  of  their  length  will  be  gained  when  we  say  that  in  one 
specimen  the  distance  between  the  tips  of  the  outstretched  whiskers  is  over 
eight  inches. 

The  densely  hairy  tail  of  this  animal,  unique  in  the  genus,  early  attracted 
attention.  The  average  tail  is  haired  almost  exactly  as  in  Mi/oxus ;  the  hairs 
increase  in  length,  usually,  from  base  to  tip,  and  likewise,  as  in  Mijoxus  glis, 
are  more  or  less  distichous  in  arrangement,  so  that  the  tail  is  flattened.  In 
some  of  the  more  heavily-haired  tails,  the  resemblance  to  Tamias  is  striking; 
and  the  hairiest  of  all  even  approach  the  condition  of  Sciurus  itself,  although 
the  shape  is  sul)terete  rather  than  perfectly  distichous.  Thus,  in  No.  8314, 
the  hairs,  pressed  out  flat,  measure  fullij  three  inches  across,  and  the  terminal 


MDBID^— 8IGHODONTES-NBOTOMA  CINBBBA. 


27 


ones  form  a  brush  two  inches  beyond  the  end  of  the  vcrtebroe.  This  maxi- 
mum of  hairiness,  however,  is  rarely  if  ever  seen,  except  in  borjal  specimens : 
the  most  hcavily-iiaircd  United  States  tails  are  only  about  tvo  inches  across; 
an  average  one  is  rather  less  than  this;  the  average  pencil  at  tlie  cn<l  is  prob- 
ably not  over  one  inch.  There  is  a  great  difTerence,  also,  according  to  season. 
In  the  spring,  when  the  animal  has  just  lost  its  lieavv  winter-coat ;  and  in 
summer,  l)el'ore  it  has  commenced  to  put  on  its  protection  from  the  cold,  the 
tail  may  bo  only  a  little  more  hairy  than  in  Kansas  samples  of  N.  Jloridana. 
Thus,  in  Nos.  3897,  3898,  9324,  &c.,  the  hairs  aro  much  less  than  an  inch 
across,  along  most  of  the  tail ;  and  this  member  looks  precisely  as  figured  i)y 
Audul)on.  Comparison  of  Audubon's  with  Richardson's  plates  will  give  an 
excellent  idea  of  the  extreme  dilFerences  ;  both  these  figures  are  faithful,  and 
can  be  precisely  matched  in  our  series.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  add  that, 
nevertheless,  the  tail  is  never  so  scant-haired  as  to  permit  the  annuli  to  be 
seen.  -  .   ■ 

The  ears,  and  to  some  extent  the  feet,  share  the  general  increase  of  hair- 
iness OS er  Jloridana  that  the  tail  shows.  The  ears  are,  in  general,  closely  and 
softly  pilous,  much  like  a  squirrel's ;  never  so  nearly  naked  as  m  Jloridana,  &c. 
In  United  States  specimens,  there  is  riot  much  difference  in  this  respect ;  but, 
in  the  arctic  ones,  this  soft  pilous  strife  becomes  actually  hirsute.  In  all  the 
specimens,  the  heels  are  closely  hairy  to  the  posterior  tubercle ;  in  arctic  ones, 
the  hairiness  is  more  dense,  and  even  encroaches  on  the  sole  from  the  sides. 
The  hairs  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  toes  generally  reach  about  to  the  ends 
of  the  nulls;  in  arctic  examples,  they  are  longer,  completely  hiding  the 
claws.  The  palms  are  always  completely  naked  from  the  posterior  tubercles. 
The  tubercles  are  five  in  number:  two  abreast,  posterior;  two  abreast  at  base 
of  5th  and  2d  toes,  respectively;  one  intermediate  between  tiiese  last  and  a 
little  anterior  to  them  at  conjoined  bases  of  3d  and  4th  digits.  The  very 
rudimentary  1st  digit  looks  exactly  like  an  additional  tubercle  at  the  antcro- 
intenial  corner  of  the  inner  posterior  one.  The  soles  have  six  tubercles, 
with  ihe  ordinary  disposition ;  the  posterior  one  of  these  is  subcircular  (not 
linear,  as  in  Mus,  &c.). 

Aside  from  seasonal  conditions,  which,  being  well  known,  and  the  same 
as  in  other  rodents,  need  not  be  here  particularized,  the  pelage  varies  in  the 
series  as  follows :  The  arctic  skins  are  very  full-haired  and  soft ;  the  United 
States  prairie-region  skins  are  equally  soft,  if  not  more  so,  but  not  so  full ; 


I 


V       i 


28 


MONOOUAl'llS  OF  NOllTII  AMElllCAN  UODBNTIA. 


.11 


wliilo  tlic  Pacific-coast  forcst-siK-cimciis  Imvo  a  ratlicr  coarser  and  harsher  fur. 
This  character,  too,  1ms  entered  into  a  specific  diagnosis;  yet,  allhougli 
the  point  cannot  be  reduced  to  figures  and  proven  mathematically,  we  declare 
tiiat  it  is  iinpossibh;  t(t  draw  a  dividing  line  between  these  conditions. 

The  under  parts  of  this  animal  arc  white— usually  snowy-white  in  Unitcil 
States  prairie  skins,  and  dull  soiled  white,  or  even  ashy-white,  in  Arctic  und 
Pacific  coast  specimens.  The  remark  just  made  applies  here  with  undimin- 
ished tbrce. 

The  upper  parts  correspond  with  the  under.  In  the  prairie  skins,  the 
color  is  very  bright ;  a  rich  liiwn  or  lutoous-brown,  lined  with  black  on  the 
back.  In  all  the  Arctic  ones,  and  Ijkewise  in  the  Pacific-coast  ones,  the  shades 
arc  much  darker,  more  inclining  to  ordinary  rat-color,  but  always  with  more 
or  less  of  a  clayey-brown  or  rusty-gray.  Young  animals  from  these  regions, 
respectively,  are  dull  pale  gray  and  deep  slate-gray.  One  specimen  (No 
3318),  apparently  a  sickly  or  otherwise  abnormal  example,  is  rusty-red 
underneath.  But  all  these  various  shades  of  color  are  so  inextricably  mixed, 
that  it  is  out  of  the  question  to  base  a  specific  character  upon  them. 

It  is  interesting  to  observe,  in  this  connection,  that  the  tail  does  not  seem 
to  share  this  variation  in  color.  In  the  tawniest  jjrairic  skins,  as  in  the  rest, 
the  tail  is  ashy-gray  above,  white  below.  Sometimes,  indeed,  the  tail  is  paler, 
or  even  a  little  browner,  than  in  other  cases;  but  it  is  essentially  gray  in  all 
cases — discolor  with  the  back  in  the  rusty  skius,  concolor  with  the  back  in 
the  dark  ones. 

We  are  i)lcased  to  notice  in  this  animal  the  strongest  possible  cbnfirma- 
tion  of  the  views  reached  in  our  discussion  of  various  supposed  species  of 
Hesppromi/,1,  concerning  geographical  strains.  We  solve  the  whole  Neotoma 
question  in  a  nutshell,  when  we  say  that  it  is  parallel  with  the  case  of  Hes- 
jieromys  "austerus"  as  far  as  dark  color  and  length  of  tail  of  N.  "occidentalis" 
are  concerned;  and  with  the  "uebrascensis"  style  of  "sonoriensis"  as  far  as 
color  is  concerned.  We  may,  in  a  rude  way,  throw  the  Neotoma  skins  before 
us  into  three  heaps :  first,  the  Arctic  ones,  thickly  clad,  short-tailed,  dark-col- 
ored ;  secondly,  the  United  States  prairie  ones,  thinly  clad,  short-tailed,  bright- 
colored;  thirdly,  the  Pacific-coast  ones,  medium  clad,  long-tailed,  dark-colored. 
If  there  be  more  than  one  "  species",  there  certainly  are  three ;  and  granting,  for 
a  moment,  that  there  are  two,  the  Arctic  ones,  of  course  the  true  N.  drum- 
mondii,  look  much  more  like  the  Pacific-coast  ones  than  they  do  like  the 


I  ■ 


ij    m 


MUBIUJ5-8IOMODONTE8— NKOTOMA  MAOI8TEB. 


29 


tawny  Nebraska  ones.  Professor  Bainl,  with  no  examples  of  Arctic  Neotomn 
(the  original  drutnmondii)  before  liini,  saw  the  ilifllerences  between  the  short- 
tailed  ones  Richardson  dcscril)ed  and  the  long-tailed  ones  given  by  Audubon 
as  '^drummondii" ;  and  then  receiving  two  short-tailed  ones  Croin  Nebraska 
(Sucklcy's  and  Ilaydcn's  first  skins),  he  concluded  that  these  must  1)0  the 
real  drummondii,  and  adopted  Cooper's  name  ocddentaiis  for  the  Washington 
and  Oregon  scries.  The  bright  colors  and  soil  fur  of  the  Nebraskan  ones, 
really  somewhat  different  from  tl»e  darker  and  harsher  pelage  of  the  others, 
confirmed  his  erroneous  impression,  But  those  who  may  desire  to  push  spe- 
cific differentiation  further  than  we  are  willing  to,  must  recognize  three  species 
as  above  indicated,  or  else  indorse  the  view  that  there  is  but  one. 

NEOTOMA  MAGISTER,  Baird.  .    >      • 

FoHlI  Xeotona.  '      ' 

^ratoiiui  magiiler,  Bairo,  H.  N.  A.  1S57,  408  (in  text).— CouKS,  Proc.  Aonil.  Nut.  8oi.  Phils.  1874, 17n. 

Locality  of  remains.— Ca\es  of  Pennsylvania,  near  Harrisburg  and 
Carlisle. 

This  species  is  based  upon  a  number  of  under  jaws  gathered  in  the 
above-mentioned  places.  These  differ  from  the  same  bones  of  the  existing 
species  in  averaging  rather  larger;  but  the  difference  is  not  decided.  Thus, 
No.  12207  i,s  precisely  the  size  of  No.  6883  (iV.  cinerea).  The  teeth  show 
no  appreciable  peculiarities :  we  have  them  in  various  stages  of  wear,  all 
of  which  can  be  matched  in  our  series  of  recent  specimens ;  and  the  same  is 
true  of  the  shape  of  the  several  parts  of  the  jaw.  As  far  as  these  fragment- 
ary witnesses  go,  we  cannot  determine  N.  magister  to  be  anything  more  than 
a  former  condition  of  one  of  the  existing  species — probably  Jloridana ;  but 
as  we  have  it  separated  by  a  considerable  lapse  of  time,  and  have  no  assur- 
ance that  it  was  not  quite  different  in  color,  or  in  the  proportions  of  the 
limbs,  ears,  tail,  &c.,  the  expediency  of  retaining  the  name  is  evident. 

With  this  case  in  hand,  we  offer  an  hypothesis  that  is  none  the  less  rea- 
sonable for  being  presumptive.  Neotoma  magister  was  the  original  species  at 
the  time  the  genus  was  differentiated  from  the  then  coexistent  types  of 
Murines,  and  became  the  progenitor  of  the  four  kinds  ("species")  of  Neotoma 
living  in  America  to-day.  Those  individuals  that  remained  at  and  about  the 
locality  of  the  parent  stock  have  varied  the  least,  and  present  the  assem- 
blage of  characters  we  call  N:  "Jloridana".  Other  individuals,  migrating 
westward,  met,  in  the  regions  now  known  as  Colorado,  Kansas,  &c.,  physical 


'v^'^^w'K  "fw" "  f  •;vT*y^*-'>>'^ 


30 


MONOGRArHS  OF  NORTH  AMERKJAN  RODENTIA. 


^^ 


influences  resulting  in  the  sliglit*  diifcronces  in  ti)c  color  and  texture  of  the 
pelage.  The  northward  emigration  from  this  point  assumed,  probably  through 
the  influence  of  thermometric  conditions,  the  longer  fur  and  especially  the 
dusky  tail  of  the  now  iV.  "ciiien'u";  this  attaining  its  maximum  in  the  Arctic 
regions.  Secondary,  slighter  difl'crentiations  of  this  branch,  due  to  hygro- 
metric  conditions,  resulted  in  the  light-colored  variety  from  the  dry  plains 
('^cincrea"  of  Baird),  and  the  dark  variety  from  the  wet,  wooded  region 
of  Oregon  and  Washington  Territories;  in  the  Arctic  regions  the  color  being 
intermediate,  though  the  pelage  is  at  an  extreme  of  length  and  density  as 
a  protection  from  cold.  Other  westward  migrants  from  the  Kansas  and 
Colorado  center,  encountered  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Tejon  influences  that 
<leveloped  N.  fuscipes.  What  these  were,  we  have  no  idea ;  but  they  are  obvi- 
ously the  same  that  there  remodeled  Ilespn/ony.i  kucopus  into  //.  californicus, 
and  made  Ochetodon  longicauda  out  of  O.  humilis.  The  southward  emigra- 
tion from  the  same  center,  like  the  nortl:  "ard  one,  gives  results  in  perfect 
accord  with  established  and  recognized  laws.  All  are  smaller,  yet  with 
increase  in  the  relative  size  of  peripheral  parts ;  the  comparative  dimensions 
of  the  tail,  feet,  and  ears  being  greater.  In  the  New  Mexican  and  Arizonan 
deserts,  warmth  and  dryness  effected  the  much  paler  and  slightly  smaller 
variety  known  as  N.  mexkana;  while  still  farther  south,  the  greater  heat, 
with  less  dryness,  culminated  in  the  much  smaller  and  very  much  richer-col- 
ored N.  fcrruginca.  In  this  enumeration,  we  omit  N.  ^'■micropus",  which  rests 
upon  intangible  characters,  and  these  even  not  shown  to  be  permanent. 
However  sound  this  theory  may  be,  or  the  reverse,  it  will,  we  think,  be 
admitted  that  it  explains  every  phase  Ncotoma  has  assumed  since  the  days 
of  N.  mngistcr,  in  strict  accordai.ce  with  laws  of  geographical  variation,  the 
general  applicability  of  which  no  one  can  intelligently  question. 

We  have  oidy  to  add  a  word  here,  since  we  can  explain  our  usage  of  specific 
names  very  perfectly  with  tais  case  in  illustration.  So  far  from  believing  that 
any  of  our  Neotomas  represent  difTfirent  "species"  in  the  former  acceptation 
of  the  term,  we  hold  that  they  arc  all  one,  l)earing  to  each  other  the  simple 
relation  of  parent  and  offspring.  But  we  write;  Ncotoma  Jloridana,  N.  fuscipes, 
N.  cinemi,  and  N.  fcrruginca,  because  tiiese  words  severally  express  definite, 
tangible,  and  (comparatively  speaking)  constant  characters  which  have  been 
impresscil  upon  the  parent  stem  by  the  physical  influences  above  mentioned 


•  if.  wu-  iviimrks  upon  the  (lilllciilty  of  distiiigiiiHliiiiK  some  exumplw"  of  H.  ciHerca  and  flortdana 
fioiii  thin  rojjiuu. 


i|         I 


MURID^E-SIGMODONTBS— SIGMODON. 


31 


or  alluded  to ;  these  characters  appearing  the  more  strongly,  because,  in  the 
course  of  time,  the  intermediate  connecLing  stages  of  change  have  become 
effaced.  On  the  other  hand,  we  discard  the  names  occidentalis,  mexicana,  and 
micropus,  because  these  terms  express  indefinite,  more  or  less  intangible,  and 
fluctuating  phases  of  development,  which  are  of  less  importance,  since 
the  links  that  bind  the  forms  to  their  respective  branches  of  Neotoma  are 
perfectly  plain.  Moreover,  the  first-named  species  all  rest  upon  very  broad — 
primary,  so  to  speak — geographical,  and  therefore  climatic,  conditions ;  while 
the  last-named  indicate  only  the  operation  of  restricted  local  influences. 

Genus  SIGMODON,  Say  &  Ord. 

Sigmodon,  8at  &  Orr,  Jonm.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.  iv,  1835,  358.— AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  i,  1849,  227.— 
Baihd,  M.  N.  a.  1857,  BOI.— C0UB8,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila.  1874,  175;  and  of  autbors 
general]; . 
ilnJoIa,  sp.,  AuD.  &  Bach.  ;  Harlan;  G0DMA^f.  .     ■ 

Beaperomya  (Deilemya),  up.,  De  Sausuure,  Rot.  &  Mag.  Zool.  1860.    ("  S.  toltecns".) 

Chaes. — Skull  and  dentition  much  as  in  the  sigmodont  Mures  at  large. 
Length  of  skull  less  than  twice  the  width  of  the  widely  divergent  zygomata ; 
these  arches  set  very  obliquely  to  the  axis  of  the  skull,  and  not  dipping  down 
to  the  level  of  the  palate.  Plate  of  maxillary  forming  the  outer  wall  of  the 
anteorbital  foramen  with  a  concave  front  border,  because  of  a  prominent  pro- 
cess that  nearly  divides  the  lower  slit-like  aperture  of  the  foramen  from  the 
upper  oval  part.  A  prominent  raised  bead  at  the  supraorbital  border,  running 
thence  backward  obliquely  outward  on  the  temples  to  the  occiput.  Palate 
ending  behind,  opposite  the  posterior  border  of  the  last  molars,  with  a  slight 
emargioation  divided  in  two  by  an  azygos  median  process  of  bone,  and  exca- 
vated on  each  side  of  this,  wath  a  minute  foramen  at  the  bottom  of  the  exca- 
vation behind.  Incisive  foramina  long.  Tympanic  bflllae  comparatively  small. 
Jaw  with  the  coronoid  process  overtopping  the  condyle ;  the  root  of  the  under 
incisor  forming  a  protuberance  on  its  outside  near  the  notch  between  condyle 
"nd  coronoid.  Descending  process  rather  large  and  flat,  with  incurved  under 
bori.  Pelage  hispid,  from  abundance  of  large  bristly  hairs.  General  form 
stout,  som>.vhat  arvicoline.  Profile  of  head  strongly  convex  ;  muzzle  short, 
obtuse,  hairy,  e\  ipt  the  nasal  pad.  Tail  from  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  as 
long  as  the  head  and  body ;  generally  less  than  the  body  alone.  Ears  large,  orbic- 
ular, sub-naked  outside,  hirsute  inside.  Antitragus  well  developed,  valvular. 
Fore  feet  small,  not  half  as  long  as  the  hinder;  palms  nuked,  5-tubcrculate  (two 
large  tubercles  abreast,  posterior,  one  at  l)ase  of  2d  and  6lh  fingers  respectively, 
one  at  base  of  3d  and  4th  together) ;  thuinl)  rud'mentary,  with  an  obtuse,  flat- 


>Im 


^  Hi  I 


i^ 


a 


32 


MONOORAl'IIS  OF  NORTH  AMKKIOAN  UODBNTIA. 


tened  nail.  Hind  feet  very  long,  generally  about  equali  .^  distance  from  nose 
to  ear;  1st  and  5tli  toes  subequal  and  very  short,  the  latter  reaching  but  little 
beyond  the  basal  joint  of  the  4th.  Soles  entirely  nailed,  granular  at  bases 
of  toes,  perfectly  smooth  i)ehind,  G-tul)ercnlate,  the  tubercles  all  small,  the 
hindcrmost  not  lengthened  and  linear  as  in  Mux;  the  2d  tubercle  just  outside 
and  a  little  in  advance  of  this  one;  a  tubercle  just  inside  the  base  of  the  1st 
and  5tii  toos  respectively  ;  one  between  bases  of  2tl  and  Ikl  toes ;  one  between 
bases  of  3d  and  4th  toes. 

Although  this  forni  of  sigmodont  Murina  is  undoubtedly  strongly  marked, 
yet  we  cannot  see  that  it  stands  apart  from  the  rest  so  far  as  it  is  tacitly  sup- 
posed to.     A  good  deal  that  has  been  written  about  its  peculiarities  of  denti- 
tion might  be  advantageously  toned  down ;  in  fact,  we  do  not  find  much,  if 
any,  greater  dental  characteristics  than  those  slightly  superspecific  ones  mark- 
ing several  other  forms  usually  ranked  as  subgenera  of  Hesperomys.     The 
loops  of  enamel  on  the  posterior  molars  tlo  form  a  sort  of  sigma,  but  it  is 
usually  a  broken  and  always  a  distorted  one,  never  more  evident  than  in  some 
other  sigmodont  forms.     The  pattern  of  the  teeth  is  fully  as  changeable  with 
age  as  it  is  in  Hesperomi/s,  Scotoma,  Mus,  and  other  genera;  and  it  is  only  to 
a  particular  stage  of  the  crowns  that  the  details  of  pattern,  usually  ascribed  to 
the  genus,  hold  good.     Moreover,  we  have,  in  the  section  Oryzomys,  a  perfect 
link  between  Sigmodon  and  the  ordinary  small  Hesperomys  of  America.     The 
connection  is  so  close  and  complete,  that,  in  fact,  we  should  almost  think  Ory- 
zomys ought  to  take  |)lace  as  a  sui)genus  of  Sigmodon  rather  than  of  Hespero- 
mys; or,  if  retained  where  it  is  now,  Sigmodon  ought  to  be  laid  over  against 
it  as  another  suljgcnus  of  Hesperomys.     In  external  characters,  Oryzomys 
agrees  better  with  Sigmodon  than  it  does  with  ordinary  Hesperomys ;  the  two 
are  so  much  alike,  in  fivct,  that  the  relative  length  of  the  toes  and  the  com- 
parative size  of  the  ears  are  the  most  readily-expressed  differences.     We  are 
not  sufficiently  familiar  with  all  the  exotic  American  Murinee  to  come  to  a 
final  conclusion :  but  we  suspect  that  it  will  in  time  be  found  advisable  or 
necessary  to  combine  most  of  the  species  of  the  sigmodont  Mures  into  one 
genus  (for  which  the  name  Sigmodon,  antedating  Hesperomys,  woulil  have  to 
be  adoi)ted),  with  several  subgenera  or  groups  of  species;    for,  with  the 
exception  of  Neutoma,  perhaps  Holochilus,  and  possibly  one  or  two  others, 
the  various  superspecific  groups  seem  to  differ  from  each  other  by  characters 
of  ai)out  ecpial  or  equivalent  value.     The  impropriety  is,  that  it  is  at  present 
customary  to  hold  some  of  these  groups  fur  genera,  others  only  for  subgenera ; 


MUUIDJi;— SIGMODONTKS— SIGMODON. 


33 


wliorens  tliey  do  not  appear  to  aflbrd  grouiuls  for  any  such  subordiiuition. 
Thus,  Onychomys  seems  to  us  fully  as  diH'erent  from  Hesperomys  proper  as 
Signwdon  is  ;  and  we  should  judge  the  same  to  be  the  case  with  such  forms 
as  Abrothiix  and  Oxymictervs.  But  as  we  are  not  now  undertaking  a  critical 
revision  of  the  whole  sigmodont  tribe,  we  prefer  to  accept  the  groups  as  we 
find  them,  provided  they  are  established  with  any  considerable  show  of  reason, 
rather  than  present  decided  innovations;  and  for  the  present,  in  order  to 
bring  out  tlie  groups  in  the  strongest  relief,  we  accord  generic  rank  to  some 
that  probably  we  should  reduce  to  subgenera  upon  final  survey  of  the  whole. 

The  principal  diagnostic  points  of  the  skull  of  Sigmodon  are  those  men- 
tioned in  a  preceding  paragraph.  The  shortness  of  the  skull,  in  comparison 
with  the  great  width,  resulting  from  the  widely  divergent  zygomata ;  the  short, 
swollen,  rostral  portion ;  the  arched  frontal  profile ;  the  curious  little  pointed 
process  of  the  lamellar  plate  of  the  maxillary  that  bounds  the  foramen 
"(wanting  in  other  groups  we  have  examined — even  in  Oryzoinys) ;  the  posi- 
tion and  peculiar  sculpture  of  the  palatal  shelf;  the  small  bulte  ossete;  tiie 
bead  on  the  orbital  edges, — all  are  strong  characters,  in  peculiar  combination. 
We  might  easily  describe  several  additional,  more  minute  features,  but  this 
seems  unnecessary.  The  following  table  shows  the  size,  proportions,  and 
variations  of  the  skull  of  the  single  species  of  the  genus  we  have  examined. 

Table  VI. — 3/ea»iirfmeii(«  of  fourteen  tkulU  ofapeciet  o/8iomoi)ON. 


i 

Loeallty. 

i 

1 

5- 

5 

•a 

1 

i 

t 

1 

Q 

1 

1 

S 
u 

S 
s 

s 
p 

1 

i; 

Remarkg, 

4783 

Georgia 

1.37 

0.99 

0.S0 

0.90 

0  .w 

o.9n 

0.79 

0.03 

0.37 

0.96 

hupidiui  adnlt. 

4764 

..  <lo 

1.27 

0.91 

0.73 

0.18 

0.48 

0.99 

0.60 

0.83 

0.33 

0.99 

hitpidut:  adnlt 

ims 

...do 

1.40 

0.94 

0.89 

0  91 

O..^ 

0.95 

a  95 

0.38 

0.95 

hitpidut,  adnlt. 

ISISO 

...do 

l.SO 

0.99 

0.30 

0  49 

0.94 

0.70 

0.80 

0.30 

0.35 

hitpidut:  ailnlt. 

SOU 

South  Carolina    

0.79 

0.09 

0.31 

0.93 

hitpidtu;  adult. 
AupiifiU;  adnll. 
Afupidui;  adult 

1993 
19141 

0.90 
0.90 

0  49 
0.S9 

0.17 

0.07 
a  73 

0  76 
0.90 

0.94 
0.31 

0.30 
0.33 

Mohave  Vallny,  ChI 

1.30 

0.93 

0.75 

I914(t 

.  do        .           

0.77 

0.90 

0.90 

0.94 

0.99 

hitpidut:  ailnlt 
"  berlandloli. " 
"betlandleri." 

16S1 
19191 

CoahuUa,  Hexioo   ....: 

0.78 

0.10 
0  10 

0.90 
0  44 

0.96 
0.19 

0.70 
0.09 

0.88 
0.79 

0.33 
0.30 

0.99 
0.33 

MatamoiuR,  Mrxloo 

1.15 

9671 

TohaaDtot>cc,  Ufxtco  .. 

1.40 

0..''4 

0.79 

0.90 

0.97 

a  94 

0.79 

0.90 

0.33 

0.39 

"  berlandieri. " 

9irM 

...do 

1.97 

0.40 

0.80 

0.90 

O.SO 

0.93 

0.60 

0.84 

0.39 

a  94 

"  borlaodleri. " 

wm 

...do 

1.30 

0  48 

0.70 

0.10 

0  49 

0.19 

0.60 

0  77 

0.90 

0.90 

"  borlRndleri"tyoun)(lBh. 

7910 

OriMba,  Uoiloo 

1.19 



0.70 

0.18 

0.49 

a  19 

0.60 

0.77 

0.99 

0.90 

"  toltecua  "  i  yuunglah. 

Dentition. — Selecting  an  average  adult  example,  as  No.  47C3,  in  wiiich 
the  teeth  are  full-grown,  yet  not  so  worn  as  to  deface  the  pattern,  we  find  as 


3  H 


ri 


34 


MONOOIJAI'IIS  OF  NORTH  AMKIMCAN  IfODKNTIA. 


41 


follows: — Tho  upper  molars  have  three  roots  each:  a  large  interior  fang,  and 
two  smaller  exterior  iiiiigs,  placed  side  by  side;  but  the  anterior  of  these,  in 
the,  fiinl  molar,  is  as  large  as  tiie  interior,  and  stands  directly  to  the  front, 
instead  of  to  tiic  outside,  while  this  same  tooth  also  often  shows  a  fourth 
,oot — a  small  one  interposed  between  the  two  exterior  ones.  But  the  under 
molar  roots  show  us  something  that  may  be  peculiar — at  least,  we  have  not 
observed  it  in  other  genera ;  this  is,  that  they  have  more  than  two  roots  apiece, 
and  the  disproportion  in  size  of  the  roots  is  very  ^reat.  The  front  lower 
molar  has  four  fangs:  a  moderate  anterior  fang;  an  enormous  posterior  fang; 
and  two  little  intermediate  iangs,  placed  side  by  side.  Tlie  next  two  under 
molars  have  each  three  roots :  two  small  anterior  ones  placed  side  by  side,  and 
one  enormous  posterior  fang.  The  larger  tlmgs  seem  to  result  from  the  con- 
Hucnce  of  two  small  ones ;  and,  in  both  upper  and  under  teeth,  there  are  some- 
times minute  accessory  fangs  that  do  not  effect  a  distinct  perforation  of  the 
alveolus,  and  are,  therefore,  not  enumerated.  We  think  it  very  likely  that 
this  mode  of  rooting  may  be  really  charricteristic  of  Siginodon,  but  have  not 
ventured  to  include  it  in  our  diagnosis,  in  our  uncertainty  as  to  its  permanence, 
and  our  ignorance  of  what,  if  any,  other  sections  may  show  the  same  thing. 
Tile  front  upper  molar  is  larger  than  the  other  two ;  but  these  are  of  about  the 
same  size,  since,  contrary  to  a  general  rule,  tiie  back  molar  does  not  diminish 
in  l)ulk.  All  three  have  externally  two  deep  reentrant  lobes,  or  folds,  of 
enamel,  reaching  almost  across  the  face  of  the  teeth ;  the  front  upper  molar 
has  two  similar  interior  folds ;  the  otiier  two  l)ut  one  such  interior  loop  apiece. 
In  the  front  molar,  the  first  exterior  loop  abuts  against  the  second  interior 
loop,  or  else  is  received  in  the  space  between  the  first  and  second  interior 
h)ops;  similarly,  on  the  other  teeth,  the  first  exterior  loop  abuts  against  the 
only  interior  loop,  while,  in  all  three  teeth,  the  second  exterior  loop  abuts 
against  the  postero-internal  angle  of  the  general  enamel-wall.  The  abutment 
of  these  folds  is  more  or  less  perfect  with  different  specimens,  but,  generally, 
it  divides  tlie  enamel-area  into  several  dentine  islands.  In  the  under  jaw, 
likewise,  the  molars  do  not  decrease  in  length  from  before  backward,  the 
back  molar  being  as  long  as  the  first,  and,  if  anything,  even  broader;  still, 
the  complexity  of  the  crown  is  much  greater  on  the  first  than  on  either  of  the 
others.  The  first  lower  molar  shows  three  interior  and  two  exterior  reentrant 
folds  of  enamel,  alternating  with  each  other;  the  apex  of  each  fold  is  received 
against  the  apex  of  the  next  succeeding,  so  that  the  face  of  the  tootii  iu 


II 


MDUID^-SIGMODONTKS— SIGMODON. 


86 


divided  mtn  five  separate  dentine  islands  (when  the  abutment  is  perfect).  Tlie 
nicks  in  the  border  of  the  tooth  between  these  fohls  are  more  open  tlian  in 
any  of  tlie  other  teeth  ;  in  fact,  approaching  the  open  recntrances  of  Nvotoma 
The  two  last  under  molars  differ  much  from  the  first,  and  are  almost  precisely 
like  each  other ;  they  have  usually  but  one  perfect  reentrant  loop  on  both 
inside  and  outside,  and,  as  these  loops  alternate,  an  appearance  something  like 
the  letter  S  is  produced.  But  the  imperfection,  and  csp'^cially  the  incon- 
stancy of  this  pattern,  has  been  already  mentioned,  and  is  further  shown  below. 
Often,  in  case  of  the  middle  lower  molar,  there  is  another  imperfect  loop,  either 
internal  or  external — or  two  such,  one  external,  one  internal ;  these  we  have 
not  noticed  on  the  back  tooth,  where  the  "sigma"  is  best  shown. 

The  teeth  of  the  Mexican  ekuUs  before  us,  including  8.  "toltecus",  offer 
nothing  noticeably  different  from  the  ordinary  style.  M.  De  Saussure  figures 
{I.  c.  pi.  ix,  f  3*)  an  average  example — perhaps  rather  elderly,  however.  Our 
No.  7510  is  still  older,  showing  many  of  the  reentrant  folds  dissevered  from 
the  surrounding  wall,  and  forming  conspicuous  islands  in  the  dentine  area. 

The  teeth  of  an  aged  Sigmodon  (No.  W»*,  South  Carolina)  show  conclu- 
sively that  the  progressive  changes  of  the  molar  crowns  are  as  described 
in  Viu-perimus,  although  Sigmodon,  like  Neotoma,  loses  its  tubercles  so  early 
that  we  have  not  observed  the  primitive  unworn  condition.  The  senile  con- 
dition that  the  molars  of  this  specimen  have  reached  may  be  said,  in  a  word, 
to  be  the  penultimate  one,  in  which  the  reentrant  loops  of  enamel,  though 
still  evident,  are  nearly  severed  from  their  connection  with  the  general 
envelope — the  peninsulas  are  almost  islands  in  some  places,  in  others  have 
become  quite  isolated.  These  molars  are  nearly  worn  down  to  the  roots. 
The  only  further  change  of  which  they  would  have  been  susceptible  had  the 
animal  lived,  is  the  final  rubbing  out  of  these  islands,  when  the  teeth  would 
have  presented  a  single  continuous  depressed  dentine  area,  irregularly  bounded 
by  the  external  sheet  of  enamel.  The  front  upper  molar  shows  two  external 
and  two  internal  in-lying  folds ;  the  former  still  perfectly  peninsular,  the  latter 
almost  isolated.  The  middle  shows  one  perfect  internal  peninsula  and  two 
external  folds;  the  anterior  one  of  which  is  already  insular,  the  posterior 
nearly  so.  The  back  upper  molar  is  in  the  same  condition  as  the  middle  one. 
The  front  under  molar  shows  two  internal  peninsulas  alternating  with  an 
external  peninsula  and  an  external  island.  Both  the  other  under  molars  show 
one  external  peninsula;  on  the  middle  one  the  internal  loop  has  become 
insular,  while  on  the  last  one  the  same  loop  remains  peninsular. 


il: 


\\l 


3G  MONOCJUAPIIS  OF  XOKTII  AMIMJICAN  UODENTIA. 

SIGMODON  IIISPIDUS,  Say  &  Ord.    .  •  ■  .i^ff- 

Cotton  Rat.  :^v'.  :, 

Sigmmloii  Uhpidum,  Say  &  Oim..  .I..iiri..  Xvm\.  Nut.  Sci.  PUiln.  iv,  IHiS,  :J54,  i.l.  x,  f.  5,  6,  7,  8;  Zool.  Jonrn. 

ii,  IHiS,  ifflfi,  pi.  X,  f.  5, «,  7, 8  — Wacinkh,  Snppl.  Sclirob.  iii,  1M4S,  556.— AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A, 

i,  lri41»,  829,  pi.  XXX.— Bamid,  M.  N.  A.  18,-)7,  502.— Allkn,  Bull.  Mob.  Coinp.  Zoiil.  ii,  1871, 

183.— CouF.s,  Pioc.  Acad.  Nuf.  Sci.  Pliilu.  1874,  170. 
ArrlcoU  hhpidiiii,  OoDMAN,  Ain.  Nut.  Hint,  ii,  182(i,  fi8. 
Arricola  horlensia,  Haiilan,  Fn.  Amcr.  1825, 138 ;  Med.  &  Pliya.  Kes.  18.35, 43,  pi.  — ,  f.  5, 0, 7, 8.— GWKFITH, 

Aiiiin.  KiiiKd.  v,  1827,  sp.  547.  ■ 

Arvicota  femiqineut,  Haiilan,  Am.  .loiirn.  .Sci.  x,  182i5,  285  (rusty  var.).  '■      ■      ■.  .' ' 

An-kula  Imaua,  Aui>.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iil,  1853,  229,  pi.  cxlvii,  f.  2  (not  Arvicola  lexarni,  AuD.  &  Bach., 

iHd.  p.  319,  wliicb  is  /fcn/xromy*  leiicopue). 
Sigmodoii  berlaHdUri,.)i\mit,  Proc.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  1855,  333;  M.  N.  A.  1857,  504;  U.  S.  &  Mox. 

Bound.  Siirv.  ii,  18,')9,  tlainuials,  p.  44,  pi.  vi,  f.  2,  2"  (Texas;  Mexico).— ToiiKS,  Proc.  Zool. 

Soe.  18G1,  2H1  (Guatemala). 
Ilenperomijii  (/(ci/omi/s)  (o/(ccu«,  Dk  Sal'ssuhe,  Rev.  &  Mag.  Zool.  18fiO,  p.  — ,  pi.  ix,  fig  3«  (Cordilleras  of 

Vera  Cruz). 

Diagnosis. — S.  caudd  suhnuM  truncum  sine  capite  subcequante ;  pedihiis 
validis,  digito  b^  vix  l"""'  superante,  nee  valde  ultra  arliculum  proximum  4"  par- 
recto ;  plantis  nudls,  tesselatis.  6-tuberculatis ;  auriculis  m/ignis  orhiculatis,  intus 
liirsutis  extus  subnudk ;  rostro  obtuso,  piloso  (septo  narium  excepto);  mystaceis 
spnrsis  brevhsimis ;  vellere  Ivspido ;  supra  nigra  budloque  inlime  limbaius ;  infra 
ex  griseo  albidus,  pedihus  dorso  concoloribus,  caudd  sub-bicolore. 

Habitat. — Soutliern  United  States  and  Mexico,  especially  coastwise. 
North  to  the  Carolinas.     South  to  Vera  Cruz  and  Guatemala. 

A  sigiiiodont  rat,  vvitii  a  nearly  naked  tail  about  equaling  the  trunk  with- 
out the  head  (from  a  little  less  tlian  the  trunk  alone  to  about  the  length  of  the 
trunk  and  head  together) ;  large  hind  feet,  of  which  the  1st  and  5th  toes  are 
but  little  unequal  in  length,  the  latter  reaching  but  little  beyond  the  base  of 
the  4th  (never  to  tiie  penultimate  joint  of  the  4th) ;  entirely  naked  granulated 
soles,  with  six  small  tubercles;  largi;  rounded  ears,  hairy  inside,  nearly  naked 
outside;  l)luiit  muzzle,  furry  except  at  the  septum,  and  very  few  whiskers 
hardly  reaching  to  the  ears;  the  pelage  long  and  hispid,  from  admixture  of 
much  bristly  hair,  finely  lined  above  with  black  and  brownish-yellow,  below 
grayish-wiiite ;  feet  not  white  above,  and  black  below ;  tail  very  indistinctly 
bicolor. 

It  will  probably  l)c  admitted  that  the  foregoing  diagnosis  is  tolerably 
stringent  and  reasonably  specific;  yet  we  propose  to  prove  it  comprehensive 
enougli  to  include  several  nominal  species. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  go  into  any  elaborate  descripfion  of  this  familiar  ani- 
mal, viewing  the  several  excellent  accounts  already  in  print,  and  especially 
since  the  essential  characters  have  been  fully  elucidated  in  our  notice  of  the 


MURIDiE— SIGMODONTES— SIGMODON  IIISriDUS. 


#r 


genus.  In  entering  at  once  upon  tlic  discussion  of  the  nominal  species  tlmt 
luive  been  coined  at  the  expense  of  Sigmodon  hinpidus,  we  first  present  a 
table  of  measurements  of  thirty-four  specimens  collected  in  the  same  locality 
by  the  same  persons.  A  part  of  the  measurements  being  from  alcoholic  speci- 
mens and  the  rest  from  very  nicely-prepured  skins,  the  figures  are  reliable. 
They  serve  to  indicate  the  normal  individual  variability  of  the  animal  in  size, 
unaffected  by  geographical  or  climatic  influences,  and  give  us  data  in  the 
problem  that  cannot  be  galnsayed. 

Taiilk  VII. — J/<:o»ureme(i(»o/(/iir/j-/oMr«p«!i«fi»8o/SloM()miN  uiavmvs  from  Society  Hill,SoHlh  Cmolimi, 
collKted  in  1M55-5(>  by  llcv.  M.  A .  Curtia  and  «o»«. 


SG85 
«i86 
2f)rt7 
2688 
8089 
2690 


2693 
1990 
1991 
1988 
1989 
1987 
1985 
1966 
19'J2 
1237 
1238 
I83J 
1241 
1242 
1240 
1243 
1245 
1246 
1244 
"1303 
1304 
i:<06 
1307 
979 


NoBe  to— 


Eye.    Eur.     Occiput. 


0.70 
0.60 
O.GO 
0.65 
0.65 
0.06 
O.riO 
0.65 
0.70 
0.65 
0.62 
0.65 
0.05 
0.60 
0.62 
0.66 
0.62 
0.60 
0.70 
0.60 
0.70 
0.65 
0.57 
0.66 
0.64 
0.68 
0.00 
0.61 
0.65 


1.45 
1.25 
1.25 
1.30 
1.30 
l.SO 
1.25 
1.30 
1.45 
1.35 
1.30 
1.25 
1.25 
1.40 
1.42 
1.30 
1.15 
1.25 
1.45 
1.20 
1.40 
1.40 
1.10 
1.40 
1.20 
1.25 
1. 15 
1.20 
1.35 


1.67 
1.46 
1.42 
1.47 
1.48 
l..'>5 
1.46 
1.50 
1.60 
1.50 
1.45 
1.40 
1.45 
1.05 
1.50 
1.40 
1.40 
1.35 
1.60 
1.30 
l.ti7 
1.60 
1.25 
1.65 
1.45 
1.55 
1.35 
1.30 
1.50 


Tail. 


5.45 
4.75 
4.65 
4.90 
4.80 
5.05 
4.90 
4.80 
5.90 
5. 05 
4.50 
5.25 
5.85 
5.50 
5.25 
4..'i0 
5.00 
4.25 
5.00 
4.10 
5«75 
5.25 
4.00 
6.00 
5.00 
4.00 
4.40 
4.80 
5.75 
4.00 
4.00 
4.40 
4.  .50 
6.00 


Tail. 


3.75 
3.25 
3.20 
3.40 
3.45 
3.30 
3.26 
3.35 
3.75 
3.30 
2.25 
3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.00 
8.75 
3.10 
3.00 
3.20 
3.10 
3.20 
3.60 
i8.75 
3.90 
3.50 
3. 40 
3.00 
3.10 
3.75 
8.50 

8.r.o 

2.70 
2.40 
3.20 


Palm. 


0.68 
0.60 
0.58 
0.61 
0.60 
0.63 
0.55 
0.56 
0.60 
0.60 
0.58 


Sole. 


1.85 
1.15 
1.15 
1.80 
1.20 
1.20 
1.17 
1.80 
1.85 
1.80 
1.20 
1.17 
1.15 
1.80 
1.10 
1.10 
1.15 
1.10 
1.10 
1.10 
1.80 
1.88 
1.05 
1.30 
1.12 
1.15 
1.10 
1.12 
1.25 
1.00 
t.05 
1.05 
1.03 
1.20 


Ear. 


0.70 
0.60 
0.(i0 
0.70 
0.70 
0.65 
0.60 
0.70 
0.75 
0.60 
0.70 
0.65 
0.00 
0.68 
0.62 
0.68 
0.70 
0.66 
0.65 
0.60 
0.70 
0.67 
0.57 
0.65 
0.63 
0.64 
0.55 
0.60 
0.67 


Bemnrlu. 


Alcoholic 

Alcoholic 

Alcoholic 

Alcoholic 

Alcoholic 

Alcoholic 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry, 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 


copied  from  Uaird. 
c<ipi«d  from  Baird. 
copied  from  Baird. 
copied  from  Baird. 
copied  from  Baird. 
copied  from  Baird. 


38 


MONOGUAPUS  OP  NOUTH  AMERICAN  IJODENTIA. 


Tlio  aiiiniiil  vuries  from  4  to  G  inches  in  length  of  head  and  body;  but 
neither  of  tlieso  extremes  is  ordinarily  readied.  The  average  length  settles 
at  very  nearly  5  inciics.  The  variation  is  60  per  cent,  of  the  minimum,  and 
33  per  cent,  of  the  maximum. 

The  length  of  tail  ranges  from  2.25  to  3.90  inches.  These  appear  to  bo 
exceptional  figures,  however;  and  to  be  witiiin  safe  limits,  we  will  take  2.50 
and  3.75  as  ordinary  extremes;  the  variation  1.25,  exactly  the  same  percent- 
age as  that  of  the  body.     The  average  tail  stands  hard  ujion  3  inclies. 

The  car  (measured  from  the  notch  in  front)  runs  from  0.55  to  0.75,  set- 
tling at  about  O.GG,  or  two-thirds  of  an  inch,  in  height.  Tiiis  dimension  is  sul)- 
stantiuUy  the  same  as  the  distance  from  nose  to  eye.  The  limits  of  variation 
accord  in  their  percentage  with  thnse  alreadj  'bund  for  trunk  and  tail.  The 
fore  paws  (measured  from  the  wrist)  are  a  little  below  this  dimension  (about 
0.60);  their  variability  is  about  the  same. 

The  hind  feet  run  from  1.00  to  1.30  inches  as  extremes;  more  fre- 
quently from  1.10  to  1.25,  settling  near  1.15  as  an  average.  This  dimension 
averages  a  little  less  than  the  distance  from  nose  to  ear. 

Tiie  head  is  about  1.50  inches  long,  but  runs  from  1.25  to  1.66. 

The  ratio  of  tail  to  head  and  body  is  this :  No.  979,  3.20  to  6.00,  or  tail 
little  over  half  the  length  of  the  head  and  body ;  No.  1237,  3.10  to  4.10,  tail 
oidy  an  inch  shorter  than  head  and  body,  about  tiiree-fourths  the  head  and  body. 
The  average  tail  (3.00  -f)  is  to  the  average  body  (5.00—)  about  as  0.66  is  to 
1.00  ;  that  is,  it  is  about  two-thirds  as  long.  ,  , 

The  coloration  of  this  series  is  remarkably  constant ;  in  fact,  we  see 
nothing  that  calls  for  special  comment.  Some  of  the  specimens  are  a  little 
darker  or  a  little  paler,  from  presence  of  more  or  fewer  black  hairs  above ;  and 
some  are  quite  pure  white  underneath  ;  others  grayer ;  others  again  of  a  pale 
muddy-brownish  ;  but  these  variations  are  not  at  all  striking. 

We  next  insert  a  table  of  specimens  of  Slgmodon  from  Carolina  to 
Southern  Mexico.  They  embrace  the  type  of  S.  "  berlandieri"  and  all  Baird's 
other  specimens  of  that  supposed  species  ;  typical  examples  of  "Hesperomys 
(Deilemys)  toltecus",  De  Saussure ;  rusty  individuals  agreeing  with  "Arvicola 
ferrugineus",  Ilarlan ;  LeConte's,  Audubon's,  and  Bachman's  samples,  &c. 


ml 


MUUIDiE— 8IOMODONTES— SIOMODON  UISPIDUS. 


30 


Tadlk  VIII.— Afcasurcmcnfa  0/  thirty-iiitie  tpcoiment  of  Sia.MOOO.N  from  the  Southern  United  Statos  and  Mexico. 


1 

LocnUty. 

Collector. 

Koso  to— 

Tall. 

I'ldm. 

Sole. 

Ear. 

1 
Itomarkii. 

Eye. 

Ear. 

Ocrl- 
put. 

Tnll. 

39 

■mn 
ao 
34* 
i»a 
i»a 
m\ 
4141S 

3701 

seas 

0588 
000 
0300 

Wit 
00«i 

wa 

8t«0 

saa 

8 

wm 

4W 
403T 

aiisi 

804 
265 

ana 

574 
■'184 

8ont.b  Cnriillua 

J.  Bacbmnn 

0.00 

1.10 

1.35 

4.50 
5.75 
4.75 
Xttt 
6.35 
5.75 
5.  CO 
5.00 

3.75 
4.50 
3.00 
3.35 
3.75 
3  35 
3.55 
3.75 

0,54 

0.54 
0.00 
0.50 
0  50 
0.55 
a55 

1.01 
1. 15 
1,18 

''*" 
1,25 

1. 15 

l.SO 

1.33 

1.20 

1.20 

1.13 

1.07 

1.30 

1.33 

1,10 

1.20 

1.15 

i.sa 

1.14 
1.17 
1.18 
1.40 
1.85 
1.15 
1.20 
1.10 
1.14 
1.13 
1.10 
1.37 
1.30 
1.35 
1.19 
1.30 
1.10 
1.05 
0.97 
0.98 
1.05 

0.55 

O.liC 
0. 05 
0.70 
0  08 
0.60 
0.07 

0.65 

0.65 
0.70 
0.70 

0.69 
0.60 
0.70 
0.75 
0.70 
0.70 
0.60 

0.66 
0  73 
0.64 
0.54 
0.67 
0.55 
0,60 
0.60 
0  58 
0.03 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Alcohiiliu. 

Alcoholic. 

Dry. 

Atuiholio. 

Aloiibelic. 

Dry. 

Aleobolio. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry;  stretched. 

Dry. 

Dry;  much  stretched. 

Dry. 

Dry ;  much  stretched. 

AIc4>hnlie. 

Aleellolie. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcobolio. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Alcuhulic. 

Alcoholic;  younc. 

Alcoholic;  youuK. 

Alcoholic ;  yonnR. 

,...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...  ilo 

J.  LoConIo 

..  ..do 

J.I'ostell 

0.C3 
0.15 

ceo 

010 

'a  7.1 

0.70 

1.30 
1.30 
1.40 
1.85 
1.50 
1.30 

1.30 
1.0(1 
1.80 
1.40 
1.75 
1.00 

....do 

J.  J.  Auduhon 

Dr.  Gcsner 

H.W.  Wilson 

....do 

...do 

....do 

5.50 

3.40 
0.00 
3.  CO 
3.,'iO 
3.75 
3.50 
3.30 
4.30 

0.35 

0.56 
0  55 
0.55 

Florida 

E.  Palmer  . 

0.65 

l.SO 

1.40 

5.75 
5.00 
.150 
6.00 
5.00 
7.00 

Texas  

...  do 

L.  C.  Elrondberg 

...do... ,.... 

...  do 

...do 

do    

...do 

...do 

n.  D.  Dutchor  .... 

J.  n.  Chirk 

.  do 

o.ao 

0.00 

1.50 

l.CO 

....do 

...do   

California 

....do 

MutaiuoruB,  Mcx — 

Coahulla,  Max 

Nuovo  Leon,  Hex. . . 

Santa  Rosalia,  Mox 

Tamaulipss,  Mex  . . . 

..  do    

7.00 
5.65 
6.00 
5.50 
4.50 
5.07 

4.00 
3.03 
4.00 
3.80 
3.40 
4.00 
3.00 

0.54 
0.60 
0..15 
0.50 
0.60 

A.  Schott 

0.05 

1.30 

1.45 

J.C.IVCB 

....do 

Dr.  Berlondler.... 

D.N.  Couch 

....do 

0.59 
0.70 

1.18 
1.50 

1.38 
1.07 

...do 

4.75 

...do 

...do 

Zohnolan,  Mex 

...do  

5.50 
6.00 
5.00 
4,40 

..  do 

\00 
4.70 
4.40 
.1.35 
3.35 
3.30 
3.00 
3.60 
3.50 

0.51 

0000 

0510 
0534 
flOOS 

eo9« 
TJio; 
oogo 
8:io-j 

G300 

48C4 

TehuaDtcpoo,  U«x.. 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...  do 

...do 

5.00 
5.30 
4.50 
.'i  00 

Tuxpango,  Mox 

...do 

...do 

....do 

.  do 

Mirador,  Hox 

...do 

0.  Sortorlus 

....do 

0.03 

1.85 

1.45 

4.73 

....do 

....do 

....do 

*  There  Is  some  mistake  In  Professor  Bolrd's  measurement  of  No.  34  (0.00  long ;  tall.  4.35)  i  tho  spedmeu  does  not  show 
these  dimensions. 

t  Typo  of  «.  '■  twrlandtsri  ",  Baird. 

;  Kupresentinff  Ur^penmya  {DciUmyt)  "  toltteua  '\  Do  Sausevrfl. 

If  these  specimens  are  all  really  of  one  species  (as  wc  hold,  and  aim  to 
prove),  the  limits  of  variation  are  set  somewhat  further  apart,  as  would  be 
expected  from  the  extent  of  country,  representing  different  climatic  conditions. 

Excluding  Nos.  8  and  8820  as  ol)viously  overstuffed  (they  could  not 
have  exceeded  6.00  in  the  flesh),  the  length  of  the  body  remains  substantially 


•I 


40 


MDNOaitAl'US  OF  NOUTU  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


,    fi 


tlio  siuiu',  and  with  nearly  tin;  same  limits  of  variation  that  were  found  in  tlio 
Carolina  series  (4.40  to  6.00),  though  none  drop  to  4.00.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  the  cars,  fore  t'cci,  head,  nose  to  ear,  and  nose  to  eye.  The  case  is 
dilfereut  respecting  tiie  tail  and  hind  feet,  in  which  we  get  some  new  figures 
reipiiring  attention,  as  the  dimensions  of  these  parts  have  entered  into  the 
specific  (lingnoses.  ' 

For  all  the  United  States  .specimens,  except  three  (Nos.  8820,  666,  and 
S),  both  the  absolute  and  relative  length  of 'the  tail  is  almost  exactly  as  in 
Carolina  skins;  if  anytiiing,  tiie  tail  is  rather  shorter  than  longer.  In  none 
of  the  United  States  specii'iens  do  the  feet  differ  appreciai)ly  from  the  Carolina 
figures.  In  No.  8,  the  tail  first  touches  4  inches ;  the  tail  of  8820  is  u  little 
longer  (4.30);  that  of  5GG  (type  r)f  "l)erlandieri")  is  still  longer  (4.60).  But 
not  one  of  these  even  equals,  not  to  mention  excce(ling,  the  head  and  body,  as 
alleged  for  "berlandieri".  In  .several  Mexican  skins,  similarly,  the  tail  sur- 
passes 4.00  (Nos.  9385,  9508,  9.J09,  9510);  and  in  two  of  these  (9509,  9510) 
it  actually  equals  the  truidi.  These  are  the  oidy  instances  of  this  occurrence 
in  the  whole  series;  and  tiiat  they  fall  in  the  category  of  individual  variations 
is  proven  by  the  following  considerations : — First,  these  specimens  are  associ- 
ated with  otiuMs  (Nos.  9534,  6995,  6996.  7210)  positively  identical  in  every 
respect,  and  in  which  the  tails  bear  the  ordinary  positive  and  relative  length 
of  Carolina  skins ;  secondly,  the  Texan  and  Mexican  skins  diflfer  more  inter 
se  in  length  of  tail  than  they  do  from  the  Carolina  ones ;  tiiirdly,  we  can 
form  from  our  two  tables  the  following  graduated  series  of  tails'  lengths: 
2.2.5,  2.40,  2.50,  2.70,  2.75,  3.00,  3.10,  3.20,  3.30,  3.40,  3.50,  3.G0,  3.70,  3.75, 
3.90,  4.00,  4.30,  4.40,  4.60,  4.70,  5.00,  5.25 !  Wiiere  shall  we  make  a  break 
in  this  chain  to  establish  specific  difference  upon  length  of  tail  1  It  is  hard 
to  admit  a  variation  of  two  inches  in  the  tail  of  an  animal  the  tail  of  which  only 
averages  three  inches  long;  but  we  do  not  see  how  to  get  around  the  figures. 

We  found  the  feet  of  Carolina  specimens  to  range  from  1.00  to  1.30. 
Among  the  Southwestern  United  States  and  Mexican  examples,  we  have  a 
slight  widening  of  the  limits— from  0.97  to  1.37  and  1.40.  The  foot  of  4927 
is  indeed  enormous,  0.10  longer  than  the  maximum  Carolina  foot,  and  heavy 
in  proportion ;  while  that  of  9384  is  hardly  less.  But  No.  9385  (a  specimen 
that  might  have  been  twin-brother  to  9384,  the  two  are  so  absolutely  alike  in 
other  respects)  innnediatcly  sinks  the  figure  to  1.30,  which  is  at  the  Carolina 
extreme;  and  No.  4927  bis  (taken  along  with  4927)  has  the  foot  within  ordiiuiry 


MUltlDiE— SIOMODONTEB— SIGMODON  U18PIDU8. 


41 


limits.  And,  on  the  otlier  hand,  Nos.  0996  and  7210  have  feet  a  trifle  under 
an  inch,  yet  are  positively  identical  with  No.  9508  for  example.  And  in  only 
fifteen  Mexican  skins  the  feet  range  thus:  0.97,  0.98,  1.05,  1.10,  1.10,  1,12, 
1.14,  1.15,  1.1?,  1.19,  1.20,  1.26,  1.30,  1.30,  1.37!  *     > 

Mr.  Allen  hi.s  already  {I.  c.  184)  culled  attention  to  the  fact  that  Professor 
Ikird's  own  measurements  of  S.  "berlandicri"  do  not  bear  out  his  statement 
that  the  tail  is  "equal  to  or  longer  tlian  the  trunk."  "In  the  latter  [S,  hispidus], 
the  length  of  the  tail  to  the  length  of  the  trunk  is  as  69  to  100;  in  the  for- 
mer (S.  berlandieri),  as  6^  to  100 ! "  Moreover,  if  the  statement  were  correct, 
it  would  conflict  with  Professor  Baird's  generic  characters;  for  he  says 
(p.  501,  B.  N.  A.)  that  in  Sigmodon  the  tail  is  "shorter  than  the  trunk." 

But  color  has  been  adduced  also,  and  we  are  to  inquire  about  this.  No. 
5Go,  the  type  of  "berlandieri",  certainly  does  not  show  us  the  slightest 
shade  of  color  clifTerent  from  many  Carolina  skins ;  the  same  is  the  case  with 
some  other  examples  of  "berlandieri".  Others,  however,  as  Nos.  9021  and 
8820,  are  appreciai)ly  paler  than  any  Carolina  ones  we  have  sect: ;  being 
"grayish  yellow  brown  lined  with  black",  exactly  as  stated  by  Professor 
Baird  ;  and  this  pallor  is  even  surpassed  by  Nos.  9384  and  9385.  Here  tiie 
bleached  color  is  striking;  indeed,  the  animals  are  as  whitish  as  Arvicola 
"breweri"  compared  with  riparius;  and  the  tail  of  one  of  them  (the  other's 
tail  is  broken  off)  is  longer  than  usual,  though  still  an  inch  shorter  than  the 
trunk.  But  these  are  the  specimens  with  the  enormous  feet,  and  so  differ 
from  "berlandieri"  quite  as  much  as  they  agree  with  it ;  and  they  are  associated 
with  other  specimens  quite  as  dark  colored  as  the  ordinary  Carolina  hispidus. 

Some  of  Professor  Sumichrast's  skins  are  typical  of  the  "Hespcromys 
toltecus"  of  De  Saussure  {I.  c),  upon  which  this  naturalist  based  his  subgenus 
Dnlemys,  There  is  no  question  of  the  accuracy  of  this  identification ;  the 
specimens  agree  in  every  particular*  with  De  Saussure's  elaborate  and  faithful 
description.  When  we  began  to  examine  the  animal,  we  were  inclined  to 
think  it  different  from  S.  hispidus,  viewing  the  remarkably  small  feet,  which 
appear  the  smaller  when  compared  with  such  feet  as  those  of  No.  9384  for 

*  Snvo  otiu.  Do  Suii88nro,  in  coninieuting  upon  tbe  affinities  of  Deitemyt,  remarks  its  lilcencss  to 
Orytamjii,  but  says  tbe  skull  lacks  tbe  supraorbital  "crAte"  as  ribed  to  Or^wmyii  by  Baird ;  wberens  we 
fiuil  it  present  in  a  skull  of  Sigmodon  toUfCiu,  takeu  from  Mo.  7S1U.  But  De  Saussure  may  bave  misnp- 
prebenilcd  Baird's  remarks,  or  may  bave  bod  a  skull  not  quite  mature.  Tbe  rai8e<1  rim  of  the  orbits  is 
not  fairly  hIiuwu  oxoopt  l)y  perfectly  ailnlt  animals.  Moreover,  wo  find  it  in  miiny  otber  Mexican 
Bliocies,  even  in  sucb  a  delicate  one  as  M't/ctcmyi  lumiiihnuli,  Vo  Suussuro,  in  wbicb  tbis  autbor  likewise 
says  it  does  not  cxint. 


42 


MONOUltAl'IiS  (3F  NOUiri  AMERICAN  ItODENTIA. 


u  irDi 


!     ! 


o.X!im|tlc.  Hut.  ill  every  oilier  respect,  it  is  identical  with  onlinnry  Carolina 
Uhpidus;  it  will  i)(^  observed  tluit  it  is  not  in  the  long-tailed  set;  in  color  it  is 
fully  as  dark  reddish-brown  as  average  hiqndun,  while  the  feet  are,  after  all, 
only  at  or  banily  below  (0.02  or  0.03)  the  niiiiiiinnn  of  those  of  liixpidus. 

Tims  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  regard  "lierlaiidieri"  or  "toltecus"  as  spe- 
cirically  diilereiit  from  Mspidus.  There  may  be  tiiose,  however,  who  are  ready 
III  admit  all  we  claim,  and  yet  may  think  these  extremes  of  one  species  worthy 
of  iieiiig  dislingiiished  by  name  as  varieties.  We  have  no  real  objection  lo  this 
cour,'<e;  and,  with  a  reconstruction  of  the  original  diagnosis  of  "berlandii^ri", 
we  will  present  for  such  naturalists  tin;  best  diagnosis  that  can  be  framed, 
which  may  pass  for  what  it  may  be  worth  to  them : — 

S.  hkpidus  hiapidus. — Reddi.sh-brown,  lined  with  black,  beneath  whitish. 
Tail  rarely  eciualiiig  i)ody  alone.     Ilind  foot  not  over  l.aO  nor  under  1.00. 

6'.  /linjiidus  beilaudieii. — Grnyish-brown,  lined  with  black,  beneath  white. 
Tail  sometimes  eipuding  body  and  head.  Ilind  foot  not  over  1.37  uor 
under  1.10. 

S.  hispidus  toUecus. — Reddish-brown,  lined  with  black,  beneath  whitish. 
Tail  rarely  ecpialing  head  and  body  alone.  Ilind  foot  not  over  1.10  nor 
under  0.95. 

We  may  obseive  in  jiassing  that  the  specimens  of  SIgmodon  with  tho 
tail  as  long  as  the  head  and  body  bear  a  rcmarkalile  superficial  resemblance 
to  Oyijzomys.  But  Sigmodon  may  always  be  known,  first,  Ity  its  hispid  pelage; 
secondly,  by  its  large  orbicular  ears  about  equaling  in  height  the  distance  from 
nose  to  eye;  thirdly,  by  the  subequality  of  the  1st  and  5th  toes — the  latter 
reaching  little,  if  any,  beyond  the  base  of  the  4th,  instead  of  to  its  middle  joint, 
as  in  Onjzomys.  These  distinctions  sometimes  come  into  play,  for  we  have 
Mexican  and  Jamaican  skins  of  Onjzomys  identical  in  color  with  Sigmodon, 
and  really  requiring  a  second  glance  to  tell  them  apart. 

Among  our  United  States  skins,  some,  like  No.  20,  are  unusually  rusty- 
colored  all  over,  and  represent  Arvicola  ferruginem,  Harlan. 

As  Professor  Baird  has  'shown,  the  Arvicola  texiana  of  Audubon  and 
Bachman  is  no  doubt  a  Sigmodon.  The  dimensions  assigned  render  any 
other  interpretation  impossible.  It  is  true,  we  have  never  seen  a  Sigmodon, 
or  any  other  American  Murine  or  Arvicoline,  spotted  and  blotched  in  the  way 
described ;  but  such  coloration  is  contrary  to  all  analogy  in  this  group,  and 
cannot  be  considered  normal. 


MUUIDAE-BIOMODONTES— UESPEUOMYS. 


48 


Genus  EESrEIlOMYS,  Wuterhouso. 

XMui,  sp.,  AucTomiM. 

XArvicola,B[t.,  U.\nt.\K,  Am.  SIniitlily  Jonni.  1«)3,  44ri  (n>illalli).~Ai'i>.  .V  IIacii.,  Q.  h.  A.  {lonminiiii, 

I^iC. ;  Irzaim,  WuckIIi.  ;  nml  orj/tjrorn,  Auil.  i.V  Uiich,  —  !Uut  ]>aluiilriii,Uat\.). 
XllijpHdmu,  nil.,  Maximilian,  UcUo,  &c.  ii,  1841,  DU  (i/.  kucogailir,  ilax.  —  ilui  minourivKtli,  Aud.  & 

Iliicli.). 

>  MuHCului,  Kakinksquk,  Am.  Mmitlily  Mng.  HI,  181S,  44(1  (type,  U.  hucopun,  Haf.!). 

<  Uctpiromya,  Watkiiiiouhr,  ZouI.  Voy.  Kcaglo,  18'JO,  75  (eatal)liiilii'il  In  iiccoiiiuiiNlnte  Dm  New  VVurld 
mice  cnllvctively,  nnd  therefore  ci|Uivnlent  to  the  tribe  Slgmmlonltt  UHUonr  unduratood). 

>  Catomyn,  Aw.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  il,  IfiSl,  30;l  (aurcolun).    (Not  of  Wuterh.) 

>  OHschnmyt,  UAlltn,  M.  N.  A.  1H57,  45B  (type,  Ilypudam  leucogaster,  Max.). 

>Ortf»oiH!/»,  Baiiid,  oj).  ft  loe.  oi(.  (type,  jtfiM  pa/M«(H»,  Harl.).  .  ''^"• 

>  VetperitHHi,  CoUKS,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci,  Pblla.  1874,  178  (type,  II,  leucopHt). 

In  proposing  the  name  Henperomys,  VViiterlioiise's  iden,  ns  w  evident 
tlirougiiuut  his  article  in  the  Zoology  of  the  Bangle,  was  simply  to  scpanite 
the  New  World  Murince,  collectively,  from  the  typical  Mures  of  the  Old 
World,  upon  the  broad  character  of  the  tuberculation  of  the  molars,  which  is 
biserlatim  in  the  former  and  triseriatim  in  the  latter.  Although  treating 
exclusively  of  the  South  American  species,  he  says  in  one  place,  ^^Mus  leu- 
copus,  Neotoma,  and  Sigmodon  certainly  belong  to  the  same  group."  It  is 
plain,  therefore,  that  his  "genus"  HeKperomys  is  precisely  equivalent  to  the 
"tribe,"  or  supcrgenus,  now  called  Sigmodonles. 

In  a  word,  "Hesperomys"  is  a  tribal  name,  comprehending  in  itself  the 
genera  and  subgenera  that  here  follow :  A,  in  South  America,  (Jnlomys 
{^zEligmodontia,  F.  Cuv.),  Hahrothrix,  Phyllotis,  Scapteromys,  Oxymicterus, 
HolochUus,  Reithrodon ;  and,  B,  in  North  America,  Vesperimus,  Onychomys, 
Oryzomys,  Ochetodon,  Sigmodon,  Neotoma, 

Almost  from  the  very  first,  naturalists  perceived  the  lietcregeneous  char- 
acter of  this  assemblage  under  the  comprehensive  term  Hesperomys,  and 
sought  to  eliminate  proper  generic  groups.  Waterhouse  himself  made  a 
number  of  subdivisions,  which,  with  some  modification,  have  been  generally 
accepted.  It  is  a  matter  of  obvious  necessity  to  restrict  Hesperomys,  and  so 
define  it  that  it  shall  designate  a  homogeneous  group.  To  do  this,  we  have 
first  to  throw  out  the  forms  worthy  of  generic  separation,  then  to  mark  out 
the  subgeneric  divisions  of  Hesperomys,  and  finally  to  tie  down  the  name  in 
its  strict  sense  to  the  species  upon  which  it  is  based. 

From  the  circumstances  under  which  Hesperomys  was  instituted,  and  the 
author's  evident  intention  in  founding  it,  it  is  difficult  to  say  what  should  be 
considered  as  his  type-species;  really,  he  had  no  type  in  view.     But,  in  draw- 


.fi 


»«W^i:,VW",MHl  ' 


44 


MONOGUAITIS  OK  NORTH  AMEllICAN  KODENTIA. 


i-ii:i 


1:1  I 


I 

ill'   • 


i 


iiig  his  comparisons  between  Miis  ivnd  the  new  groui)  he  was  about  to  estab- 
lish, he  liappcncd  to  select  Mu.s  rattus  and  Mus  hlmaiulatus  for  that  purpose. 
We  may  therefore,  with  entire  propriety,  elect  Mm  himaculatus  as  technically 
the  type  of  Hcyirivmi/s.  When,  in  1837,  Waterlunisc  established  the  sub- 
genus Calomi/s  upon  C.  ekgans,  he  included  in  it  both  bimacutatus  and  graci- 
llpn.  Eligmodontia  of  F.  Cuvicr,  of  tlu;  same  date,  has  the  same  strictly 
consul)gencric  species  as  its  type.  It  is  a  cpiesfion,  therefore,  whether  either 
Cdliiiiujs  or  Eligmodontla  ought  not  to  take  precedenc^c  over  Hesperomys ;  but 
as  the  latter  name  has  become  firmly  established,  and  as  the  prior  name 
Cdloinys  is  by  the  same  author,  and  at  least  as  early  as  Eligmodontui,  there  is 
really  no  necessity  for  a  change. 

Resting,  then,  upon  this  application  i)i  Hesperomys,  in  its  strictest  subgen- 
"ric  sense,  to  such  species  as  biiiiaciilatu.s,  elegmis,  and  gracilipcs,  we  will  inquire 
how  far  th(!  name  may  l)e  extended  in  its  generic  application.  In  his  able 
e.ssay  of  1857,  Professor  Baird  points  out,  in  elaborate  detail,  the  characters 
of  the  South  American  species,  and,  excluding  ReUhrodon  and  Holocheilus  as 
worthy  of  full  generic  rank,  he  makes  Hesperomys  to  include  three  subgenera, 
\'h.,—C(i/omys,  Waterh. ;  Hahrothrix  {  =  H<ihrolhrix  plus  P/iyllotis,  Waterh.) ; 
and  Dxymiclrrus  {  —  Oxymklcrus  jdus  Scnpleromys,  Waterh.).  Recurring  to 
the  North  American  forms,  he  establishes  three  subdivisions, — Hesperomys, 
Onychomys,  and  Oryzomys*  We  arc  able  to  confirm  the  validity  of  these 
groups  in  the  most  unequivocal  manner ;  the  only  question  being  whether 
the  leucopus  group  tn.  t  Professor  Baird  left  in  the  subgenus  Hesperomys  is 
not  entitled  to  subgeneric  distinction  from  the  South  American  himaculatus. 
Prol'essor  Baird  himself  suggests  that  this  ought  to  be  done ;  and,  so  far  os  wc 
can  judge  from  the  descriptions  of  authors,  the  suggestion  is  available. 

The  Vesper  mice  of  North  America,  collectively,  seem  to  be  difl'crcntiated 
from  those  of  South  America  by  characters  only  less  important  than  that  one 
which  irenchantly  divides  them  l)oth  from  Old  World  Mures.  Neotoma  of 
North  America  has  nothing  whatever  to  correspond  in  South  America.  1  e 
large,  leporine,  grooved-incisor  species  of  South  America  are  generically  differ- 
ent from  the  little  murine  species  that  have  been  called  ReUhrodon  in  North 
America.     Holuchilus  has  no  nearer  representative  than  Sigmodon,  which  is 

*  Kcally  lour  Nuli(livi»i(in8,  lu  lin  (liNtiiiKniHln's  tlio  niikcdfimlcil  HpccicH  (ta(i/onii<K«  und  rrtmic»$) 
fiimi  thii  kiuoima  tjiii'i  Imt  bo  very  iiri>)pi'rly  rcfiiiiiis  from  Hauling  thiH  wclioii.  It  d(MW  not  n)ipear 
to  UN  to  1111VUI.VUU  biiligi'ucric  value,  iiu  (lie  b:iref»utedue»a  is  niercly  au  accideut  of  the  uuiiunl's  desert 
liitbitul. 


» 


MUUIDAE-SIOMOnONTES-nKSPEKOMYS. 


45 


an  entirely  diirerent  genus.  And  although  other  species  of  tiie  large  genus 
Hesperomys  may  not  necessarily  be  separated  generically,  yet  the  subgenera 
seem  entirely  different.  The  form  Onjzomys  appears  not  to  be  represented 
at  all  in  South  America ;  while,  likewise,  the  form  Oxymicterus  of  South 
America  has  no  exact  analogue.  Onychomys  and  Habrothrix  would  seem  to 
represent  each  other  in  their  arvicoline  form,  yet  they  are  abundantly  worthy 
of  subgeneric  separation.  Probably  the  closest  approach  to  identity  of  form 
is  found  in  the  North  American  leucopus  group  (and  especially  tlie  species 
aureolus  or  nuttallii,  where  alone  we  have  yellowness  underneath)  with  the 
Calomys  group  (i.  e.,  Hesperomys  sensu  strictiss.) ;  but  even  here  there  is 
room  for  the  subgeneric  separation  that  we  make  in  the  succeeding  article. 

In  our  comparative  ignorance  of  the  South  American  forms,  we  shall  not 
venture  upon  any  diagnosis  or  description  of  the  full  genus  Hesperomys. 
Ample  details  of  the  North  American  forms  will  be  found  under  the  respect- 
ive heads  of  Vesperimus,  Onychomys,  and  Oryzomys.  For  similar  reasons,  we 
refrain  from  any  but  North  American  citations  in  the  foregoing  list  of 
synonyms.  '  •    •;   / 

We  append  a  table,  which  may  serve  to  exhibit  the  correspondences  or 
other  relations  of  the  North  American  with  South  American  forms. 


North  Ameeican.  |  South  American. 

a.  With  groaced  upper  incisors. 

Genua  Ociietodux,  Cuiies.    Furin  niiiriue.  |   Geuus  REmiKonoN,  Waterli.    Form  leporine. 

b.  With  smooth  upper  itioisors. 


SubKenns  Vkspkrimits,  Cones.    Form  murine. 
Subgeuua  Onyciiumyh,  Baird.    Form  arviuuline. 

f 

Snbgenna  Oryzomys,  Bairil.  Form  rat-liko. 
Oeiiua  HoLOCiiiLUK,  Umiidt.  Furui  rut-like. 
1 


Subgenus  Calomys,  Wnterb.    Form  murine. 
Bnbgenus  HAnROTiiRix,  Waterh.    Form  arvicoline. 
Subgenus  OxYMictBHUs,  Waterh. 

f 

Genna  Sigmodon,  Say.    Form  arvicoline. 
Genua  Nkotoma,  Say.    Form  rat-li'  e. 


Subgenus  VESPERIMUS,  Coues. 

=  ifutculut,  Rafikkkqur,  Am.  Monthly  Hog.  iii,  IdlS,  44G  (leumpiu). 

<  Henperomyi,  of  North  American  writers. 

=  Htupvromyii,  Kaihd,  M.  N.  A.  1H57,  4r)8  {leucoput). 

>  Cttlomut,  Ai;i>.  &  Bai;ii.,  Q.  N.  A.  ii,  IS51, 303  (onreo/m).    Not  of  Waterbouse. 

=  Ve»ptrimHt,  C0UE8, 1'roo.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci,  I'bila.  1874, 178  (type,  Mnt  lencopHi,  anc'.) 

We  restrict  our  term   Vesperimus  to  leucopus  and  its  immediate  North 
American  allies.     As  intimated  in  the  foregoing  article,  it  is  exactly  equivalent 


m  i  It 


46 


MONOCIJAIMIS  OP  NORTH  AMEUICAN  IIOUKNTIA. 


^  \: 


''Mf 


>      Mm 


to  Hespcwwys  of  Baird,  as  limited  l)y  tliiit  aiiflior,  as  above  cited.  Ctilomys, 
as  used  l)y  Aiidulmii  and  Ikchinan  for  their  Mus  aureolas,  is  not  a  synonym, 
sul)geiicrically,  of  Cnlomy.^,  Waterlioiise ;  aureolas  being  strictly  of  the  same 
group  as  leucopuK,  while  Calomys  of  Waterhouse  refers  to  the  South  American 
elegans,  Uimculatus,  &c.  The  only  other  name,  except  Hespcromijs,  that  we 
can  find  has  been  applied  to  the  present  subgenus,  is  Musculus  of  Rafinesque. 
Tills  name,  in  strict  teciinical  conformity  with  the  rules  of  nomenclature, 
ought  to  be  adopted  ;  and  it  is  nothing  to  the  point  that  its  proposer  did  not 
jiroperly  define  it,  for  we  know  that  he  used  it  in  connection  with  leucopus. 
]}ut  the  name  is  so  inseparably  connected  with  Mas  muscalun,  that  to  use  it  in 
a  different  connection,  and  one  where  the  tribal  distinctions  from  Mas  especially 
rc'-'ire  to  be  signalized,  would  result  in  an  evil  of  far  more  consequence  than 
the  breach  of  a  rule  of  nomenclature.  While  we  regret  that  we  happen  to  be 
personally  interested  in  tiiis,  one  of  the  rare  cases  where  tiie  law  of  priority 
must  be  set  aside,  nevertheless  we  cannot  disregard  its  obvious  requirements. 
The  following  paragraph  is  diagnostic  of  tiic  subgenus  VespcrimuH : — 
Chars. — Of  medium  and  small  size,  lithe  form,  and  quick  movement. 
Eyes  large,  prominent.  Snout  pointed.  Ears  large,  rounded,  thin,  finely 
scant-pilous ;  antitragus  evident  but  not  valvular.  Fore  feet  hardly  or  not 
iialf  as  li>!ig  as  the  soles ;  palms  naked  ;  fore  claws  not  larger  than  hind  claws, 
that  of  the  -'l)soln^o  thumb  rather  a  nail ;  other  fore  digits  slender,  3d  and  4th 
subequal  and  longest,  2d  and  5th  successively  much  shorter.  Hind  feet  long, 
slender;  soles  6-tuberculate,  naked,  or  scant-furred  on  the  posterior  third ; 
2d,  3d,  and  4th  toes  much  longest  and  subequal,  oth  shorter,  1st  much  shorter. 
Tail  terete,  slender,  closely  hairy,  subequal  to  tlie  trunk  in  length  (ranging 
from  as  long  as  body  alone  to  a  little  longer  tlian  head  and  body  togctiier). 
Pelage  sof>,  close,  glossy,  with  but  few  longer  bristly  hairs ;  feet  and  under 
jiarts  white  or  wliitish ;  body  and  tail  more  or  less  distinctly  bicolor.  No 
lauuginous  tuf\s  of  hair  al)out  the  ears.  Back  upper  margin  of  orbit  not 
beaded. 

e  skull  and  teeth  of  all  the  North  American  Hesperomy.i  are  so  mucli 
f.-...e,  while  the  external  form  is  so  different  in  the  three  sections  of  Vesperi- 
mus,  Onychomys,  and  Oryzomys  (as  will  be  evident  upon  comparing  the 
diagnoses  given  l)cyond  of  tliese  gencraX  tiiat  we  hav(«  preferred  to  deiine 
Vt'spcrimus  chielly  by  e.xlernal  cluxrarters.  The  skull  of  Onychomy.i  merely 
differs  from  that  of  Vrsprrimux  in  being  a  little  larger  and  heavier,  not  (luilc 


^r.: 


MUllIDAE— 8IGMODONTE8— IlKSl'KltOMYa 


47 


so  constricted  across  the  orbits,  and  having  a  rather  shorter  and  more  swollen 
rostral  portion  ;  the  molars  are  a  little  larger,  with  more  open  indentations 
of  enamel  along  the  sides.  Tiie  skull  of  Onjzomys  enhirges  a  little  upon  that 
of  Omjchomys,  and  has  the  sharp  edge  of  the  orbits  raised  into  a  slight  thin 
crest ;  there  is  also  some  difference  in  the  palate,  as  described  beyond.  But 
these  differences  are  all  so  slight,  that,  were  they  unaccompanied  by  striking 
external  characters,  they  could  hardly  be  considered  as  of  more  than  specific 
value.  In  the  following  description  of  tlie  skull  of  Vesperimus,  the  cranial 
characters  of  all  North  American  Hesperomys  will  be  essentially  reflected. 

The  skull  is  thin  and  papery,  showing  nothing  of  the  solidity  and  massive- 
ness  and  strong  ridges  of  Arvicolina.  The  cranial  part  is  broad  and  depressed ; 
the  lengthwise  profile  of  the  top  is  one  very  gentle  curve,  both  behind  and 
before,  from  the  highest  point  opposite  the  orbits.  The  zygomatic  width  is 
almost  precisely  half  the  total  length ;  the  height  of  the  cranium  is  three- 
eighths  of  the  total  lengtii ;  the  length  of  tlie  lower  jaw  is  two-thirds  of  the 
total  length.  The  zygomata,  very  slender  and  strictly  styloid,  dip  deeply 
down  to  the  level  of  the  palate.  At  first,  they  stand  out  at  nght  angles  with 
the  skull,  then  sweep  abruptly  backward  li'l  they  become  parallel,  and  then 
turn  abruptly  up  to  liie  squamosal.  Nearly  all  the  arch  is  made  by  the  large 
processes  of  the  maxillary  and  squamosal;  the  jugal  itself  being  extremely 
minute.  The  cranial  part  of  the  skull  does  not  noticeably  encroach  upon  the 
orbits,  which  are  rather  shallow  subcircular  cups,  with  the  principal  foramina 
crowded  into  a  depressed  corner  low  down  and  far  back,  just  above  the  alve- 
olar level — in  fact,  a  little  behind  (if  anything)  the  last  molar.  Tiie  interor- 
bital  constriction  is  moderate,  but  always  wider  than  the  rather  slender  and 
tapering  rostrum.  The  nasal  bones  stick  far  out  in  front,  with  the  intermax- 
illaries,  surpassing  a  perpendicular  let  full  upon  the  faces  o£  the  incisors ; 
behind,  these  bones  are  likewise  subequal,  and  they  nearly  or  quite  reach  to 
opposite  the  orbits  (they  vary  a  good  deal  in  different  species,  as  well  as  in 
different  specimen^  of  the  same  species,  in  this  regard).  The  foramen  magnum 
is  large,  subcircular,  or  trefoil  from  emargination  superiorly.  The  parietals 
are  small  and  subquadrate ;  the  interparietal  is  small  and  short  for  its  width  ;  the 
bulljB  osseae  are  small,  very  thin,  and  very  obliquely  placed,  owing  to  the 
wedge-shape  of  the  basi-occipital.  The  incisive  foramina  arc  rather  open,  but 
short,  ending  in  advance  of  the  molars.  The  palate  ends  behind  almost 
exactly  as  in  Afus,  as  far  as  configuration  is  concerned ;  but  it  does  not  reach 


.^ 


48 


MONOdUAlMlS  OF  NOUTH  AMKUIOAN  HODKNTIA. 


If:; 

III-. 

1 

■A 

so  liir  buck,  Icrmiiiiifmg  nearly  or  cxiiclly  opjxisilc  tlic  last  molars  (sec  Ort/- 
zomijs).  The  lower  jaw  is  straiglitcr  on  the  whole  Hum  in  many  Murines, 
from  the  great  backward  set  of  its  condylar  ramus;  but  in  spite  of  this 
obliquity,  the  coronoid  is  so  short  (a  mere  little  sharp  point  of  bone)  that  it 
does  not  attain  the  level  of  (he  condyle.  The  outside  of  the  ramus  is  strongly 
ridged  by  the  passage  of  tiie  incisor-root.  The  descending  process  of  the 
lower  jaw  is  rather  slight,  subtriangular,  with  a  sharp  termination,  lies  below 
the  level  of  tiie  molars,  and  has  its  under  edge  inflected.  ' 

Before  noticing  the  dentition,  we  may  j)ause  to  observe  what  indication 
bf  the  habits  and  food  of  the  animal  the  bare  skull  affords  us,  without  refer- 
ence to  the  teeth.  Tln'  comparative  weakness  of  the  whole  masseteric 
arrangement  is  evident  It  is  a  wide  remove  from  the  climax  of  rodent 
masticatory  apparatus  seen  in  the  ArvicolincB,  where  the  short  solid  skull  and 
massive  jaws  and  deep  muscular  impressions  and  prominent  bony  paints 
d'ajipui,  are  all  so  conspicuous.  There  is  even  less  of  this  sort  of  thing  than 
is  seen  in  Man  or  Neotoma  or  Sigmocton.  The  thinness  and  smoothness  of 
the  skull,  and  the  comparatively  slight  bony  points  it  develops,  prepare  us 
for  the  very  modest  dental  armature  that  we  find,  and  clearly  indicates  a  diet 
of  much  softer  substances.  The  teeth  of  Neotoma  or  Sigmodon  or  Mus  are 
hardly  more  inferior  in  power  to  the  ever-growing  heavily-mailed  grinders  of 
Arvkoliiue  than  arc  the  teeth  of  IJasperomt/s  to  those  of  the  genera  just 
named.  Among  American  forms,  no  one  except  Ocfietodon  has  such  small  and 
weak  molars  as  Vesperiinus  shows. 

The  incisors  offer  nothing  specially  noteworthy.  The  upper  are  short, 
much  curved,  narrow  across,  a  good  deal  deeper  than  broad,  smooth  in  front, 
and  shortly  oblitpicly  beveled  behind ;  the  under  are  much  longer  and  slen- 
derer, and  with  longer  beveling.  The  molar  series  is  both  short  and  narrow, 
between  one-sixth  and  one-seventh  the  length  of  the  skull,  and  thus  hardly 
longer  than  the  distance  between  them,  or  the  width  of  the  palate.  The 
molars  rapidly  decrease  in  size  from  before  backward,  particularly  in  the 
upper  jaw,  where  the  last  one  is  subcircular,  nnd  not  more  thanHialf  as  large 
as  the  middle  one,  whicii  itself  is  less  than  the  front  one  ;  in  the  lower  jaw, 
the  .same  progressive  diminution  occurs,  but  the  difference  in  size  is  not  quite 
so  evi(len^  The  molars  of  the  upper  jaw  have  three  roots  apiece,  two  exter- 
nal and  one  internal ;  those  of  the  under  jaw  have  but  two,  placed  one  after 
tliC  wiii.ir  on  the  median  line. 


MURIDAE— 81GMODONTES-H  B8PEROMY8. 


49 


In  Hespeiomys,  as  in  Mus  and  Ochetodon,  and  not  as  in  Sigmodon  and 
Neotoma,  the  tubercles  of  the  molar  crowns  are  long  persistent.  A  great 
majority  of  the  specimens  of  Hesperomys  in  the  collection  before  us  present  the 
tubercles  intact,  while  it  is  rare  to  see  skulls  of  Neotoma  and  Sigmodon  in 
which  the  crowns  are  not  already  ground  flat,  so  as  to  show  the  dentine  area 
surrounded  by  the  plicated  enamel-sheet.  This  wouhl  seem  to  argue  a  much 
slower  growth  of  the  grinders.  In  the  rapidly  and  continuously  growing 
molars  of  Arvicola,  the  crowns  are  worn  flat,  and  show  their  characteristic 
dentine  triangles  as  soon  as  they  fairly  surmount  the  alveoli ;  here  the  oppo- 
site extreme  is  witnessed.  Tlie  unworn  molars  of  Hesperoviys  show  a  double 
lengthwise  scries  of  conical  tubercles  connected  by  lowei  crosswise  ridges, 
and  the  whole  face  of  the  tooth  is  encased  in  a  sheet  of  enamel  continuous 
with  that  of  the  sides  of  the  tooth.  Althougli,  as  we  have  said,  the  main 
tubercles  are  bisoriatim,  yet  the  first  pair  of  the  front  molar  of  either  jaw  may 
appear  like  one,  from  being  so  close  together ;  this  azygos  anterior  one  being 
followed  by  two  perfectly  distinct  pairs ;  the  second  tooth  has  only  two  pairs, 
but  perfectly  distinct  ones ;  on  the  small  hinder  tooth,  the  pairing  of  the  tuber- 
cles is  obscure.  The  tubercles  are  not  exactly  opposite  each  other  in  crosswise 
pairs,  but  aie  half-alternating.  Down  between  the  bases  of  these  conical 
eminences  are  seen  furrows,  the  more  readily  noticeable  because  generally 
blackened,  apparently  by  the  sticking  of  foreign  matter  in  them.  They  rep- 
resent the  deep  close-curved  plications  of  enamel  that  penetrate  the  tooth 
from  either  side ;  the  ends  of  the  loops  nearly  or  quite  meeting  in  the  substance 
of  the  tooth. 

If  the  foregoing  account  is  perfectly  intelligible,  ii  will  be  seen  that,  after 
abrasion  has  commenced,  the  molar  crowns  will  present  a  different  pattern 
with  each  stage  of  the  process.  The  main  conical  tubercles  are  first  razeed, 
and  then  the  connecting  crests  and  little  accessory  tubercles  follow  by  the 
same  filing-down  operation  ;  consequently,  the  patterr'  of  the  molar  crowns 
must  be  used  as  a  zoological  character  with  great  caution,  if  at  all ;  the  minor 
details  are  of  no  sort  of  consequence ;  and  even  in  using  this  broad  pattern  it 
is  necessary  to  compare  age  for  age  (or  rather  condition  for  condition,  since 
different  individuals  get  their  teeth  filed  down  with  variable  rapidity)  in  draw- 
ing uj)  the  characters  of  species  or  subgenera.  At  the  last  stage  specified, 
namely,  when  main  tubercles  and  connecting  crests  and  accessory  tubercles 
have  disappeared,  we  see  a  single  dentine  area  occupying  the  whole  face  of 
4  H 


no 


MONOGRArnS  OF  NOKXn  AMERICAN  liODICNTIA. 


i!i 


the  toolli,  sunotiiHlcd  by  a  zigzn<,'  onanifl-vvall,  wliicli  semis  into  the  dentine 
space,  iVom  caoli  sidi;,  two  iiidoiitatioiis;  these  indentations  on  Ihe  outer  side 
bcinj?  much  deeper  tiian  those  from  the  inner  side,  and  semicircular  in  out- 
line, with  convexity  forward ;  these  insulations  being  loops  of  enamel,  i.  e., 
ciuisisUnj^f  of  tii(!  enamel-sheet  folded  af,'aiust  itself;  at  the  point  of  the  begin- 
niiig  to  fold,  there  is,  of  course,  an  external  nick  or  reentrance,  and  so  there 
are  two  of  these  on  each  side  of  the  tooth,  the  inner  being  the  more  open. 
In  the  next  stage,  a  little  further  abrasion  grinds  out  the  continuity  of  these 
inlying  enamel-folds  with  tiie  general  enamel-envelope,  because  the  folds  are 
not  so  deep  down  in  the  substance  of  the  tooth  at  its  edges  as  they  are  in  the 
interior ;  and  then  we  have  the  condition  of  crescentic  islands  of  enamel  lying 
in  the  general  dentine  area  that  is  surrounded  by  the  general  indcted  enamel- 
wall.  This  occurs  at  full  nuitiirity.  The  final  condition  of  senile  decline  is 
still  something  dilferent;  for,  lastly,  these  enamel  islands  are  entirely  rubbed 
out,  and  tiie  face  of  the  tooth  is  one  continuous  area  of  dentine,  a  little  exca- 
vated or  sunken  l>cl(tw  the  level  of  the  continuous  exterior  sheet  of  enamel 
that  irregularly  surrounds  it. 

These  special  details,  though  readily  observed,  arc  difficult  to  describe 
clearly,  and  the  description  must  l)e  followed  with  specimens  in  hand.  The 
student  may  inuigine  the  top  of  a  pigeon-pie,  full  of  humps  and  hollows, 
gradually  razeed  down  by  a  succession  of  thin,  parallel,  horizontal  slices.  Let 
the  crust  be  the  enamel,  and  the  substance  of  the  pie  the  dentine  ;  the  first 
slice  will  shave  off  the  tops  of  one  or  more  humps,  exposing  the  interior 
(dentine)  in  isolated  places,  these  i.slands  lying  in  a  net-work  of  crust  (enamel) ; 
other  slices  will  make  a  continuous  hole  through  the  crust  (enamel),  exposing 
a  continuous  area  (<leiitine)  bounded  by  an  irregular  wall  of  crust;  and 
so  on. 

All  this  is  very  different  from  the  straight  upright  bundles  of  prisms  that 
compose  the  teeth  of  Arvicolu ;  after  the  bumpy  tops  of  which  are  once  filed 
down  smooth,  further  abrasion,  continued  never  so  long,  does  not  essentially 
modify  tiie  pattern  of  the  crowns. 

HESPEROMYS  (VESPERIMUS)  LEUCOPUS.    .;  > 

Wbitc-routed  or  Deer  MouM.  '    "  ^''  -^ 

Amrleaii  MM  iloiine,  or  Hat,  I'knnant,  SjnopBis,  1771,  No.  303;  Hist.  Quod.  1781,  No.  30S;  Arot.  Zool.  i, 

1781,  131. 
American  IVandcriiig  Home,  Bauton,  M«d.  &  Surg.  Journ.  Pliila.  i,  1805,  31  (iioticos  a  groat  migrutiou 

b;  Lnke  Kric). 


MURIDAE-SIGMODONTES— HESrEROMYS  LEUCOrUS. 


51 


Mui  tyhaiioM;  var.,  £rxledkn,  Syst.  Au.  1, 1775, 31)0  (bniie<l  on  the  New  York  vnr.  of  ronnnnt). 

SI»»  tyhalicul  var.  noveborai'imiiii,  Fibciieii,  Hyuoiwia,  1889,  318  (New  York  variety). 

J/iM  noethoraoaittt,  SEl.YH-LoNncilAMl>H,  fitndcg  do  Microni.  IKU),  (i7. 

Mu  agrariut  var.  amrricanun,  "  Keiik'm  Linnmiia,  I7U2,  231 "  (liaiwU  on  Pennant). 

Jfnperom!it(Fctpiriviu») americanHt,  Coukh  &  Yahrow,  Rep. ZtMtl.  Kxpl.  W.  lUOtb  Mcrid.  1875,  —  (iu  prciw). 

J/hi  ajraHNt,  OOUMAN,  Am.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  3d  vd.  ISliO,  316  (nlw)  iu  tlio  earlier  editiona).— Linslrv,  Am. 
Journ.  Svi.  xlii,  1843,  301. 

Mutmlua  le»copv«,  Rafinksque,  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.  iii,  i8H,  44C. 

Mmh  le»copiii,  Desmarest,  Mamm.  ii,  18a2,  307.— Haiilan,  Fn.  Amer.  18'25, 151.— Griffith,  Anini.  Kingd. 
V,  1837,  aw.— FiscngR,  SynopsiH,  1820,  326.— ?  Uichardhon,  Zool.  Jonrn.  iii,  1818 ;  Fn.  Bor.- 
Am.  1, 1829,  142  (perhapa  rather  referable  to  var.  a»iiorj«i«ia).— DkKay,  N.  Y.  Zoo),  i,  1842,  88, 
pi.  23,  fig.  1.— AUD.  &  IlAcn.,  Q.  N.  A.  1,  1849,  300,  \A.  40.— Tiio.mi-s«)n,  Nat.  Hist.  Vermont, 
1853, 13  — Kknnicott,  Agric.  Rep.  U.  8.  Patent  Office  for  IKiO  (1857),  90,  pi.  10. 

JIupmmgh  leuoopH;  LkContk,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phlla.  vi,  1852,  413.— Bairp,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  459.— 
Allen,  Bull.  Mns.  Conip.  Zool.  i,  1809,  827  (Mniwiichusetts),  and  ii,  1870,  178  (Florida).— 
Dali.,  Alaska  and  its  Keiionrces,  1870,  577.— Maximilian,  Arch.  Nalnrg.  xviii,  1862,  pi.  4,  f.  4 
(penis-bone) ;  Verz.  N.-Am.  SUug.  1802,  156. — And  of  must  lato  writera. 

Hetperomyt  (  rra/xriiimii)  leMcoput,  CnuKS,  Proc.  Acud.  Nut.  Pci.  Pbila.  1874, 178. 

Crieelus  mi/oidn,  Uapper,  Zool.  Journ.  v,  1830,  804,  pi.  10  (Canada). 

Henperomyii  myoidtt,  Baikd,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  472  (Vermout ;  based  on  Gapper),  '■    '■'  ■' 

Jrrioola  emfHOHtii,  UeKay,  Uep.  Quad.  Mas«.  1840,  61. 

Hespiromyt  manicvlalH;  Waoner,  Wiegniann's  Arehiv,  1843,  ii,  141,  and  1845,  ii,  148;  Ahhand.  Akad. 
Wissensch.  v.  pt.  ii,  1848, 310  (Labrador). 

Baperomy  poUonolM,  Wagnkk,  Wlegniann's  Arcbiv,  1843,  ii,  52  (Georgia). 

napcromyi  eampairlt,  LeCostk,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila.  vi,  1853,  413  (New  Jersey ;  typo.  No.  4726, 
Hns.  Smitlie.).— Al'i>.  Sl  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  Iii,  1654, 295  (after  LeConte).— Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857 
485  (after  LeConte). 

Bt»per<myt  lacanut,  Woodhouse,  Proc.  Arnd.  Niit.  Sci.  Pbila.  vl,  1853,  242;  Sitgrrave's  Rep.  Kxpl. 
Zuni  River,  1853,  48,  pi.  2  (El  Paso,  Tex. ;  type.  No.  25.'j9,  Mus.  Smiths.).— Aim.  &  Bach.,  Q. 
N.  A,  iii,  1854,  319  (after  Wo.Hlbonso).- Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  464,  pi.  8,  flg.  1,  pi.  52,  fig.  5, 
a-6  (Texas  and  New  Mexico);  U.  S.  &  Mex.  Bound.  Snrv.  ii,  pt.  ii,  1859,  43.— Kknnrrlv, 
P.  R.  R.  Rep.  X,  1859, 14,  pi.  8.  fig.  1. 

Uaperinny  cognatut,  LeContk,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  1655,  442  (Southern  States ;  types,  Nos. 
4708,  4709,  Mus.  Smiths.).— Baird,  M.  N.  A.  ia57,  469  (Southern  States). 

llesperomyf  gracilU,  LeContb,  Froo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  185.5,  442  (Ohio  or  Michigan,  and  Wiscon- 
sin ;  types,  Nos. ,  4710,  Mus.  Smiths.). 

Ufuptromyt  auiteriu,  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  1855,  330  (Washington  Territory ;  types  in 
Mus.  Smiths.) ;  M.  N.  A.  1857, 466.- Cooper  &  Si'Cklev,  Nat.  Hist.  Wash.  Terr.  1860, 102, 127. 

Jlttperomy  koylii,  Baird,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  1855,  :!35  (El  Donulo  County,  California ;  type. 
No.  356,  Mus.  Smiths.) ;  M.  N.  A.  1657,  471,  pi.  8,  f.  3,  pi.  58,  flg.  3,  a-c  (California,  Oregon, 
and  Washington  Territory). 

Baperomyi  gambeli,  Haird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  iM  (Pacific  coast.  United  States).- Newokrrv,  P.  R.  R.  Rep. 
vi,  ia57,  Zool.  60.— Baird,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  Cal.  Route  1859,  No.  3,  82.— Cooper  &  Sucklev, 
Nat.  Hist.  Waab.  Terr.  1800, 102,  127. 

r  Betptromyt  iii(fia»K«,  Maximilian,  Arehiv  fUr  Naturg.  xviii,  pt.  i,  1868,  111 ;  Verz.  N.-Am. Siing.  1868, 159 
(Indiana). 

Note  (1).— References  to  the  recognized  varieties  of  leucoput  are  txcluded  from  the  nbovo,  and  will 
be  found  under  their  respective  heads. 

NoTB  (8). — It  is  not  certain  that  some  other  speciflo  name  will  not  be  required  to  lie  adopted 
instead  of  the  established  leueopm  which  we  continue  to  use.  Since  the  animal  falls  in  a  different  genus 
from  AfN<,  tylvaticut  or  agrariiis  might  perhaps  be  employed,  though  both  of  these  terms  were  originally 
pniiMsed  for  another  species.  Another  candidate  for  recognition  is  the  varietal  term  americanui,  said  to 
api>ear  in  Kerr's  Linnoeus,  1792.  The  latter  will  be  found  used  by  Dr.  Yarrow  and  ourselves  in  the 
forthcoming  volume  above  cited  ;  as  we  fully  expected,  at  the  time  of  allowing  it  to  pass  into  metal,  to 
be  able  to  verify  the  quotation.  Reference  to  Kerr's  work,  however,  having  proved  impracticable,  the 
term  leucoput  is  allowed  to  stand,  pending  final  settlement  of  the  question. 

The  characters  of  Hesperomys  leucopus  will  have  been  so  fully  elucidated 
by  the  time  we  have  concluded  the  investigation  that  we  purpose  entering 


^9 


MONOOKAPriS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


upon  to  prove  the  position  we  assume  regarding  certain  nominal  species,  that 
no  detailed  description  is  required  in  this  connection.  Some  general  observa- 
tions, however,  will  not  be  out  of  jdace  here. 

Tiio  under  parts  of  the  ndult  animal  are  snowy  white,  and  this  includes 
the  upi)cr  surfaces  of  both  fore  and  hind  feet  to  the  wrisi,  and  ankle,  and 
usually  the  greater  part  of  the  outside  of  the  fore  leg  also,  so  that  the  sharp 
line  of  dcmarkalion  between  the  white  and  the  color  of  the  upper  parts  gen- 
erally passes  in  a  pretty  straight  line  by  the  shoulder  along  the  side  of  the 
neck  and  side  of  the  head,  a  little  l)elow  the  eye,  to  the  snout.  But  the 
extension  of  color  down  the  fore  leg  is  utterly  indefinite,  for  two  reasons: — 
first,  in  tlie  young,  while  still  gray,  tiie  color  normally  reaches  the  paws,  and 
its  subsequent  restriction  is  a  matter  of  gradual  change  with  age  ;  yet  a  great 
many  individuals  do  not  seem  to  perfect  this  change,  but  remain  for  some 
seasons  at  least  in  the  same  condition  ;  and,  secondly,  many  young  ones  have 
the  outside  of  the  legs  as  largely  white  fis  they  ever  become  in  the  old.  As 
a  si)ecific  character,  therefore,  tliis  feature  is  not  of  the  slightest  consequence. 

In  general,  the  color  of  normal  adult  examples,  as  No.  1434  from  Massa- 
chusetts, is  a  rich  fawn,  witli  a  pretty  well  defined  dorsal  darkening  length- 
wise from  occurrence  of  black-ti|)ped  liairs  along  the  back.  But  this  "typical" 
coloration  is  expressed  in  noticeably  few  of  the  specimens  that  make  up  an 
average  miscellaneous  lot — probably  not  one  in  six ;  while  the  departures  from 
it  defy  description. 

This  is,  moreover,  independent  of  the  normal  regular  change  of  pelage 
witli  age.  The  young  are  at  first  i)luinbcou.x-gray  above  and  ashy-white 
liclow,  without  a  trace  of  brown  or  fulvous  shade  ;  this  has  to  change  gradu- 
ally into  the  hue  given  in  the  last  paragraph.  In  a  considerable  proportion  of 
.spocimcus,  the  change  is  observed  to  begin  along  the  sides  as  an  indistinct 
stripe  of  fulvous ;  and  this  progresses  until  the  whole  pelage  is  changed. 
This  lateral  .stripe  is  sometimes  pretty  sharp,  but  oHener  merges  insensibly 
into  the  gray  color ;  so  that  we  are  unable  to  lay  down  any  appreciable  stages 
in  the  transition.  .1   .'■  ' 

It  is  also  liighly  probable  that  a  considerable  percentage  of  individuals 
pass  their  whole  lives  in  a  pelage  nearer  gray  than  iiiwn  color;  and  it  is 
uu(iuestional)le  that  the  animal  can  and  does  breed  in  such  condition. 

In  the  vast  majority  of  instances,  the  tail  is  pretty  shaqdy  bicolor — white 
underneath,  and  on  top  corresponding  in  color  to  the  back.     The  dark  area 


MDIUDAE— SIOMODONTES— HESPBUOMYS  LEDCOPUS. 


53 


occupies  from  one-third  to  nearly  or  quite  one-half  of  the  circumference — 
g(;nerally  about  two-fifths.  Hut,  in  many  cases,  the  line  of  separation  is 
«)l)scure,  and  tlien  tlic  tail  is  simply  paler  below  than  above.  Even  some  other- 
wise typical  Massachusetts  specimens  show  this  last  condition. 

The  variation  in  absolute  and  relative  length  of  the  tail  is  greater  than  in 
any  other  dimension.  It  ranges  from  obviously  longer  than  the  head  and 
body  to  about  equal  to  the  body  alone.  This,  it  should  be  observed,  is  inde- 
pendent of  locality,  and  exclusive  of  what  we  have  admitted  further  on  as  a 
variety  nonorietms.  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen,  who  has  paid  jiarticular  attention  to  the 
variability  of  feral  animals,  finds  that  in  Massachusetts  specimens  alone  the 
proportion  of  tail  to  trunk  may  be  as  1.18 : 1.00,  or  as  0.69  : 1.00 — a  difference 
of  over  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  mean ;  and  that  the  number  of  caudal  vertebral 
tiienhsclves  ranges  from  twenty-four  to  thirty  or  more.  But  this  ceases  to  be 
remarliable  when  we  recollect  that  it  is  purely  a  matter  of  what  has  been  aptly 
calle'i  "vegetative  repetition".  It  seems  to  be  a  well-nigh  universal  law  that 
those  parts  or  organs  that  are  the  least  specialized, — i.  c,  those  of  which  several 
have  the  same  or  corresponding  character  and  function, — are  liable  to  be  pro- 
duced with  a  iiigh  degree  of  irregularity  as  regards  their  number;  and  the 
more  such  there  are  the  wider  are  the  limits  of  variation  apt  to  be.  In  this 
species,  one  of  our  longest-tailed  rodents,  the  law  is  perfectly  illustrated. 


Since  none  of  the  nominal  sjjecies  that  have  been  erected  upon  the  vari- 
ations of  leucopus  depend  in  any  way  upon  cranial  characters;  and  since  the 
valid  species  of  Vesj)erimus  likewise  offer  no  noticeable  cranial  features  beyond 
slight  differences  in  dimensions  (greater  in  californicus  and  less  in  michigan- 
ensis  for  example),  the  skulls  of  all  our  North  American  Hesperomys,  except 
those  of  the  subgenera  Onychomys  and  Oryzomys,  may  be  most  conveniently 
examined  collectively. 


.')4 


JIONOOUAl'US  OF  MOUTH  AMERICAN  UODESTIA. 


1^ 


1^ 


TAin.K  \\.-MmMnmml>  <./ Hnrnlii-fin  hMIh  of  llKHPKimMVH  i.KUCOl-us  ami  il,  varlotic,  and  oj  the  othr 
tprclcii  Ihal  nrv  Kiilxjcntrlcalln  affinal  thenicilh. 


Lociilily. 


s 

s 

BlfT 

v.v 

'j'i  r 

v.,v 

'jntif. 

KH 
il';3 
iJ!lJ 

DUIItt 

1 7  I'll 


Jftb 


Miil(]li'biiruii);li,  Miih8.  .. 

ilo 

do 

.1(1  

<lo 

.1(1  

.1.)  

, .lo 

, .lo 

ilo 

ilo 

.lo 

do 

ilo 

.lo 

do 

.lo 

Cnrlinl.',  I'll 

Pi'iiiiHjlviiniii 

.lo 

Cliirku  County,  Vn 

do 

.lo 

do 

.lo 

.lo , 

do 

Saint  LoiiiB,  Mo 

Fort  l!i|)li'y,  Minn 

Uurliiiyton,  Vt 

.lo 

Gt'orniii 

.lo 

HillHbiirougli,N.  C. .. . 

Watiliington,  MinH 

ilo 

Wji»liinj;toii  Ter 

Ainciicaii  liiver,  Cal . . 
Fort  Crook,  Cal 


1.01 
l.UO 
O.'JO 
1.00 
l.dO 
0.114 
\.0i 
1.04 
1.07 
l.tW 
1.04 
1. 0.-) 
1.02 
1.04 

0.  ill) 
0.04 
l.Oli 

1.  on 
i.oj 

1.00 
O.UR 

i.o:) 

0. 00 
0.9(i 
0. 08 


»-  I  - 

'5  ;  1 
i  '  s 


o 
g 


N 


5    .a 


0.38 

o.:i7 
o.;i« 
I).  ;)7 
o.;!7 
0.  ;w 
0.  ;i9 

0.40 
0.39 
0.3M 
0.37 

0.  ;i9 

0.37 
0.37 
0.37 


0.61 

0.  Wl 
0. 49 

n.5o 

0.4rt 


0.47 

0.  IK 

0.«0 

0,  Wi 

0.20 

O.tXi 

O.,--.! 

0.18 

o.ai 

0.17 

0.08 

o.r,i 

O.lri 

0.  (-.3 

0.  wx 

0.18 

0.08 

0.,M 

0.18 

0. 09 

0.,'-i2 
0.  ,'^.0 

0.  ,ro 


0.98 

I.  or. 


0.37 


0.3.S  I 
0.40  I 
0.37 
0. 37 
0. 36 


0.  r.2 
0.54 
0..'-.2 
I  0.51 

:  0.54 


0. 45 
0. 4li 
0. 45 


1.00 
1. 00 
0. 00 
1. 00 
1.05 
1.01 
1.05 
1.09 
0.90 


0.38 
0. 40 
0. 3H 
0. 37 
0.  40 
0.42 


n.  ,"5 

0.  .54 


0.40 
0.38 
0.38 
0.40 
0.38 


0.54 
0.00 
0.49 


0.1(i 

0.17 
0.  15 
0.18 
0.17 
0.18 
0.20 
0.18 
0.17 
0.18 
0.18 
0.18 
0. 19 
0.17 
0.18 
0.17 
0.19 
0.18 
0. 1« 
0.15 
0.17 
a  19 

0.  in 

0. 1(1 
0.  Hi 
0. 15 
0. 1(! 
0. 15 
0.18 
0.19 
0.18 
0.17 
0.19 
0.18 
0.17 
0.18 
0.18 
0.17 
0.19 
0. 15 


SiMcimen  and  rcniarks. 


0.50 

0. 17 

0.  :m 

0.19 

0.52 

0.18 

0.17 

0..52 

0.18 

0.04 
0.02 
0.00 
0. 01 
0.03 
O.«0 
O.OG 

o.c:i 

0.08 
0.  (i3 
0.08 
0. 09 
0.04  j 

o.m 

0. 01 
O.fiO 
0.(i7 
0.67 
0.66 
0.64 
I).  62 
0. 69 
0.63 
0.64 
0.C5 
0. 56 
0.,58 
0.57 

0. 6;i 

0. 60 
0.68 
0. 62 
0.  W) 
0.60 
0. 62 
0.68 
0.67 
0.08 
0.67 


TyplcMl  of  kucopu. 

d.>. 

I... 

do. 

ilo. 

do. 

dn. 

.lo. 

, ilo. 

, .lo. 

.1.1. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

ilo. 

d... 

do. 

do. 

do. 

ilo. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

.lo. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Typical  of  "  myoidos  ". 
do. 

Supposed  goiiigpintu, 
do. 

Rupreaentiiig  "coKnututi", 

do. 

do. 

Typical  of  "boylii". 

TyiKiof  "bojlil". 

Supposed  to  be  "  Kiunboli ' 


*  III  ttii>  friictioTiiil  iinnilHTH,  the  niunci-iitrir  in  tliat  of  hKuII  itsi-lf,  tlii!  itiMiniuiiiator  being  tbat  of  tbo  currmpouillnK  Akiu. 
t  Thi>  "  ln'i):!it  "  in  tiikrii  hy  lii\)u;:  tlir  nUuU  on  ii  ^laNH  iilalu  (wlicn  it  reHtii  u\nm  tlin  iiiciHurN  ami  liiilliv  obm«>is»,  anil  mcaaur- 
in;!  tVoiii  till'  t:l-iHN  to  till-  l)i}:lirHl  iHtint.  whicli  ih  ut  lliv  imriulala,  ina[ien>cDdicubirthatpii8aC(iBli(£bUy  InfruDtuf  tbeballlD. 
;  From  lip  ol'  ini-i^ora  1 1  luck  of  L-otiilylo. 


MUi:iDAE— 810MODOHTE8— IlESPEKOMYS  LEUOOPUS. 


55 


Taiile  lX.—ifea»tirrmtnU  of  trreiilg-fift  tIcuVt  <tf  HKWKnoMXH  i.KL'C(iptTii,  •fv.— Continuod. 


SIlH 

mi 
mi 
mi 

Vi",? 

ni? 


11 ;  1 


ieus. 

ill' I 

itui) 
f  7!' 

tMII) 


LocnlUj'. 


Montvroy,  Cul 

ilo 

Fort  Trjdii.Cul 

ill) 

do 

do 

Siiuiahiuou,  Wiutli 

Stuilocooiii,  Waak 

do 

Clmrco  Kwoiulido 

I'ecoB  Kiver,  N.  Mcx 

Kl  rniHi,  Tl-x 

Turkey  Creek,  Tex 

El  Pano,  Trie 

Fort  Wliii>pl»,  Ariz 

do 

do 

Sanln  Cruz, Sou.  

Fort  Pierre,  Dak 

do 

Little  MiwHiuii  liiver  ... 

Klunmtli  Luko,  Orrj; 

New  Jerwy 

Sniitn  Clura,  Cul 

8aiiit  Louis,  Mo 

do 

do 

Ituciiie,  WiH 

Saint  LouiH,  Mo 

Kuoxville,  Tenu 

Kemiwr County,  Miss  ... 

flociety  Hill,  8.  C 

Schuylkill  River,  I'a 

Carlisle,  Pu 

Unkuunn 


a 


o.v 
o.:i7 
0.4:1 


0.  4'.' 

o.:t7 
0.37 
0.35 

0.38 
0.3e) 
0.3H 
0. 30 
0.40 
0.40 
0.43 
0.40 
0.4;! 
0.38 
0.  ;w 
0. 3C. 

o;tH. 

0.3U 
0.37 
0.41 
0.38 
0.37 
0.35 
0.36 
0.40 
0.40 
0.40 
0.40 
O.lO 

o.:k) 

0.38 


0.&3 
O.M 

o.r.4 


0.51 

o.co 

0.50 
0.  45 

0.54 
0.50 

0. 55 
0. 54 

0.48 
O.CO 


(I.  ra 

0.50 


o.co 


0.5G 
0.40 
0.48 


0.17 
0.17 
0.18 
0.18 
0.18 
0.  lU 
0.17 
0.15 
0.tG 
0.17 
0.19 
0.18 
0.18 
0.20 

o.ao 

0.  IG 
0.17 
0.18 
0.18 
0.17 
0.17 
0.17 


0.  .ir) 

0.52 
0.57 
0.51 
0.51 
0.50 


O.ao 

O.lfi 
0.10 
0.15 
0.15 
0.17 
0.19 
0.18 
0.20 
0.18 
0.18 
0.18 


s 

Ji 

0.(i5 
0. 05 


0.<'>5 
0.04 
0.61 
0.61 
0.60 


0.64 

o.a-i 

O.fiO 
0.68 
0.68 
0.09 
0.59 
0.58 


0.63 
0.60 
0.68 
0.60 


0.70 
0.(iO 
0.60 
0.57 
0.00 
0.64 
0.68 
0.64 
0.65 
0.68 
0.64 


S|ieclinrn  And  ronmrks. 


Typicul  of  "gundM'li". 

do. 

Represeutiug  "  gaiubuli ". 

do. 

do.  '  ^  >         ■      •. 

do. 

SuppoHed  "  nusturus"  or  "  lioy  I  i  i. ' 
Typical  of  "nusterus". 

do. 

Keprescuting  "  toxnuns", 

do. 

do. 

do.  •(  ='  •       -■  '■' 

Purport  in);  to  bo  var.  aonoririK/i. 
KepreHenting  BOiiorieniiit, 

do. 

do. 

Var.  »oHor(eii»l». 

lo.  :       • 

do. 

do. 

Itepreseuliiig  "  gninboli ". 
TyiHjof  "cunipcstris". 
Typical  of  H.  aalifomicHt. 
Typical  of  O.  i^ichiganeniu. 
......dn. 

do. 

do. 

Typical  ufH.  aureotu. 
do. 

do.         '  ■  '; 

do. 

//.  aurniluH  t 
H.  aurrolmi  T 


'  In  the  fyuctloaal  nnmbert,  I  be  nnmenlor  la  that  of  akull  llaclf,  tbo  denanilnatiir  bcisK  tbat  of  Ibe  corrMpondinK  aliin. 
t  The  "  height "  io  taken  by  laj  inff  1  he  akuU  an  aglaaa  plate  (when  it  rcata  u|wn  the  Inclaera  and  bnlloQ  oaacfe),  and  monBUring 
frotn  the  glaaa  to  the  bl{;bc8t  point,  which  IH  nt  tbo  jtariotals,  in  a  perpeniUoular  that  pasaea  aliKblly  in  front  of  the  bulla;. 
J  From  tip  of  tuoiaora  to  back  or  condyle. 

All  the  skulls  of  obviously  ungrown  animals  are  excluded  tVuiii  the  fore- 
going table  as  tending  to  vitiate  general  results,  although  there  are  many 
included  of  specimens  in  the  gray  state  of  pelage. 

On  examining  the  tablt;,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  chief  discrepancy  the  scries 
utt'ords  is  in  the  case  of  H.  michiganemis.     This  averages  noticeably  less  than 


TjB 


MONOUUAl'US  OF  NOUTII  AMEIllCAN  KOUKNTIA. 


Ww.  iivciagc  of  \\\i'.  rest,  and  iiltout  ('(|ual.x,  (»r  rather  fulls  n  little  short  of,  the 
iiiiiiiniuiii  of  Icucopits.  In  length,  no  fnll-grown  .skull  of  kitcopux  drops  to  0.90, 
while  the  uvcrage  of  mickigiinenm  is  only  0.94 ;  mid  the  uvcrnge  Icngtli  of  the 
under  jaw  of  inichiganensk  is  similarly  just  under  the  miniinuin  of  leucopus 
(0.(!0).  It  is  proi)al)l(!  that  californicus  wotild  just  overreach,  on  an  average, 
the  maxiiiiuni  of  Iciicopun;  hut,  with  only  one  specimen  before  us,  we  cannot 
declare  this  to  he  so.  All  the  other  skulls  in  the  lot  fall  entirely  within  the 
iisuid  limits  of  variation  of  leucopus  jnoper.  Here  the  range  is  from  0.94  to 
1.10,  as  minimum  and  ma.xiinum,  with  nn  average  of  barely  over  1.00. 
Tiie  zygomatic  width  of  the  skulls  is  just  about  half  their  length  ;  it  ranges 
from  0.45  to  0.57.  Tiie  height  of  the  skulls,  measured  as  already  explained, 
is  about  0.37  ;  the  length  of  the  lower  jaw  is  about  0.62 ;  the  interorbital 
width  runs  a  tritle  under  0.20. 

We  open  the  discussion  with  the  examination  of  a  series  of  eighty-two 
specimens,  collectcil  at  all  seasons  in  the  same  locality.  This  will  certainly 
give  us  the  individual  variability  of  the  species, — its  normal  llexibility,  indc- 
l)endent  of  those  topographic  or  climatic  influences  which  tend,  when  opera- 
tive, to  bend  it  into  geographical  ditrcrentiation.  The  measurements  are 
relial)le,  at  least  half  of  them  being  taken  irom  alcoholic  specimens;  while 
tile  dried  skins  were  prepared  with  especial  care  by  Mr.  Jcnks.  Neverthe- 
less, we  shall  make  lil)eral  allowance  (see  below)  for  taxidermal  defects  and 
other  sources  of  error  in  calculating  our  limits  of  natural  variation,  as  well  as 
in  deducing  the  normal  standard  of  size  and  proportion  of  parts. 

'i'Aiii.K  \.—iIett»wremenl»  of  Highly  fpecimenii  of  Hksi'i:komvh  lkucopuh,  from  ilidilkborough,  Uatt.,  col- 

Icclcd  by  J.  IK  P.  Jenks. 


a 

ki 

Uutc. 

Nose  to— 

Tail  to  end 
of— 

1 
1 

1 

3 

i 

Nature  ofspo- 
cimeu. 

Eye. 

Kur. 

Occi- 
put. 

Tail. 

Vcr- 
tchriB. 

Hairs 

Ti\.\ 
'.•714 

a?  15 

!i710 
•2717 

•.!7v.'l 

Aiij;.  or  Sept . . . 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do  

n.5,'-. 

(t.  .'•jO 
0.  .'■)0 

n.  .-)0 

0.50 
0.  ,50 
0.  Xfi 
0. 51 

0.95 
0.U2 
O.DO 
0.90 
0.91 
0.90 
0.94 

o.9;t 

1.16 
1.14 
1.14 
1.14 
1,14 
1.14 
1.19 
1.15 

:i.C5 

a.  41 
;t.  13 
a.  110 
a.:i5 
a.  ao 
a.  45 
a.  ao 

2.8;t 



0.36 
0.35 
0.36 
0.38 
0.;i5 

o.:m 

0.40 
0. 36 

0.80 
O.KJ 
0.80 
0.80 
0.81 

o.eo 
0.8:1 

0.80 

Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 

3.25 
3.00 
a.  15 
3.10 
3.10 
3.18 

i  {i> 


MUUIDAE— SIOMODONTBa— UESl'EUOMYS  LEUCOl'US. 


57 


Taulr  \.—Ueaturemenli  of  eighlf  npfcimeiu  of  HKSPRiinMV)!  LRVcnpiiH— Cdiitiuiietl. 


I 


•/I'M 
!i725 

27S7 

iim 
afro 

8780 
2781 
a782 

2784 
2785 
278fi 
2788 
2789 

2:yo 

747 

748 

749 

760 

763 

7r>3> 

871 

678 

873 

874 

876 

870 

877 

878 

m\ 

892 
803 
894 


897 


000 
926 


Dnte. 


1866. 

Aug.  or  Sept.. 

—  do 

....ilo 

....do 

....do  

....do 

do , 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do  

....do 

....do  

....do  

June  n 

May  31 

....do  

Juno  18 , 

April...   

May  , 

April 

....do  

May  ftud  Juue. 

....do  

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 


\ag.  aud  Sept 

...do 

...do 


.do 
.do. 
.do 
.do  , 


.do. 
.do. 
.do  . 


No«o  to— 


Eye. 


0.40 
0.4» 
0.60 
0.62 
0.64 
0.62 
0.62 
0. 61 
0.62 
0.61 
0.62 
0.60 
0.61 
0.60 
O.'IO 
0.60 
0.60 
0.4rt 


Ear. 


0.80 
0.88 
0.05 
0.04 
1.02 
0.90 
0.08 
0.00 
0.96 
0.00 
0.05 
0.00 
0.00 
0.87 
0.83 
0.80 
0.00 
0.80 


Occi' 
put. 


1.12 
1. 11 
1.10 
1.16 
1.10 
1.17 
1.25 
1.10 
1.10 
1. 10 
1.10 
1.20 
1. 16 
1.10 
1.05 
1.10 
1.14 
1.08 


1.17 
1.17 


1.08 
1.17 
1.17 
1.17 
1.16 
1.08 
1.08 
1.18 
1.00 
0.00 


Tail. 


3.00 
8.96 
.3.15 
.3.50 
3.45 
3.40 
3. 46 
3. 42 
3.25 
3.39 
3.:i6 
3.56 
3.08 
2.95 
3.06 
3.25 
3.01 
2. 02 
4.00 
8.75 
3.20 
3.20 
3.00 
3.25 
3.00 
3.10 
3.00 
2.80 
2.90 
3.10 
8.75 
2.60 
2.75 
3.50 
3.17 
2.96 
3.60 
3.00 
3.25 
3.00 
2.3:t 
2.50 


Tail  to  end 
of— 


Ver 
tebriu. 


3.00 
8.75 
3.12 
3.21 
3.;t8 
3.30 

3.:io 

3. 2« 
3. 8.'i 
3. 50 
3. 05 
3.10 
3.34 
2.70 
8.01 
2.90 
2.00 


3.80 
2.  CO 
3.00 
2.00 
3.08 
3.17 
2.80 
3.20 
2.80 
2.00 
2.50 
2.00 
8.60 


3.25 
8.75 
2.17 
8.42 
3.33 
8.  CO 
2.r,0 
3.33 
•■lAiO 
2.00 


Haira 


3.5.1 
3.50 
3.41 

3.70 

3.86 


3.90 


3.17 
3.30 


2.  CO 
3.00 


2.60 


2.90 
8.33 
2.60 
3.00 
2.60 
2.06 
3.60 


I 
I 


0.36 
0.36 
0.38 
0.40 

0..34 
0.34 
0.3;) 

o.:i4 
0.  ;t3 

0.38 
0.38 
0.33 
0.31 
0.32 
0.31 
0.31 
0.30 


0.36 


0..T5 
0.38 


0.35 


0.36 
0.37 
0.37 
0.40 
0.36 
0.36 
0.34 


0.78 
0.79 
0.80 
0.78 
0.85 
0.82 
0.83 
0.81 
0.81 
O.tfO 
0.81 
0.81 
0.86 
0.78 
0.77 
0.78 
0.77 
0.77 
0.7H 
0.76 
0.80 
0.70 
0.77 


0.81 
0.80 
0.82 
0.79 
0.75 
0.81 
0.80 
0.76 


0.80 
0.70 
0.79 
0.83 
0.78 
0.76 
0.75 


0.60 
0.61 
0.57 


0.66 
0.67 


0.66 
0.50 
0.60 


Natiirrof  Kpi'- 
eiini-ii. 


Alcoholic!. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic, 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic, 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Dry. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic 


58 


MONOOKAIMIS  OK  >'OJa'II  AMKRKJAN  KODENTIA. 


.!^ 


^1  ■ 


1,1 


1 

A  mm:  X. — SlmnHrt-mvutH 

of  eiijlili/  Kpnimiim  «/  Ilr.si'KlioMY.s  i.Klcorr.s- 

-Continued. 

*3 

1)27 
7429 
74;«i 

HOI 

H02 

H);t 
yo4 

827 
!):tr. 
!);ui 
'.);i7 
iiit'.t 

!M0 
'.142 

«4:t 

"J44 

no.". 

110(> 
1107 
1108 
1110 

nil 

1112 

nil) 

1114 

iiir. 

IlK! 
1117 
lllH 

nil) 

1120 
1122 

i4:s:i 
I4;i4 

271)1 

to 
27!Kt 
10828 

tn 
108!):) 

1 

Diitc. 

None  to-  • 

Tiiil  to  end 
of- 

1 

1 

'2 

Nulnreof  »!«- 
cimen. 

Eye. 

Ear. 

Occi- 
put. 

1.17 

Tail. 

Ver- 
tebrn' 

Hnirit. 

.... 
.... 

i 
i 

9 

<? 
i 
i 
i 
i 
i 
i 
<? 

9 
i 
i 
i 

1H.V.. 
Aug.  anil  Sopt . 
...do    

;i.  '■> 

:l.  :i5 

:i.  ,^o 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Aleohcdic. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Alcoholic. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Yonng;  dry. 

Dry. 

YonoK;  dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Fresli. 
Fresh. 

Alcoholic. 
Alwdiolic. 

i 

do 

.Inne  Dll 

Jiiuc.MI 

....do  

JlUlt! 

0.  ,V. 

0.  4.-. 
0.  .7.) 

1.00 

0.  89 
0.98 

1.10 
1.15 
1.18 
1.14 
1.  l.-V 
1.17 

;t.50 
:i. :« 

4.00 
3. 75 
3.40 
3.75 

:i.  50 
:i.  :io 

3. 75 
2.80 

:t.  40 

2. 75 
3. 40 

3.25 
2.90 

;i.  ,3;i 

3.40 
3.10 
2.ii0 
2.40 
2.00 
2.40 
2.90 
2.40 

2.  a5 

3.25 
2.40 
2,70 

;i.oo 

2.90 

3.00 

3.50 
3.50 
3.'.0 
2.70 
2.50 
2.75 
2. 50 
3.00 

2. 95 

:i.:i5 

2.  45 

2.80 
:t.  05 
3. 00 

0.37 
0.30 
0.34 
0.38 

0.80 
0.80 
0.78 
0.80 

0. 5:) 

0.  .54 
0.03 

Octolierl 

Oilol.crllO 

Octolicr  21) 

....do 

Novcnihcr  1 

o.r.0 
0.  .--.i 

0..I8 
0. 411 

O.'M 
1.00 
0. 9,1 
0.9:1 
0.99 

o.:i;i 

0.:!5 
0.34 

0.  :i:i 

0.30 
0.35 

o.:w 

0.32 

0.80 
0.79 
0.78 
0.75 
0.81 
0.7;) 
0. 70 
0.75 
0. 8:i 
0.82 
0.82 
0.78 
0.81 
0.74 
0.80 
0.78 
0.70 
0.83 
0.79 
0.72 
a  73 
0.79 
0.80 
0.81 

0.59 
0.58 
0.54 
0. 52 
0. 05 

0. 54 

0..'W 
0.50 

U.55 

0..58 
0.  5.5 

0.  .52 

OctolwrlO 

Octobcra.') 

0.48 

0.88 

1.15 

Nr.vi'nilii'r  1.1  .. 
NovemlHjr  lit  .. 

3. 75 
3. 75 

:i.  (>o 

Novenibcr  11.  .. 

3.90 
3  40 

November  8  . .. 

Novoniber  1)  ... 

November  12  .. 

:i.90 

Dmimber  10  .. 

3  10 

2.  ,55 
3, 25 
2.  IB 

:i.io 

2. 10 
2.  (m 

2.60 

2.75 
3.25 

2.  (i,-, 

2.80 
.3.1L 
2. 15 
2.70 

0.x. 


November  10  .. 

4.00 
3. 90 

November  21  .. 

November  7  . . . 

:i  50 

N'.ni'mber  20  .. 

November  10  .. 

;i.  40 

November  0  . . . 

:t.  75 

....do  

185<). 
March  28 

O.M 

1.00 

1.17 
1.17 

3.00 

3.  :i3 
:i.50 

Mnreh  29 

1 
I 

1 

(Av,.ra-r)  .... 

n.  .-,1 

0.9I 

..14 

•  2fi 

:t.oo 

:i.  20 

_  _ 

o,:t4 

0.80 

0.  .55 

MUinJ)Ai:~81(;MOI)()NTES— UESI'EKOMYS  LEUCOPUS. 


59 


Tlic  average  leiigtli  of  tlie  trunk  (liend  an<l  ImkIj)  of  lliis  series  is  a  little 
over  tliree  and  a  quarter  incites. 

The  average  length  of  the  tail-verteboc  is  almost  exactly  three  inches. 
As  the  usual  length  ol"  the  terminal  pencil  of  hairs  is  about  two-tenths  of  an 
inch,  the  tail  may  he  considered  as  averaging  a  little  less  than  the  length  of  the 
trunk. 

The  distance  from  nose  to  eye  averages  barely  over  half  an  inch ;  tiiat 
from  nose  to  ear,  barely  over  nine-tenths  of  an  inch  ;  the  length  of  tlie  head, 
about  one  inch  and  an  eighth. 

The  jialms,  with  the  nails,  are  barely  over  one-third  of  an  inch. 

The  soles,  with  the  nails,  are  almost  exactly  Ibur-fiflhs  of  an  inch. 

The  ears  average  half  an  inch  and  hall"  a  tenth  of  an  inch  in  lieight, 
measured  from  the  notch  in  front. 

With  these  standard  dimensions,  we  have  the  tbllowing  range  of  vari- 
ation : — 

Of  the  ears,  0.50  to  0.C5 — a  difTerence  of  0.15.  But  these  wide  extremes 
are  not  often  exhibited  ;  the  ordinary  variation  is  within  0.10,  or  about  twenty 
per  cent,  of  the  mean. 

The  soles  run  from  0.70  to  0.83 — a  difference  of  0.13,  and  ordinarily  range 
from  0.75  to  0.^0.  They  do  not  appear  to  vary  quite  as  much  as  some  other 
parts;  but  this  may  be  partly  due  to  the  fact  that  their  admeasurement  is  made 
with  great  accuracy,  and  that  they  do  not  change  much  in  drying. 

The  palms  range  from  0.30  to  0.40 — a  difference  of  0.10,  or  nearly  thirty- 
three  percent,  of  the  mean.  But  tiiis  is  a  difficult  measurement  to  nuike 
with  nicety,  and  probably  the  real  variation  is  not  quite  so  great. 

The  distance  from  nose  to  eye  ranges  (among  the  alcoholics,  alone  reli- 
able in  tbis  instance)  from  0.49  to  0.59 — a  difference  of  0.10,  or  twenty  per 
cent,  of  the  mean,  as  before.  The  distances  from  nose  to  ear,  0.80  to  1.02, 
and  from  nose  to  occiput,  1.02  to  1.25,  appear  t'ghtly  more  variable. 

But  the  most  important  point  is  the  deter  (tion  of  the  total  length  of 
trunk  and  of  tail,  and  of  their  relationa  to  eacii  othc  .  for  several  siippo.sed 
species  are  implicated  in  this  matter.  As  the  figures  stand,  the  shortest  speci- 
men has  the  trunk  2.33 "inches,  and  two  others  2.50;  but  these  are  not  lull 
grown,  and  it  will  l)c  well  to  fix  the  minimum  adult  length  at  not  le-ss  than 
2.75.  The  maximum  length  as  given  is  4.00,  but  the  two  or  three  specimens 
which  alone  txjuch  this  figure  are  certainly  overstuffed,*  and  it  will  be  safe  Ut  fix 

*  Wo  bUTo  leen  tpecimeiis  »'   Seil  up  to  4.50  without'  obvious  diotortion. 


60 


MONOCIHAPIIH  OF  NOUTH  AMEKICAN  KODENTIA. 


\U'.:  iiiJixiiriiim  id  .'5.75.  Even  with  lliis  liberal  cutting-ofT  of  exlromcs,  we 
liiui  1  Icsprromys  Iciicopus  lo  niii^'n  Croiii  2.75  to  3.75  in  the  snnie  locality,  and 
cstiihlisli  a  variability  of  a  full  inch— that  i.^  over  twenty-five  per  cent,  of 
tilt!  tncan  lrii<(th. 

Ill  length  of  tail-vertehra',  one  specimen  stands  2.10;  but  this  may  be 
exclii(!;:!l,  and  2.40,  of  which  tlnire  are  several  in.stances,  be  accepted  as  a 
normal  ailiilt  niiniinum.  TIk;  figure  .'{.40  is  probably  the  normal  adult  maxi- 
iiiiini.  When  we  take  in  the  pencil  of  hairs  at  the  tip,  we  should  widen  the 
limits  a  trille,  since  this  la.st  is  a  very  variable  feature.  The  whole  tail,  there- 
fore, varies  in  length  at  least  one  inch,  and  probai)ly  a  little  more,  just  ns  wc 
should  have  anticipated  from  the;  natun;  of  the  case.  We  have  already  seen 
that  the  tail  averages  0.25  of  an  inch  shorter  than  the  head  and  body — that 
is,  it  just  n^iches  to  half-way  between  the  eyes  and  the  snout,  the  latter  dis- 
tance l)eing  0.50.  Now,  for  its  variation  of  relative  Icu^.h,  we  have: — In 
several  specimens,  the  tail  is  a  full  inch  (even  af\er  striking  off  a  margin  for 
possible,  error)  shorter  than  the  head  and  Ijody ;  in  others,  the  tail  is  equal  to 
or  longer  than  the  liead  and  body — sometimes  over  a  fourth  of  an  inch  longer. 
So  that,  as  the  head  of  this  species  averages  a  little  over  an  inch  in  length,  it 
Ibllows  that  the  tail  of  leucopus  may  barely  exceed  Uie  body  alone,  or  it  may 
consideraljly  exceed  the  head  and  'jody  together. 

It  gives  us  pleasure  to  find  that  our  results  agree  very  closely  with  those 
Mr.  Allen  reached  in  his  valuable  paper*  on  the  Mammals  of  Massachusetts. 
The  sligiit  diirercnce  comes  from  the  fact  that  to  keep  largely  within  bounds, 
and  .so  to  be  unquestionably  on  the  safe  side,  we  lopped  off  u  certain 
margin  from  our  extremes,  while  Mr.  Allen  presented  his.  Ilis  paragraph  is 
well  worth  fpioting  in  this  connection ; — 

"The  most  variai)le  character  consists  in  the  relative  length  and  number 
of  the  caudal  vertebrae.  Ai)out  one-fiflh  of  the  Massachusetts  specimens  have 
the  tail-vertebrae  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  jad  and  body  together  ;  occa- 
sionally, a  specimen  is  found  in  which  the  tail-vertebrae  alone  exceed  this 
lenutli  by  one-i()iii1h  to  one-half  an  inch.  At  least  four-liflhs,  however,  have 
the  tail  shorter  than  the  head  and  body,  and  occasionally  one  occurs  with  tlie 
tail  only  equal  to  the  body  alone.  In  these  latter,  the  proportional  length  of 
the  tail-vertebra>  to  the  length  of  the  head  and  body  is  as  68  to  100 ;  in 
the  other  extreme,  or  in  those  with  long  tails,  as  118  to  100.     The  variation 


•  Itiill.  MiiH.  Cdiiip.  Z(«)l.  i,  !W7. 


MUIIIDAE— 8IOMODONTES— HESPEROMYS  LEDCOPU8. 


61 


between  these  extremes  is  hence  about  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  me^n — n  striking 

example  of  the  unreliability  of  this  character  as  a  specific  distinction 

The  number  of  the  vertebnc  varies  from  twenty-four  or  twenty-five  to  above 
tiiirty.  In  regard  to  absolute  size,  the  length  of  the  head  and  body  together 
in  Massachusetts  specimens  rarely  exceeds  four  inches;  the  average  is  between 
tliree  and  a  quarter  and  three  and  a  half;  perhaps  nearer  tho  'i.tter." 

In  continuation  of  this  matter,  we  next  bring  in  our  entire  series  of 
Hesperomys  Icucnpus  from  Eastern  North  America,  embracing  specimens  from 
Labrador  to  the  Carolinas,  and  westward  to  Kansas,  inclusive  (our  Arctic 
and  western  examples  are  elsewhere  tabulated  and  discussed).  We  admit  to 
this  series  only  what  we  claim  as  unquestionable  leucopus  jiropcr,  excluding 
even  the  recognizable  geographical  races.  And  even  after  this  exclusion, 
there  are  six  nominal  species  from  the  region  just  indicated  requiring  our 
attention. 


Taule  Xl.--i£e(uuremenl»  ojabout  one  hiindral  (and  lint  of  many  more)  tpccimcfit  of  Hksfkromys  lkucopus 

from  Eastern  Sorlh  America. 

[N.  B. — All  iDOflHnrtMl  dry  UDless  olberwtiso  atAt«<1.] 


1 

i 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Noacto— 

Tall  to 
und  of — 

1 
0.34 

i 

S 

1 

Roroarka. 

k 

1 

1 

t 

t 

> 

•>  an 

i 
'a 

n 

3.00 
IK 
J.  73 
190 
175 
1.00 
1.40 
1.30 
1.43 

3SS4 
3995 
147S 

nn 

ma 

9030 
8060 
3MI 

nst 

1338 
3910 
083 

n.  DoSannare.. 
....do 

0.M 
0.4C 

I.OI 
0.03 

7  00 

n  7A 

0.58 
0.33 

"artlcna",  Sausa. 
•balrdll",  Sanaa. 

SappoBoA  "myoldcB",  but  typ- 
ical lewoput. 

Typical  Uueojivt. 

SuppoBPil  myoidtSy  but  typical 
\eueiypm. 

Typical  UucQp\u, 

do. 

Type  of  "  niyoldoa  ", 

do. 

...do 

9. 9o'3.  40 

0.330.74 
..    0.80 

...aso 

0.80 

Halifax,  N.S 

do 

do 

3.90 

3.70 
3.60 
9.M 
3.35 
3  10 
3.93 

do 

.  do       

do 

.  do   

0.8. 
0.81 
0  83 
O.TJ 

..  do    

...  do  

...do 

....do  

.... 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

J.R.Wim» 

G.  E.  llrackett 

0.00 

1.33 

;i.oo 

4.30 
3.00 

3.00 
3.U 

110 
1.16 

J  13 

113 
J.  70 

Montreal,  Canada. 

I)elfast,Me 

BarllngtoD,  VI 

...do 

0.83 

U.80 
0.78 

0.80 
0.83 

0  07 

O.Ou 

0.05 

833 

833 
834 
1.113 
1313 
104341 
to     ( 
10490/ 
8741 

3749 

9 

Z.  Tbompaon  .... 

3.60  3.30 

J.  40303 
9.75360 
3.003.00 

..  do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

... 

1.17 
1.17 

...do 

...do 

4.93 

..Co   

...do  

Aloohotio;  3-otuig. 

Mtinmimd  tn  aloohnl)  typical 
of  "niyoidea''. 
.    do. 

...do       

do 

....do    

do 

9743 

...do    

..do 

do. 

.(44 

a 

...do 

...  do 

0.90 

11.87 

1,11 

9.03 

3.03 

1.88 

o.3a 

0.78 

0.«4 

do.        -..  ■^■3.;  .•■■■. 

(;2 


iMONOOISAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMIMJICAN  RODHN'TIA. 


'I'aiii  r.  XI.— .V('«i(i(')«in(«  ofnhoul  one  huiiArnl  (diiil  linl  ofmiiiiy  moiT)  »;wimfii»  0/  IlKSPEliOHYs  i.ECCorus 

ffiim  lUiHlirh  \orlIt  .tmn-itv — Ci)lilil)nf<l. 


1 

B 
'A 

■/ 

{ 

I.«>c(ililj-. 

Cdlirlor. 

Nimo  U>— 

Ta 

OUll 

il(o 
ol- 

4 

X 

t 
i, 

11.31 

i 

1 

Kfiiinlkfl. 

0.S 

0.8 

1 

n 

l.K 

2.94 

If 

> 

1.1; 

i 

"a 
.1.3 

'.14.1 

iiiii:iii;:tuii,  vt  .. 

Z.  ThoniiiMiii . . . 

3.75 

a.(» 

McaBiiriMl  In  alcoliot;  typicnl 

of  '•  Miyoidi'H". 

S'llj 

f 

..  I'l)  

..  do 

0.4! 

o.m 

1.0( 

1703.72 

18: 

.1.38 

0.8: 

0.U 

....  do. 

a;7ii 

Wal.rvillc,  N.  Y  .. 

H.  DnviH 

0.3(1 

0.PI 

1.0! 

3.98  3.13 

.1.  4-. 

'0.37 

0.78 

do. 

Ml] 

V 

WllliiiiiiHt'n,  MiiMH 

S.  ILSioddiT... 

0.5: 

0.08 

1.1^ 

:l.73  3.3: 

1.4: 

0,30 

0, 75  0.  K 

Alcoholic. 

7l7(i 

.    Clll  

..do 

0.5: 

O.I»7 

1.  It. 

J.  73:1.25 

.1.45 

0.40 

0.80  0.(10 

do. 

2:(:i 

v 

lliiifjhiuii,  MilttH  .. 

T.  M.  Ilriwor... 

0,53 

11.00 

1.1.' 

3.ti'i:i,3.' 

,1.  5: 

0.40 

0  8-. 

0.  05 

do. 

;ii:i!i 

V 

NiiiiNlinn 

S.  IMtolid 

:l.  30  3. 00 

1  15 

0  78 

!!«!( 

Wt'llitTHfiflil.  Conn 

C.  Wiiulit  

Alixiliollc. 

mm 

NWliiilnN.  Y 

1;.  IIow.ll 

0.51 

0.05 

1.11 

.1.  SO  3, 08 

0.30 

0.88 

0.01 

do. 

27X1 

..do  

..  do 

.1. 54 

0.08 

1    fK) 

1. 53  3. 20 

0  IP 

0  8-^ 

0,  03 

do. 

•■mt 

...Co 

.    do 

U.3( 

a  80 

1.13 

.1.25:1.04 

.1.33 

0,78 

O.Cit 

do. 

a73,-. 

...lo    

...do 

0.41. 

0.8: 

1.08 

3. 07  2.41: 

0.3:1 

0.77 

0.33 

ilo. 

3740 

TiopnCounty,  N.  Y 

...do 

0.  4t^ 

O.ilO 

1.1!. 

:P.002.UO 

o.;ii 

0.80 

0.  .V. 

do. 

2741 

.Sill!  llurlKir,  I..  1... 

K.  N.  llyram  . . . 

0.05 

O.Oil 

I.Sl, 

1.033.00 

a3!i 

0.8(j 

0.5... 

do. 

'J74g 

..  >ln 

....do  

0.40 

0.8- 

1.0: 

3.70  3.24 

0.32 

■.78 

0.53 

do. 

iriH 

l'lnliiilil|iliiii.  Pii. . 

W.S.  WiKxl  .... 

0..->4 

0.04 

1.18 

1.43  2.83 

0.38 

0.80 

O.Ci 

....  do. 

37311 

...iln 

..do 

0.31 

0.92 

1.10 

;l.  40  2.07 

0.35 

0. 75 

11.  a 

do. 

37:lli 

SI 1  .Jiiy,  I'll . . . 

.I.StauniT 

0. 51 

0.!H 

l.U 

:l.252.9l- 

0,:i5 

0.78 

0.01 

....  do. 

37:17 

..do    

...do 

0.4! 

0.87 

l.ll 

J.  04  a.  a 

0,35 

0.71 

0..'.7 

do. 

4nw 

Mi'iulvill,..  I'ii    ... 

.I.F.Tllliknlon. 

..  i... 

^ 

do. 

r>»i< 

Cartihit',  I'li 

S.  K.llalrd 

1.1; 

1. 2.VJ.  e: 

3.93 

Kl 

...d,. 

..do    

..do 

...do 

..  do 

..  do 

1. 10  2. 70 


0.77 

do. 

Yoiinir. 
do. 

51SB 

V 

..  do 

..  do 

:l.a32.!10 

.1.00 

0.8 

0.(13 

riiM 

Pt-niiHv  tv.iniii  — 

S.  VC.  \Vi««lUouw 

0.4r 

1.402.00 

•3.70 

0.60 

0.37 

1:170 

Ni'W  .liTwy  

W.  Cooper 

3.00 

3.40 

0.75 

IW) 
473(1 
13111 
1320 

New  .JiTHcy  ? 

Nfw  .IfiBcy  

C'lurki«  County,  Va 
..  dii 

..do 

.1.  IrfiConto 

C.  11.  U.  Konncrl.\ 

...do 

.. 

3.20 

3.75 
123 

2.00 

:i.io 

0.83 

"■ 
0.81 

0.74 

0.43 
0.5.-. 

VinlllK;  typo  of  "citnilH'atliH" 

1331 
1332 
1235 

? 

..do 

...do 

...do  

...do 

...do 

...do 

.1.  .10  3. 20 
J.(»'3.30 

0.81 
0.75 

0.  .32 
0.50 

1337 

? 
? 

...do  

...do 

:L8o'2.(I0 

1,78 

0.72 
0.73 
0.79 

0.3C 
0..')5 

1231 

..do 

..do 

12U7 

...do 

..  do 

13*IH 

do 

1.TO 
10313) 

...do 

...do 

.0 
10.-I73) 

...do 

...do 

-I- 

Alcoholic, 

2773 
8774 
2773 
7407 
9810 
10188 
073 
005 

a 

..do 

...do    

..  do 

.SoulliiTn  SlnlcR  1 
Tftrlioro',  N.  C 

...do 

milslxiro',  N.  C. . . 
do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

!... 

.1.  L.  Itridgiir 

..  do 

M.  A.Ciirlls  ... 

..do 

\V.  (Jeauer 

...do 

0. 5'. 
D.5.-i 
a.5f 

I.4U 

).04 
0.98 
0.80 

1.73 

1.1: 

l.S( 
.K 

.17 

100 
1.33 
103' 

3.94 

1.00 

1.30 

iOO 
1.40] 

ISO 
3.84 
iC5 

3.03 

J.  33 
i30 

1.00 

1.73 
LOG 

t.19 

0.31 

0.38 
.33 

... 
.. 

l).71 
0.82 
a.  80 
J.74 
J.  7: 

J.  Vi 
1.8-. 
1.83 

■■  1 

■■! 

1  48 

1.  43 

1.S0J 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Alcoholic;  Hiippo8e(l"cogDatiiii. ' 

do. 

do. 

Ory;  Hiippoacd  '•  cognntllB  ". 

do. 

Alcoholic. 

4810 
0O87 

CoIoinlmH,  Oil.*  . . , 
...do 

'  'I'liciio  CeiirBia  »pc('lraon»  tend  toward,  porhsna 

Irnin  ordninry  f(>uro;>((j. 


thoy  aro,  vnr.  30Mi/pi)iu» ;  but  I  cannot  dinllnnni.th  tht'in  aallafac' irlly 


MUBIDAE— 8IOMOI)(>NTK»— DESPKUOMYS  LEUCt)PUa. 


G3 


Taiii.i;  XI.- 


-Mcantremrn  la  of  about  one  t  iiNrfrnl  (iiNd  litt  of  maun  more)  tpeciuieii$  of  Hrmpkrom  Y8  lkuci  >i*1'h 
from  EatbTH  Xoith  Jmtrioo— Continued.  .. 


tooee 

10089 
10000 
4910 


lOOW 

t0857 

SKI 

S8lj 
831 

sua 

2750 
27.")  I 

1»I4U1 
to 

10433  J 

47443 

.'BW 
070 
704 
73a 
7X1 
734 
73S 
730 

sni 

8747 
274rt 

mn 

S7S3 
SI793 
2133 
10430 

goi 

4710 
10902 

0833 
S360 
547 
310 

.•>iin 

3128 
3077 
3078 
4003 


Locality. 


Coluinlins,  Ou 

...llo    

.....la 

.St^w  Orleans  La  . . 

Prairio  Mor  Kougr, 

La. 
riraud  CotCAU,  La 

...llo 

(>xrord,Misa 


Luuialaua 

Washington,  Mlsa 

..  llo 

CloTolanil, Ohio  ... 
Soleni.Uhio 

...llo 

...do  


..do  . 


Illliii  la It.  liiilifnay 


W.  Owner.... 

....do 

...do 

J.  Vardnn 

Junjca  Fairio. 


St.  Cbarloa  Col- 

lofO. 

...do  

ftO.L.WailM.. 


J.  Fairio  . 
...do  .... 


...do 

J.  r.  Kirtland  . . 

£.Nowton 

....do 

....do 


New  Lebanon,  Ind. 
West  Mortbfiold  .. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Kacine,  Wla 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

Wiaoonain 

Wiaconainl  Mich. 

i)!aul  Oliiot 
Indian  Riror,  Fli>. 
Pembina,  Minn... 
Fort  Uipley,  Minn 
Saint  Loula,  Mo  . . . 
ln(le))cndence,  Mo 

..  do 

Fort  Riley,  Kana  . . 

...do 

...do 


S.lt.Davia  ... 
n.  Kennicott . 

...do 

....do 

....d,. 

.do 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

A.O.Barry.... 

...do 

...do    

P.RUoy 

J.  LeOonto 

....do 

O.  Wiirdoniann . 

C.Caviloor 

.r.  F.  Uead 

Cu  Engelraann. . 
J.  O.  Cooper — 

...do 

K.l)randt 

....do 

...do 


Tail  to 
ujid  of— 


1.  ou  . . . 


3.00 
\M 
3.41 
3.00ri75,a.83 


II.  .%5  0.02 
0.52,0.'J.'i 


0.5j 
0.52 


0.0C 
0.0-J 


4  7,12.25 


14'. 
3.2.'. 
i.» 
I.  Si 
120 


i7.'>2.f 
150... 
.1. 05  . . 
J.  90... 
3.10    .. 


2.60 
3.95 


3.32 
3.35 


a06 
3.03 


190 
3.40 


SO 
3.40 
3.70 
4.C 

3.401 


...0.7f 
0.82 
0.82 

o.n 

0.75 
a77 


0.4: 
0.37 


O.BS 
U7I. 


i.35 
3.00 


io- 

3.32 
t70 


140 
2.40 


190 
2.70 


0.35 
0.40 

0.38 


100 

1901 
Il40' 


0.57 
0.35 


0.87 
0.76 
0  7t 
0.85 
0.8.' 


KentarVa. 


AloohoHo. 

do. 

do. 

Alcoholic;  anppoaod  "co;inii- 

tna". 
Alooholio. 


.do. 


do. 

Aicoholie;  Buppoaoil  "oogna* 

■ma". 
Six  ynang  in  alcohol ;  anpiMaed 

"cognotua". 
Alcoholic]  anppoaed   "cogun- 

tua". 
do. 

Alcoholic. 

do. 

do. 


.do. 


0.80  0.32 
0.800.00 


0.37 
0.37 
0.34 


0.36 
0.37 


0.80 
0.82 
0.82 
0.75 
0.70 
0.77 
0.7f 


0.48 
0.50 


0.71 
0.80 


0.80 
0.80 
0.85 
0.88 
0.78 


Aleoholio. 
Young. 

Tonng. 

Yonng. 


Yoang. 
Alcoholic, 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Yonng. 

Young;  "gracillE". 

Type  of  "graciiia" 


Alcoholic. 
do. 


.11 


(54 


MONOdlSAIMIH  OF  NORTH  AMKIIKJAN  UODENTIA. 


'I'Am.K  XI. 


•.V((Hiir(mrn(«  nfohout  otic  hiimlrid  {ami  UhI  of  mnn-/  morr)  iipfcimenii  »/IlHRrF.IiOMYS  I.KI'COl'US 
/mm  Kunlirn  fiorlh  /Imciira— Oontiimed. 


1 


d 


* 

B 

a 

y, 

4 

LiK'nlily. 

Coll.i'lor. 

Koiio  to- 

end 

Ito 
of- 

i 

1 

i 

a 

D.m 

& 

lion.arkfl. 

ll 

i 

1 

J..W 

1 

"3 

Fort  Wloy,  Kiinii 

K.Ilrnndt 

.'ilk'J 

.f 

...il.i 

Ni'okIio,  KmiH  .... 

....do  

3.0(1 
3. 7,'i 

J.UO 

1.50 

0.70 
1.8t 

Frcah. 

II.  !•'.  (JOHB 

4317 

'f 

,...il 

...  d 

3. 7." 

3.50 

I).  Ml 

do. 

KtH 

,f 

...III. 

....do 

;iao 

JK7 

3  00 

II,  Kl 

do. 

ma 

9 

....lo 

..   do 

'I  no 

3  50 

2.70 

0.8.1 

do. 

Young. 

rnu 

...ilo 

..do 

0.80 

<«:! 

"NclirnHka" 

.I.O.OmlHT 

0.  30 

1.00 

i.ao 

•J.M 

iOO 

3.00 

0.39 

0.82 

0.02 

Alcoliollo. 

lOllb 

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...do 

O.K 

0.00 

1.00 

3.00 

J.  05 

2.72 

0.3C 

0.78 

Vk 

do. 

loorm 

Tciiw   

J.  Il.Clarko.... 

0.,Vi 

0.0.-. 

1...J 

3.75 

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0.50 

do. 

101.^9 

...  il 

...  do 

O.Sli 

0.08 

1.18 

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■IV. 

2.00 

i).3« 

0.80 

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nei 

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C.  Itarnnton  — 

8.00 

100 

1.71 

do. 

41K11I 

Caiiiula  Wi'Ht 

IJ.W.Bcadk'.... 

....  do. 

74K(1 

Illn;jhiin),  MnRH  .. 

Dr.  Ilrewor 

do. 

iii4'.'a 

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...do  

do. 

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I(i4:n  1 

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S.II.Scuddcr.... 

do. 

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10447 

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744:i 

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S.B.I),ivls 

104110  ■ 

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10407 

48:^4 

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to 
104,.'l  1 

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lirookvllli',  Ind... 

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do. 

1{.  Ilayniond  — 

D.54 

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3.40 

2.00 

3.00 

a.m 

0.82 

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• 

do. 

74.V, 
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7440 



nalifai.N.S 

Dr.CllpIn 







Il(!- 


MURIDAE— SIOMODONTES— UE8PKUOMYS  LEUCOPUS. 


Gf) 


It  sccrns  unnecessary  ("or  us  to  examine  the  figures  of  this  tal)le  in  detail 
atler  what  \vc  have  said  of  the  Massachusetts  h)t.  Bringing  together  so  many 
specimens,  vvc  fintl,  does  not  appreciably  afl'cct  the  Jenks'  average ;  but  it  lias 
the  inevitable  result  of  spreading  the  extremes  a  little  farther  ujiart,  and 
proving  the  range  of  variation  to  be  rather  more  than  we  allowed  in  the  former 
case — in  fact,  it  demonstrates  the  variability  of  the  species  to  be  fully  as  great 
as  claimed  by  Allen. 

Contrary  to  our  expectation,  we  do  not  find  in  this  series  any  evidence 
that  latitude  exerts  an  appreciable  iniluence  upon  the  absolute  size  or  relative 
proportion  of  the  parts  of  this  mouse.  Nor  do  we  observe  any  difference 
with  latitude  in  the  character  of  the  pelage,  the  hairiness  of  tiie  soles  or  tail, 
&c. — at  any  rate  to  an  appreciable  extent — and  certainly  no  such  <lifference 
as  may  be  observed  between  summer  and  winter  specimens  from  the  same 
locality  (when  we  come,  however,  to  bring  in  Arctic  skins,  as  below,  we 
shall  be  able  to  see  a  difference).  In  the  matter  of  color,  there  is  positively 
nothing  in  this  whole  series  that  we  cannot  exactly  match  among  Massachu- 
setts skins.  And  yet  it  is  curious  to  observe  that  almost  every  considerable 
geographical  area  within  the  limits  represented  in  the  table  produces  a  slight 
strain  or  breed  of  its  white-footed  mice — some  diiference  in  color  indescriba- 
ble in  words,  but  which  strikes  the  eye  that  is  very  familiar  with  the  subject. 
The  Nova  Scotian  animal  and  the  Virginian,  the  Illinois  and  the  Kansas,  are 
always  distinguishable.  We  venture  to  as.sert  that  we  can  distinguish  in 
North  America  about  twenty  kinds  of  Hesperomys  leucopus  upon  characters  at 
least  as  constant,  reliable,  and  tangible  as  those  hitherto  held  to  define  the 
greater  part  of  the  "  species"  that  have  been  in  vogue  of  late  years. 


■  w  1 


At 

■m 


The  first  nominal  species  that  we  shall  investigate  is  the  H.  "myoides" 
of  Baird,  who  described  his  animal  chiefly  from  Vermont  specimens,  identify- 
ing it  with  the  "Cricetus  myoides"  of  Gapper.  The  only  characters  ascribed 
to  it  are:  first,  possession  of  cheek-pouches;  secondly,  "tail-vertebrte  gen- 
erally 0.25  of  an  inch  longer  than  head  and  body."  But  we  have  just  shown 
that  the  possession  of  a  tail  a  fourth  (or  more)  of  an  inch  longer  than  the 
body  has  no  significance  whatever  as  a  specific  character ;  and  among  the 
specimens  enumerated  by  Baird  (and  also  tabulated  by  us)  are  some  with  the 
tail  no  longer  than  the  body,  and  others  with  the  tail  shorter  than  the  body ; 
5  u 


m 


^ 


f'.C) 


M()N<)(!I!AI'IIH  OF  NOltTII  AMIMJICAN  KODBNTIA. 


so  lliis  iliiirnctcr  liills  to  tlu;  gromid.  And  to  (iimlly  settle  the  question  of  the 
iictiiul  (.■xistencc  of  ti  s|)cii('s  combining  cheek-poiiclies  witli  a  long  tail,  we 
svill  inlniilucc  tliu  l()l!o\ving  table.* 

'l'.\lii.K  \l\.~l'ri«li  iiim«urimnilH  uj  :hirly-oiiv  KpmmeiiH  of  IIi.hI'KIIomys  " imjoidiH"  from  ylrctic  America. 
lAII  llitm*  iniijMiiromf  iilH  nvv.  friiiii  Miii'cliiii'tm  In  tlii'  llitth,  cxi'i'iit  tlir  Hcvrnth  column,  tlie  tviyi  buluR  niL-OMured  dry.] 


NoMt  to— 

rail  to- 

1 

i 

i 

Liwnllty. 

Collector. 

3 

'3 

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1 

i 

M 

IfCO. 

i 

1 

1 

c 
S 

(3 

> 

s 

si 
c 

i 
1, 

t 

Q 

1 

4iH 

1 

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4.00 

0.80 

nw 

« 

Mar.    !!'.! 

....(1 

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1.12 

J.  00 

3.00 

3.15  0.75 

0.02 

f .  .V) 

i:ai 

J 

Miir     10 

....do 

...do  

U.  57  <i  or. 

1.00 

1.  IC 

2.75 

•2. 900. 7H 

1.70 

0.55 

tM-i 

■i 

.\pr.      5 

...do 

...do  

D.eo 

1.05 

1.20 

1.  65 

3.02 

3  25J0.82 

4517 

•i 
J 

M.y     0 
Miir.    as 

....ilo 

...do  

4.95 
1.90 

3.10 
3. 35 

3.  ;ioi).  78 
3.  .'.O  0.  80 

3. 1  m.  n 

4.VJ7 

...do 

...  do 

0.  05 

1.  15 

l.SO 

0.85 

0.03 

<.'i3(l 

S 

Mnr.   sa 

...do 

...  do  

II.  coil.  00 

1. 15 

.1.  .50 

■2.80 

0.75 

0.  OO 

j.'.ir. 

9 

Apr.   aa 

...do 

...do  

0.55  0.00 

1.05 

.1.00 

All' 

■i.  25'o.  r, 

45-41 

rf 

liny      5 

.....lo 

...do  

1.00 

i7t 

■J.  90  0. 75 

4.'>43 

* 

Mar.   23 

...do 

....do  

O.K. 

0.05 

1.05 

1.  30 

2.80 

2. 9(1  II.  79 
3. 1(1  0. 80 

0.00 

0.55 

4.'i*! 

9 

Mnr.    22 

....do  

...do 

U.C0 

1.10 

1.20 

3.50 

iOO 

0.08 

0.95 

4.ra 

.! 

Mnr.    31 

...do 

...do 

0.02 

1.0( 

1.20 

3.90 

0.  85 

0.80 

0.05 

4.M9 

J 

May      2 

...do 

...  do 

3.  00 

3.10 

3.25 

0.70 

l.'itti 

^r 

Apr.    27 

...do 

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3.25 

2.r. 

■2.50 

0.78 

4.'i,".7 

.^ 

Mny    22 

...do 

...do 

1.00 

2. 20 

■2.  ,')0 

0.70 

4:>i  1 

9 

Apr.    10 

...do 

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0. 55 

0. 95 

1.10 

1.70 

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3.00 

0.83 

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J 

Apr.      7 

...do 

...do 

0.00 

1.05 

I.  15 

3.  00 

■i. «. 

.3. 05 

0.77 

J535 

d 

Supt.     (J 

...do 

R.  Kcniilcc*t 

0.00 

0.™ 

I.IO 

3.  f  0 

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3.55 

0.85 

o.ai 

11.60 

(;hoolc-poiicli0.40to 
aii^lu  of  niouth 

4.'>4li 

<! 

Mnr.    13 

...do 

...do 

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1.  Ill 

3.  00 

2.  5t 

2.88 

0.71 

4:.:i4 

9 

Sopt.     1 

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0.  CO  0. 9(1 

1.  15 

3.50 

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■2.90 

0.75 

0.60 

4r.:ii 

,f 

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...d. 

. . .  do 

0.  CO  0.  !)*4 

1.  10 

3.00 

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0.75 
0.75 

4.'>:«) 

9 

Si.pl.     7 

...do 

...do 

0. 5t*^ii.  O'J 

l.OH 

3.00 

3.  iulo.7e 

4534 

cf 

Si'pl.     7 

...do 

....do  

0. 00  0. 9i: 

1.10 

3.«l 

3.00 

:l.  20  0. 80 

0.80 

0.03 

Ckorkpoiicll  0.42  to 
angle  of  mouth. 

451.>0 

J 

Si.pt.     7 

...do 

....do 

0.  Oi  0.  W 

1.  15 

3. 75 

3.00 

3.200.80 

0.79 

45;ia 

9 

Ool.      lii 

...do 

....do 

1.0.-. 

3.50 

■2.  CO 

,110 

0,78 

0.85 

4534 

■S 

Si'pt.     (1 

...do 

...do 

0.011 

0.90 

1.  10 

3.30 

•iOO 

2.  85 

0.  75 

0. 75 

0.  i>5 

Cbeek.poiicli  0.40  to 
nnglcsof  moutb. 

4511 

J 

Sfpt.      1 

..  .do  

,,  ..do 

1.  1.'. 

3.40 
3.70 

2.50 
3.00 

■2. 75 

3.  a;. 

0.78 
0.80 

4531! 

J 

S,.|,t.     ti 

...do 

....d 

0.  03 

0.9.' 

1.10 

0.80 

0.!)5 

Clieek  pouch  0.40  to 

1 

nn^lo  of  month. 

453H 

9 

SIny    15 

l-'ort  livaolutiou 

...do 

0.00  1.  CO 

\.lll- 

3.  40 

2.00 

■2.  SI 

0.78 

454T 

9 

Apr.    24 

..  do 

..  llo 

1).  G4)  0    IK 

1.0.' 
1.20 

3.40 
3.30 

2.50 

;i.oo 

•175 

3.  a.'. 

0. 75 
0.70 

45:t;i 

9 

r.h.    15 

r.irt  l.ianl 

Avi-rnyt' 

ii.m 

0.  'X 

l.li 

3.  04 

■i-o 

:i.  Of  10. 71 0.75 

0..58 

M;(.\iiiiuni 

0  t)5  1.  1.' 

i.a 

1.0.- 

I.  2.- '3.3.- 

.,  .±  o,L ,.. 

Mitiiniuin 

0.  solo.  90 

3.  00  2.  10 

.1. ,» 

2.2.-. 

l).70<).60 

0.  ('»5 
0.5!i 

*Tlii»  Arctic 


<  is  ..iiinply  a  piirt  (if  tlic  Arctic  scries  iiitrmluct  il  fiirtlicr  on.  Jt  rcprcKentH  the 
variety  s:morwmu,  ami  is  only  l)ron«lit  m  here  to  show  the  matter  of  the  ehcek-poiiehes,  Wc  have 
only  to  icuiark  further,  in  this  iilae,.,  that  the  Arctic  series  averages  larger  thau  'Juited  States siieoiuieua, 
anii  has  shorter  feet  and  ears,  as  well  as  shorter  tail. 


MURIDAE— SIGMOnONTES— OESPKROMYS  LEUCOPUS. 


67 


All  the  foregoing  thirty-one  specimens,  from  sui)stiuitially  the  s«me  locul- 
ity,  were  labeled  "myoiiles"  at  the  Smithsonian,  und  the  cheek-poiuhes 
upi)ear  to  have  been  carefully  examined  by  the  naturalists  who  colleeleil  tlu" 
series.  Tlie  pouches  measure  from  a  little  less  than  two-thirds  to  a  little  over 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  <lepth  from  the  nose,  and  about  half  as  much  in 
deptii  from  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  Now  these  specimens,  with  an  average 
length  of  3.64,  have  an  average  tail  of  2.70 ;  and  in  not  one  does  the  tail  even 
equal  the  head  and  body. 

The  credit  of  first  showing  that  //.  levcopus  has  cheek-pouches  is  due  to 
Mr.  Allen,  whose  suggestion  that  probably  all  the  species  of  the  genus  would 
be  found  to  possess  them  we  have  verified  in  the  cases  of  all  the  intimate 
allies  of  H.  leucopun  examined.  Professor  Baird.  however,  Inul  already  sus- 
pected their  existence  in  this  and  other  species.  (Baird,  op.  cit.  472  ;  Allen, 
op.  cit.  229.) 

Mr.  Allen  is  therefore  perfectly  right  in  saying  that  H.  "myoides"  is 
"positively  identical  with  //.  leucopus.'^  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  add  that 
this  determination  invalidates  the  analysis  of  the  genus  given  by  Baird, 
op.  cit.  458. 

The  Hesj>eroinys  "gracilis"  of  LeConte  is  another  nominal  species.  It 
was  referred  by  Baird  to  his  "myoides"  with  a  query.  We  have  LeConte's 
type  before  us ;  it  is  tabulated  in  the  foregoing  table  along  with  another  speci- 
men (No.  4710),  also  labeled  "gracilis";  both  are  from  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  or 
Michigan,  and  are  in  the  gray  pelage.  The  larger  one  has  the  tail  3.60  long, 
just  about  equal  to  the  body,  which  latter,  however,  is  stretched,  and  now  is 
rat-eaten.  There  is  absolutely  nothing  to  di.stinguish  either  of  these  speci- 
mens from  ordinary  leucopus.  H.  "gracilis,  LeConte"  is  a  taxidermal  acci- 
dent, the  specimens  having  been  stuffed  so  as  to  look  slenderer  than  usual. 

We  have  before  us  the  type  and  only  known  specimen  of  Heqyeromys 
"campestris,"  LeC,  from  New  Jersey  (No.  4726  of  the  preceding  table). 
LeConte's  description  shows  nothing  whatever  different  from  ordinary  leuco- 
pus, and  the  specimen  bears  out  the  description.  The  animal  is  ungrown, 
and  from  long  immersion  in  alcohol  (out  of  which  it  has  been  lately  skinned, 
in  a  wretched  state  of  preservation)  has  lost  every  trace  of  its  original 
coloration. 

Of  two  specimens  before  us  from  Labrador,  one  (No.  3924)  is  labeled 
"arcticus,  Sauss.",  and  the  other  (No.  3925)  "bairdii,  Sauss."     We  trust  that 


¥*! 


(JH 


MON()(H{AI'JI8  OF  NOHTII  AMKKICAN  KODENTIA. 


M.  Dc  Siiussurc!  Im«  been  iiHin!  tbitunnto  in  handling  Mexican  Ilesperomys 
tliiin  lir  wiis  ill  (hi8  case,  for  one  of  these  specimens  is  an  adult  and  the  other 
a  yoimj,'  cxiimplc  of  /ruco/ius;  neither  of  them  shows  the  sliKlitest  departure 
Ironi  the  ordinary  ty|)e.  We  Imve  not  mot  with  either  of  these  names  in 
print,  and  il',  indfcd,  they  were  never  published,  we  shall  regret  their  appear- 
ance on  our  i)age ;  for  a  synonym  once  rooted  is  havd  to  eradicate. 

Now,  passing  over  for  a  moment  a  certain  Eastern  Unitc<l  Slates  variety 
of  liuaipux  tliiit  w<;  shall  Ix;  |)r<'pared  to  establish  lliither  on,  and  likewise  post- 
poning consideration  of  the  names  "cognatus"  and  "maniculatus",  as  these 
are  best  treated  in  connection  with  var.  gosni/pinus,  we  will  examine  several 
western  names  that  we  claim  iiave  no  ioundation. 

Th(!  iirst  western  "s])ecies"  (so-called)  that  we  shall  notice,  is  Hesperomys 
"texaiius"  of  Woodhouse  (type.  No.  2551),  Mus.  Smiths.,  in  alcohol,  from 
Western  Texas).  The  author's  description  shows  nothing  whatever  different 
from  ordinary  kitcopiis,  except  small  size  (length,  2.10;  tail  the  same) ;  but 
this,  of  course,  is  matched  by  any  other  nngrown  kucopus.  The  character, 
"legs  white  on  their  inner  surfat.-e  only"  («'.  e.,  color  of  back  extending  over 
outsidt!  of  legs),  is  not  of  the  slightest  consecpieiici!,  since  plenty  of  typical 
leacopus  show  it,  especially  immature  ones.  In  admitting  the  species,  wliicli 
he  places  next  to  le.ucopus,  Professor  Baird  found  it  "very  difficult  to  eharac- 
terize  it  as  distitict  from  kucopus,  although  it  is  very  probable  that  the  two  are 
distinct."  He  assigns  "size  and  proportions  about  as  in  kucopus;"  and  his 
table  of  measurements  docs  not  show  any  discrepancy.  The  ears  are  not 
smaller,  as  given  by  both  these  authors.  We  fail  to  appreciate  any  distinction 
in  color,  except  a  slight  average  paleness ;  and  for  this  we  shall  be  abundantly 
prepared  after  we  have  looked  up  var.  sonorknsis.  Finally,  we  tabulate  the 
several  specimens  that  have  been  referred  to  kxanus ;  it  is  the  more  surpris- 
ing that  Dr.  Woodhouse  should  have  described  his  specimen  as  distinct,  since 
he  was  well  acipuiinted  with  kucopus,  which,  as  he  says,  is  "common  in  the 
Indian  Territory  and  Texas." 


MUllIDAE— 8IGMODONTES— IlESPUUOMYS  LKUCOPUH.  fiO 

TaulkXIII.— ii«(o/«p«!iiii<!ii»o/llEsl'KliOMV8"<«oiiMi"  not  dlff<rittg in  amjmptci  from  ortHnary  l.KVCovv». 


i 
& 

hiKtUly. 

Collwtor. 

Koavto— 

1 

1 

i 
1 

i 

a 

1 

ItKmarks. 

k 

i 

t 
1 

1 

e 

I 

fi550 

ino 

MS 
7400 

44B 
1037 
1038 

3tn7 

SUM 
10134 

to 
10l3oJ 

1734 
571) 

ODIO 

7400 
10314 
10315 
10310 

Wofltorn  Texas 

...  Uo    

B.  W.  Wuodbonao 
J.  Pope 

aso 

3.40 

ar. 

0.78 

T)pr;  nlcuhollo. 
Very  yniiuf;. 

Alcoholic;  yoiinK- 

AlcohoHo. 
....do. 

Eir«K.,T« 

Urownnvlllo,  Tdi 

Peon  III  ver,  Tcjt 

TnrkoyCpMk.Tt'X... 
do 

J.  II.  Clark 

3.75 

8.08 

0.80 

1  ... 

C.  I).  11.  Keonorly 
,..,do 

...dp 

L  C  Einoiidberg 

0.43 

0.83 

S.05 

0.35 

0.73 

Fort  nilM,  N.  Mex  . . . 

FoitCimnd.N.  Uax.. 

WKoTanlm,  N.Mox.. 
Cbarro  B«:oDdl<lo  — 
FurtConrnd,  N.  Mex.. 
MatamoraH,  Mexico  . . . 
do 

8.  W.  Crawfonl  . . . 
C.  h.  R.  Kennorly 
J.  Popo 

0.50 

0.(11 

1.18 

.140 

0.84 

0.38 

0.83 

D.N.  Conch 

sno 

3.40 
2.40 

ao5 

3.50 
3.50 

0.35 

aso 

0.71 

aM 

C.  a  R  EouDorly 
I)  M.  Couch 

0.41 

0.00 

1.10 

....do 

....do. 

do 

....do 

...do. 

do 

....do 

....do. 

We  now  desire  to  invite  attention  to  the  supposed  species  named  Hes- 
peromys  "gambeli",  in  proposing  which  Professor  Baird  remarks  pertinently: — 
"This  species,  ia  size  and  general  appearance,  represents  very  closely  the 
Hesperomi/s  leucopus  of  the  Eastern  States,  to  such  degree,  in  fact,  that  I  have 
not  found  any  easily-expressed  characters  to  separate  them."  We  ourselves 
fail  to  appreciate  any  differences  whatever  that  are  applicable  to  even  a  fair 
proportion  of  the  specimens  examined,  though  some  are  paler  than  ordinary 
hucopus  I  we  cannot  even  make  Professor  Baird's  qualified  expressions  hold 
good.  This,  however,  being  merely  our  opinion,  good  for  what  it  may  be 
worth,  we  are  called  upon  to  prove  the  point.  With  all  the  original  speci- 
mens and  many  additional  ones  before  us,  we  first  present  a  table,  and  will 
then  discuss  the  same. 


.j.». .,  ,  ,     I -,■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


i*.^  ^ 


V 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


Ui|2j8    |25 
ut  l&i   |Z2 

■luu 

1.4    11.6 


'/ 


Photograiiiic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WBT  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTM.N.Y.  MSM 

(7T«)«72-4S03 


¥^    4^\  WcS 


iJ 


i 


70 


MONOGUAI'lIS  OF  XOHTII  AMEUICAN  UODENTIA. 


i,  ».\ 


Taiii.k  XI  v.— .V((i»i(ifra«i(»  of  about  ftflii  (and  lint  of  other)  fpecimfim  purporting  to  Ic  IIkbpkiiom  y«  "  oambkii" 
from  If  anliiiiijion  anil  Oregon  Trrriiorm  and  California. 


s 
s 
•A 

I0I3II 
74K1 
663 
flO 

it'.'f 

1-jiia 

317" 

3179 

3315 

•«* 

14706 

14707 

368 

369 

470 

477 

47a 

iisei 

3S«I 
SS63 
1U64 
•A'iflS 
2.'i6fl 
2567 
3568 
2M9 

aj-0 

101311 
.« 

1013.-.  J 
3671 
3078 
:I673 

;«i74 
:i67>'; 

3676 
71K1 
17184 

71K'i 
7IW 
10317 

mux 

10310  1 
'" 

io:«4  J 

10963 
7485 

Lucullty. 

f'olhftor. 

Koae  to- 

1 

*          1 

1 

Ri'marka. 

ll    ; 

&  ! 

1 
1 

t 

n 

1 

■s 

1 

1 

1 

n 

Port  Towmend 

do 

Cnncadi.  M't'n.  W»»h 
AHtdriii,  Orf;;.  Tcr  ... 
Fori  I)Hlla»,  Ore)!.  Tir 

Kliiiiiiith  Lakr 

8itiiiitlini<K),WnBb.  Ter. 
do 

1 
I 

AliWholio  1  young. 

Alcoholic. 

Dry 

...uo 

..  do 

..do. 

.-.do. 

...do. 

..  do. 

.  do. 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
...do.        , 

...do. 

...do 

e.M) 

0.90  1  1.08  ' 

1 

3.:)o 

3.85 
3.65 

0.33 

0.88 
0  77 
0.84 
0.1-0 
0.75 
0  76 
0.78 
0.80 
0.80 
0.03 
0.80 
0. 7-1 
0.80 

0.85 
0.6-. 
0.63 
0.68 
0.55 
0.65 
0.64 
0.54 
0.55 
0.70 
0.65 
055 
0  36 

I.ifut.  TntwbriilRe. 

C.Smkli'y    

il.  ?'..  NowlMTry. .. 
C.  11.  IL  KiulKirly 
...do 

4.00 
3.83 
3.35 
3.80 
3.40 
3.60 
.3.30 
3.35 
3.10 
3.60 
3.50 

3.60 
3.90 
3.40 
3.70 
3.00 
9.90 
9.08 
3.30 

0.37 
0.31 

do 

...do 

an.  Cults 

J.  LeCouti''  

CallforoU 

do 

..do         

.     ( 

Montrny,  Cal 

.do    

■•:::'i;:::j 

I'onn  Cntk,  Cal 

lo 

3.75 

9.39 

0.80 

...do 

do 

....do 

...do. 

I'rtaluiua,  C*l 

do 

E.  Samuels 

...do 

0.49 
0.45 
0.44 
0.51 
0.53 
0.47 
0.50 
0.45 
0.46 
0.45 

0.96 
0.85 
0.80 
0.93 
0.93 
0.83 

ago 

0.80 
0.89 
0  78 

1.03 

I.e.-. 

1.03 
1.13 
1.13 

3.75 
i.W 
3.5U 
3.10 
3.85 

9.  .50 
9.64 
9.30 
9.80 
9.7.-1 

u..t;i 

0.36 
0.34 
Oi40 
0.38 

0  73 
O.tO 
n.75 
0  80 

am 

Alcokullc. 
...do. 
....da 

do 

do 

do 

....do  

...do 

....do 

...do. 

....do. 

...  do 

Uo           

..  do. 

Tomal»B  Hay 

do 

do 

...do 

....do 

.  do    

1.10 
1.07 
1.14 

0.95 

3.10 

3.75 
3.35 

3.90 
9.80 
3.80 
3.00 

0.39 
0.3U 
0.33 
0.30 

0.78 
0,80 
0.78 
0.75 

.do 

..do. 

..do 

...do 

do 

...  do 

Aloohulio  1  yonnR. 

Dry. 
...do. 
do 

Kort  Tijon,  Cal 

....  do 

.     dn        . 

3..'i0 
4.U0 

3.10 
3.10 

0.76 
0  81 

0.  .'15 
O..VI 

...do 

do 



do    

tlo      

do. 

do 

do 

...do            

:i.3a 

170 

0.74 

0.36 

...do. 
.  do 

.   ..do       

J.  (.t.  Cuojwr 

....do 

.1.00 
3.00 
3.50 
,100 
3.75 
3.40 

3.75 
9.50 
3.70 
3.10 
3.40 
3.30 

0.38 
0.35 

0.85 

o.n 

0.78 
0.75 
0.89 

Santa  narlinro.  Cal . . . 

.Sun  DIogo,  Ciil 

Colorado  Rlrir.Cil    . 

I'ort  MoJnvB 

ilo    

do 

do 

WaahhiRlon  TiTriUir) 

0.50 
0.60 

..do. 
Frtuh. 
. .  do 
AlcohO||o. 
. .  .do. 

..do 

...  do  

11. 11.  Mulhanm-n . 

..  do 

O.SO 
0.50 
0.  .'.a 

0.87 
0  90 
0.03 

1.35 
1.30 
1.16 

...do 

..do 

...do 

V.  U.  It.  Kcniiorly) 

0  54 
0..W 

0  90 
MO 

1.15 
I.SS 

.1  25 
3.75 

3.60 
3.3.'i 

0.39 
0.30 

0.78 
0  81 

0.65 
0.68 

...do. 
..  do 

*  t.<'CiHit4>'H  it|H't'iiiit>un  Hitiiir  ilitwky  nt  linttn  of  iiiciiitarHiiH;  w)  tUtcs  71^4. 

t  Tlii'Mi  H|ifcitiu'im  of  Dr.  Kt>iint>i  I'v'h  are  iiitrlk-ulm  l.v  iiitt^rt-Rtiuif.  Wn  briitif  tlii>m  in  ))rn>  b('raiiM>  w<>  hiivo  prt-pntrd 
no  M-pi)iiiti>  titlilc  for  '  iMivlii":  liiit  iiio(<t  of  tix'tii  in  Uvi  hv\in\\i  to  tluit  ntylo  nllthoM^  iit  KH.«t  v>tb  \\w  ta'i  ovrr  J.M.  Ub- 
serve  bow  ilmi  in  iliew'  fmiriiMn  f«pi-t-iiiicimthi<  \a\\  midki-m  fntm  bHlfnii  liirhitboiiHi  tnovt'r  balf  nii  IikIi  Iniiprr  tliiin  tbr  Ixirijr, 
niKlhnw  il  iNi^rniliialfilbyW-iithHor  imhiH.  iMmtTvi',  nlmi  tbi*  (liMn-piinrii'H  in  ihfHir.i'of  t  bo  fret  itncl  fiit«  riicNe  niiMiinre- 
iui'IiIh,  \w\\\^  all  iilrotiolir.  ari<  |H'rli-i>ily  icliahb'.  It  ia  iih  iiDiiomtibb-  to  iliiiw  a  line  Hiiywbetp  )H-twifii  tlit'M>  ii|H-<'.'nienH  tw  It 
ia  to  m>|iarattMbt>  Vi-rmiitii  binfftulb-il  iiiici^  from  ibiMnof  tbu  ri-st  of  Mow  Euftlnnd.  Tbin  iitnulv  a  part  of  our  Krt«»  tn>m 
tbm  Iwalily.  Wi-  bavi<  ultui  nninlHTa  I0U.'>  to  101(>3.  whub  wo  bavo duenied  it  uoncoeaiiary  to meaaiiro  or  prraenL  in  u  tabniur 
form,  ai)  tbcy  Riniply  mI>uw  tht>  aaino  ilitng. 


MUKIDAE— 8I0M0D0NTES— UK8PKUOMY8  LEUCOPUS. 


7  J. 


Taui.rXIV. — Ati^aauremcntnof  about  fi/ly  {atidlint  o/other)»ptcimenKpurporting  toheUKfirFAtoyi\'»**GAyinKt.l" 
from  tynnhimjtoH  atul  Oregon  Territorim  and  California — CiuitiuiiL'd. 


1 

LooUlty. 

CoUeolor. 

Nowlo- 

1 

i 

i 

0.  :i:i 

1 

1 

« 

o.eo 

0.73 
0.75 
0.85 
0.70 
O.M) 
0.80 
0.«1 
0.84 
0.00 

a  75 

0.83 
0,9S 
0.P0 

i. 

0.03 
0.63 
0.69 
0.65 
0.08 
0.60 
0.6U 
0.06 
0.73 
0.68 
0.65 
0.75 
0.78 
0.60 

Itcmnrka. 

1 

& 

1 

3 

7444 

504J 
91140 
0S13 
.'i033 
MH 
10138 
10139 
10140 
10141 
10143 
10143 
10144 
7473 
101641 
to 
I0173J 

toaoii 

1. 

10397  J 
776S 
7460 
4»i!l 

10396 

10397 
to 

10301. 

Siminhraoo 

C.  II.  R.  Kennerly. 
..  do 

.100 
3.0U 
3.00 
3.33 
3.70 
3.10 
3.3.-I 
3.30 
3.30 
130 
3.  10 
3.40 
31>0 

3.40 

;ioo 

3.00 
3.00 
3.10 

3.eo 

3.19 

:i.30 
3.60 
3  7.'! 
3.60 

;i.wi 

4.00 
9.  CO 

Alcoliolie. 
— do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 
— do. 

...do. 

...do. 
...do. 

..do. 
...do. 

..  do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...  .do. 

...  do 

do 

...do 

do 

Pllget  Hniuil 

do 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

.lo 

do 

...do 

do 

do.          

.  do  .  . 

do 

...  do 

do 

do 

....do 

...  do 





FortTiJoD.Cal 

da 

J.  Xantns 

0.46 

0.70 

1.07 

....do 

do 

....do 

...  .do. 

do 

do 

Fort  Umpqua,  Orcg . . . 
do 

...do 

...do 

E.  P.  Vollnui  •. . . . 

0.M 
U.SO 

0.03 
0.00 

i.ao 

1. 18 

xm 

3.  SO 
140 
3.90 

3.70 
.130 
4.40 
ISO 

o.:i5 
0.39 

0.8.1 
0.81 
0.09 
a  81 

0.06 
0.68 
0.07 
0.67 

...do. 
...do. 
....do. 
....do. 

...do. 

....do 

do 

....do 

*  Thrae  npecllncna  of  Dr.  Vollum'a  bear  out  tlio  romnrka  madu  under  Dr.  Kennerly* 'a.   One  of  them  ia  referable  to  "  boylii  "t 
tbe  real  are  apparently  "  ganibelU  ". 

The  foregoing  tnble  is  to  be  compared  with  the  following  items  in  the 
original  diagnosis  of  "gambeli" : — "  Very  similar  to  It.  leticopus  in  size  and  pro- 
portions." This  is  true,  even  without  the  qualification.  "Feet  perhaps  shorter." 
This  is  not  so;  the  feet  arc  wholly  within  the  range  of  variation  of  eastern  leuco- 
pus,  and  the  average  of  the  foregoing  table  is  within  an  inappreciable  fraction 
(0.01  or  0.02)  of  the  eastern  average.  *' Ears  larger."  The  largest  ear  in  tiie 
series  is  not  over  the  length  of  a  large  percentage  of  tlie  eastern  series ;  all  the 
cars  are  within  the  eastern  limits  of  variation,  and  tiie  average  ear  is  within  an 
inappreciable  fraction  (0.02  or  0.03)  of  the  eastern  average.  "  Tail  generally 
less  than  the  head  and  body,  sometimes  a  wry  little  longer."  This  expression  is 
precisely  diagnostic  of  typical  leucopus.  ^^ Above  yellowish-hroxcn,  m..^h  mixed 
with  dusky,  hut  without  a  distinct  broad  wash  of  darker  on  the  Itack"  Most  of" 
the  specimens  really  are  paler  and  more  nnitltrm  on  the  liack  than  in  average 


I      i!  ^ 


IF 

"i 


■i  ■ 


72 


MONOGRAPHS  01-"  NOUTII  AMKUlCAN  UODKSTIA. 


leucopus,  and  this  is  pnrticulariy  evident  in  those  from  tlie  open,  dryer  piuts 
of  Southern  Ciiliforiiin,  and  especially  such  examples  as  No.  7185  from  the 
Colorado  Ucsert  region,  where  the  coloration  is  a  hrisk  fulvous,  without  dorsal 
stripe.  But  nearly  all  the  specimens  can  he  matched  by  eastern  examples ; 
and,  moreover,  all  the  northern  ones  are  actually  darker  than  average  leucopus, 
while  most  of  them  show  a  distinct  doisal  stripe.  "  J'//e  entire  outside  of  llir 
fore  leg  below  the  shoulder  white  I"  In  a  part  of  the  specimens  this  is  so,  and  in 
another  part  of  the  specimens  it  is  not  so;  and  the  same  is  the  case  with  ordi- 
nary leucopus.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  characters  ascribed  to  the 
suppo.sed  "gambeli"  fall  to  the  ground. 

Passing  now  to  another  Pacific-coast  species,  so-called,  we  will  premise 
that  in  establishing  his  //.  "austerus",  Professor  Baird  intimated  his  suspicion 
that  it  might  not  prove  valid.  "It  is  barely  possible,"  he  says,  "that  my  //. 
austerus  may  be  a  northern  variety  of  the  common  Califbrnian  species"  (/».  e., 
"gambeli"),  "of  smaller  size  and  darker  color,  somewhat  like  the  gray  and 
smaller  //.  leucopus  of  Nova  Scotia  and  probably  Labrador,  *  *  and  further 
materials  will  be  necessary  to  decide  the  question."  With  the  necessary  addi- 
tional material  before  us,  we  cannot  only  confirm  tiie  suggestion  here  mode, 
but  we  can  also  show  a  perfect  intcrgradation  between  "gambeli"  and  "aus- 
terus"; a  melting  of  this  last  into  "boylii";  and,  finally,  the  positive  identity 
of  "boylii"  with  "myoides",  which  last  we  have  proved  to  be  the  same  as 
leucopus. 

The  Simiahmoo  specimens,  which  arc,  as  we  have  just  shown,  referable 
to  "gambeli",  are  so  much  darker  than  "gambeli"  from  the  dry,  open  parts 
of  California,  that  they  stand  rather  nearer  "austerus"  in  color  than  to 
the  former  examples  of  the  species  they  are  supposed  to  belong  to! 
Color  thus  giving  us  nothing  tangible,  we  will  interrogate  dimensions,  and  see 
if  these  show  anything  of  specific  value.  We  accordingly  present  a  short 
table ;  most  of  our  samples  of  supposed  "austerus"  being  immature,  and 
therefore  excluded  as  tending  to  vitiate  the  result. 


•  y 


MURIDAE— BIGMODONTE8— HE8PEKOMY8  LI5UC0PUS. 
Taiilk  X\.—Me<uurtmmU  oftieeltt  ipudmcm  purporting  to  he  Hk8PKROMY8  "AiTBTenus". 


,.^!, 


f 

113M 
»577 
«S18 
8979 

«*• 
•«880 

83*7 

sau 

OK 
l«M 
3M 
3*S 

Loullty. 

CollMtor. 

Koto  to— 

Talltacmd 
of- 

1 
1 

1 
1 

s 

1 

Bcmarka. 

Byo. 

E«r. 

Ooei. 
pot 

Tail. 

Vertr 
cbrai 

Haira 

Steilaeooni,  Wwh.  Tcr 

do 

do 

do 

d3 

O.SnoUoy... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...  do 

0.93 
0.M 
0.M 
0.M 
0.3S 
0.4S 

I.OO 
0.87 
1.00 
0.70 

o.m 

0.80 

1.18 
1.09 
l.'JO 
0.88 
0.83 

:.oo 

9.87 

a  to 

1.80 
1.89 
9.M 
3.10 

aoo 
a.  79 

3.00 
3.00 
3.10 

3.  SO 
A  70 

ago 

1.38 
1.50 
9.W 
170 

a.  80 

ao8 

3.40 
9l89 
9.40 

0.48 
0.33 
034 
0  97 
0.S8 
ft39 

0.80 
0.79 
ttTO 
O.CC 
O.M 
0.70 
(1.76 
0.77 
0.89 
0.89 
0.70 
0.79 



0.89 
0.90 
0.40 
Qti 
0.99 
a  49 

Alcohnlic. 
Alcobollc 
Alcoholic 

Alo.  { yoQDg. 

Alc.iyouDg. 

Alcoholic. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

VanooDTer'i  IiUod 

Wuhlngton  Tmrltory 

Spok»n,W».b.Ter 

Pu(«t  Sonod,  Wuta.  Ter .... 
do 

A.  W.  IlewMHi 
J.  O.  BwM .... 

J.  Q.  Cooper. . . 

O.Snokloy.... 

....do 

do 

....do 

do 

....do 

*T'  la  apflolniMi  la  remarkftbly  blacklah,  with  Tory  pnra  white  fe«t,  Mid  aeon  by  Itaelf  would  readily  sofupat  a 
dlatlnctlon  of  apectee  from  ordinary  Uu$oput.    It  Is  the  extremo  of  tbo  "anaterua  "  atyle. 

This  little  table  is  curious  and  suggestive.  The  twelve  specimens  hnppf^n 
to  differ  among  themselves  in  size  and  proportions  nearly  as  much  as  the 
whole  eastern  series  of  leucopus  does,  and  show  more  variation  than  would 
be  required  to  establish  several  distinct  species  upon  the  slight  basis  that  has 
been  often  employed.  And  after  allowing  a  wide  margin  for  chances  of  error 
in  measurement  (always  a  safe  thing  to  do  in  dealing  with  stuffed  skins  of 
small  mammals),  discrepancies  remain  that  cannot  be  explained  away.  The  tail 
varies  an  inch,  and  the  ears  and  feet  are  quite  as  variable.  To  sum  up  (with 
special  reference  to  "boylii",  thot  we  are  about  to  diticuss) :  The  tail,  com- 
pared with  the  trunk,  ranges  from  less  than  the  average  of  eastern  leucopus 
up  to  nea;ly  the  average  of  "myoides"  or  "boylii".  The  ears  range  from  the 
smallest  of  leucopus  to  the  largest  of  "boylii".  The  feet  have  the  ordinary 
range  of  either  leucopus  or  "boylii".  Nothing  further  is  needed  to  prove  our 
point. 

In  analyzing  out  species  of  Hesperomys,  Professor  Baird  put  "myoides" 
and  "boylii '  together,  because  they  agreed  in  a  length  of  tail  exceeding  the 
average  of  tiuo  leucopus.  Of  "boylii"  he  says : — "No  cheek-pouches !  Tail 
three-quarters  o(  an  inch  longer  than  the  [head  and]  body";  and  of  "myo- 
ides":— "With  cheek-pouches.  Tail  a  quarter  of  an  inch  longer  than  the  head 
and  body."  The  supposed  distinctions  of  color  do  not  hold ;  for  No.  1313 
("  myoides",  Burlington,  Vt.)  and  No.  578  ("  boylii",  Shoalwater  Bay)  are  almost 
precisely  alike  in  color — much  more  so  than  two  specimens  of  "boylii''  (No. 
678  and  No.  356,  for  example)  are.    No.  356,  the  type  of  "boylii",  is  the  very 


9, 


:i\ 


I J 


' 


74 


MONOGKAPIIS  OF  MOHTU  AMERICAN  UODENTIA. 


tawniest  specimen  we  liave  ever  seen  Ironi  Washington  Territory,  anil  in  this 
respect  exactly  like  some  Massaclnisetts  exam|»les  of  leucopus.  Color,  then, 
atl'ordiiig  no  tiafa,  and  the  matter  of  the  chcek-pouclies  being  already  settled, 
we  are  driven  back  upon  ineasnrements  alone  to  substantiate  "ftoylii";  and 
we  conclude  our  argument  witli  the  following  table,  comment  upon  which  is 
unnecessary :  — 


Tablk  XVI.— .Vui<Hrrmiiii(«it^yire«j>«;iM«N«»/y!i'ii  "ajjectM"  («M»IJi<l)  o/  IIkspkromyh. 


Nunibvr. 

•2778 

i:u:i 
mil 


SiipiHNiwl  npt'cies. 


Typical  of  hnatptts.,... 

Typo  of  "  boylii" 

Typical  of  "  iiiyoiil™". 
Typical  of  "  iiuiiterii»  " . 
Type  of  "gracilis" 


Trunk. 


:i.  4.1 
;i.  afi  • 
3.  .so 
a.  00 
»t 


Tail. 


:i.  .lo 
:i.uo 

3.90 
3.40 
3.00 


Sole. 


0.83 
0.«i 
0.»> 
0.82 
0.87 


Gar. 

0.01 
0,») 
O.Ot 
0.U4 


"  I'rinteil  in  SI.  N.  A.  ".La.")"  by  t.vpngrapliical  error. — A  le'coiul (i|>eeinien  of  •'  boylii "  (No.  &78)iihow8 
longer  tail,  feet,  nnil  care:— trnnk,  M.Oi' ;  tail,  4.U8 ;  miIc,  0.il.'> ;  ear.  0.7.'i;  nhilo  a  tliird  ^No.  HIO)  Iiim  tlie 
tail  conviilerably  Hliorter  than  tlii'  trunk  (trunk,  4.00  ;  tail,  3,t>.1).  rrofewor  Uainl  remarks  of  this  No. 
810,  that  iHiNNibly  it  is  "(ranilieli",  anil  prints  it  also  iiniler  "gunilieli",  witli  tbo  remark,  "possibly  II. 
boylii".    It  is,  in  fact,  Just  as  much  like  one  as  like  tbe  utber. 

I  I'robably  abunt  3.r>0,  but  iinpossiblu  to iloterinine  now,  owing  tu  the  stretched  and  rnt-eat«u  state 
of  the  specimen. 

A  scries  of  alcoholic  specimens  from  Capo  Saint  Lucas,  the  first  exam- 
ined, we  believe,  from  tiiis  locality,  ofl'crs  some  interesting  features.  Although 
it  is  not  easy  to  judge  of  color  in  their  present  condition,  they  appear 
to  be  light-colored,  with  the  dorsal  stripe  of  the  tail  very  narrow,  and 
in  this  and  other  resi)ects  most  of  the  series  are  undoubtedly  referable  to 
"gambeli".  A  part  of  the  series,  however,  shows  an  extraordinary  length  of 
the  tail — in  this  respect  surpassing  the  most  marked  examples  of  "boylii"  or 
"myoides".  In  one  specimen,  the  tail  is  nearly  an  inch  and  a  iiulf  longer 
than  the  head,  and  in  this  one,  as  well  as  the  rest  of  those  with  the  tai' 
decidedly  longer  than  the  body,  this  meml)cr  is  almost  as  naked  as  in  a  Mus, 
and  unicolor,  of  a  dull-grayish  hue.  In  all  these,  the  dark  color  of  the  leg 
extends  on  the  base  of  tiie  metatarsus — a  feature  shown  distinctly  even  in  a 
suckling  specimen.  Altliough  in  their  present  state  these  specimens  tlo  not 
show  any  apprecial>le  diirerence  in  the  body-colors  from  the  "gambeli"  com- 
posing most  of  tlie  series,  we  have  little  hesitation  in  referring  them  to  the 
//.  aztecus.  Tiie  lengtli  of  tail  of  this  species,  it  will  be  seen  beyond,  has 
not  been  known ;  for  all  three  of  Dc  Saussure's  types  had  lost  the  tij)  of  the 
tail.     Our  type  of  azlecus,  received  from  De  Saussure,  agrees  precisely  with 


1r   '     ■   C: 


MURID^B— 8IOMODONTE8-UE8PEKOMYS  LEUCOPUS. 


75 


the  specimens  from  Cape  Saint  Lucas  in  the  nakedness  of  the  tail  and  extension 
of  tiic  dusky  on  the  metatarsus — tlie  latter  being  one  of  the  essential  features 
of  the  species  as  compared  with  leucopiis.  In  length  of  tail  alone,  these  speci- 
mens grade  into  the  "gombeli"  with  which  they  are  associated;  yet,  the 
other  features  being  [icrfectly  tangible  and  distinctive,  we  shall  refer  the 
specimens  in  question  to  mtecus,  with  no  reasonable  doubt  of  the  correctness 
of  so  doing. 

As  Mr.  Xantus  collccte«l  extensively  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  as  well 
as  in  Lower  California,  it  is  possible  that  these  examples  o{  aztecus  have  been 
accidentally  mixed  with  his  Saint  Lucas  collections. 

The  following  table  gives  the  measurements  of  a  part  of  the  specimens 
referable  to  Itucopus  ("gambeli")  with  measurements  of  some  of  them. 
Those  representing  azlecua  will  be  found  under  the  head  of  the  latter. 

Table  XVII.— Li»l  of  tpeciaunt  of  H.  leucopus  ("  gamieli ")  /row  Capi  Sainl  Luctu,  collreled  Ay  J.  Xanlut, 

tritk  me(uurrmen($. 


5 

Locality. 

From  tip  of  noae  to— 

Tail  to  end 
of- 

L<!ngtb  of— 

i 

Nature  of 
Hpecimco. 

Eye. 

Ear. 

Occi- 
put. 

Tall. 

Vert- 
ebriB. 

Haira. 

Fore 
foot. 

Hind 
foot. 

4980 

4981 

4982 
lOXil   , 

to 
10340) 

Capo  Saint  Lucas.. 

do 

do 

do 

0.50 
0.58 
0.54 

0.90 
0.92 
0.94 

1.20 
1.15 
1.15 

3.10 
3.40 
3.60 

3.10 
3. 35 
3.15 

3.20 
3.45 
3.25 

0.38 
0.37 
0.40 

o.8:i 

0.81 
0.87 

0.67 
0.67 
0.70 

Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 
Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Having  exhausted  the  data  at  our  disposal  respecting  the  nominal  species 
of  Hesperomys  (except  "cognatus",  noticed  below)  that  are  referable  to 
leucopus,  we  are  prepared  to  bring  out  three  geographical  races  or  varieties 
that  are  distinct  enough,  we  think,  in  their  strongest  development  at 
least,  to  merit  varietal  names,  although  (we  wish  it  distinctly  understood) 
they  pass  insensibly  into  ordinary  leucopus.  These  three  are  gossypinus, 
sonoriensis,  and  eremicus.  The  first  of  these  is  nearest  leucopus,  and  is  hard 
to  define  satisfactorily.  The  second  is  better  marked,  and,  in  its  extreme, 
readily  discriminated  from  leucopus,  though  comparison  of  some  hundreds  of 
specimens  show  a  perfect  transition  into  the  latter.  The  third  is  strongly 
marked  as  a  local  race,  and  might  be  held,  with  much  show  of  reason,  as  a 
good  species,  as,  in  fact,  we  considered  it  until  we  saw  intermediate  specimens. 


4llfl 


ted 


:v  'm 


i; ' 


M, 


70 


MONOGllAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMEBICAN  RODENTIA. 


f  1 

ii    i 


u\ 


I        I 

.   ■ 


'1-H 

Ii 


r 

i 

-f 

!■                   ■ 

l_ 

i       ■     ; 

f| 

1       ': 

-J 

1 ;  1 

',. 

1 

^M 

IIESPEROiMYS  LEUCOPUS  GOSSYPINUS  (LeC). 

thuperomyii  gonypinm,  LkCdntr,  I'roc.  Acnil.  Nat.  8cl.  Plilla.  vi,  I%>3,  411  (ClmrRia).— Baird,  M.  N.  A. 

18.'i7, 4C!) (Gi'orKiu  nml  Huiith  Carolina).— Allkn,  Bull.  Miia.  Conip.  Zoiil.  ii,  1H70, 180  (Florida). 
Ilvfpnomijn  ( IVi/Krimuii)  leumpua  gommiiiiuii,  CoL'CS,  I'ror.  Acad.  Nat.  S<:i.  I'liila.  li^4,  I'D. 
Ui/puilaiu  gouiyplnyt,  LkContk,  McMiirtriu'H  Ciivler,  I,  4;)4,  app.— AuD.  &,  B.icil.,  Q.  N.  A.  i,  305  (in  text; 

couBiilcr  it  a.t  a  vur.  of  Iruropuf), 

Diagnosis. — //.  staturd  II.  kucopum  cxcedens  (A-poU.),  caudd  breviore 
fere  unicolore,  pedil/us  nwjoribus  (subimll.),  color ibus  obscurioribus. 

Habitat. — South  Atlnnlic  States.     Kansas? 

Mouse  larger  than  //.  leucopus  (some  four  inches  long),  with  a  shorter 
tail,  but  little  paler  below  than  above ;  liind  feet  nine-tenths  of  an  inch  ;  fur 
of  the  upper  parts  dark  rusty-brown,  and  of  the  under  parts  not  pure  white. 

The  few  specimens  below  enumerated  show  some  tangible  diflcrences 
from  ordinary  leucopus,  as  expressed  in  the  foregoing  paragraphs.  Besides 
averaging  in  stature  a  dimension  that  leucopus  very  rarely  attains,  the  tail  is 
absolutely  shorter  than  in  the  average  of  that  species,  and  therefore  ])ropor- 
tionally  still  less.  It  is,  moreover,  nearly  unicolor  in  some  specimens;  in 
others,  however,  it  is  evidently,  but  not  sharply,  bicolor.  The  hind  feet  are 
about  0.90  long,  a  dimension  that  leucopus  only  reaches  in  exceptional 
cases.  The  general  colors  are  much  darker,  and,  ])erhaps,  never  of  the  bright 
fulvous  of  typical  leucopus;  it  is  much  as  if  the  darker  dorsal  wash  of  leuco- 
pus was  spread  over  all  the  upper  parts.  Correspondingly,  the  under  parts 
ore  dull  soiled  whitish,  or  wiiite  with  an  ashy-gray  hue.  , ' 

Our  specimens  are  obviously  too  few  for  a  final  conclusion,  and  we  have 
been  much  perplexed  to  determine  how  to  treat  this  form.  All  the  seven  below 
given  arc  distinguishable  at  a  glance  from  leucopus ;  but  our  suspicion  is  very 
strong,  indeed,  that  if  we  had,  say  fifty  instead  of  seven  examples,  some  of  them 
would  be  indistinguishable  from  leucopus,  and  others  would  show  indissoluble 
connection.  This  was  the  mature  opinion  of  Audubon  and  Bachman,  who 
say: — "We  were  for  several  years  disjMJsed  to  regard  it  as  distinct,  and  have, 
not  without  much  hesitation,  and  aileran  examination  of  many  hundred  speci- 
mens, been  induced  to  set  it  down  as  a  variety  only."  Mr.  Allen  (/.  c.)  allows 
the  name  to  head  his  paragraph,  but  expressly  states  his  belief  that  it  is  not 
a  valid  species,  both  in  this  place  and  in  a  previoi.s  paper  (Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.  i,  1861),  229).  Under  the  circumstances,  we  judge  that  nature  will  be 
the  more  faithfully  reflected  to  consider  H.  gossypinua  as  a  variety  of  leucopuSf 


MUUIDiE— SIOMODONTES— n.  LEUCOPUS  GOS8YPINU8. 


77 


ranking  nearly  with  sonoriensis  as  to  the  degree  of  geographical  (Hffercntiation 
that  it  has  sustained. 

The  propriety  of  this  step  will  appear  in  still  stronger  light  aflcr  exam- 
ination of  the  so-called  "  Hesperomys  cognatus"  of  LeConte  and  13aird,  which 
we  are  now  prepared  to  discuss.  Apart  from  the  ])ublished  accounts  of  the 
two  authors  just  named,  our  material  is,  first,  tiiree  dried  specimens,  labeled 
"cognatus"  in  what  we  presume  to  be  Major  LeContc's  own  handwriting,  as 
it  is  the  same  as  that  upon  his  other  types  now  in  our  possession ;  secondly, 
five  dried  and  several  alcoholic  specimens  referred  to  this  species  by  Baird,  /.  c. 
The  latter  will  be  first  noticed.  •". 

Two  of  these,  Nos.  673  and  905,  from  North  and  South  Carolina,  respect- 
ively, are  precisely  like  leucopus  in  every  respect,  except  that  the  tails  of  both 
are  much  less  distinctly  bicolor  than  usual  in  leucopus.  Out  of  our  series, 
however,  of  unquestioned  and  unquestionable  leucopus,  we  can  precisely  match 
this  feature.  The  other  three  specimens  are  from  Mississippi  (Nos.  .')62,  583, 
586).  They  are  all  in  wretched  condition,  having  been  skinned  out  of  alco- 
hol. One  of  them,  562,  is  not  half  grown  (body,  2.25;  tail,  1.42,  &c.);  it  is 
dark  lead-color,  and  from  the  shortness  of  the  tail  represents  sonoriensis,  if 
anything  different  from  leucopus.  The  second  is  nearly  grown,  but  still  in  the 
mouse-gray  pelage ;  the  tail  is  2.50  to  a  body  of  3.00,  and  therefore  not  shorter 
in  proportion  than  in  leucopus;  and  the  tail  is  very  sharply  bicolor.  The  third 
appears  grown,  but  the  colors  are  indeterminable,  from  immersion  in  alcohol 
and  from  loss  of  most  of  the  fur ;  the  tail  is  plainly  bicolor ;  the  proportions 
are  just  as  in  an  average  of  leucopus.  We  must  confess  that,  even  if  there 
were  a  species  "cognatus"  distinct  from  leucopus,  we  do  not  see  how  these 
five  specimens  could  be  taken  to  represent  it  Much  as  we  regret  our  decision, 
we  must  say  that  they  are  all  unquestionably  leucopus. 

The  remaining  specimens  (alcoholic)  we  cannot  distinguish  even  as  a 
tangible  variety  of  leucopus. 

Major  JjcConte's  types  do  not  seem  to  have  been  in  Professor  Baird's 
hands  when  the  article  on  the  Mammals  of  North  America  was  being  pre- 
pared ;  and  the  latter  had  to  guess  at  the  former's  meaning — a  difficult  matter 
indeed,  since  Major  LeContc's  description  amounts  to  exactly  notiiing.  Of 
his  three  specimens,  one  of  them  (from  Illinois),  we  find  to  our  great  surprise, 
is  an  example  of  H.  trAchiganensis,  pure  and  simple  !  (Head  and  body,  2.90 ; 
tail,  1.90,  sharply  bicolor ;  hind  foot,  0.66 ;  &c.)    The  other  two,  Nos.  4708, 


"I 


:'  ^  -rt 


78 


MONOOUA1MI8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


L  1 


470!),  lire  not  marked  lor  locality,  hut  proljultly  came  from  Ohio,  Wisconsin, 
or  iMiihigaii,  and  are  really  his  types.  They  arc  exactly  the  size  of  ordinary 
ieucopus;  tiio  tail  a  little  shorter,  relatively,  tliali  the  average  of  leucopus,  but 
not  shorter  than  is  often  found  in  Ieucopus;  and  they  an;  colored  exactly  as 
in  gossi/piiius,  the  u|)|»er  parts  being  very  dark,  the  under  impure  white,  and 
the  tail  indistinctly  bicuKir. 

Here,  then,  is  an  exactly  intermediate  form  between  Ieucopus  ami  gossy- 
pinus,  proving  that  the  latter  cannot  properly  be  regarded  as  specifically 
tlitlerent  from  the  former. 

It  is  ol>viousIy  a  matter  of  indilTerence  where  we  make  our  break  in  the 
chain  between  the  two ;  /.  c,  whether  we  assign  the  links  "cognatus"  to  one  or 
the  other.  Practically,  however,  it  will  be  found  most  convenient  to  assign 
"cognatus  LeC."  to  Ieucopus,  so  that  we  only  recognize  the  extreme  of  differ- 
entiation in  gossi/piiius.  Tiiis  course  is  the  more  commendable,  since  "cog- 
natus Baird",  based  as  above  explained,  is  assuredly  Ieucopus. 

Taiii.k  will.— j:,i«l  of  ijifdmeiu  of  Hespkromys  i.rucopuh  riir.  uossypinl's. 


s 

Locality. 

Bocoived  trom. 

'S 
5 

1 

Nature  of 
■pecimeu. 

470.1 

4711 

MS 

4-<l7 

lOOST) 

i:u>i 

8X17 

Geor);la 

,lo 

J.  LoConto  ......  ...... ...... 

4.00 
4.25 

4.50 
3.50 

2.90 
2.50 
2.05 
3.00 
2.90 
2.35 
3.00 

0.86 
0.90 
0.90 

o.es 

0.87 
0.89 
0.90 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic. 

Dry. 

Dry. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

3.90 

4.00 
4.50 

West  Kausos  * 

'  We  licHitate  In  tlie  determination  of  this  speoiuien,  since  part  of  its  size  is  due  to  overstuffing; 
the  under  parts  are  white,  and  the  tail  sharply  bicolor;  the  locality,  too,  is  against  the  sup|HMition  that 
it  is  goftj/pinm ;  and  it  h  accompanie<l  by  other  Kansas  s|iecimenB  that  we  cannot  determine,  and  acme 
that  are  certainly  purr  liucopm.  In  the  length  of  the  feet,  however,  and  in  Keneral  coloration,  it  seeiua 
to  agro«  better  wit!-  _-i)ii!ipmii»  than  with  true  leucoput.  Dr.  Ocsner's  specimens,  likewise,  we  refer  here 
on  account  of  lorp'.ity  and  their  large  size,  though  the  month,  feet,  and  tail  underneath,  are  very  pnre 
white,  and  the  under  parts  nearly  su.  (These  specimens  are  both  males,  and  exhibit  the  maximum 
development  of  the  testes  we  have  over  seen  in  the  species.  The  glands  form  an  immense  bulging  man 
on  the  nates,  about  }  long  by  }  wide,  of  flattened,  obUmg  shape,  quite  sharp-pointed  behind,  and  mostly 
divided  by  a  deep  median  raph£.] 


)#i  'S 


MUUlDvK— SIOMODONTKS— II.  LEUCOl'UH  SONOIUIiNSIS. 


79 


HESPEUOMYS  LEUCOPUS  SONORIENSIS  (LeC). 

JTm  Uuoopiu,  RlcilAlil>H<iN,  Zuol.  Joiirn.  ill,  IrilM;  Fu.  Ii<>r.-Aiii.  I,  \*^iO,  14-J. 

Unptromyn  »oi««n>i«iii«,  LkCoktk,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nut.  8ei.  I'liiln.  vl,  liiVI,  4i;i  (8unurn;  typw,  No.  140,  Mug. 

8111III1P1.).— Al!l>.  &  Uacii.,  Q.  N.  a.  Ill,  IMM,  aiKl  (after  IxiCoiite).— lUiitii,  M.  N.  A.  \«i1,  474  j 

U.  H.  &  Mi'X.  Iluiiiid.  8iirv.  li,  pt.  11,  tHoU,  411. 
Ihtprromy  ( I'nijxriiHU")  leucopm  lonoriemif,  Col'kh,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  8cl.  Plilla.  1H74, 170. 
JJaiieromyt  auiivrjrii«i4i  var.  nebriuceniil;  Uaiiio,  M.  N.  A.  1H57,  4<I8,  in  Usxt  (bumd  oil  llio  bulow-onu- 

luurnled  Nvbraakun  vxnm|ilva). 

Diagnosis. — Ilesp.  leucojio  viz  differt  nisi  caudd  hreviore,  truncum  sine 
capite  suhaquante,  tiecnon  cohribus  dilutloribus  in  speciminibus  meridionalibus, 
in  arcticis  obncuiioribus  minime  fulvescen'ihus. 

A  variety  of  Ilesperomi/s  leucopus,  differing  in  having  tlic  tail  shorter 
(only  al)out  equal  to  the  body  without  the  head),  and  the  colors  either  paler 
a.s  in  prairie  specimens,  or  darker  as  in  Arctic  examples,  but  neither  of  these 
exhibiting  the  particular  coloration  of  typical  leucopus. 

Habit.vt. — Interior  of  North  America,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the 
Arctic  regions  to  Mexico;  usually  occupying  this  range  to  tlie  exclusion  of 
true  leucopus,  but  in  some  places  mixed  therewith. 

It  only  remains  to  discuss  the  intricate  question  touching  the  White-footed 
Mice  from  the  interior  of  North  America.  We  approach  this  subject  with  a  full 
knowledge  of  the  normal  variability  of  leucopus,  after  settling  tiie  eastern  and 
Pacific  varieties,  and  in  possession  of  hundreds  of  specimens  from  all  locali- 
ties, among  them  the  type  of  sonoriotsis.  Only  a  part  of  our  material  appears 
in  the  following  tables,  the  rest  being  ineligible  on  account  of  immaturity,  bad 
taxidermy,  an<l  other  causes. 

The  type  of  sonoriensis  (No.  146,  Mus.  Smiths.)  is  a  young  animal  about 
three  fourths  grown,  in  a  gray  pelage  identical  with  that  of  the  same  age  of 
leucopus.  While  nothing,  therefore,  can  be  predicated  upon  its  absolute  size 
or  its  color,  it  may  be  known  at  a  glance  from  ordinary  leucopus  by  the  short- 
ness of  the  tail ;  this  member  falling  short  of  two  inches,  which  is  never  the 
case  with  even  three-fourths  grown  leucopus,  so  far  as  we  know.  The  trunk 
measures  3.25,  the  tail  1.93  ;  an  ',  after  allowing  for  stretching,  we  may  safely 
say  that  the  tail  is  more  than  an  inch  shorter  than  the  trunk. 

The  following  table  shows  that  this  same  short-tailedness  marks  a  large 
proportion  of  the  mice  from  the  regions  indicated.  While  the  average  length 
of  the  series  from  the  United  States  is  about  3.25,  the  tail  averages  only 
about  2.25,  and  several  taiLs,  as  of  Nob.  1782,  1932,  3149,  3352,  &c.,  fall 


:!. 


1  »•■ 


I    ■ 

li 


i    < 

"  '5 

II 


,■  I 


{:} 


I    I 


80 


MONOOUArilH  OF  NOUTfl  AMKUICAN  llODKNTIA. 


under  2.00 ;  most  lails  range  between  2.00  nnil  2.50,  nn<l  not  n  tail  touches 
3.00,  wliidi  last  is  an  onlinar)'  lengtli  of  tail  for  true  leucopm.  The  feet  give 
no  (lata  (ranj,nng  from  0.05  to  0.77,  with  an  nveragc  of  about  0.77),  ncitlicr  do 
the  ears.  The  siiorter  tail,  on  an  average,  is  the  sole  datum  as  far  us  form  is 
cnnccrni'tl. 

Close  scrutiny  of  the  table,  however,  shows  that  a  considerable  part  of 
the  series  has  the  tail  equally  or  even  exceeding  the  average  of  leucopua. 
Secondly,  this  feature  does  not  obtain  in  all  tlic  specimens  from  any  given 
locality;  thus.  No.  1032,  with  the  shortest  tail  in  the  lot,  is  associated  in 
Kan.sas  with  veritable  leucopm;  Nebraskan  examples  range  from  1.76  to  2.75 
in  length  of  tail;  Utah  ones  from  1.80  to  2.30;  Fort  Crook  ones  about  the 
same;  New  Mexican  and  Sonoran  ones  from  1.93  to 2.65.*  In  short,  we  find 
in  almost  every  locality  a  greater  difference  in  the  several  tails  than  that  dis- 
tinguishing thorn  collectively  from  leucopm;  and  we  can  only  say  that 
they  average  half  an  inch  less  than  the  average  of  leucopus,  about  equaling 
the  trunk  alone  instead  of  about  equaling  the  trunk  plus  three-quarters  of  the 
head.  "   '  "'  - 

As  this  tinishes  what  we  have  to  say  of  the  form  of  these  western 

United  States  mice,  we  here  insert  our  table,  and  then  take  up  some  other 
points. 

Tablk  Wii.—!dtamrementt  of  eiijhly-otie  (and  IM  of  other)  iptcimm  <tf  n^ppoud  llKSfKKOtlYB  iJivCOTVB 
Hu.NUUlENSis  Jrom  Ike  Middle  Htgion,  Vnilcd  Slata. 

[S.  B.— Many  uf  tbfM  n|MH;inu>nR  arc  not  fairly  diatincitlahablo  tnm  ordinary  leveoput.\ 


§ 

'A 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Noaeto— 

Tall  to 
end  of— 

1 
1 

i 

1 

• 

Renwrka. 

IS 

A 

i 

1 

t 
170 

i 

no 

1140 

1 

9838 
4309 
«10 
4311 
13P« 
1:199 
1969 
C'll 

•;o» 

1779 
1789 
1181 
1788 
1783 

r.V.  Ilaydon   

0.7l'.... 
0.79].... 
0  78   ... 

Dry. 

Dry;  atretched. 

Dry. 

Dry. 
do 

do 

Doer  Creek,  Nebr 

do 

do 

do 

Littlo  Misaoari  Rlvrr    . 

do 

1.00 

1.08 
1.00 

3.40 

;i.40 

175 

3.  as 

3.  OH 

las 

9.33 
130 
9.90 

■»  71 

0  77 

..  ilu 

do 

0.4^ 

g.8s 

0  7T 

....do 

do 

0.33 

0.73 
0.80 
0.77 

n  74 

AlooboHo. 
Dry.* 
do* 

Fort  IMorri),  Dak 

do 

do 

do 

do 

1.17 
1.00 

do 

i.75;a8S 

.  io.' 

do 

Dry. 

Dryi  yoaBK. 

..  do 

do 

do 

rto 

do 

do 

do 

9.W 

1.73 

0.80 

Dry. 
...do. 

do 

do 

*  TlieM  neem  to  be  Ifueopu*. 

'  Reully  from  1.93  to  S.UOI    For  No.  145,  collected  by  Mr.  Clark  ou  the  Mexican  Bonndary,  Bhowed 
a  tall  of  3.05,  and  no  bad  to  be  turned  over  to  "  texanns". 


■fi 


y|!ij 


MURID^— 8IOMODONTE8— II.  LEUCOPU8  80NOUIEN818. 


81 


TAnL*  XIX.— il/nMiimii«ii/io/rlfJb(yoii«(aiid  IM  of  other)  ipnlmeiu  of  lunponfil  HiwrKitoMrR  i.kucopus 
RDNORIKNHIH  from  IM  JVirfif/r  UrgiaK,  I'liUtd  Sta/ia— C'oiitlniieil. 


1  '' 
1 

Looalltjr. 

Colliictor. 

Noaalo- 

Tall  to 
uud  of— 

1 

'[ 

las 

0.33 
O.l'i 
0.  0 

D.XI 
0.38 
0.4U 
0.40 
0.30 
0.40 
0.19 
0.40 
0.31 

1 

•9 

a 

i 

9.81 

1.1> 

I.7'. 
I.7-. 
i.ir 
i.-j 
I.e. 

I.7t 

l.K 
i.;ii 
11.71; 

ii.7;i 

O.TJ 
11.73 
.I.7K 
0.7,- 

an 
aw 

0.W 

a  7a 
a  75 
a  IB 

J.7i 

aw 
aeo 
a  75 

a  79 
aeo 

0.63 
0  85 

aeo 
a  63 

a  75 

073 

a  84 
a  74 

a  76 

171 

ass 
a7!i 
a8o 

& 

Ilomarkn.       • 

1 

^ 

^ 

4 

f 

t 

lU) 

LOU 
185 
100 
4.00 
I7i 
I.TO 
1.05 
3.0: 
1.00 
i.00 
i« 
115 

LS. 
150 
3.00 
140 
4.00 
175 
X  7.-I 
X10 
I.  BO 
1«5 
175 
135 

IW 
1» 

i: 

100 
100 
3.W 

9.00 

lie 

IM 
110 
t75 
4.0S 
100 
100 

i90 

J.  00 
I.FO 

i.CO 

JL3 

lai 

13(1 

ia5 

100 
ISO 
iSO 
1.80 
l.M 
I.OO 
19U 
9.50 

a.  30 

l.DO 

i.no 

1.00 

is.- 

iLlO 
165 

i.in 

183 

17C 
iCO 
til 
15( 
IIS 
103 
l.K 
103 
140 
140 

Its 

100 
IM 
i>40 

lie 

i 

1 

I1M 
IMOII 

to 
10418) 

iota 

lo 
101143 

XttU 
3154 
XU7 
.'UM 
XIU 

WW 

aan 

3M1 

aw 

3M3 
4173 
7704 
I04IU 
3311 
3.'«» 

^4a 

314U 
itt 
S43 
544 
943 
144 
140 

147 
«733 
VTM 
0739 
0730 
1948 
8343 
1944 
1949 
II940 
«947 
aS48 
1990 
aS91 
1901 
1993 
1994 
SJS9 
S99« 
»J97 

TcllowMoud  BIrer 

"Nabnuka" 

r.V.lla> don   ...... 

do 

0.01 

LIS 

bty. 

...do. 

AlcoboUo. 

..  ilo. 

Drjr. 
..do. 
..  ilo. 
..do. 
...  do. 

.10. 
...dn. 

Dryi  ■Irxlched. 
Dry. 
..do. 

ryi  jtouog. 
...do. 
..do. 

Dry. 

Dtyi  atratshed. 
..do. 
....do. 
...da 

Fort  Brldmr.  Uuh 

C.  Oratler 

do 

do 

<lu 

do 

.do 

do 

.  do 

do 

0.U) 

do 

.do 

do 

do 

do 

Kort  Croiik,  C«l 

do 

J.rcllncr 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

D.F.  I'arkliiaon  ... 
\r.  W.  Andnra  u  . 

do 

Cunp  Uurxw.vii,  N.  Ilex  .... 
du 

do 

do   ... 

do 

do 

FortThoni.N.Mei 

do 

...do. 
.  do. 

do 

..     do 

do 

...do. 
do. 

.  ..  do 

do 

Sononi 

do 

.;....do 

J.  n.  Clarke 

do 

do 

... 

UryiUueopuit 
Dry;  type  of  «onor4. 

«IU<<. 

Dryi  youpg. 

Dry. 
....do. 
...do. 
...da 

Alooholla 
do 

H.D.8obmidt 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Milk  Rlvor,  D*k 

do 

...    do  ...J. 

do  .. 

J  K           •  " 

do 

Near  Tellowiloua  River  . . . . 

do 

.  ..  do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

D.90 
0.S8 
UK 
0.41 
0.41 
U.90 
UM 
0.3O 
0.9O 
0.SO 
0.59 
0.53 
0.51 

0.O3 
0  91 
OlOO 
0.80 
0.S3 
0.95 
1.00 
O.IU 
OW 
0.S0 
1.00 
1.00 

aw 

1.13 

i.i: 

1.13 

o.oa 

1.04 
I.I5 

1.11 

1.15 
1.05 
1.07 

i.ie 

1.13 
1.15 

...da 
...da 
...da 

...da 
do. 

...  do 

do 

YcUowatoiw  Rlnr 

do  

.  do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....da 

da 

...  do. 

....  do 

do 

..  da 

do 

do   

da 

do 

do 

....do. 

Fort  Uulon,  Dak 

dn 

do. 

6m 


■m 


82 


MOXO(       A'UH  OF  NORTH  AMEKICAN  IfODENTIA. 


TAltl.r.XlX.—MeaiuremfPlaofrightii-oiwiaiiil  Utt  of  other)  mecimeM»  of  tuppoted  Hf.hperomy8  LCDCOPI'B 
8osoiUK.Nsis/ro»i  the  Middle  Itegion,  United  Slalei — Continued. 


i 

a 

Locality. 

Collector. 

NoMof- 

Tall  to 
end  of— 

1 

1 

•V 
B 

B 

1 

i 

Remarks. 

1 

1 

1.73 
1.8- 
1. 7:1 

i 
I 

" 
1.00 

1.09 
).U5 

g 

J.  CO 

9.40 
3.00 
3.19 

1.25 
3.00 

1.30 

i 

i20 
1.05 

3.10 
1.00 

•140 

i 
1 

130 
3.75 

... 

■175 
3.  CO 

140 
190 

170 

mi 
win 
loia 

25M 
liiaT 
1!«8 

i'.m 
i!i:« 
;iora 
:iHu 

;ii:w 
10419 
305:1 
:1053 
3tKiO 
C9f3 
0331 
0737 

orii 

0735 

0733 

7491 
1011(1 

7440 

746-J 

7401 
10117 

74ei 
1(1119 
lOISO 
10191 

7704 

7475 

4830 
10-.t40 

to    I 
10201 J 

9890 
10309] 

to 
10310j 

7471 
10311 
10312 
Iail3 

0809 

7489 

H.D.  Sobmidt 

do 

do 

F.  V.  llaydcn 

W.S.TVood 

do 

do 

.  do 

a.  4.-. 

0.5C 

0. 4:. 

Alcoholic;  yonns. 

Alcoholio. 
....  do. 

Alndiolic;  yonng. 

Alcoholic. 
...do. 
....do. 
...do. 

Dry. 

..  do. 

Diy;  young. 

Dry. 

Dry;  lewojnu. 
Dry;  Btretehcd. 
Dry;  Uucupu*. 
Dry. 

Dry;  young. 
Dry;  teucopiw. 
...do. 
Dry. 
...do. 

Alcoholic ;  very  yonng. 
....  do. 
Alcoholic. 

Alcoholic  I  Imuofftttt 
...do. 
..do. 

Alcftholic ;  iingrowD. 
...do. 
...do. 
Alcoholic. 
..  do. 
— do. 
...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 
....do. 
...do. 
...do.' 
...do. 
....do. 

do 

do 

0.35 
0.35 

0.39 
0.40 

0.34 
0.31 

0.73 
0.73 
U.70 

0.70 
0.75 

0.60 
0.71 
0.83 
0.73 
0.88 
0.90 

0.71 
0.75 
0.7t 
0.74 

0.75 
0.70 
0.80 
0.80 

0.71 
0.80 

aio 

... 

0.58 
11.59 

0..V 
0.(>8 

XiillU  I'lottc  Uiver 

.Midicino  Iliiw  Kivcr 

Kt'piiliUcau  ItivtT 

do 

Fort  Ivtwriiuy 

do 

Fort  Laraniio 

,lo          

do 

J.C.CooiHr 

do 

do 

I'O 

do 

W.  A.  lliimoiond — 

do 

J.  P.  McCown 

E.  TalmtT 

I!.  Ridswny 

11.  D.  .Schmidt 

do    

.  ...do    

1.8.Vi.50 
3  10  J.  .V) 

I'cilfCriik 

l'*ort  Raiitlall' 

Fort  Lyon(»,  Colo 

4.00 
3.50 

3.10 

2.30 
9.75 

■1  9(1 

do 

do 

3.10  2.75 

:i.  10J2. 10 

3.  .-lO  i  30 

do                          ... 

...  do  

0.44 

n  vi 

O.S-J 

0.05 
(1.95 

0  Pb 
0.05 

•• 
" 

1.0(1 
I.W 

LOf 

1  VcoH  lUvcr,  Tex 

do                    

.1.  Poito 

.    ...do  

9.P0 

1  m 

do          

do     

Qilnpaw  XatioQ 

J.U.Clark 

....  do 

3.002.10 
X  40  i.  on 

do 

0.55 

0.47 
0.55 

3.10 

i70 

rppcr  Platte  Kivor 

do 

G.  Suckloy 

do 

do 

do 

J.O.Cooiicr 

do 

C.Drojlert 

do 

do 

a.0o'i25 
3.  .'■n  -V  ito 

do 

1. 15  3.  40  *L  00 

do 

do 

3.10 

ISO 
•3.75 
3.50 

Fort  Shaw  Mont 

K.11.  Hiu: 

do 

...do 

Fort  Brldger 

do 

do 

... 
... 

195 

do          

.    do  ..  .  . 

do 

.    do 

Santa  K6,N.M«l 

Unknown 

LiontunHUt  Mnllfu. 

»  Drooler's  cxtcnslvo  gatht^rtn^N  of  iiiicr.  both  from  thr  Vlutieroginn  nnd  fnmi  Fort  Drldjipr,  aro  all  (*Mu>ntlnlly  of  Ihn 
jrnnorientn* style.  TIiom:  finin  tho  IMiitte,  Uko  HnvltirH  Ki'lirnMknniii)  Uiipcr  IMiBHOtirllnlH.rut!  xvxy  pntn  and  Hhort-tiillrd.  wlhle 
tho  ITinh  nues  crii  rathiT  iiimo  lllto  ietjcoptw  i  1  color,  and  Ibc  bicvlty  ot  tin'  tuil  Ih  not  (|iiil«  mt  BiroDnly  inarkpd.  Iti  both 
tliOBo  BPiios  tbo  Bpeclmeiif*  grado  dln-cily  \nXu  Irucopua.  Viv  have.  Iiowcvcr.  lulH'lrd  thcin  all  "var.  BonorjcnKia",  Iktiuiro  (lie 
ntU-inpt  todi"  iniiiiato  liu»  |irovtd  iiitcily  ImpoHHibie  in  tbirt  uHlnotbor  Bimilar  catieB  ivbero  wo  have  been  obiluiHl  to  label 
geoqraphicnU],  ,1  to  wpeak.  Thin  grjidiition  Into  ordinary  Irvcop^u  iH  In  Hlrlyt  nccordancn  irith,  nnd  aniplj  I'onQnna,  utir 
mature  opinion  rPBiieotiog  tho  "  variety  "  ionoricntit. 

;  Colonel  Simpson'*  exHmpleH,  from  Fort  Ilrldgcr,  are  pare  »onoritnwi*s  ao  are  Dr.  HIts'a,  tnm  Fort  Bhaw. 


MURIDJ3— SIGMOUONTE8-H.  LBUOOPUS  aONORIENSIS. 


83 


We  will  next  show  tlxit  the  shoit-tailedness  ot  var".  sonoriensis  likewise 
characterizos,  ulinost  uncxceptionally,  the  mice  of  Arctic  Nortii  America. 
Indeed,  this  fact  has  already  been  shown  in  the  previous  table,  wliich  we  intro- 
duced to  settle  the  mi/oidex  question  ;  these  additional  specimens,  indeed, 
are  merely  the  rest  of  our  Arctic  lot,  positively  the  same  as  those  of  the 
"myoides"  table.  Most  of  these  Arctic  ones  are  noticeably  larger  than  United 
States  specimens,  as  was  to  have  been  expected ;  they  average  about  3.66  iu 
lengtii,  with  tail  about  2.75 ;  while  the  relative  lengths  of  tail  and  body  of 
sonoriensis  are  nearly  repeated,  about  half  an  inch  has  been  added  to  the  abso- 
lute lengths  of  both  trunk  and  tail.  The  feet  are  rather  smaller,  both  abso- 
lutely and  relatively,  than  in  true  leucopus,  averaging  only  0.75,  notwithstanding 
the  increase  of  general  size.  This  feature,  as  well  as  the  shortness  of  the  tail, 
might  be  explained  upon  the  well-known  law  of  smallness  of  |)eripheral  parts 
in  Arctic  animals;  but  it  is  curious  that  it  should  correspond  exactly  with  the 
shortness  of  tail  of  the  New  Mexican  animals,  which,  of  course,  are  not 
amenable  to  this  law.  The  tail  and  feet  are  both  unusually  hairy.  Here  is 
the  table :  — 


-iti 


Table  XX.—Me(uureiHeniH  of  sUty-tiiHC  {and  tut  of  other)  additional  »peoimen»  of  Brilisk  American  and  Arctic 
He8I*kkomyh  LF.ucorus,  nu)9tiy  of  the  **Miiori«n«is"  ett/te. 

[Nut  much  roliiiuce  can  be  placoil  on  the  ilry  mcaauremoiita,  at  the  eUna  aro  all  badly  prepared,  beiog  nlmoat  withoat 
exoopttuD  overstuffed,  tbe  talla  iM'tng  aktnued  aud  distorted,  and  Itau  feet  liaviDg  the  toes  curled  up.] 


1 
i 

Loailllj. 

Collector. 

Now  to— 

Tail  to  eod 
of— 

i 
1 

i 

n 

1 

Kenmrkt. 

S 

^ 

i 

t 

i 

S760 
5TtO 
S780 
S704 
3783 

om 

9761 
S76J 
57M 
8769 
S774 
5799 

5n6 

.1771 
S76} 
STTO 
S76J 

»T7a 

5766 
STTB 

Fort  Bie 

...do 

I..  CiMke.Jr.... 

4.93 
4.00 
3.7,^ 
4.0O 
3.75 
4.95 
3.90 
4.50 
4.10 
3.90 
3.90 
4.10 
3. 75 
3L60 
3,60 
4.00 
4.00 
3  60 
4.00 
3L7S 

9.90 
130 

0.8J 
0.76 
a73 

a  71 

0.79 

aso 

Dry. 

....do 

....do .. 

....do 

...  do. 

...do 

....do 

do 

3.95 
SL40 
9.40 
a95 
9.00 
>L60 
9.30 
&40 
9.30 
9.00 

do. 

...do 

..  do. 

...do 

...do 

....do. 

do 

do     ... 

0.19 
0.78 
0.89 
0.76 

an 
o.n 

0.18 
0.11 
0.70 
0.80 
0.1i 
0.10 

0.H 

do 

.    do 

do 

do 

....do 

...dii 

...do    

..  do 

.  do 

. . .  .do. 

do 

...do.. 

do 

....do 

...do 

do 

....do 

....do 

do. 

..do 

...do 

...do 

....do.     . 
..  do. 

...do 

9.60 
a.  30 
9.M 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 



...do. 

9.00 
4.40 

....do. 

....do 

...do 

■In 

1 

-I 


5  ■  r 


84 


MONOGUAPII8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


TAiir.E  XX. 


-MeaBiiremenln  ofmxujninr  (niirf  /is/  of  other)  ndrfi/ioiifi/  «ji<(i»if(i«  of  lirilith  American  and  i^rc/fo 
Hkri'khosiys  ij'.rcoris,  mtntlij  of  the  '•  mnorimnu"  tlyle — Ciiutiuneil. 


1 

'A 

Looility. 

Colleelor. 

Now)  to— 

Tail  to  end 
ol— 

i. 

i 

1 

Reniarka. 

i 

& 

1 

3.  .50 

i.  50 
\.'M 
4.00 
3.  50 
4.0O 
3.50 
A  CO 

3.70 
3.70 
3.60 
4.00 
3.50 

1 

3.10 
4  30 
■.'.80 
3.00 
3. 73 
3.90 
3.10 
3.35 

3.30 
3.71, 
3.00 
3.50 

i 
1 

377J 
5781 
0448 
U447 
U450 
!l44a 
U44II 
578.'1 

5786 
709a 
5787 
5784 
5708 
4J50 
454G 
8093 
30-J8 
oO» 

•OMO 
74;)7 
4S53 

•9878 
•lOOftl 

•loosa 

4543 

Fortn^iii 

L.  Cliirke.Jr  .... 
....do 

0.70 
0.75 

ano 
a  to 
a  70 

0.70 
0.78 



l)r.v. 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 

FollSiliipHuu 

do 

(It) 

do  ..'. 

.... 

..do. 

.do    

...do. 

...ill) 

IIIK    Inkiiil,   (IriHt 
Kluvii  Lake. 

...ill) 

...ito 

...*) 

Fnrt  Shnpsuu 

ilo 

...do 

d.Reid  

,...di) 

...  do  

...do 

li.  li.  UOIM 

do 

do. 

..  do. 

...do. 
do. 

do. 

o.-.u 

.0.80 

..  .do. 
do 

...di) 

R.  Kounieott  .. 

...do. 
do 

Sllkn.  AliiHta  

Xi'Ihoii  Uivor 

...  ilo 

Lake  WiDnip(>i; 

Jtcil  River  SnttleuicDt 
...ilo 

F.  liiwiiotf 

D.(iiiuii 

....do 

....do 

....do  

R.  KennicnU  . . 

W.  Urass 

...do  

3.01 
3.25 

a.  90 
:i.  i") 

3.00 
3.00 
3.90 
3,U) 

3.00 
3.00 
3.30 
3.30 

3.:ia 

3.30 
3.00" 
3.50 
3.05 

0.69 

a  70 

0.73 
0.70 
0.73 
0.70 
0.83 
0.80 
0.79 

do. 

....do. 

Alcohi.lis. 

..  do. 

..  do. 

do 

Llanl  River 

....ill, 

...ill) 

...d 

Dry. 

4£l.1 

^louHO  Factory 

til) 

C.  Droller 

3.50 

2.75 

0.7» 

7487 

7480 
•10093 
■10094 
•10093 
745a 
7479 
980'j 
10090 
10097 
10098 
10009 
10100 
lOIOl 
lOIUl 
10103 
10104 
10105 
0851 
7494 
749.) 
7500 
1759 

do 

...ilo 

do 

3.40 
3.00 
3.(10 
3.00 
aiK, 
3.90 
3.0) 
.140 
3..'i0 
3.50 
4.00 
3.73 
4.00 
3.  :io 

3,10 
3.40 
.'1.40 

3.00 
3.85 
3.  S3 
3.70 
ISO 
3.30 
3.80 
3.80 
3.70 
3.73 
5.80 
3.80 
3  00 
3.50 
3.45 
3.00 
.1.33 
3.90 
3.™ 

o.ai 

0.78 
a  76 

0.78 
0.74 
0.74 
0.83 
0.80 
0.80 
0.80 
0.83 
0.81 
0.811 
0.83 
0.77 
0.83 



jouna. 
...do. 
Alcobolic. 
...do. 

...ill) 

...do  

...til) 

...do 

....ilo 

...do  

Fort  Situps-^n 

...ilo 

B.  II.  Rom  

...do  

...ilo 

. .  do  .... 

do 

...ilo 

...lio     

...ilo 

...do 

■■"- 

...do 

..  ilo 

...do 

...ilo 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do .. 

R.  Kennlcott  .. 
...do 

n.  55 

0.  .-I' 
II.  .•)0 
0.  5;i 
0.48 
0.51 
0.49 
0.48 
0.45 
0.5J 
0.53 

0.95 
O.tO 
0.90 
0.10 
0.119 
0.98 
0.95 
0.90 
0.90 
0.00 
0. 05 

1.  15 
1.08 
1.10 
1.10 
1.14 
1.13 
1.09 
1.05 
1.00 
1.13 
1.30 

3.10 
3.10 
3.80 
3.00 
3.00 
3. 05 
3.35 
3.03 
9.00 

3.15 
3.00 

0..13 
0.35 
0.33 
0.37 
0.34 
0.30 
0.38 
0.;I5 
0.31 
0.40 

0.05 
0.55 
0.00 
0.68 
0.06 
0.05 
0.C3 
0.00 
0.5] 
0.58 
0.60 

...do. 

..  do. 

..do. 

..do. 

...do. 

..do. 

...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

...do 

...do 

3.10 

lo 

...do 

..  do. 

....do 

....do 

aso 

a30 

..  do. 

_„ 



1 

*  III  length  uf  tail,  tluuft  HiM-iiiuiitH  ili'imrt  iVniii  tli<^  ruin  for  Arctic  IIritj>eromyii,  nnd  »tv  trws  Itwoputi  bnt  tbo  UtlU 
Huil  wtk'B  uru  very  hairy,  lu  luiual,  aud  tlu^  ciainpluH  nru  jirubiibly  best  enuiiiuratutl  lu  this  lUi. 


MURID^-SIQMODONTES— U.  LEUC0PU8  SONOlilBNSlS. 


85 


Tablk  XX. — ilcaiuremenUi  of  »ix/i/->iiiic((iiid  lint  of  other)  adiHtioiial  upevimem  of  Brilisli  American  and  Jii/io 
IlK8rEi!i>M YS  LEUCorus,  mo»Uy  of  the  "  mnorh»iiin "  hIijIc — Contiuiicd. 


1 

1 

Locality 

Culluctor. 

NoKlo— 

Tail  til  orid 

or— 

1 

£ 

1 

n 

1 

Remarks. 

h 

k 

1 
I 

i 

nm 

101 11 
IUII3 
10!  13 
lOll-l 
lOllj 

7501] 

t. 

Fort  Sirupaon 

...do 

la') 

3.eo 

3.00 

0.76 
0.77 
0.80 
0.70 
0-fl 

AlooboUo. 
....do. 

...do 

...do 

..  .do 

....do. 

...do 

....do 

Siting  in  nloobid 
...do. 

....do 

...do '.. 

do 

....do 

. . .  .do. 

...do 

....do 

....do. 

NOTB  — Wohavo  Imuislit  t«(rptlier our eotini  Arctic  Rorios  of  H,  IrtwopMiiiiderllio  lifad  of  '-Miuori4'D8lfi",  and  nrui-ly 
lilt  our  HpiH^iiiu'nH  vill  bo  foiintl  ln))i>tf;(l  "  II.  IciiRopiin  var."  It  i»  liiinliy  iicccMary  t^i  add  thnt.  Iinw4>ver,  in  ttiiH  Rerit'A  evpry 
((raclo  iif  approacli  Xn  ordinary  Utitloil  HtatuH  letuMpiu  ia  fuuud,  and  that  a  curtain  pcn-culii;;)!  of  Itio  8|K!Ciniena  aro  idontical 
Willi  Maasacbnauttrt  sliius,  lor  oximiplo. 

Turning  now  to  the  matter  of  color,  we  find  that  certain  differences  in 
this  res|)ect  have  been  ascribed  to  sonoriensis  as  diagnostic.  This  we  can 
prove,  first,  to  be  so  variable  with  specimens  of  "sonoriensis"  inter  se  tiiat  it 
cannot  distinguish  them  inter  alia;  and,  secondly  to  be  dependerlt  upon  local 
climatic  influences.  It  fluctuates  between  wide  extremes,  and  is  assuredly 
unreliable,  both  on  this  account  and  because  it  is  within  the  ordinary  limits 
of  color-variation  oi  leucopm  (see  imder  "gambcli"  and  "austerUs").  The 
infonsity  of  coloration  has  precisely  the  same  relation  to  hygrometric  influ- 
ences that  Mr.  Allen  pointed  out  in  the  case  of  birds :  the  depth  of  color  ia 
in  direct  ratio  to  the  mean  annual  rain-fall,  or,  in  other  words,  to  average 
humidity  of  the  atmosphere.  In  dry,  treeless  regions,  we  have  the  palest 
Ibrms ;  while  the  darker-tinted  s])ecimens  occur  in  moist,  wooded  localities. 
This  is  precisely  correspondent  to  the  case  of  "gambeli"and  "austorus", 
already  noted.  Some  of  our  |)alest  prairie  specimens  almosl,  suggest  albinism  ; 
most  of  the  Nebraska  series  are  remarkiibly  pale,  with  an  indistinct  or  almost 
inappreciable  darker  dorsal  wash.  Fort  Crook  specimens  arc  darker  than  the 
average  (just  as  the  Fort  Crook  Aroicolas  are),  approaching  ansterus  in  this 
respect ;  Utah  and  New  Mexican  samples  are  intermediate.  The  narrowness 
of  the  «lark  stripe  along  the  upper  surface  of  the  tail  is  simjjly  of  a  part  with 
the  general  pallor;  so  is  the  hoariness  of  the  ears,  which  appears  as  a  sort  of 
silvery  edging  in  most  specimens.     {Cf.  per  contra  B.\1KD,  op.  cit.  474.) 

Recurring  now  to  the  Arctic  series,  we  find  that  instead  of  being  paler 
than  average  leucopus,  they  are  almost  without  exception  darker.     In  this 


^^T'lS'i 


IH 


^]: 


86 


MONOGRAl'HS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


[ 


respect,  Ihcy  differ  more  from  both  leucopus  and  sonoriensis  than  these  do  from 
each  other.  Tlicy  never  gain  either  the  rich  "brown"  of  Massachusetts  ku- 
C'pus  nor  the  silvery-gray  or  light  fulvous  of  sonoriensis.  They  are  nearer 
the  house-mouse  in  color;  the  dark  dorsal  gray-brown  washing  over  all  the 
upper  parts  and  the  white  below  being  far  from  snowy. 

It  is  evident,  tiien,  that  the  coloration  of  these  short-tailed  mice  of  Inte- 
rior and  Arctic  America  cannot  form  part  of  a  specific  diagnosis. 

Thus  we  have  endeavored  to  show  exactly  what  "sonoriensis"  amounts 
to;  and  this  done,  it  is  a  matter  of  indifference  wliether  we  retain  the  name 
or  not.  But,  of  course,  afler  this  exhibit,  the  animals  bearing  it  cannot  be 
considered  specifically  distinct  from  leucopus.  Nor,  in  retaining  the  name,  as 
we  have  judged  it  best  to  do,  qualified  by  the  sign  "van",  can  we  look  upon 
it  as  expressing  a  pure  geograpliical  race;  for  unquestionable  kucopus  occurs 
throirghout  the  United  States  range  of  "sonoriensis'',  and  everywhere  the 
intergradation  is  perfect.  In  labeling  our  immense  series,  we  sliall  hesitate 
to  write  "variety  sonoriensis"  on  the  placard  of  any  but  the  shortest-tailed, 
palest,  or  grayest  specimens.  .      ,  i    ,   j  .^   , 

Before  leaving  the  subject,  we  will  examine  an  interesting  series  of  skins 
from  Fort  Cobb,  which  will  point  our  above  remarks,  and  then  notice  some 
very  instructive  sets  from  Arizona,  which  pave  the  way  for  onr  discussion 
of  Hesperomys  "eremicus". 

Tabu:  WL—McmnremenU  of  tweke  specimens  of  Hbbfeiiomvs  like  leucopus  fivm  Fort  Cobb. 


1 

M 

Date. 

9-251 

9 

Mar.  14 

KHa 

? 

Mm.    e 

^iXt 

d 

Mar.    7 

93S4 

? 

Mar.    9 

9855 

Mar.    7 

933S 

Mar.    8 

9357 

cf 

Mar.    8 

9tU9 

9 

Mar    4 

II360 

J 

Mar.    !) 

UMl 

? 

Mar  H 

996) 

<f 

Apr.  as 

tmt 

a 

Mar    9 

Locality. 


Fort  Cobb  . 

ilo  .... 

do  .... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

..  ..do  .... 

do  .... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 


Collector. 


£.  Palmer  . 

do... 

do..., 

do... 

do..., 

do... 


.do  . 


do... 

do... 

do... 

do... 

do... 


H 


4.00 
J.  SO 

a  75 
aoo 


3.40 
3.00 
3.00 
9.60 

a.'iO 

3.40 
3.10 


3.00 
3.00 
S.30 
170 


3.30 
3.40 
3.30 
3.50 
S.iiO 
3.90 
3.90 


0.36 
0.33 


0.31 
0.33 
0.31 
0.31! 
0.33 


M 


o.es 

0.85 
0.79 
0.80 


0.83 
0.80 

o.eo 

0.83 
0.70 
0.10 
0.83 


o.sa 

0.63 


ft58 


0.60 
0.50 
0.57 
0.55 
0.60 


Beuiarka. 


Dry ;  atrotched. 

Dry. 

Dry;  ahmnken. 

Dry. 

Yoang. 

Dry  I  Etretnbwl. 

Dry. 

..do. 

...do. 

Dry  I  alntohed. 

Dry. 


This  series  is,  perhaps,  referable  to  sonoriensis  on  grounds  of  locality, 
but  it  is  positively  indistinguishable  from  ordinary  leucopus.  No.  9251,  for 
example,  is  ab,solutely  identical  with  an  average   Massachusetts   skin.     In 


':|l' 


MUUID^— 81GMODONTBS— H.  LEUCOPDS  80NOR1EN818. 


87 


other.-i,  tlic  tail  seems  tu  run  a  little  shorter  than  an  average,  but  not  tangibly 
«so,  nor  is  it  beyond  extremes  we  have  tiemonstrated  for  ordinary  leucopus. 

The   following    series    is   from    the   wooded    mountainous    region    of 
Arizona:—  .  ,  , 


I'AULE  XXII.— jUroturcixento  of  fourtrcn  tpedmcnt  of  Hesperomys,  apparently  sonorieni-i^ 

Arizona. 

,  from  Xorlhern 

1 

1 

Date. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

1>. 

3. 60 
3.75 
3.90 
140 
3.00 
3.50 
a  10 
3.30 
3.73 
3.10 
3.80 
S.75 
3.10 
}.30 

I 

3.30 
3.23 
3  75 
300 
335 
3.30 
9.50 
330 
335 
330 
300 
310 
310 
300 

1 

i 

0.37 
0.39 

0.33 
0.33 
0.33 

1 

1  i 

Bemarks. 

IM43 
8430 
8441 

8441) 
8449 
8440 
8145 
')446 
8448 
8494 
M44 
8431 
8447 
8433 
84S3 

9 

rS 

May   3,1863 
Mar.  9S,  1863 
Feb.    3,1863 
1  lly  13, 1864 
Uiiy  11,  IHU 
JaD.  38, 1865 
May  11, 1865 
Feb.  13,  ISTi 
Jan.  31, 1863 
Jan.  31, 1865 
Jon.  3:1, 1865 
Apr.  10, 1865 
Jau.     1, 1865 
May  34, 1865 
Mar.  33, 1865 
Mnr.  30. 1865 

Mar.  39, 1863 

Fort  Whipple,  Ari. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

E.  Cones 

0.70 
0.73 
0  73 
0.73 
0.73 
0.74 
0.78 
0.13 
0.79 
0.78 
0.78 
».75 
0.77 
a  71 

0.76 
0.05 
0.G5 
0.04 
0.6j 
0.71 
0.69 

Dry!  adnlt. 
....do. 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

...do 

•do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

Dry;  youngiab. 
....do 

do 

....do 

Dry  I  yonng. 
...  .do. 

do 

...do 

do 

....do 

...do. 

do 

...do 

...do. 

DryjTeijyonnK. 

Dry;  ■nokllog 

of  8450. 
...do. 

do 

....do 

do 

...  do 

do 

...do 

This  series*  w^a  taken  in  the  store-houses  at  Fort  Whipple,  where  the 
mice  had  taken  up  v  <eir  quarters,  and  seemed  as  thoroughly  domesticated  as 
ordinary  house-mice.  It  unquestionably  represents  but  a  single  species,  read- 
ily referable  to  the  variety  sonoriensis,  which  we  here  have  in  all  stages,  from 
the  suckling  young  to  the  adult.  With  the  single  exception  below  mentioned, 
tiiere  is  notliing  whatever  of  the  eremicus  stamp  in  the  series.  The  soles  are 
very  furry  indeed,  owing,  probably,  to  the  fact  that  the  animals  were  mostly 
taken  in  cold  weather;  the  tails  are  well  haired  and  bicolor,  and  noticeably  short. 
In  general  coloration,  these  animals  are  darker  than  Palmer's  desert  examples, 
and,  in  fact,  not  distinguishable  in  this  respect  from  ordinary  leucopus  of  New 
England.  But  the  ears  seem  to  run  a  little  larger  than  in  Eastern  United  States 
examples ;  and  they  reach,  in  No.  8443,  a  size  equal  to  that  of  eremicus.  This 
same  No.  8443  also  differs  from  all  the  rest  in  having  the  tail  barely  shorter 
than  the  head  and  body,  instead  of  upward  of  an  inch  shorter,  and  indistinctly 
bicolor.     Its  coloration  leans  toward  that  of  eremicus  in  the  pinkish-fulvous 

*It  repreventB  what  we  orroneouHly  called  "  Hmpmomyii  eremioiM"  in  our  article  in  the  American 
Naturalist,  i,  3(M ;  bat  the  name  i«  probably  correct  aa  far  na  8443  is  concerned. 


w 


i! 


88 


MO'  ■  -GKAPUS  OF  NOUTU  AMERICAN  llOUENTIA. 


Hi 


of  the  sides,  &c. ;  and,  on  the  wliole,  it  is  rather  referable  to  this  variety, 
aitliougii  liic  soles  are  distinctly  hairy.  So  that  in  tiiis  scries,  impossible  to 
consitler  as  representing  more  than  one  species,  we  find  ♦he  form  and  colora- 
tion of  true  kucopus,  of  sonoriensis,  and  of  eremicus.  Stronger  proof  of  the 
position  we  have  taken  up  could  not  be  desired. 

We  should  remark  that  in  some  of  these  specimens,  and  various  others 
from  Arizona,  there  is  a  tendency,  sometimes  decided,  to  extension  of  the 
dusky  on  the  base  of  the  metatarsus,  as  in  Mexican  species. 

Taiile  XXIII. — Mfamremmta of  tm  additional  ii}>fcimena  of  supposed  IIkspehomys  soNOniENSis/i-om  South- 

crn  Jriiona. 


1 

•a 

i 

Date. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

h 

3.40 
3.50 
3.  CO 
3.00 
a.  70 
2.90 
a.!0 
3.40 

a  CO 

t 

i 

Itomarka. 

mi 
egt-i 

flCKI 

ppea 
mt8 

9 
9 
9 

Feb.  10, 1807 
Ajir.  IP,  lf-C7 
Fib.  tO,IS07 
Fib.  10,  IfOT 
Fob.  ao,  18C7 
Apr.  14, 1^07 

CumpGrniit,  Ariz 

ill) 

ilo 

ilo 

....  ilo 

E  Palmer  

3.10 

2.  as 

2.30 

a.  25 

2.10 

a.  30 

2.50 

3.  SO 

a.  40 
a.  10 

0.37 
0.34 
0.31 
0.31 

0.80 
0.70 
0.75 
0.78 
0.75 
0.78 
0.7S 
0.70 
0.75 
0.70 

Dry ;  adult. 
...  do. 

Dry ;  yonliKiah. 
...  do. 

Dry;  yonng. 

Dry;  yonogiab. 
...do. 
...  do. 
...do. 

Dry;  adult. 

ilo 

do 

do 

. .  do 

ilo 

....  ilo 

do 

.  ...do  

8887 
8879 

S874 

9 

Anr.  IR  Iflfi7 

ilo 

.     ..do 

rf     Mar.  10, 1807 

ilo 

do 

do 

do 

The  foregoing  specimens  were  taken  at  Camp  Grant,  near  Tucson,  Ariz., 
at  the  same  time  as  Dr.  Palmer's  examples  of  eremicus  were  collected,  the  two 
forms  living  side  by  side.  As  we  say  in  another  place,  most  of  Dr.  Palmer's 
specimens  are  true  eremicus;  but  the  above  seem  referable  to  the  short- 
tailed,  pale  variety  sonoriensis ;  the  soles  are  all  furred  as  in  ordinary 
leucopus ;  the  cars  are  short ;  and  the  distinctly  bicolor,  rather  hairy,  tail 
ranges  much  less  than  the  head  and  body,  while  the  nearly  uniform  pallor  of 
the  tints  is  much  like  that  of  prairie  specimens.  Only  one.  No.  8884,  is  more 
like  true  kucopus  in  its  length  of  tail,  exceptional  in  this  series;  while  the 
'  shade  of  its  coloration  is  almost  exactly  a  in  typical  eremicus.  No.  8874  is 
a  precise  duplicate  of  //.  gossypinus  in  coloration. 

HESPEROMYS  LEUCOPUS  EREMICUS  (Baird). 

Desert  Mouse. 

Hetperomys  eremicus,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  479.— CouKS,  Quad,  of  Arizona,  Am.  Nut.  i,  398  (In  part). 
Uesperomys  ( Ve>2>erimuii)  Icueopun  eremicus,  CoUES,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pbilo.  1874,  ISO. 

Diagnosis. — He.sp.  leucopi  staturd,  caudd  elongatd,  truncum  cum  capite 
subaquanic,  sparse  pilosd,  auriculis   majusculis,   subnudis,  plantis  pulmisque 


mh 


MUltlD^E— 810M0D0NTES— ri.  LBUCOPUS  EIIEMICUS. 


89 


'nudis  granulatis  ;  supra  flavido-grma  vix  nigro  limbata,  lateribus  Jlavicantio- 
ribus;  suhtus  a/ha,  caudd  obscure  bicolore. 

Mouse  about  as  large  as  H.  leucopus,  with  rather  longer  and  less  hairy 
tail  and  ears,  naked  palms  and  soles,  of  a  pale  yellowish-gray  above,  thinly 
mixed  with  blackish  hairs,  more  fulvous  on  the  sides,  the  under  parts  white, 
the  tail  obscurely  bicolor. 

Haditat. — Valley  of  (he  Gila  and  Colorado. 

Taiii.k  XXIV. — Mcaturcmcnti  of  «ix  tpecimaif  of  IIkspeiiomvh  lkucopus  eiikmicuh. 


a 

p 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Now  to— 

1 

i 

1 
1 

S 

& 

Nnluro  of  ipccl. 
men. 

^ 

1 

i 

I.-18I 
K>74 
8815 

1335 

Kort  Viimn,  Cal 

ilo 

do 

0.  n.  Thomas  . . . 

1.03 
1.07 
1.00 

3.1T 

m 

S.58 
3.  GO 
3.30 
3.50 

4.08 
3.70 
3.14 
3.00 
3.30 
3.30 

0.30 
0.30 

0.10 

o.so 

O.M 
0.fO 
0.78 
0.76 

o.co 

O.G.'> 

Dry. 

Alcoholic. 
..  do. 

...do. 
do. 

...do 

...  do 

A.Scbott  

0.4S 
0.43 

0.05 
0.85 

do 

do 

....do 

...  do 

This  highly  interesting  form  of  Hrsperomys  was  based  upoi>a  few  speci- 
mens from  the  Colorado  Desert,  and  none  but  the  original  ones  appear  to  have 
fallen  under  the  notice  of  naturalists.  In  discussing  its  relationships  to 
leucopus,  its  peculiar  habitat  in  the  midst  of  the  Great  American  Desert,  in 
the  hottest  region  of  the  continent,  must  be  kept  prominently  in  view.  Not- 
withstanding the  remarkable  characters  in  some  respects  (hat  it  OiTcrs  at  first 
sight,  it  will  be  found  on  closer  examination  to  differ  from  leucopus  solely  in 
characters  readily  superinduced  by  the  isolated  physical  conditions  under 
which  it  lives.  The  ornithologist,  in  particular,  is  fully  prepared  to  meet 
with  the  whole  aspect  of  this  case,  from  his  knowledge  of  the  modifications 
in  color  that  the  birds  of  the  Colorado  Desert  afford,  notably  in  such 
cases  as  (hose  of  Harporhynclius,  Pipilo,  &c.  Nevertheless,  the  characters 
accurately  given  )>y  Baird  mark  all  the  specimens  as  at  least  a  highly  specialized 
geographical  race  of  leucopus. 

The  palest  specimens  of  Hcsperomys  that  we  have  hitherto  inspected 
were  from  the  comparatively  dry  and  treeless  regions  of  the  Central  Plateau ; 
but  these  desert  mice  offer  still  more  bleached  coloration.  The  upper  parts 
are  of  a  pale  fulvous-gray,  obscured  along  the  middle  of  (he  back  by  rather 
few  blackish  hairs.  The  sides  fade  insensibly  into  a  pale  brownish-yellow,  or 
dull  tawny  cinnamon  (almost  with  a  pinkish  wash),  which  reaches  down  tiie 


i 
'A 

•si! 


I-; 


90 


MONOGUAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


I'  ( 


tore  le^'s  to  the  liiiiidti  Tiie  iiiidor  parts  are  pure  white,  as  usual,  with  pretty 
distiiiei  line  of  dciimrkation  almig  the  s\(\vs.  The  tail,  along  its  dorsal  aspect, 
is  inueh  paler  thai.  .;;ual,  agreeably  with  the  general  hue  of!  the  upper  parts; 
hut,  on  the  conlrary,  it  is  so  much  darker  than  usual  uiulerneath  that  it  appears 
nearly  unicolor,  and,  at  any  rate,  there  is  no  deliiiite  line  of  separation  of  the 
two  shades  of  color. 

'i'lic  soles  of  the  feet  present  the  extreme  condition  of  nakedness  as  yet 
ohscrvnl  in  ajiy  North  American  species  of  the  genus.  There  is  a  light  hairy 
tringe  all  along  tlie  sides ;  but  at  least  a  central  median  space,  perfectly  denuded, 
may  be  traced  to  the  very  heel.  But  this  character,  at  first  sight  apparently 
so  distinctive,  is,  as  just  intimated,  merely  the  extreme  of  an  insensible  grada- 
tion from  the  dense  hairiness  of  specimens  from  northern  cold  regions,  and  is 
strictly  agreeabh?  to  a  well-known  law. 

The  ear  will  mrragc  a  little  longer  than  in  leucopux,  and  corresponds 
with  the  feet  in  its  scantier  hairiness.  The  tail,  likewise,  is  scant-haired, 
revealing  the  annuli  very  plainly.  In  length,  this  member  will  average  con- 
siderably over  ll'.e  average  of  leucopus;  l)ut  still  it  falls  short  of  Ihc  extreme 
of  the  latter,  as  witnessed  in  Vermont  "myoides"  and  Washington  Territory 
"boylii";  and  in  the  six  specimens  before  us  it  varies  in  length  about  an  inch  ; 
thus,  it  i.s,  in  No.  loSl,  nine-tenths  of  an  inch  longer  than  the  head  and  body, 
and,  in  11)36,  it  is  two-tenths  of  an  inch  shorter  than  the  head  and  body. 

Since  the  foregoing  remarks  upon  //.  eremicus  were  penned,  we  have 
handled  an  interesting  and  highly  instructive  series  of  skins  from  Camp  Grant, 
sixty  miles  east  of  Tucson,  Ariz.,  collected  by  Dr.  Palmer.  This  series  con- 
firms our  views  by  furnishing  the  stepping-stones  before  lacking,  and  proves 
that  eremicus  slides  insensibly  into  the  ordinary  western  form,  of  which  it  is, 
therefore,  a  geographical  differentiation. 

Of  the  twenty -two  specimens  in  the  series  now  lying  before  us,  twelve 
are  referable  to  eremicus ;  these  are  measured  in  the  foregoing  table.  Of 
tln'se  twelve,  ciglit  or  nine  are,  pure  typical  eremicus,  agreeing  in  having  per- 
fectly naked  soles,  very  large,  leafy,  nearly  naked  ears,  the  scant-haired  indis- 
tinctly bicolor  tail  about  equal  to  the  head  and  body  (or,  if  anything,  rather 
longer  than  shorter),  and  the  coloration  of  the  peculiar  pinkish  or  ochrey- 
fiilvoiis  mixed  on  tiie  back  with  quite  black  hairs;  thus  being  identical  witli 
the  original  types  »[' eremicus.  The  individual  variations  in  these  eight  or  nine 
specimens  are  quite  as  usual  in  any  species  or  variety  of  the  genus.     In  two 


MUmUiE-81QMODONTE8-U.  LEUCOPU8  ERFVIICUS. 


1)1 


or  three  of  the  twelve,  n  slight  hniiiiiess  of  the  soles,  in  varying  degree, 
is  evident,  and  the  tail  is  noticeably  shorter  than  the  head  and  body ;  the  ears, 
likewise,  are  not  so  large. 

The  rest  of  Dr.  Palmer's  specimens,  ten  in  number,  all  taken  in  the  sani<' 
place  and  at  the  same  time  as  the  others — the  two  forms  living  side  by  side — 
are  all  distinctly  refernl)le  to  sonoriensis.  They  are  elsewliere  tabulated  and 
commented  upon. 

Tabi.k  XXW.—ileatunmtitti    '  tweloe  additional  niieciment  of  IIespehomys  leucopus  khemicus. 


8876 
8817 
8880 
8881 


H»7 


Feb.  10, 
May  in, 
Apr.  18, 
Feb.  10, 
Fob.  10, 
Apr.  18, 
Apr.  in, 
Apr.  10, 

Mar.  10, 
May  3, 
Feb.  10, 


i?(rr 

1807 
1807 
1807 
1M7 
1867 
1867 
1867 
I8G7 
1867 
1887 


Locality. 


Cauip  Orant,  Aril  . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Collector. 


£.  Palmer. ... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


3.10 

1. 

1 

1 

a 

3 

i3 

Romnrks. 

aso 

0.33 

0.7U 

0.07 

Dry. 

ij.:5 

3  ti 

0.31 

0.74 

0.58 

...do. 

3.30 

a  30 

0.33 

0  78 

O.CU 

....do. 

330 

3  m 

o.:il 

0.-8 

0.01 

...do. 

3.00 

aw 

0.30 

0.78 

0.71 

...do. 

S.9U 

aw 

0.31 

0.79 

0.00 

...do. 

3.75 

3  73 

n.  -.a 

0.81 

0.70 

...do. 

aw 

ass 

o.ai 

0.81 

0.66 

...do. 

.1..M) 

a  60 

0  31 

O.SO 

0.73 

...do. 

3.8.1 

asC' 

0.32 

0.80 

0  67 

...do. 

aoo 

350 

0  33 

0.77 

0.63 

...do. 

3.  as 

a  10 

0.33 

0.f0 

U.71 

do. 

HESPEROMYS  (VESPERIMUS)  AUREOLUS,  (Aud.  &  Bacii.)  Wag. 

Bed  Mome;  Golden  Moase. 

Jfn*  (Cafom;*)  aureoUi,  Add.  A  Bach.,  Journ.  Acad.  Mat.  Soi.  Pbila.  vi,  1843,  302;  Q.  V.  A.  ii,  1851, 

a03,  pi.  95. 
Hetjieromyt  aunolui,  Wagnkb,  Wieg.  Arohiv,  1843,  ii,  51.— Allen,  Ball.  Mas.  Comp.  Zool.  il,  1870, 180. 
/feaperomya  ( Fetperimiu)  aurcolut,  CoURS,  Pruo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phllo.  1874,  IHO. 
^Arricola  MuilalH,  Harlan,  McDtbly  Ainer.  Jonrn.  1832,  446;  Med.  &  Pbya.  Res.  1835,  55,  pi.  — . 
llaipcnmyf  nutlalli,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  467. 

Diagnosis. — H.  staturd  formdque  Hesp.  kttcopi ;  corpore  supra  aureo-cin- 
namomeo,  auriculis  concoloribus,  dorso  medio  obscuriore ;  infia  luteo-albido. 

Mouse  like  leucopus  in  size  and  shape,  but  very  different  in  color,  being 
golden-cinnamon  above,  and  yellowish-white  or  pale  buff  below;  cars  agree- 
in;^  with- the  general  tint  of  the  upper  parts;  middle  back  darker  from 
admixture  with  blackish  hairs;  fore  legs  colored  to  the  wrist ;  the  dividing 
line  between  the  color  of  the  upper  and  under  parts  of  the  body  and  tail 
usually  indistinct.  Feet  densely  pilous  above,  and  below  to  the  tubercles, 
which  are  large  and  crowded ;  toes  rather  short.  "Mammee,  four;  situated 
for  back"  (Aud.  &  Bach.). 

Habitat. — Central  and  Southern  States. 


m 


% 


iji: 


1 


0'> 


MONtKJUAl'US  OK  NOUTU  AMliltlCAN  KODICNTIA. 


■    Tlie  iil)s()liit(!  size  ftiid  rclativo  proportions  of  tliis  species  will  he  illiis- 
Iraled  by  tlie  following  tiil)l(!  of  menstircnients,  and  reipiire  no  further  remark. 

Taim.k  XXV. — Mittnurcmenli  of  liitlrc  «;«iimdn  of  IIkxpriiomym  AURKOu;g. 


1 

E 
a 

y, 

IS3I 

ftV» 

■(819 
4X20 
4'a'l 

45  ?1! 

I.<H.alily. 

CdlliTlor. 

Noaolo — 

Z 

1 
1 

1 

3 

Kemarka  nnti  tin- 
tun*  i.f    h;mt1- 
loen. 

i. 

w 

^ 

i 

t 

8<:liu.vlklllKlvor,Pa.. 

.S<K!lilr  lllll.S.C 

ilo 

.T  11  Uirliaril 

.1.13 

tl.03 

aw 

a  74 

0.73 

0.  .Vi 

0.  ."i- 

I)ryi  (loiibtfcil. 
Dry. 
.  do. 

M  A  Ctirlla 

auo 

lli) 

CUnrlintiiu,  a  C 

ilo 

J,  Morrow    

. . .  do , 

O.M 
0.41) 

1.00 
0.00 

i.ao 
i.os 

3.U) 
.140 
3..-X) 
IM 
3.  SO 
•i30 
S.K1 
:i.ao 
9.00 
9.!I0 

9.!>0 
9.110 
3.10 
9.  "5 

0.38 
O.XI 
.... 

a  14 

0.70 
0.70 
0,011 
0.70 
0.71 
0  19 

0.54 
0.  .')9 
0.57 
0.5.-> 

.....lo. 
.....lo. 

Alcoholic. 

..  Ilo. 

Dry. 

...ilo. 

— 

... 

Dr.  OcsofT 

A.  (terhanlt 

WliltHdil  Connty.Oa 

Gi'iirKill  t 

Kt'tii|K'r  C.xtnt.v,  MiM. 

Knowillr,  Ti'Dii 

.1.) 

Cairo,  111 

Saint  Loiiw,  Mo 

.     Jn    

n.c.  l1"m1 

J.  11.  JIlUl.oll    . 

...lo 

I!.  Koonliiitt  . . 

(1.  Kiiui'lmaini  .  - 

ilo 

0.51 

o.w 

1.  n 

1.80 

...  .lo. 

9. 00     0. 40  1  0. 1.'i 

9.:i0    '  0.M 

9.15    0.™ 

0.03 

AI(»hollo. 
Dry. 
...  .do. 

10014 

1 

9 

.lo. 

d„   

...do 

1 

Alo.t  viTy.VMonjr 
anililiiulitfol. 
.  do. 

...  ilo 

..  (Id 

We  lire  iiniihlc  to  appreciate  any  (lifTerences  whatever  in  the  series  of 
skulls  of  this  species  as  compared  with  a  large  nuinl)er  of  those  of  leucopux. 

This  elegant  species  inuy  usually  he  distinguished  at  a  glance  from  leu- 
copiis  hy  the  i)eculiar  and  hcautifiil  tint  of  tlie  fur— a  rich  golden-cinnamon^  a 
little  darker  from  admixture  of  blackish  hairs  along  the  hack;  the  ears  like 
the  general  color,  this  extending  on  the  fore  legs  to  the  paws,  and  a  tiiint  wash, 
of  the  same  tinting  the  under  jiarts,  between  which  and  the  upper  parts  the 
line  of  deinarkation  is  usually  obscure, , and  often,  as  in  No.  1580,  from  Knox- 
villc,  Tenn.,  inapi)recial)'e.  The  brighcst-colorcd  samjdes  of  leucnpun  we  have 
seen  invarial)ly  lean  to  ciiestnut-fulvous,  instead  of  the  peculiar  orange-fulvous 
of  aureolux.  The  dilKjrence  in  the  shade  is  hard  to  express  in  words,  but  it 
catches  tlio  eye  at  once.  These  brighter  Ifuco/iu.s,  moreover,  have  tlie  cars 
dusky  and  the  under  parts  snow-white,  while  in  nureolm  the  orange  tinges 
both  these  in  a  per;;eptible  degree.  The  tail  is  but  little  paler  below  than 
aliove,  with  rarely,  if  ever,  a  line  of  deinarkation. 

While  there  is  no  question  of  the  positive  difference  of  this  species  from 
/eucnpuK,  even  tiie  sinull  series  liefore  us  shows  considerable  variation.     In  No. 


1   I    '■: 


ii 


r>Hi 


MUIUD^-SIOMODONTKS— IIUSl'KHOMYH  AdHEOLUvS. 


9;} 


4703,  from  the  Soutlicrn  Stiitcs,  prol)al)Iy  Georgia,  the  under  ]mr(s-  nre  not 
white  at  III!,  nor  even  whitisii,  but  cinnamon,  only  a  iittlt;  paler  lluiii  tin;  sides. 
No.  981  has  quite  a  l)hick  stripe  alon^r  tlie  i)aei\.  No.  2D(i 4,  ironi  Illinois,  is 
interesting  in  several  respects.  In  the  lir.st  place,  the  feel  are  reinarknltly 
small,  less  tiian  in  any  Ilesperonn/.t  we  have  seen,  except  mkhiganeiiniii ;  and 
in  some  other  respects,  especially  ^'bitccis  Jltrviii",  it  corresponds  better  with 
Audubon  and  Baehman's  descripti<m  of  Jiiicliiganem.is  than  the  specimens  we 
have  referred  to  that  species  do.  The  under  parts,  moreover,  are  white.  The 
general  color  of  the  upper  parts,  while  showing  unmistakalde  traces  of  the; 
])eculiar  orange  shade  of  aureolas,  arc  much  watered  with  a  darker  hue.  This 
is  another  case  of  darker  hue  in  Illinois  rodents  than  elsewhere;  for  the 
Arvicola  ripnrius,  Pitymys  pinetorum,  and  Hesperoinys  kucopus,  nil  siiow  this 
peculiarity.  A  Saint  Louis,  Mo,  skin  might  be  referable  to  this  species  with 
a  shade  of  doubt,  were  it  not  acconipanietl  by  a  little  suckling  one,  possibly 
its  offspring,  which  settles  the  case,  and  at  the  same  lime  confirms  the  valid- 
ity of  the  species  in  a  very  satisfactory  way.  This  little  creature  is  of  the 
same  bright  orange-cinnamon  as  the  ailults,  while,  as  is  well  known,  the  young 
of  leucopus  arc,  for  some  months,  of  a  dark  ashy-gray. 

I  only  venture  to  include  in  this  series  a  specimen  (No.  548)  from  the 
Schuylkill  River,  Pa.,  with  grave  doubt.  The  animal  appears  to  have  been 
skinned  out  of  alcohol,  and  the  yellowish  tinge  of  the  under  parts  may  be 
due  to  discoloration.  In  other  respects,  it  is  more  like  leucopus  than  aureolns, 
having  dusky  ears,  sharp  line  of  demarkation  along  tiie  sides,  &c. 

Doubtlesi?,  after  all,  there  ore  some  who  would  prefer  to  consider  H. 
auroleus  as  a  "permanent  variety"  of  leucopus,  but  they  need  to  be  reminded 
that  such  course  wouhl  remain  simply  a  petiiio  principii  until  tli'-y  explain 
the  difference  between  a  "permanent  variety"  and  a  "species". 

The  figure  and  description  of  Arvicola  nuttalli,  Hari.an,  agree  very  well 
with  the  present  species ;  but,  as  they  represent  a  l)riglit-colored  leucopus 
quite  as  well,  and  contain  notliing  positively  distinctive,  I  agree  with  Mr. 
Allen  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  supersede  the  well-known  and  very  expressive 
name  aureolxu. 


■%   i 


'' 


'^ 


i  ^ 


U4 


MONOORAPIIH  OF  NOKTH  AMEUIOAN  KODBNTIA. 


IIESPFROMYS  (VESPERIMUS)  MICHIGANENSIS  (A.  &  B.)  Wngn. 

MIrblean  Moune. 

Vim  iiii(»ijiiii.n»i»,  Ann.  &  Bach.,  .Iiiiirn.  Acad.  Nut.  8ci.  I'lillii.  viil,  il,  \Mi,  :)04i  Q.  N.  A.  Hi,  1854,  320. 
llfpiromtjii  micliiijanrmiii,  Wac.nkh,  \Vu'({.  Arcliiv,  1843,  il,  fil.— lUlltn,  M.  N.  A.  lHf)7,  476. 
IliKjiiiiimijii  ( l'(»piT/;iiu»)  michiganeutii,  CouKS,  I'roc.  Acjul.  Nat.  Si'l.  I'lillo.  1874,  180. 
MuH  bnirdii,  Hoy  &  Kknnicott,  U.  8.  raU-nt-Offlce  Kcp.  Agrlc.  for  IMWJ  (18{)7),  Oi,  iil.  xi. 

DiAONoaw. — //.  minimus,  (2J-3-j>o//.)  auricuUs  parvLs,  ]>edibns  breoibux 
ij_M  /)«//  \  caudii  truncum  sine  cnpite  suhaquanle  {\'^-l-poll.)^  supra  cum  pedi- 
bus  ,'iuiijulns((nli  /irunnt'u.i,  j'loi^a  dorsali  ob.scurioic ;  infra  cttudidus. 

Very  hiiiiiII  iiihiisv,  ^cllipwi.sli-lirosvii  above,  with  n  broad  dorsal  stripe  ol' 
s(iot}-bro\vii,  below  ^nnv  white;  feet  not  entirely  white,  us  usual  in  leucopus; 
tail  bicolor.  IJurely  3  inches  or  mtire  long ;  hind  foot  never  exceeding  O.Tij, 
oih-ii  inut'li  shorter;  ears  J,  or  less,  high;  tail  about  equal  to  the  trunk 
without  the  heatl. 

HAitiTAT. — Upper  Mississippi  Valley ;  especially  Illinois,  Michigan,  and 
Wisconsin.     Kansas. 

Without  speculating  upon  the  probable  derivation  by  actual  descent  of 
this  species  from  11.  leucopus,  we  will  rest  upon  the  fact  that  here  we  have 
un  animal  positively  distinct  from  leucopus.  The  difTcrentiation  from  a  com- 
mon stock  has  proceeded  so  far  that  the  connecting  links,  if  any  once  existed, 
arc  broken  or  at  least  concealed.  Out  of  a  considerable  number  of  speci- 
mens (sec  tal)le  below),  there  is  not  a  single  one  that  is  not  disfinguislin'de 
on  sight  fiom  leucopus  This,  if  not  more  remarkable,  is,  at  any  rate,  the  nioie 
interesting  and  instructive,  since  the  true  leucojms  abundantly  inhabits  the 
regions  where  michiganensis  occurs.  As  far  as  is  known  at  present,  mkhiga- 
ncnsis  is  one  of  the  most  restrictedof  our  species  in  geographical  distribution, 
being  nearly  confined  to  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Mississippi.  This,  probably.  Is 
the  reason  why  it  adheres  so  faithfully  to  one  particular  style ;  and  siiould  it  ever 
become  dispeised  over  an  area  large  enough  to  bring  difi'erent  individuals 
under  decidedly  ditferent  climatic  and  other  inlluences,  a  divergence  and  varia- 
tion would  undoubtedly  ensue.  The  only  sign  of  such  possible  or  probable 
ditfenMitiation  at  present  is  represented  by  what  has  been  called  Mus  '"bairdii" 
by  Hoy  and  Kenuicott.  These  excellent  naturalists  were  unquestionably 
wrong  in  supposing  a  distinction  of  species  here.  Dr.  Hoy  ex|)ressed  the 
whole  thing  in  a  nutshell  when  he  wrote  to  Professor  Baird : — "One  thing  is 
certain — we  iind  one  species  in  the  oak  o|)enings,  while  the  other  is  confined 


Ms" 


MUHIIM:— SIOMODONTKH-mCSI'KltOMYS   MICIIIOANRNaiH.        «.».') 


to  the  pmirie";  thul  is  to  say,  the  diflTcreiiccs  rietuilcd  In-  tlicso  niithors  arc 
simply  and  exactly  dependent  upon  whether  the  animal  lives  in  woodliind  or 
in  prairie. 

As  will  be  seen  l)y  tlie  (able  l)cIow,  //.  michiganensis  is  miich  snialK'r 
than  kucopus,  averaging  under  three  inches  long  (2.f)5),  and  only  exce|)tion- 
ally,  in  extreme  cases,  reaching  the  average  dimensions  (3^)  of  leucopus. 
Some  adult  examples,  indeed,  are  hardly  over  2J  in  length.  The  next  most 
conspicuous  feature  is  tiie  uniformly  shorter  tail,  both  relatively  and  absolutely. 
With  an  average  of  just  two  inches,  it  ranges  from  1§,  or  a  little  less,  to  2^, 
but  is  hardly  ever  over  2^,  and  not  very  often  below  2.  In  general,  it  about 
equals  the  head  without  the  trunk,  having,  therefore,  much  the  same  relative 
strength  us  in  H.  var.  sonoriensis.  The  smallness  of  the  feet  is  equally 
marked  and  characteristic.  The  very  largest  hind  feet  do  not  exceed  0.75, 
which  is  below  the  average  (tf  leucopus ;  they  range  between  0.65  and  0.75, 
settling  at  0.G9  for  the  mean  size.  As  it  is  rare  for  the  smallest  foot  of  leu- 
copus  to  drop  to  0.75,  this  feature  alone  gives  indications  by  which  probably 
nineteen  specimens  of  every  twenty  could  be  identitied.  The  ears  are  notice- 
ably short  and  small  every  way  ;  usually  under  0.50  high,  they  run  from  0.40 
to  0.50,  only  very  rarely  surpassing  the  latter  figure. 

The  coloration  is  almost  equally  distinctive  in  its  uniform  darknesn.  Most 
of  the  specimens  come  nearest  to  "austerus"  in  this  respect.  The  dark  color 
almost  always*  extends  on  both  feet  lothe  digits,  whereas  in  teucopus  the  I'ect 
are  (usually)  white.  The  shade  is  difficult  to  name,  but  may  be  called  a  mix- 
ture of  gray  and  yellowish-brown  on  the  sides,  passing  along  the  middle  line 
of  the  body  above,  from  nose  to  tail,  as  a  broad  stripe,  into  blackish-brown. 
The  under  parts  are  snow-white.  The  tail  is  always  distinctly  bicolor,  and 
usually  sharply  so,  but  sometimes  the  under  surface  is  brownish-white.  The 
ears  are  blackish,  usually  without  the  slightest  pale  edging.  The  whiskers 
are  light  and  dark,  and  the  longer  ones  exceed  the  head 

This  animal  is  stated  to  have  six  mammx — four  abdominal  an»1  two  pec- 
toral. The  label  upon  one  of  Mr.  Kennicott's  infant  specimens  says,  "five 
found  together."  On  the  label  of  another  of  his,  he  states  that  "two  old  ones, 
with  three  young,  were  found  in  a  rail-fence  on  the  prairie." 

Aside  from  the  question  of  "bairdii",  which  must  be  summarily  disposed 

*  A  KauBas  specimen,  which  I  refur  to  this  species,  forwarduil  lor  examination  by  Prof.  F.  H.  Snow, 
prewnta  the  oxceptional  featoru  of  nearly  white  feet ;  the  dusky  color  of  the  legs  only  reaching  a  little 
way  past  the  ankle,  and  not  at  all  beyond  the  wrist. 


w 


■:ji 


i  u  ■ 


96 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NOUTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


of,  tliore  arc  no  synonyinical  points  to  be  determined  in  this  case.  There 
are,  however,  several  discrepancies  between  the  description  of  Audubon  and 
liachnian  and  the  characters  of  the  animal  which  Hoy,  Kennicott,  Baird,  and 
ourselves  describe.  Thus,  they  say,  "mammae,  six  pectoral  and  four  abdom- 
inal." We  fiiil  to  realize  "clieeks  yellow,"  thougli,  perhaps,  they  arc  a  little 
brigliler  tlian  surrounding  parts.  The  dimensions  given,  4  inches  (()r  length 
of  liead  and  l)ody,  are  so  much  greater  (by  a  full  incii)  that  possibly  the  fig- 
ure "  4"  may  be  a  typographical  error ;  but  then  the  tail,  2J,  is  nearly  as  much 
in  excess  of  wiiat  we  tind.  It  is  barely  possible,  alter  all,  tiiat,  as  Professor 
Baird  iiints,  none  of  our  specimens  are  what  Audubon  and  Bacliman  called 
mic/iiganciisin.  In  tiiat  event,  and  if  positively  distinct  from  Audul)on's  and 
Baclinuurs  animal,  they  would,  of  course,  bear  the  name  of  "bairdii",  and 
"michiganensis"  And.  &  Bacii.  be  relegated  among  the  unnumbered  synonyms 
of  /cucojiiis.  But,  in  the  seeming  impossibility  of  determining  this  point,  it  is 
better  to  let  mic/iigaiiensis  stand  for  what  we  now  describe. 

T.MiLK  XXVI.— .l/m8iii'('ni«i(«  of  forlij-seren  (and  Vu-t  of  other)  »ptTimf««  0/ HEsrEROMYS  miciiiqanensis. 


•ej 
7i';i 

OO.'.! 
CV) 

7m 

7117 
708 
739 
077 
NUI> 

a7J7 
S7,'iS 
27M 
WOO 

a-ni 

S7C1 
870:) 
3704 
8703 
8700 
8771 
7435 
0937 


Dniil. 


.Vpr, 
Apr. 
Si'|)l. 
.\|n-. 
May 
Mn.v 
May 
Mar. 


Ldcallty. 


llIiuoiH 

rK'iiHiiit,  III 


Nose  to- 


Culloctur. 


ip.'),-i 
IMS 


M.iriu:i  Conuty,  III  .. 
Wist  .NorlliUdil,  111  . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


.do., 
.do., 
.do., 
.do.. 


do., 
.do., 
.do.. 


.do., 
.do., 
.do., 
.do  . 
.do  . 
.do  . 


J.  LpConte.... 
W..r.  SImw.. 

..  do 

11.  KflHiicott  . 
..  do 


...do 

..do 

...do.     ... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do , 

...do 


43  0. 

480. 

,4.-,;o. 

SCO. 
50  0. 


05 
05 
[0 
10 

Oij 

oe 
w 
00. 

008. 


I.  go 
i.g. 


10 

iOO 
1.7( 
1.90 
iOO 
3.85 

a.  33  0.  :i3|o.  71 


0.70 
0.71 

11.08 


0.70 
0.70 
iLOr 

i0  0.4t' 
0.flS0.4J 


0.35  0.70 


-  joju. 
;.  33  (1. 

i.  550. 


gO|i.o: 

80  i  30 
2.0* 

3;i  i  IB 

80 
0 


0  Otj 
).73 
0.70 
0.65 
;).75 
).  05 
1).  70 
0.09 
0.70 


Koiunrks. 


0. 4h 

0.48 

0.4C 

0.50 

0. 

0..'« 

,0. 481 

0.48! 

0.90 

0.45 

0.55 

a98 


Dry. 

..do. 

Dry  i  yoDDg. 

Dry;  "llaliTlll." 

Dry. 

..do. 

Dryi  veryyoonir. 

Dry. 

. .  .do. 

..  do. 

..do. 

Ak-4)holic. 

..  do. 

...do. 

...do. 

..do. 

..  do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

..  do. 

...do. 

...do. 


*0950:  labeled  "  ooj;natiiB  "  I 


MURID2E-   .  GMODONTE8— HESPEROMYa  MIOIIIG^NENSIS. 


97 


Taiilk  XXVI.— 3/('(M«rcnien(8  of  forty-ieten  tpecimeni,  4'o.—Coat\nueH. 


1 

^ 

Date. 

Locality. 

t'oli.wtor. 

NOBOIO— 

t 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Itenurlis. 

H 

0.50 
U.40 
0.41 

0.65 

o.-t 

O.K 

g. 

I 

1.04 
1.03 
I.Of 

I 

ma 

9930 
9931 

74:14 

9933 
99:13 
9U34 
9933 
9936 
9937 
9938 
9939 
9940 
0941 
t9943 
10463 
10164 
1046S 
104etl| 

to 
I047»J 

1040S] 
to 

I05UJ 
il667 
8668 
ti669 
9767 
a768 
2769 
8770 

ft,¥i 

990 

iSVV 

107691 
to 

io7nJ 

West  Northfleld,  III    .. 

do 

do 

do 

li.  KODUlCOtt... 

...do  

...do 

...do  

i7( 

ii;o 
i7r, 
i:o 
i.cc 
tct 

).M 
i7(, 
1  l( 

1. ;.". 
J.  00 
i.t« 
1.7.1 

i.5 
1.85 
J.  10 
100 
1.50 
1.70 
iOO 
•i20 
J.  10 
1.50 
1.60 

0  3310.06 
0. 34'a  68 
0. 3.'i>0. 70 

...  !o. Oil 

0.34 
0.49 
0.34 

Alcoholic. 
...do. 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
....do. 

...do. 

..  do. 

do 

do 

do 

do. 

..  do 

....do 

..  do 

...do 

0.68 
0.70 
0.71 
0.69 
0.03 
0.70 
0.73 

o.-a 

0.69 
0.68 
0.68 

do 

do 

do 

do 

...  do 

.  do 

...do, 
do 

...do 

...do. 
...do. 

...do 

!.90 
1  f  6 

do 

...do 

do 

..do 

...do 

_ 

i.60 
iSO 

do 

.      do 

...do 

....do. 

....do. 

do. 

do  

....do 

.  ..do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

...  do 

do. 

....do  

Alci  ynuDg. 

Alcoholic. 

...do. 
...do, 
....do. 
— do. 
...do. 
..  do. 

.  do   . 

PRDoy 

..  do          

I.CO 

3.15 
i.80 

;I.S3 
3.00 

'J.QO 

0  :m 

0  74 
0.70 
0.68 
0.7(1 
0.70 

0.46 
0.30 
0.43 
0.43 
0.43 

do 



0  4'iO  fVi 
U.4J 

1.  go  0. 30 

do 

do 

....do 

...do 

0.44 

0.85 

9.93 
I.BV 

9  30 

do 

....do 

do 

..  do  .    .  . 

do 

do 

....do. 

9 

..do 

..  do     

0.90 

0.83 

1.04 

LOO 

•1.17 

0.4a 

0.70 
0.70 
0.64 

0.44 

....do. 
Dry. 
...  do. 

..  ..do 

..  do  

.  do 

..  do 

Salut  Loala,  Ho 

do 

0.84 
1.08 
).84 

J.  00 
1.93 

1.84 
1  nri 

....do. 

....do 

....do. 

do 

..do       .  .     .. 

J,60I'X0A 

...do. 

WoitNorthaBld,  111... 
Naoaho  Falls, Kani.... 

H-Keunlcott  .. 
N.a.Ooai 

AlcohoUc. 
Dry. 

7  K 


t  Thia  lot  fnrthar  incliidoa  anvon  yoaDK,  Noa,  9943  to  9949. 


f 


ii  r 


98 


MONOGliAPIIS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


HESPEROMYS  CALIFORNICUS,  (Gambel)  Baird. 
Parasitic  House. 

Miis  ealifoniiciia,  Gamiikl,  Proc.  Acml.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliila.  iv,  1848,  78  (Monterey). 
IIcsperomnK  eali/orniciiii,  Uauid,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  478  (Suutii  Clora  Comity,  Cal.). 
nmiierumiiH  ( I'mpmrnm)  californieus,  C'0UE.s,  Proe.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.  PUilu.  1874,  180. 
Ili-speromijK  paravliom,  Cooi'EU,  MSS.— H.iini>,  op,  cit.  479  (in  text). 

Diagnosis. — H.  crassitie  dimidlum  muris  decumanm  suheequans,  caudd  lon- 
gissimd  suhntidd  vix  hicolore,  pedibus  uncialibus  jilantis  nudh,  auriculis  maxi- 
7nis  .warsisfdmh  pilosis ;  supra  fuscus,  lateribus  sensim  Jlavicantibus,  infra 
albidus. 

Nearly  as  large  as  a  half-grown  house-rat,  with  extremely  long  nearly 
naked  cars  and  tail,  the  latter  scarcely  bicolor ;  feet  an  inch  long,  with  naked 
soles;  dark  grayish-brown  above,  becoming  pale  cinnamon-brown  on  the 
sides,  the  under  parts  whitish. 

Habitat. — Southern  and  Lower  California. 

Our  few  specimens,  mostly  the  same  as  those  described  by  Baird  in  1857, 
indicate  a  species  perfectly  distinct  from  leucopm.  The  animal  looks,  in  fact, 
much  like  a  partly-grown  Neotoma ;  it  is  quite  as  large  as  some  examples  of 
Oryznmyx  pahistris,  wliile  its  long  and  sparsely  hairy  tail,  no  less  than  its 
size,  gives  it  somewhat  the  aspect  of  a  young  Norway  rat.  No  one  of  the 
interminable  variations  of  kucopus  have  so  far  shown  us  anything  like  this. 

The  size  and  proportions  of  the  species  rre  illustrated  in  the  table  given 
below.  It  may  be  said  to  l)e  four  or  five  inches  in  length  of  trunk,  with 
the  tail  about  the  same — half  an  inch  longer  or  as  much  shorter  than  the 
head  and  body.  The  feet  are  an  inch  or  a  little  more  long,  and  share  with 
eremicus  the  peculiarity  of  naked  soles,  although  the  very  extremity  of  thi; 
heel  is  not  |)erfectly  denuded.  The  immense  ears  are  a  striking  feature, 
measuring  three-fourths  of  an  inch  or  more  in  height  by  about  two-thirds  of 
an  inch  in  widtli.  They  arc  very  closely  pilous  on  i)oth  sides,  as  will  be  seen 
i)y  close  inspection,  l)ut  appear  at  first  sight  quite  naked.  The  little  hairs  are 
so  short  that  they  do  not  form  any  perceptible  fringe.  Tiie  shape  of  the  ear 
is  also  remarkable ;  instead  of  I)eing  evenly  rounded,  it  is  like  the  two  sides 
of  a  rectangle  with  the  upper  corner  rounded  ofi".  The  tail  is  scant-haired, 
showing  the  annuli  plainly. 

The  pelage  is  renuvrkable  for  its  softness,  fullness,  and  gloss,  although  it 
is  not  long,  measuring  less  than  half  an  inch  on  tl\e  back.     It  is  very  different 


MUBID^— 8IGMODONTE»-nE8PEUOMYS  0AL1FORN1CU8. 


99 


from  average  Icucopm  in  its  sootiness,  being,  in  fact,  periiaps  darUcr  than  leuco- 
pus  ever  becomes,  unless  in  the  "gossypinus"  variety;  and  here  the  shatle  is 
different,  being  of  a  leaden  grayish-brown,  mixed  with  a  good  deal  of  black, 
yet  watered  throughout  with  fulvous.  The  color  reaches  to  the  wrist  and 
ankle,  but  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  hijnds  and  feet  are  whitish.  On  the 
sides,  the  color  shades  into  a  pale  tawny-cinnamon  or  brownish-fulvous,  very 
nearly  of  the  same  tint  as  in  eremicus.  The  under  parts  can  hardly  be  called 
white,  owing  to  a  suffusion  of  leaden-gray  showing  through  the  white  tips  of 
the  hairs.  The  tail,  as  already  stated,  is  dark,  and  not  much  paler  below  than 
above,  with  a  very  indistinct — sometimes  inappreciable — dividing  line.  The 
ears  siiow  blackish  in  the  dried  state ;  probably  dusky  flesh-color  in  life.  The 
very  long  whiskers,  many  of  which  rcacii  to  the  shoulder,  are  partly  black 
and  partly  white. 

Among  the  Fort  Tejon  specimens  {Xanlm),  we  find  two  examples  of 
califomicm  instantly  distinguishable  from  the  numbers  of  "gambeli"  with 
which  they  are  associated,  and  typically  representing  californicus.  Several 
Tejon  "gambeli",  indeed,  show  a  tendency  toward  californicus  in  their  large 
size  and  length  of  ears  and  tail,  but  nothing  quite  up  to  this  remarkable  form. 
Besides  the  dimensions  tabulated  below,  No.  7478  shows  these  measurements: 
Nose  to  eye,  0.55;  to  ear,  1.02  ;  breadth  of  ear,  0.70;  pencil  of  hairs  at  end 
of  tail,  0.30 ;  whiskers,  1.75.  The  soles,  which  have  the  ordinary  six  tuber- 
cles, are  almost  entirely  naked ;  the  ear  is  sparsely  and  delicately  pilous. 
The  liand  and  feet  are  white  above;  the  tail  is  indistinctly  bicolor,  brown 
above,  whitish  below ;  it  is  nearly  five  incfws  long,  with  the  terminal  pencil 
about  5.25,  which,  the  body  being  only  3.60,  is  the  longest  tail,  both  rela- 
tively and  absolutely,  we  have  seen  in  a  United  States  Hesperomys. 

Tablk  XXVII.— il/«u«re?Hcn(8  of  four  ii}>edmens  of  Hkspkkomys  calikornicus. 


i 

i 

Date. 

LoMllty. 

Collector. 

1 

n 

¥ 

1 
1 

i 
1 

& 

Nature  of 
■pocimen. 

nsa 

1157 

M70 
74T8 

9 

Nov.  — ,  IB53 
Not.  — ,  1855 

S>nUClan,C*l 

J.a.Coopar  .. 

....do 

J.  Xutna 

...do 

1.35 

I.  fa 

1.30 

4.60 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.00 

aeo 

4.80 

0.53 

1.05 
1.08 
1.00 

0.75 

0.70 
0.75 
0,90 

Dry. 

Frwh. 

Dr.r. 

Fresh. 

Dry. 

Alcoholio. 

4.00 
4.50 
4.00! 

0.45 

a»8 

1.00 

do 

,^;^;   ' 


The  different  H.  californicua  aside,  all  the  California  Hesperomys  we  have 
seen  are  referable  to  "gambeli",  excepting  the  Fort  Crook  scries,  which 


r 


• 


■Hi 


100 


M 


'lAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


rnthor  full  under  -ne  sonoriends  category  by  reason  of  the  shortness  of  the 
tail.  'I'licro  is  little  to  note  regarding  these  specimens.  No.  7186,  from  Fort 
llojavc,  is  al)out  the  palest  fulvous  all  over  the  upper  parts  wo  have  seen,  hut 
still  is  not  at  all  like  eremicus.  No.  7183  is  almost  a  typical  leucopus.  The 
two  adults  of  (ho  Tejon  series  have-almost  exactly  tiie  body-colors  of  gossi/- 
piniis ;  and  wo  should  not  omit  to  note  that  they  have  a  suspicious  sod  of 
resemi)lanco  to  //.  califor?iicus.  Nor  should  we  be  surprised  if  .some  mice 
tiDin  tliis  vicinity  should  be  found  to  bridge  over  the  chasm  that  now  appears 
between  the  leucopus  styles  and  the  seemingly  very  different  "californicus"; 
one,  at  least,  of  the  Tejon  specimens  (No.  3G70)  being  veritable  califurnkus. 
We  have  already  noted  that  Northern  Californian  mice,  and  more  particu- 
larly Oregon  and  Washington  ones,  are  darker  than  those  of  Southern  Califor- 
nia (in  this  respect  precisely  matcliing  Massachusetts  leucopus),  an<l  that 
they  shade  directly  into  austerus  in  this  respect,  as  well  as  in  the  length  of 
the  tail. 

HESPEROMYS  (VESPERIMUS)  AZTEOUS,  De  Saussure. 

Aztec  Honse. 

IkKpiromijn  a:lecii»,  Dk  .S.ilssuuk,  1{.  SI.  Z.  ISCO,  105,  pi.  ix,  f.  4  (toctli)' 
lliipiromijK  (  Ve»perimv8)  aslcciis,  CoiES,  I'roc.  Aciid.  Nut.  Sci.  Pliiln.  1874,  180. 

Diagnosis. — //.  leucopo  staturd  par,  et  formd  simillmus,  sed  caudd  sub- 
nudd  et  coloribus  differt.  Bruiineus,  dorso  tiigricante,  laleiibus  fenugincis, 
jKir/ibus  inferioribiis  alius;  aniebrachio  exins  lafcnbus  concolore,  crure  et  parte 
tertia  hamli  metatarsi  fusccscenlibus ;  ca  udd  fere  unicolore. 

IlAurrAT. — "Mexico"  (De  Saussure). 

This  species  belongs  strictly  to  the  Ilcsperomys  leucopus  group,*  and  does 
not  diiler  noticealjly  in  size  or  proportions  from  that  species.  The  coloration, 
h(iwev(!r,  appears  specifically  distinctive;  it  differs  from  that  of  the  ordinary 
United  States  s|)ccies  precisely  as  Neotoma  ferruginca  difl'ers  from  Jloriddna. 

The  upper  parts  an;  rich  rusty-red,  almost  orange  rust-color,  on  the 
i)ack  deepening  into  a  broad  area  of  ljrownish-i)lack,  and  only  showing  in  its 
intensity  on  the  sides  where  the  line  of  demarkation  with  the  white  of  the 
under  parts  is  distinct  and  sharp.  The  head  shares  somewhat  of  the  general 
lilackcning  of  the  middle  area  above,  but  is  not  so  uniformly  dark  as  the  back ; 
the  extreme  muzzle  is  dark,  leaving  about  the  mouth  only  the  sides  of  the 

*  111  all  external  features,  at  any  ratoj  but  wo  liavo  not  a8certaluc<l  the  oxistenco  of  clieek- 
pouclies. 


kiii'lr 


MUBID^— 8IGM0DONTES— HESPEROMYS  AZTECUS. 


101 


lips  to  share  tlic  white  of  under  parts;  the  latter  is  not  quite  pure,  owing  to 
the  showing  througli  of  the  gray  bases  of  the  liairs.  On  tiie  fore  leg,  the 
color  of  the  sides,  or  u  darker  shade,  extends  to  tiic  very  wrist,  there  stopping 
abruptly,  leaving  tiie  surface  of  the  paw  wiiite  (or  liglit).  On  the  outside  of 
the  crus,  the  color  of  the  sides,  or  a  deeper  shade,  extends  to  the  tarsus,  and 
thence  on  the  basal  third  of  the  metatarsus;  forming  a  sharply-defined  blackish 
area,  as  in  H.  sumichrasti,  &c.  This  is  a  strong  feature  that  never  occurs  in 
true  leucopus ;  the  rich  rusty-red  of  the  sides  is  liivcwise  an  entirely  peculiar 
shade  so  far  as  United  States  mice  are  concerned,  (iiough  common  to  several 
Mexican  species.  The  ears  are  dusky  in  the  present  stale  of  our  specimen  ; 
tlie  tail,  of  which  less  than  two  inches  remains  on  (he  specimen,  is  very 
obscurely  paler  below  and  nearly  as  naked  as  in  AIus ;  but  this  last  feature 
may  not  be  permanent. 

The  foregoing  is  the  adult  coloration.  We  have  no  intbrmation  whether 
the  young  are  like  the  adult,. or  plain  gray  like  young  Iciicopm. 

Length,  about  3.75  inches  (0""".095,  De  S.);  tail,  averaging  over  4.00 ; 
hind  foot,  0.90 ;  fore  foot,  0.38 ;  ear,  about  O.fi'i  high  from  notcii  in  front. 

Described  from  one  of  the  three  original  specimens,  No.  .^926,  Museum 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  received  from  M.  De  Saussure,  and  labeled  in 
what  is  apparently  his  handwriting. 

M.  De  Saussure's  label  bears  the  suggestive  query,  '^H.  fexanus??"  There 
is  no  reasonable  doubt  that  tlie  aiimal  is  a  subtropical  offset  of  H.  leucopus, 
modified  just  as  Neotoma  fcrru  ^mea  has  been;  but,  at  the  same  time,  the  differ- 
entiation .has  proceeded  sf  lar  that  we  are  bound  to  place  the  animal  on  spe- 
cific footing,  at  any  rate  until  intermediate  specimens  are  forthcoming. 

Since  writing  the  foregoing,  we  find,  as  stated  in  another  place,  a  number 
of  alcoholic  specimens,  undoubtedly  referable  to  this  species,  amo"g  a  lot  of 
leucopus  igamheli)  from  Cape  Saint  Lucas.  The  fact  that  these  examples  are 
instantly  distinguisliable  strengtiiens  the  probabilities  of  the  permanent  dis- 
tinctness of  aztecus  from  any  of  the  United  States  varieties  of  leu€0pus. 
They  all  show  a  nearly  naked  and  almost  unicolor  tail,  and  tiie  peculiar  exten- 
sion of  the  dark  color  on  the  base  of  the  metatarsus.  A  suckling  young 
appears  to  be  gray,  like  young  leucopus,  as  was  to  have  been  anticipated. 
We  cannot  make  out,  in  the  alcoliol,  wiietlier  or  not  the  peculiar  riclnu'ss 
ol  the  ferrugineous,  witii  very  black  dor.sd  area,  exists  or  not,  tlie  wet  speci- 
mens being  indistinguishable  in  body-colors  from  the  "ganibcli"  that  came 


«(lwi 


Hi 


102 


MONOGKAPUS  OF  KOKTII  AMEKIOAN  liODENTlA. 


i 

) 

i  I 

1  i 


witli  them.  The  following  table  gives  detailed  measurements,  and  we  are 
now  enabled  lor  the  first  time  to  state  the  lengtii  of  the  tail,  which  exceeds 
that  of  the  head  and  body  very  decidedly,  sometimes  nearly  one  and  a  half 
inches. 

Table  XXVIII. — MiaKiiremiiitt  of  six  upecimena  of  IlEi^rEiiuMYs  AZiKCua. 


% 

'A 

LocaUty. 

From  tip  of  lioM  U>— 

Tall  to  oud 
of— 

Lougtb  of— 

i 

"S 

i 

Nature  of  BiMwimon 
and  remarks. 

4^ 

1 

1 

t 

g 

.a 

> 

1 
1 

1 

.S 
M 

3980 
1(1320 
103i0 
10327 
1032« 
103S9 
10330 

Mexico 

115 
3.10 

a80 

3.00 
2.80 
3.30 

4.40 
4.15 
4.10 
3.70 
3.00 

4.50 
4.25 
4.15 
3.75 

0.?8 
0.35 
a  34 
0.33 
0.33 

0.00 
0.83 
0.80 
U.77 
0.79 

0.63 
0.C8 
0.70 
0.64 
a  63 
0.62 

Dry;  tjpe. 

Alcoholic. 
....do. 
....do. 
...do. 

Alooholio;  nngrown. 

Alcoholic;  auoklioK. 

Cane  Saint  Lucas 

o.tn 

O.M 
0.4j 
0.ii 

0.08 

aoo 
asa 
a  so 

1.15 
1.15 
1.10 
1.10 

do 

do 

do 

...      do  ...           

d/..             

HESPEROMYS  (VESPERIMUS)  MELANOPHRYS,  Coues. 

Biack-cjed  Moase. 

tnetperomyf  mexioanus,  Ve  Saussube,  R.  M.  Z.  1860,  103,  pi.  iz,  f.  1,  la.* 
Hcspcromyi  (Ve»perimu»)  melanophryB,  Col'ks,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fbila.  1874,  181. 

(No.  10183.)  With  the  general  aspect  of  a  large  species  of  the  Hcsperomys 
leucopus  group.     Tail  a  little  longer  than  the  head  and  body  together,  slender, 

'"Velutiuus,  griaeiis,  muriniu;  in  Interibus  pauluiii  fulvcscens,  frequenter  subferrnginens ;  snbtUB 
albidus, pcctoroetmentofulveacontibus;  pedes  anticialbidi;  auricnlai  permagnw ;  canducorporelongiur; 
niyiitaces  elongati. 

"Intermedial  in  size  between  M.  m\ucu}u»  and  il.  ratliif.  Feloge  soft  and  velvety.  Head  conic, 
lengthened ;  lip  cleft  to  the  nose ;  mnzzle  bairy  except  the  Reptum.  KarH  very  large  nnd  broad,  bnt  higher 
than  wide,  ronnded,  but  with  the  upper  margin  a  little  angular.  Tail  long,  nettrly  equal  to  the  head  and 
tody  together,  hut  tometimea  only  exceeding  the  body  alone.  Feet  ('  pattes' — more  likely  meaning  limbs  here) 
very  lung,  especially  the  hinder,  the  animal  Htanding  high.  Color,  dark  brownish  monso-gray  ('gris  de 
Bonris  brun-noiratro'),  with  a  slight  silvery  sliado  on  tbu  back,  the  very  tips  of  the  haira  being  yellowish- 
gray  ;  head  not  ipiite  so  dark ;  checks  rusty-gray ;  the  yellowish  always  stronger  on  the  flanks.  Ft-et, 
externally  yellowish-gray  (gris-fauvc).  Lips  and  chin  palo  yellowish-gray,  nnd  entire  nndor  parts  gray- 
ish-wbiti',  npporently  plumbeous,  because  the  slaty  roots  of  the  hairs  show  through ;  the  white  (listinctly 
separated  from  the  color  of  the  flanks.  Breast  and  front  of  the  shoulder  washed  Kith  yellow.  Fore  feet 
white,  or  groyish ;  the  hinder  brown,  irith  the  ends  of  the  Iocs  trhite.  Ears  apparently  naked,  but  covered 
with  short  close  hairs.  Tail  scaly,  slightly  bairy,  black  above,  white  below.  Whiskers  blackish,  very 
long,  reaching  to  or  beyond  the  shonlders. 

"  Some  individuals  are  yellower  than  as  above ;  the  sides  becoming  ferrnglneona,  strongly  marked 
on  the  flanks  at  the  line  of  separation  between  itself,  the  white  of  the  belly  here  becoming  almost  palu 
orange.  Sides  and  under  surface  of  the  head,  as  well  as  the  shoulder  and  breast,  strongly  washed  willi 
ruRty-ycllow.    In  other  specimens,  on  the  contrary,  the  rusty  color  is  not  very  evident. 

"  l-e«glh  of  one  specimen,  about  4fy,  teith  tail  4i ;  of  another,  about  i,  with  (ai(  3^;  hind  foot  slightly 
over  one  inch." 

The  foregoing  is  M.  Dc  Saussure's  diagnosis,  with  an  abridged  translation  of  bis  further  descri|i- 
tion ;  the  chief  points  of  discrepancy,  as  compared  with  our  specimens  of  melanophrys,  being  italicized. 
It  is  inseited  for  convenience  of  comparison. 


.  > 


MUlllDiE— S10MODONTB8— HESPEROMYS  MELANOPDKYS.       103 

rather  scant-lm.red.  Absolute  and  relative  proportions  of  both  fore  and  hind  feet 
and  tiieir  digits  as  in  leucopus ;  soles  moderately  hairy  on  the  posterior  third. 
Ears  large  and  leafy,  appearing  naked,  but,  with  a  hand-lens,  may  be  seen 
covered  with  short,  sparse,  close-pressed  hairs.  Whiskers  reaching  to  or 
beyond  the  shoulder.  Skull  strictly  as  in  Hcsperomys  leucopus  (the  palate 
ending  opposite  the  last  molars,  not  far  behind  them,  as  in  Mus,  Onjzomys, 
&c.),  but  less  thin  and  papery,  and  developing  a  slight  bead  on  the  superior 
margin  of  the  orbit,  as  in  the  larger  mice  generally  ;  this  may  be  traced  nearly 
to  the  occiput. 

Color  above  giving  the  general  impression  of  a  uniform  gray  mouse, 
rather  than  a  red  mouse  with  darker  median  dorsal  area,  like  leucopus  or  aztecus. 
It  is  a  gray,  enlivened  with  fulvous  suffusion,  slightly  darker  along  the  back, 
more  lecidedly  fulvous  on  the  sides,  and  everywhere  with  a  peculiar  slight 
glaucous  or  hoary  suffusion.  On  the  head,  the  gray  shows  noticeably  purer, 
and  the  eyes  seem  encircled  with  a  black  ring,  in  marked  contrast,  tlic  edges  of 
the  eyelids  and  a  small  anteocular  space  being  jet-black.  This  is  strong 
enough  to  suggest  and  warrant  the  specific  name  above  imposed ;  I  have  seen 
nothing  like  it  in  any  other  species. 

Color  below  pure  white,  but  the  plumbeous  roots  of  the  hair  show 
through,  giving  a  grayish  cast.  Line  of  demarkation  everywhere  abrupt 
between  the  white  and  the  color  of  the  upper  parts.  The  outside  of  the  fore 
leg  is  colored  to  the  very  wrist,  but  the  top  of  the  hand  is  white.  On  the 
hind  leg,  likewise,  the  color  runs  to  the  tarsus  and  a  little  beyond,  forming  a 
definite  dark  spot  at  the  base  of  the  metatarsus;  the  remaining  five-sixths 
of  the  surface  of  the  foot  is  pure  white.  Tail  above  like  the  back,  below 
•  gray — not  pure  white,  nor  the  line  of  demarkation  very  sharp,  though  evident. 
Ears  an  undefinable  color  in  the  dried  state,  showing  simply  flesh-colored, 
probably,  in  life.  No  yellowish  nor  fulvous  tinge  on  the  chin,  breast,  or  any 
other  under  parts.  *   ''**' 

Length  four  inches,  or  a  little  more.  Tail  four  and  a  half  to  Jive  inches. 
Hind  foot  one  inch,  a  slight  fraction  more  or  less.  Ear,  measured  from  the 
notch  in  front,  about  four-fiflhs  of  an  inch.     Nose  to  eye,  0.62  ;  to  ear,  1.12. 

HABrrAT — Southern  Mexico  (Tehuacan;  Santa  Efigenia,  Tehuantepec, 
Sumichrast). 

The  great  difficulty  of  recognizing  from  descriptions  the  smaller  mice 
that  show  no  striking  peculiarities  of  form  is  well  known,  and  must  be  our 


?     I' 


I- 


w 


■  '  ;i 


ll' 


■■■\  ' 
•ill 


104 


MONOOUAl'US  OF  NOllTU  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


W\ 


i  ;l 


ajMjlogy  ill  tliis  instance  if  melanophri/s  turns  out  to  be  simply  mexicanus. 
At  first,  we  referred  our  specimens  to  the  latter  with  little  hesitation;  but,  on 
reviewing  the  subjt.'ct,  they  show  so  many  differences  from  M.  Ue  Saussure'a 
description  that  we  cannot  effect  an  identification.  In  general  dimensions, 
the  two  species,  if  sncli  I  hey  are,  seem  nearly  the  same;  but  in  tnczicanus, 
the  tail  is  only  longer  than  the  body  alone,  never  even  etjuuling  the  hea«l  and 
body  together;  while  in.  all  our  specimens  the  tail  is  considerably  longer  than 
the  head  and  body.  This,  however,  taken  alone,  we  should  not  consider  a 
specific  difference,  aflter  our  experience  with  Hcspcromys  "myoitles"  and 
"boylii"';  but  there  are  other  differences.  De  Saussure  speaks  of  grayish- 
white  under  parts,  with  yellowish  on  the  chin  and  breast;  but  in  these  speci- 
mens the  whole  under  parts  are  as  uniformly  pure  white  as  in  kucopus.  lie 
says  the  hind  feet  are  brown  ;  in  our  animal,  they  are  pure  white,  with  a  defi- 
nite dusky  area  at  the  base  of  the  metatarsus  The  tnil  in  his  animal  is 
described  as  white  below ;  in  ours,  the  bicoloration  is  not  so  evident  as  this 
would  imply.  Finally,  he  makes  no  mention  of  the  singularly  conspicuous 
black  ring  around  the  eye.  All  things  considered,  it  is  most  probable  that  De 
Saussure  had  in  view  an  entirely  different  animal. 

The  skull,  as  already  stated,  is  extremely  similar  to  that  of  Hesperomys 
leucopus,  the  species  thus  falling  legitimately  in  the  restricted  group,  of  which 
leucopus  is  typical.  The  chief  difference  is  the  presence  of  a  distinct  bead  on 
the  margin  of  the  orbits,  traceable  nearly  to  the  occiput.  This,  however,  we 
cannot  consider  as  even  subgeneric ;  for,  as  elsewhere  stated,  it  is  only  the 
smallest  and  most  delicate  Hesperomys  that  are  entirely  devoid  of  this  crest, 
which  makes  its  appearance  with  a  very  slight  increase  in  the  general  size 
and  vigor  of  any  s|)ecics.  The  dentition  shows  nothing  peculiar.  The  pal- 
ate, as  in  H.  Ifucopiis,  ends  as  a  simple  transverse  shelf  opjiosite  the  last 
molar — a  feature  by  which,  as  well  as  by  its  general  slenderness,  elongation 
of  rostrum,  &c.,  it  is  distinguished  from  that  of  Oryzomys ;  the  latter  agree- 
ing in  the  development  of  a  slight  orbital  bead.  Skull  No.  fHt  measures 
1.20  in  length  by  0.G4  in  breadth,  thus  obviously  exceeding  that  of  leucopus. 
The  coronoid  process  appears  extremely  short  and  slight,  merely  a  little  spicu- 
lum  ;  the  bulla;  osseiE  are  noticeably  small. 

Two  female  specimens  show  two  pairs  of  inguinal  mammae  and  one  axil- 
lary pair.  A  note  of  Professor  Sumichrast's,  accompanying  one  of  these, 
gives  the  following  particulars: — "Nov.  30,  1862.     Found  among  the  leaves 


nil  w  ' 


MUltlD-K— SIOMOOONTES— ONYUUOMYS.  105 

of  a  maguey,  in   a   nest   built   of  lil)res   of  'ziiiatc',  contuining   two   little 
ones." 

Tills  tinimnl,  comimred  witli  tlie  soinewluit  smaller  nnd  tlic  lirigliter- 
colored  aztecus,  beurs  mucii  tlie  sanie  relations  tliat  tiic  large  gray  californicus 
bears  to  tlie  leucopus  ("gambeli"),  witli  which  it  is  associated  in  Califlirnia. 

Table  XXIX. — iJtaiuremmti  of  three  (drji)  iiidiriduaU  of  II.  iiELANoriiiiYB  (=rHRXiCANUS,  DeS.)  from 

Soulhem  Mexico. 


a 

a 

Looulity. 

Collector. 

Noso  to— 

t 

1 

£ 

1 

n 

1 

Ejo. 

Ear. 

Occi- 
put. 

Tall. 

lOlKl 

10296 

9511 

Santa  Efigcuia , 

Tehiiacnn 

F.  SuinicliraBt 

do 

cca 

1.12 

1.40 
1.30 

4.15 
4.00 
;i  90 

n.oo 

4.60 
4.90 

0.42 
0.40 
0.40 

1.04 
1.06 
0.99 

0.78 
0.81 
0.77 

TebuuuterM^o 

do  .  . 

Mote. — Since  writing  the  preceding,  wo  liavo  examined  tbree  otlier  specimens  from  Tcbuantopeo, 
which,  if  tho  same  an  the  types  of  melanophryf,  lessen  tbi;  cbanccB  Ibat  tlie  latter  is  different  from  mexi- 
canm.  Bat  tbey  differ  in  many  reopecta  from  tbe  specimena  Jnut  enumerated,  being  so  very  much  smaller 
tbnt  we  cannot  satisfy  mirselvea  of  tbeir  identity.  Tbe  tail  only  exceeds  the  body  in  one  Hpecinieu,  and 
beru  only  by  little ;  in  tbe  otbera,  it  is  about  ns  long,  relatively,  as  De  Saussuro  gives  for  nicricanus.  That 
these  8|>ecimcuH  are  not  immature  is  shown  by  tbe  fact  that  one  of  Ibem  is  a  nursing  female.  In  color, 
tbey  are  almost  precisely  like  the  foregoing,  but  do  not  show  the  black  ring  round  tbe  eye,  nor  the  dusky 
spot  nt  base  of  tho  metatarsus.  One  of  them  Is  pure  white  below;  another  is  grayish  (it  looks  as  if  soiled); 
while  the  third  has  the  faintest  possible  fulvous  tinge  all  along  tiie  under  parts. 

Much  more  material  than  that  now  in  our  possession  will  be  required  to  determine  the  limits  of 
variation  of  this  large,  gray,  feuoopiM-liko  mouse  of  Mexico,  atd  Qx  the  species  upon  secure  basis. 


Taiilk  XXX.- 


-itauurrmentt  of  thre*  dried  s/jccimens,  proiably  of  .mklakofiirys,  Couea  (=f  MEXIC.VNUS, 
DeS.),  but  much  smaller. 


Number. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Length. 

Tail. 

Foot. 

IKKM 
9:183 

Barrio,  Tehuanteifeo -  - . . . 

F.  Sumicbrast 

3.50 
3.20 
2. 90 

3. 20 
3.00 
3.10 

0.67 
0.70 
0.69 

do 

do 

.  do    .                      

do  ..           

Subgenus  ONYCHOMYS,  Baird. 

HgpudafU'  sp.  Maximilian,  Reise,  etc.  ii,  1841,  99  (neo  uuct.). 
Hut  sp.  Aiju.  &.  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  ii,  Xmi,  ;t27. 

Onychomyn.  Baikii,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  458  (type,  Ilnpudccun  kucogaftrr,  Max.). — CofES,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi. 
I'bila.  1874,  182. 

CiiAKS. — Skull  strictly  as  in  Heii)>eromi/.s,  i)ut  molars  larger,  with  sharper 
salient  and  reentrant  angles.     External  form  departing  (rom  Hesperomys,  and 


ili 


itr 


■1 


106 


MONOGEArHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


:  If! 


(  . 


'■     !■• 


approaching  Arvicola  in  stoutnc-s,  and  especially  in  shortness  of  tail  and 
cars.  Tail  not  one-half  the  length  of  the  body  alone,  little  if  any  longer 
than  the  head,  very  stout,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point.  Ears  small — 
about  as  in  Evotomys — rounded,  pilous  both  sides.  Fore  feet  very  large, 
two  th' ids  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  hind,  with  large,  little  curved,  fossorial 
claws,  longer  than  those  of  ihe  hind  feet ;  the  latter  at  most  two-thirds  aa 
long  as  the  tail.  Soles  quadrituberculate  only,  densely  furry  to  the  tubercles. 
Fur  short,  close,  white  beneath,  as  in  Hesperomys. 

The  remarkable  mouse  upon  which  the  section  was  based  is  worthy  of 
subgeneric  separation,  at  least,  from  the  Hesperomys  group  of  which  leucopus 
is  typical.  In  its  peculiar  combination  of  characters,  it  stands  quite  alone 
among  North  American  species.  Although  unmistakably  a  true  Murine,  as 
shown  by  the  cranial  and  other  fundamental  characters,  it  nevertheless  devi- 
ates much  from  Mus  and  Hesperomys,  and  approaches  the  Arvicolines.  Its 
affinities  with  Evotomys  are  really  close ;  and  it  is  through  this  genus  that 
the  way  for  it  into  Arvicola  proper  is  opened.  In  external  form,  indeed — the 
stoutness  of  body,  shortness  of  ears,  and  especially  the  shortness  of  tail — it 
resembles  Evotomys  rutilus,  for  example,  more  than  it  docs  Hesperomys  leu- 
copus;  wiiile,  at  the  same  time,  of  its  real  affinity  with  the  latter  there  can  be 
no  question.  An  interesting  parallel  can  be  drawn  between  Onychomys  as 
compared  with  Hesperomys,  and  Synaptoniys  as  compared  witii  Myoides. 
Onychomys  has  the  skull  and  dentition  of  Hesperomys  in  a  body  externally 
resembling  Evotomys,  while  Synaptomys  lias  the  skull  and  dentition  oi  Myoklef 
in  a  body  externally  resembling  Evotomys*  Onychomys  offers  another  inter- 
esting parallel.  In  the  subgenus  Fi/ymys  as  compared  with  Arvicola  proper, 
three  external  characters  are  shortness  of  tail,  shortness  of  ears,  and  length 
of  fore  feet  and  claws ;  and  therefore  Onychotnys  stands  in  much  the  same 
relation  to  Hesperomys  that  Vitymys  does  to  Arvicola.  These  analogies  are 
to  us  extremely  interesting;  and  the  habits  of  Onychomys  leucogaster,  when 
I'ully  known,  will  doubtless  be  found  to  offer  some  peculiarities  corresponding 
to  the  structural  features. 

We  arc  unable  to  point  to  any  perfectly  diagnostic  characters  of  the 
skull  of  this  section  as  compared  with  that  of  Hesperomys.  In  size  it  about 
equals  the  larger  examples  of  H.  leucopus ;  it  appears,  however,  somewhat 
uarrow<!r  beiiind,  witii  less  interorbital  constriction,  and  broatler  and  more 


MUU1DJ2— 81GMODONTE8— ONYCUOMY8. 


107 


ubtuHe  rostrum.  Tlio  iiuirgiiis  of  tlic  orbits  mo  not  bcadod  iis  in  On/:omifn. 
The  descending  process  of  the  lower  jiivv  is,  perhaps,  not  quite  so  flat  and 
quadrate,  being  a  trifle  more  bent  and  anguhir,  slightly  foreshadowing  the 
hamular  process  of  ArvicolincB ;  and,  likewise,  the  coronoid  is  longer,  rising 
high  above  the  condyle.  To  our  view,  the  molars  present  unmistakably  a 
slight  deviation  from  Hesperomys  toward  ArvicoUnce  in  being  somewhat  pris- 
matic; that  is,  with  sharp  salient  ond  reentrant  angles;  the  borders  of  the 
molar  series  being  serrate,  rather  than  crenate  as  in  Hesperomys.  Never- 
theless, no  generic  dental  characters  of  Hesperomys  are  here  violated. 

On  casually  picking  up  a  specimen  of  Onychomys  leucogmter,  one 
might  be  forgiven  for  supposing  the  tail  to  be  broken  oflT — tiiis  member  is  so 
short  and  "stumpy".  The  base  is  very  thick,  and  the  tapering  to  an  obtuse 
point  is  rapid.  The  tail  is  well  clothed  with  hairs,  as  usual ;  but  these  only 
furnish  an  apology  for  a  terminal  pencil.  Both  the  absolute  and  relative 
length  of  the  tail  is  shown  in  the  table  below.  The  large  fore  feet,  armed 
with  remarkably  long  and  little  curved  claws,  point  to  fossorial  powers,  and 
possibly  to  subterranean  habits,  not  shared  by  any  other  Hesperomys.  Next 
in  importance,  after  tiie  relative  sizes  of  the  fore  and  hind  members  (which 
latter  are  unusually  short),  must  be  ranked  the  peculiar  condition  of  the  soles, 
in  which  the  two  posterior  of  the  six  tubercles  usually  seen  both  in  Hespero- 
mys and  in  Arvicola  have  disappeared,  or  at  least  cannpt  be  detected  beneath 
the  fur  that  densely  covers  the  metatarsus,  leaving  only  four  tubercles  at  the 
bases  of  the  toes.  The  middle  finger  is  the  longest  of  all;  the  fourth  next; 
the  first  is  rudimentary  ;  the  fifth  is  between  the  second  and  first ;  the  second 
between  the  fifth  and  fourth.  The  inner  toe  is  very  short;  the  outer  inter- 
mediate between  this  and  the  other  three,  which  are  all  of  about  the  same 
lenglh.  The  ears,  as  we  have  said,  are,  in  the  type  of  the  subgenus,  much 
smaller  than  in  Hesperomys  proper,  and  very  much  as  in  Evotomys;  they  are 
closely  pilous  both  sides. 

The  fur  is  very  compact  and  lustrous,  with  few  long  hairs;  the  whiskers 
are  immerous  and  very  long;  the  eyes  are  larger  than  in  Arvicolines,  but  have 
not  the  size  and  prominence  of  those  of  the  true  Murines.  The  upper  lip  is 
cleft  to  the  nasal  papillae,  and  the  entire  muflle,  except  these  protuberances,  is 
hairy.     The  bicolor  pattern  of  coloration  is  exactly  as  in  Vesperimus. 

Tliis  section  is  based  u[)on  the  Hypudaus  leucogasier  of  Maximilian,  after- 
ward t|ie  Mus  missouriensis  of  Audubon  and  Uachman.     To  the  original  type- 


r 


'« 


,; 


108 


MONOGUArUS  or  NOUTII  AMEUICAN  ItODKNTIA. 


spiMMc^H  wn  have  Imd  the  ploasuru  of  adding  a  now  and  interesting  variety,  if  not 

species,  from  a  iiitlierlo  nnsuspect(!(l  locality.     Tiic  following  uro  tlicconiimr- 

ativ(!  diagnoses  of  the  two  forms:  — 

Beneath,  snow-white ;  above,  mouse-brown,  with  darker 
dorsal  area  Tail  twice  the  hind  foot  or  less;  much 
less  than  half  llu;  head  and  body.  Fore  foot  more 
than  half  the  hind  foot.     Ear  about  0.50  high leucooasteb. 

Beneath,  tawny-white;*  al)ovo,  brownish-fulvous,  with  no 
darker  dorsal  area.  Tail  about  t  ^o  and  n  lialf  times 
the  hind  foot;  almost  half  us  long  as  the  iiead  and  body. 
Fore  foot  half  the  hind  foot.     Ear  nl)out  0.75  high (van?)  torriuub 


n  '^■-  it 


IIESPEROMYS  (ONYCHOMYS)  LEUCOGASTEli  (Maxim.). 

Hl88oarl  Molc-Monse. 

Ilillimlirun  IciicogaKlcr,  Maximilian,  IMm  in  iliw  Iiinero  N.-Ainrr.  ii,  1811,  iKt  (Fort  Clark). 

//(■»j«Torai/«  (Onjivhomiiii)  tciicogaflir,  Baihd,  M.  N.  A.  IH57,  4S0  (Nebrusko).— CoUKS,  Proo.  Aciul.  Nut.  Sci. 

rii'ilii.  1874,  lti2. 
HiiipiromijK  Ituwganlcr,  Maximilian,  Arch.  Niitiir),'.  nviii,  lMi2,  pi.  4,  f.  8 ;  Verz.  N.-A.  SUur,  m>'i,  l«l,  Hg. 
Una  mmoiinVimi*,  Aui>.  &  lUcil.,  Q.  N.  A.  ii,  1851,  327,  |il.  100  (Fort  Uniun). 

IIahitat. — Upper  Missouri  region.     Red  River  of  the  North  (Coues). 

Our  notice  of  the  subgenus  Onychomijs  has  necessarily  involved  the 
details  of  its  type-species  so  largely  that  but  little  r(!mains  to  be  added.  The 
absolute  dimensions  and  relative  i)roportions  of  several  specimens,  most  of 
them  additional  to  any  heretofore  published,  are  fully  elucidated  in  the 
following  table. 

In  color,  the  animal  closely  resemhhs  IIi'sperom>/ii  /eiicopug — so  closely 
that  it  is  (litticult  to  describe  any  ditlerences.  When  young,  it  is  of  the  same 
pluml)eous-gray  above  and  ashy-white  beneath ;  and,  with  advancing  age, 
these  colors  change  to  snowy-white  below  and  fulvous-brown  al)ove,  wilii  n 
dusky  dorsal  area.  Tlie  feet  are  white ;  the  tail  is  bicolor ;  the  whiskers  arc 
black,  with  a  few  white  ones  intermi.xed.  The  chief  distinguishing  feature 
in  coloration,  as  compared  with  Hesperomy.i  kucopus,  is  the  mostly  wiiite 
muzzle.  In  leucopus,  the  white  usually  slopes  down  to  the  lips,  leaving  the 
nose  of  the  color  of  the  forehead  ;  while,  in  leucogaxter,  the  white  keeps  on, 
niid  embraces  the  snout.     This  curious  difTerence  holds  good  in  all  the  speei- 

•As  intdui.;ted  beyond,  no  are  not  pcilV'tily  gum  tliat  the  .vcllowish  tiut  isnot  due  tudiiicoloia- 
tiou  in  olooUol. 


Hv.l 


! ;  4f» 


'=1 


MUItlD^';— HIGMODONTKS— IIKSl'KKOMYa  TOUUIDUW. 


lOS) 


mens  before  us,  nnd  we  do  not  doubt  its  consfnncy.     It  is  well  shown  in  Audu- 
bon's Icn-imnd  figure. 

One  young  specimen  (No.  3002)  from  the  Medicine  Bow  Mountiiin.s  in 
the  gray  jjelage,  is  renuuUtil)ly  jmle-colorod  above,  the  tail  nearly  white,  tte 
Tiiis  corresponds  exactly  with  the  pale  Ilesperotmjs  var.  sonoriensh  and  the 
pale  Aniicola  of  the  Prdoinya  section,  from  the  same  region. 

The  only  skull  l)efore  ns  (No.  Wa'-)  ofVors  the  following  measurements: — 
Length,  1.07;  interorbital  width,  0.20  (the  zygomata  are  destroyed);  width 
across  cranium,  0.48  ;  lower  jaw,  from  tips  of  incisors  to  condyle,  0.72 ;  length 
of  upper  molar  series,  0.10. 

Tadlk  WX.—Meaturenuntt  of  nine  tpeciment  of  Ilr.HPKiiuMYS  (O.nyciiomys)  LEUCOOASTKn. 


m 

4007 
JODS 
3091 
3.178 
3703 
37U4 


July  93, 1857 
Si'pt.  10,  iej7 


Locality. 


Xunr  MiMouri  River  . . . 

do 


KuniiiiiBWatiT 

Fort  Kiley.  Knnii 

Modicine  lk>w  MoiintAinii  . . . 
HH])ul>ii('aii  Hivor,  Knns.  T»r 
Neosho  Falls,  Kans.  Tor  — 

do 

do 


Collector. 


F.  V.  Uaydoii . 
...do 


do. 


U.  Brandt  .. 
W.  8.  Wood., 

...do 

HF.Oon... 

..do , 

..do 


MoHto- 


0.00 
0.01 


OlOI 
O.SO 
0..t« 


1. 03.1.  SO 
LOoLl.t 
I.Oo'l.  13 

I 


d 

iS 

4.0O 
4.00 
ItU 
3.50 
3.  US 
f  50 
4.50 
4.i» 
4.40 


H 


0.40 


H     P4 


1.40  ..  0.86 
1.  HO  0  39  0.85 
1. 05  0.,%  11.88  0.  CO 
l.00O.4o'o.7OO.  40 
i.300.40Jj.70  0.5JI 
i.  00  a  44  0.87  0.59 
1.300.430  83  0.48 
1.30  0.50  0.890.53 
1.40  0.53  a  83  0.59 


Remarks. 


Dry. 

Alcoliolio. 
..  do. 

Not  grown. 
..'do. 
8trot<*"l. 
Dry. 
...do. 
...do. 


*  Other  metMiirempntM  of  9340,  given  by  Ituird,  aro  :-.Fon«  arm,  0.89 ;  longest  linger  and  claw,  0.b« ;  ita  ohiw  alone, 
0.90)  femur,  U.83i  tibia,  l.05|  lougoat  too  nnd  cluw,  0.30 1  Its  claw  ulone,  0.14. 


HESPEROMYS  (ONYCHOJIYS)  TORRIDUS,  Cones. 
Arliona  Hole-Mou«o. 

Uaffromijt  {Oiiijchomijn)  lorridui,  CoUKS,  Proc.  Acail.  Nat.  8ci.  Pbila.  1S74,  IS."?, 

Di.\GNOSis. — O.  imaghiem  O.  kucogastiin  referens,  sed  caudu  longiore,  nu- 
riculis  prtecipue  major ibus,  planlia  minus  pilosis,  unguibus  tnanus  debilioribus, 
et  coloribits  mag'is  Jlnoesccntibus,  primo  visa  differt ;  tnurino-fulvus ;  rostro  toto, 
pedibus,  partibusque  omnibus  inferioribus  JUtvo-albis ;  caudd  lined  fused  angus- 
tald  nee  ad  apicem  porrectd  supra,  nolatd.  Long.  3v,  caudw  2,  manus  ],  pedis 
i,  auriculce  fere  \. 

Habitat. — Arizona. 

(No.  9886,  9.") — On  comparing  this  animal  with  typical  Uucogaster  from 
Kansas  nnd  Nebraska,  the  differences  in  general  form  are  obvious.  Truly 
Onychomyn,  with  the  unmistakable  aspect  of  that  section,  yet  the  members  are 


1 


rrr 


i 

.  f  ■ 

H3 


110 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  BODENTIA. 


!    J'i. 

',   3  <n  ■ 


t 


larger.  This  is  particularly  noticeable  in  the  cars.  The  small  arvicola-like 
ears  of  O.  kucogastar  are  among  its  striking  external  features ;  in  torridus,  tlie 
cars  are  fully  as  long  as  in  ordinary  Hesperomij.i,  measuring  nearly  threc- 
fourtlis  of  an  inch  long  by  about  half  an  inch  wide.  The  ears  are  delicately 
pilous,  with  fluffy  tuft  at  base ;  basally,  the  membrane  is  flesh-colored,  other- 
wise it  is  dusky,  with  a  delicate  silvery  margin.  The  fore  feet  have  the  claws 
noticeably  smaller  than  in  average  leucogaster,  but  this  is  a  very  variable  fea- 
ture in  the  latter  species.  It  is  probably  owing  to  this  shortness  of  the  claws 
that  in  torridus  the  hands  are  only  half  as  long  as  the  soles;  in  leucogaster, 
tlioy  arc  almost  invariably  more  than  this ;  sometimes  upward  of  two-thirds 
as  long.  The  hind  feet  are  pilous  underneath  to  the  toes,  showing  only  four 
tubercles,  as  in  leucogaster,  but  the  hairiness  is  not  so  dense.  The  tail,  like 
the  ears,  is  much  longer  than  in  leucogaster.  In  the  latter,  it  ordinarily  ranges 
from  1 J  to  1§  of  an  inch  in  length,  sometimes  scarcely  exceeding  the  length 
of  the  head,  and  being  usually  less  than  twice  the  hind  foot.  In  torridus,  the 
tail  is  at  least  half  the  head  and  body  together,  and  noticeably  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  hind  foot.  These  various  discrepancies  in  form  are,  in 
fact,  so  prominent  that  we  have  been  obliged  to  remodel  in  some  respects 
the  diagnosis  of  the  subgenus,  as  we  originally  drew  it  up  from  consideration 
of  leucogaster  alone. 

The  colors*  arc  highly  characteristic.  The  snowy-white  of  the  whole 
under  parts  and  feet  of  leucogaster  is  replaced  by  a  yellowish-white,  or  an 
extremely  i)ale  liufl"  or  fawn.  The  dark  stripe  along  the  top  of  the  tail  is 
very  narrow,  and  falls  considerably  short  of  the  tip,  which  is  wholly  whitish. 
The  whole  muzzle  is  whitish,  as  in  leucogaster ;  the  fluffy  hairs  about  the  ears 
give  ri.se  to  a  pale  patch  in  front  of  each,  which,  with  the  dusky  body  of  the 
ear  and  "us  silvery  edging,  produce  a  parti-coloration  not  seen  in  leucogaster. 
The  entire  upper  parts  arc  of  a  warm  though  rather  light  brownish-fulvous, 
entirely  diflcrcnt  from  the  gray  mouse-brown  which  leucogaster  usually 
exhibits,  and,  moreover,  without  appreciable  darker  dorsal  area.  The  line, 
of  demarkntion  along  the  sides  is  abrupt,  as  in  leucogaster. 

The  animal  is  apparently  somewhat  smaller  than  an  average  leucogaster^ 
but  not  much  so,  and  not  less  tiian  some  specimens  of  the  latter.  No.  9886 
measures,  nose  to  eye,  0.50;  to  ear,  0.95;  to  occiput,  1.25;  to  root  of  tail 

•  Our  typo  has  been  Bkiiinoil  out  of  alcoliol ;  still,  wc  arc  not  saro  tbat  tho  fluid  has  appreciably 
offccti'd  tho  coloration,  for  specimens  of  IcucogMter  which  have  lain  in  apirito  a  mnoh  longer  tima  are  DOt 
uhangod  perceptibly. 


,.  ;  I 


MURID^— SIGMODONTES— ORYZOMYS. 


Ill 


(perhaps  a  Utile  stretched),  3.75;  tail  to  end  of  vertebrae,  1.90;  to  end  of 
hairs,  2.00;  fore  foot,  0.40;  hind  foot,  0.80;  ear  0.70  high,  0.40  wide. 
Camp  Grant,  Arizona.  The  specimen  is  a  female,  apparently  having  recently 
bred,  showing  four  well-developed  inguinal  teats;  pectoral  mamma?,  if  existing, 
have  eluded  our  search,  and  were  certainly  not  functionally  developed  in 
this  case. 

As  already  intimated,  this  single  specimen  is  difJerenfiated  from  kuco- 
gaster  according  to  extensively  applicable  laws  of  geographical  variation ;  for 
which  reason  we  suspect  that  intermediate  examples  will  eventually  be  found, 
showing  it  to  be  merely  an  offset  from  leucogaster.  But  if  any  links  exist, 
they  remain  unknown. 


;'!'-■ 


SuBGENca  ORYZOMYS,  Baird. 


<  Mu»  Bp.  Harlan,  Am.  Joiirn.  Sci.  1837  . 

<  ffeiperomi/o  sp.  Waonek,  Siippl.  Schreb.  1843.  ' 
X  ^rrtoola  ap.  AUD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853. 

=  Oryzomyt,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  458 ;  typo,  ilut  paluiirti,  Habl. 
CouKS,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874, 183. 

Chars. — Superior  margin  of  orbit  with  a  prominent  sharp  edge  or  bead. 
Anteorbital  foramen  nearly  circular  above  (somewhat  as  in  Zapodidm),  con- 
tinued below  as  a  slit  much  narrower  than  in  Hesperomys  proper.  Maxillary 
plate  forming  outer  wall  of  the  foramen  not  produced  anteriorly  into  a  pointed 
process  (cf  Sigmodon).  Posterior  border  of  palate  produced  behind  last 
molars,  a  deep  pit  intervening  on  either  side ;  post-palatal  notch  narrow,  with 
parallel  sides,  and  nearly  straight,  transverse,  anterior  border.  Hind  legs  short, 
but  feet  very  long  and  large  (much  as  in  Fiber),  with  obliquely-set  long  toes; 
densely  pilous  above,  but  soles  perfectly  naked,  granular,  with  one  long,  nar- 
row, ]K)slero-internal  tubercle  (as  in  Mus)  and  five  small  ones.  Lateral  toes 
very  unequal  in  length,  the  fifth  reaching  to  the  penultimate  joint  of  the  fourth 
(cf  Sigmodon'; ;  all  the  toes  have  a  slight  but  evident  basal  webbing.  Fore 
feet  small,  not  half  as  long  as  the  hinder,  pilous  above ;  palms  perfec^'y  naked. 
Ears  small,  little  overtopping  the  fur,  hirsute  both  sides,  with  a  fluffy  tuft  on 
the  concavity.  Nasal  pads  more  noticeable  than  in  other  sections.  Tail 
long,  about  equaling  head  and  body,  scant-haired,  especially  above  v/here  the 
dermal  scales  as  well  as  the  vertebral  annuli  are  visible.  Fur  glossy,  l)ut 
coarse  from  the  number  of  bristly  hairs.     Whiskers  sparse  and  short,  exceed- 


liT 


112 


MONOGUAPnS  OP  NOKTn  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


;i 


iiig,  however,  those  of  Sigmoilon,  tliough  falling  short  of  those  of  Hesperomys 
proper.  Exceeding  in  size  any  other  known  North  American  species  of  Hes- 
peromys, and  with  llie  general  appearance  of  Sigmodon  or  even  Mus. 

Furlher  details  of  this  interesting  section,  the  most  conspicuous  among 
North  American  Hesperomys,  and  almost  worthy  of  generic  rank,  will  be  found 
under  the  head  of  its  typical  and  only  known  species,  the  common  "  Rice-field 
liloiisc"  of  (he  Southern  States.  While  it  does  not  require  for  its  identifica- 
tion any  comparison  with  its  allies,  we  may  here  note  the  position  it  holds 
among  them,  after  a  description  of  the  skull. 

SktiH  (Nos.  -?JS!,  ?J-li,  from  South  Carolina).— The  size  of  the  skull 
alone  distinguishes  it  from  that  of  any  other  North  American  Hesperomys, 
except,  perhaps,  H.  californicus,  measuring  nearly  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in 
length  by  nearly  two-thirds  of  an  inich  in  zygomatic  breadth.  It  has,  how- 
ever, other  int(!resting  peculiarities.  Prominent  among  them  i.s  the  sharp  ridge 
or  bead  into  whicli  the  superior  edge  of  the  orbit  is  produced.  However 
sh;irp  the  border  of  the  orbit  may  be  in  the  smaller  Hesperomys,  it  does  not 
form  this  bead,  which  seems  to  characterize  chielly  larger  forms,  ivs  we  find  it 
in  Mus  dectimnnus,  Sigmodon  hispidus,  &c.  The  ai'teorbilal  foramen  tends 
to  assume  a  rather  unusual  shape  for  a  Sigmodont,  being  subcircular  above, 
and  running  into  a  narrow  slit  below ;  the  feature,  however,  is  not  very  strongly 
nunkcd,  and  may  vary,  moreover,  with  different  individuals.  We  have  seen 
skulls  of  Mus  deciimanus  in  much  the  same  condition.  As  in  Mus,  Sigmodon, 
and  Hesperomys  proper,  the  incisive  palatine  foramina  are  long,  reaching  to  or 
even  l)eyond  a  point  opj^site  the  anterior  molars;  the  opposite  is  shown  in 
Ncotuma,  where  the  foramina  full  far  short  of  the  molar  series.  The  great 
l)ackward  production  of  the  bony  palate  that  Oryzomys  shows  does  not  occur 
in  any  other  North  American  Hesperomys  (where  the  posterior  edge  of  the  pal- 
ate is  about  opi)i)site  the  last  molar),  and  perhaps  represents  one  extreme  in 
this  respect,  of  which  Neotoma,  where  the  palate  is  scooped  out  to  opposite 
111!'  middle  molar,  may  l)c  the  other  extreme.  The  little  deep  pit,  or  fossa,  on 
either  side  of  the  palate  opposite  the  last  molar,  is  us  in  Sigmodon;  but  in  the 
latter  these  pits  are  separated  l)y  a  median  lengthwise  process,  which  is  not 
the  case  in  Oryzomys,  where  the  hind  l)order  of  the  l)ony  palate  is  almost 
prrfect/y  straight  crosswise.  This  i)ackward  extension  of  the  palate  in  Ory- 
zomys is  almost  exactly  tiie  same  as  in  Mus  (decumanus) ;  and,  altogether,  the 
cranial  characters,  saving  the  Sigmodont  dentition,  are  certainly  the  nearest  to 
those  of  typical  j\fiis  of  any  Hesperomys  of  North  America,  if  indeed  they 


\^:\     '!:! 


\ 


MURIDjE-SIGMODONTES-HESPEUOMYS  palusteis. 


113 


^liii 


are  not  actuall}'  more  liUe  Mas  than  tliey  arc  like  Ilesperomys.  Tliis  cranial 
resemblance  to  Old  World  Murines  is  strikingly  borne  ont  by  the  external 
characters  of  the  animal,  which,  in  general  appearance,  looks  really  more  like 
a  small  house-rat  than  like  one  of  our  New  World  Hesperomys.  Tiic  resem- 
blance is  at  a  climax  in  the  very  long,  scant-haired  tail,  on  which  not  only  are 
the  annul!  distinct,  but  the  granular  plates  perfectly  evident,  at  least  along  the 
upper  side  of  the  tail.  The  aquatic  nature  of  the  animal  is  indicated  by  the 
feet  and  ears.  The  former  are  much  like  those  of  Fiber  in  being  naked  and 
granular  beneath,  velvety-pilous  above,  and  especially  in  having  such  long  toes, 
slightly  webbed  at  base  and  set  obliquely  on  the  metatarsus,  to  facilitate  their 
"feathering"  during  their  forward  motion  in  swimming.  The  low,  orbicular, 
thickly  hirsute  ears  are  specially  provided  with  a  fluflfy  tuft  inside  to  guard 
against  entrance  of  water,  and  the  antitragus  is  well  developetl  for  the  same 
purpose.  While  the  general  construction  of  the  feet  is  much  as  in  Fiber,  the 
tuberculation  of  the  soles  is  like  that  of  J/jM.  '.■"'  >        i 

On  the  whole,  we  may  consider  this  animal  as  (next  after  Onijchoinys 
leucogaster,  which  leans  so  strongly  toward  Arvicola  through  Evotoinyx)  the 
most  aberrant  of  the  North  American  group  of  small  Hesperomys,  sharing 
many  features  of  the  larger  Sigmodon,  showing  a  slight  approach,  by  analogy 
at  least,  to  Fiber,  aYid  having  much  real  affinity  with  the  Old  World  Miis 
proper.  It  is  certainly  the  nearest  to  typical  Mus  of  anything  we  have  in 
North  America ;  it  inclines  toward  Mus  proper,  and  especially  to  Sigmodon,* 
much  as  Onychomys,  our  only  other  subtypical  section  of  Hesperomys,  does 
toward  Arvicola. 


HESPEROMYS  (ORYZOMYS)  PALUSTUI?,  (Htrl.)  'V,:g„er.      , 

Blcc-fleld  Moose. 

Jfii»  palmtrit,  Harlan,  Am.  Joarn.  Sci.  ixxi,  1837,  3^  (New  Joreey). 

He»peromy$  palmtrU,  Waonrr,  Suppl.  Schreb.  Hi,  1843,  543.— LrContk,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  v\, 

1853,  410.— Allen,  3ii1I.  Mii».  CoDip.  Zuol.  ii,  1870,  182  (Florida). 
nesptromyt  (Orgtomi/t)  pntuitrii,  Uaikd,  M.  N.  A.  18.'i7,  482  (Oeorgia  and  South  Carolina).— CouES,  Proo. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1874,  184. 
Arvieota  oryzitora,  AUD.  &.  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853,  214,  pi.  144,  fig.  3. 

Habitat. — South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  especially  in  maritime  por- 
tions and  in  rice-fields.    Kansas!  (Gro«a).     Mexico  {Sumickrast).    Jamaica?? 
The  specific  characters  of  this  animal  are  necessarily  involved  with 

*  We  have  already  noted  how  clou  is  the  relatinn  between'  Orynmiy*  and  ligmodon,  showing  that 
the  former  in  na  much  to  be  considered  a  section  of  Sigmodon  as  of  Beaperomjii,  auu  that  Sigmodon  itself 
is  hardly  or  not  more  different  from  ordinary  Huperomyt  than  OrftoMj/i  is. 
8  M 


-tl 


■&< 


hv: 


l1 


114 


MONOGRArnS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTrA. 


M\ii 


[• 


1^  1^ 


those  of  llic  subgenus  of  wliicli  it  is  tlio  type  and  only  representative,  and 
probably  most  of  tlicm  have  already  been  mentioned  in  our  account  of  Ory- 
zomys.  The  aniinal  varies  a  great  deal  in  size,  from  the  dimensions  of  a 
third-grown  house-rat  up  to  the  size  of  a  small  individual  of  that  species ; 
and  these  larger  ones  really  look  so  much  like  Mas  decumanus  that  one  might 
almost  be  excused  for  making  the  mistake.  The  tail,  as  usual,  varies  still 
more  than  the  body  in  lengtii.  The  body  and  tail  average,  perhaps,  about 
equal  to  each  otiicr  in  length ;  the  former  ranges  usually  from  about  four  to 
five  and  a  half  inches  in  length.  In  the  largest  specimen  before  me,  No. 
3327,  from  Neosho  Falls,  Kans.,  the  total  length  of  trunk  and  tail  together  is 
10.}  inches;  figures  far  above  any  reached  by  any  other  North  American 
Hesperomys  (the  largest  H.  californicus  falls  short  of  9  J  in  the  same  measure- 
ment). The  general  range  of  variation  is  much  the  same  as  in  other  Hespero- 
mys. This,  with  the  absolute  size  and  relative  proportion  of  parts,  is  so  fully 
illustrated  in  the  table  below  that  further  notice  here  is  unnecessary. 

The  pelage  of  this  animal  is  rather  coarse,  if  not  harsh,  but  it  is  glossy 
from  the  great  proportion  of  long,  glossy,  soft  bristles  that  it  has.  Perhaps 
the  most  interesting  point  in  this  connection  is  the  unequal  hairiness  of  the 
upper  and  under  surfaces  of  the  tail.  On  top,  this  member  is  so  scantily  hir- 
sute that  the  pavement  of  granular  reticulations  is  distinctly  visible ;  below, 
the  plates  are  generally  hidden  by  longer  and  more  numerous  hairs.  The 
difference  is  most  evident  in  those  tails  that  are  distinctly  bicolor.  There  is 
a  great  range  of  variation  in  this  latter  regard ;  some  tails  being  almost  as 
siiarply  bicolor  as  in  H.  leucopus,  while  others  are  merely  a  little  paler  below 
than  above.  In  this  case,  as  in  others  throughout  the  genus,  we  have  often 
thought  that  the  difference  is  not  so  much  an  individual  matter  as  one  depend- 
ent upon  season,  age,  and  state  of  health ;  and  that  the  same  individual  may 
change  in  this  respect.  Like  H.  aureolus  {nuttalli),  this  animal  does  not  show 
the  sharp  dividing  line  along  the  sides  between  the  colors  of  back  and  belly ; 
the  two  generally  blend  insensibly.  The  darker  color  always  reaches  down 
the  limbs  to  the  ankle  and  wrist,  and  involvfes  the  extremity  of  the  snout, 
although  the  lips  and  cheeks  are  like  the  belly.  The  color  is  a  mixture  of 
yellowish-brown,  grayish-brown,  and  black,  producing  the  grizzly  rat-color 
impossible  to  name.  The  mixture  is  very  intimate ;  only  the  lighter  shades 
prevail  over  the  sides  and  rump,  and  the  darker  along  the  dorsal  area,  some- 
times producing  a  pretty  distinct  stripe,  but  oftener  shading  insensibly  into 
the  general  hue.     The  under  parts  arc  whitish,  of  varying  pitrity,  but  rarely 


MURID^-SIGMODONTES— HESPRHOMTS  rALUSTRIS. 


115 


quite  pure;  generally,  it  is  obscured  l»y  the  ashy  of  the  roots  of  the  hairs 
showing  through,  an«l  it  often  has  a  faint  brownish  wash,  like  a  very  weak 
dilution  of  the  color  of  the  sides.  The  cars  have  no  distinctive  coloration. 
The  eye  is  usually  surrounded  by  a  slight  blackish  area,  which  sometimes,  as 
in  No.  1305,  extends  as  a  frenum  to  the  muzzle,  there  meeting  its  fellow.  Tiic 
moderately  abundant  whiskers,  of  medium  length,  are  some  of  them  black, 
others  colorless. 

The  palms  and  soles  are  both  perfectly  naked ;  on  top,  these  members 
are  clothed  \o  the  nails  with  short  close-pressed  hairs  of  satiny  texture  and 
luster,  sometimes  pure  glossy-white,  at  others  soiled  ;  this  furring  is  generally 
dense,  but  sometimes  so  scanty  that  the  flesh-color  of  the  skin  shows  through 
Sometimes  the  palms  and  soles  are  flesh-colored,  sometimes  they  are  black 
ish.  The  soles  are  6-tubercuIate :  (1)  a  long  linear  tubercle  along  the  inner 
side,  midway  between  toe  and  heel;  (2)  a  very  minute  one  just  outside  the 
anterior  end  of  the  last ;  (3,  4)  one  at  base  of  both  inner  and  outer  toe ;  and 
(5,  6)  two  at  bases  of  the  three  central  toes.  Where  non-tuberculate,  most 
of  the  sole  is  granular-reticulate ;  all  the  toes  are  annular-scaled  transversely 
underneath,  with  a  terminal  node.  The  2d,  3d,  and  4th  toes  are  very  long, 
and  almost  of  equal  length ;  the  5th  reaches  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  4tli ; 
the  1st  scarcely  beyond  the  base  of  the  2d.  The  claws  are  all  short,  thick, 
little  curved,  and  not  very  sharp ;  the  calcaneal  tuberosity  is  prominent ; 
traces  of  the  several  metatarsals  are  evident.  The  largeness  of  the  foot  itself 
is  in«triking  contrast  with  the  shortness  of  the  hind  leg.  There  are  five  tuber- 
cles on  the  palms,  almost  entirely  occupying  the  surface :  two  very  large  ones 
posteriorly,  subequal  in  size  and  side  by  side,  in  fact  almost  coalescing;  the 
inner  of  these  bears  the  little  nodule,  capped  by  a  bit  of  horn  that  represents 
the  pollex.  There  is  another  smaller  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  2d  and  5th 
fingers  respectively ;  and  a  fifth  at  the  conjoined  base  of  the  3d  and  4th  fin- 
gers. The  3d  finger  is  longest,  the  4th  but  little  shorter ;  the  2d  and  5th 
successively  diminish  rapidly. 

Unlil<fl  the  feet,  the  ears  are  not  densely  and  soflly  pilous  as  in  other 
Hesperomys,  but  are  hirsute — almost  strigous — with  rather  long  and  stifiish 
straight  hairs,  that  form  a  slight  fringe.  A  part  of  thfcse,  nearest  the  antitra- 
gus,  on  the  concavity  of  the  auricle,  are  longer  than  (he  rest,  and  form  the 
tuft  already  mentioned.  The  back  of  the  ear  is  pretty  evenly  furred,  though 
rather  more  scantily  toward  its  base  than  around  the  edge.  The  ears  project 
a  little  beyond  the  general  fur. 


r, 


m 


I: 


IF; 


i   » 


116 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


t  ? 


i  rUi'  i 


'm 


This  remarkable  rat  lias  hitherto  only  been  reported  from  the  Southern 
Atlantic  seaboarfl,  whore  it  is  said  to  be  abundant,  particularly  in  the  rice  dis-, 
tricts.  It  is  eminently  aquatic ;  in  this  respect  equaling  the  Arvicola  amphi- 
bius  of  Europe,  and,  in  our  country,  only  surpassed  i)y  the  muskrat.  Its  whole 
structure,  but  particularly  its  feet  and  ears,  point  to  its  amphibious  nature. 
Several  specimens  in  the  present  collection,  from  unsuspected  localities,  enable 
us  to  greatly  extend  its  known  range.  Several  were  taken  in  Kansas  liy  Mr. 
]J.  F.  Goss,  who  also  forwarded  from  the  same  locality  in  that  State  (^Neosho 
Fails)  examples  of  Onychomys  leurognster,  Pedomys  austerus,  Synaptomys 
cooperi,  and  otiier  interesting  animals.  These  Kansas  specimens  of  Oryzo- 
mys  are  larger  than  Carolina  or  Georgia  ones,  and  otherwise  a  little  differ- 
ent in  having  heavier  tails,  lighter  colors,  &c. ;  but  do  not  raise  a  suspicion 
of  specitic'distinction* 

The  original  Mus  jmlustris  of  Harlan  purports  to  be  from  New  Jersey ; 
and,  as  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt  of  this,  it  is  the  northernmost  recorded 
locality.  Tiiere  is  little  to  be  said  of  the  bibliography  of  the  species ;  in 
fact,  the  "General  Remarks"  in  Audubon  and  Bachman,  which  are  here  repro- 
duced to  settle  the  question  of  Mus  palustris,  Harlan,  comprise  everything 
essential.  "We  obtained,"  they  say  {op.  cit.  216),  "specimens  of  Arvicola 
oryzioora  in  tlie  winter  of  1816,  but  did  not  describe  it  until  May  1836.  .  .  . 
Having  occasion  to  send  descriptions  of  several,  then  undescribed,  species  to 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Piiiladelphia,  we  sent  a  specimen  of 
this  animal  to  Dr.  Pickering,  requesting  him  and  Dr.  Harlan  to  compare  it 
with  the  Arvicola  riparius  of  Okd.  ...  In  searching  in  the  Academy,  a  speci- 
men of  this  species  was  found,  and  Dr.  Harlan,  in  opposition  to  the  views 
of  Pickering,  felt  himself  authorized  to  publish  it  in  Silliman's  American 

*  A  Bpecimen,  No.  94:il>,  from  Tiicliitnn,  Tehuantcprc  (Professor  Stimichrcut),  I  caDiiot  distin(;uiHb 
from  the  ordinary  palmlrit  of  Cnrolina.  It  la  about  4.25  long  ;  tail,  4.50 ;  foot,  l.iiO.  In  color,  it  is  a 
little  clearer  tlian  most  Carolina  Bkins,  yet  not  of  the  paler  yellowiBh-brown  noticed  in  Kansas  ones,  but 
rntber  a  brigbler  fnlvons-bronn ;  the  under  parts  are  nnnsnally  pure  wbito.  I  have  not  met  wii^h  any 
Mexican  quotations  of  Orj/zomys ;  but  if  any  species  has  been  described  from  Mexico,  and  of  which  No. 
!)4'36  is  an  example,  it  cannot  well  prove  difl'ereut  from  patutlris.  The  cose  seems  to  me  to  be  parallel 
with  that  of  the  8igmo<1ona  elsewhere  discussed. 

Two  Jamaican  skins  of  Orysomyii  (Nus.  7775  and  PUT),  received  since  the  preceding  was  written, 
agree  completely  with  paluilris  in  size  and  shape,  bnt  are  noticeably  difierent  in  color.  They  are  of  a 
rich  furrugineous-brown,  oiily'a  little  darker  along  the  back,  and  the  under  parts  are  strongly  washed 
with  a  dilution  of  the  same.  The  difference,  indeed,  from  the  ordinary  dark  Carolina  palutMi,  is  nearly 
as  evident  as  iu  some  of  tlio  dullest  Ilmperomyt  OHreoluB  compared  with  hucopm.  Probably  these  siwci- 
mens  represent  a  race  if  not  a  good  species ;  but,  in  my  ignorance  of  the  pbysico-geograpbical  iofluencea 
that  work  npoa  the  West  Indian  rats,  I  cannot  pursue  the  subject,  and  especially  refi'ain  from  giving  any 
name  to  the  animal,  aa  I  presume  it  baa  been  described,  thongh  1  have  not  met  with  any  reference  to  it. 


1  ,  I 


m\\\ 


MUBID^— SIGMODONTES— nESPEROMYS  PALD8TKIS. 


117 


Journal  (vol.  xxxi),  bestowing  on  it  the  name  of  il/«s  palustrit,  making  use 
of  the  head  of  our  specimen  for  an  examination  of  the  teeth." 

Thus  it  appears  that  Harhm's  species  was  based,  in  part  at  least,  upon 
the  very  same  specimen  tliut  atlerward  became  the  type  of  Arvkola  oryzi- 
vora,  Aud.  &  Bach.  The  latter  authors,  naturally  disliking  Harlan's  pre- 
emption of  their  species,  re-appropriated  it  to  themselves  in  this  wise : — They 
took  it  for  an  Arvicolu,  and  reasoned  thot  "as  the  name  'Aivicola  pnlunfris' 
is  preoccupied  (Harlan,*  Fauna,  p.  13G)  we  are  favored  with  an  opportunity 
•  *  of  restoring  it  to  its  true  genus  under  the  name  [ori/zivora]  given  by 
its  legitimate  describer."  How  such  excellent  naturalists  as  Audul)on  and 
Uachman  could  have  been  betrayed  into  such  a  blunder  as  to  consider  Onjzo- 
mys  on  Arvkola,  we  cannot  imagine  ;  but  they  were  just  as  wide  of  the  mark 
when  they  placed  Hesperomys  sonoriensis,  LeC,  and  "campestris",  LeC,  and 
"texana",  Woodh.,  all  under  Arvkola;  and  when  they  described  the  Texan 
Sigmodon  as  Arvkola  texiana.  To  be  sure,  it  was  vexatious  that  Harlan 
should  have  anticipated  them  in  such  a  summary  way;  but  for  this  oflen- 
recurring  accident  there  is  no  help  that  we  can  see ;  ond,  at  any  rate,  the 
genus  Arvkola  proved  an  inconveniently  small  loop-hole  in  this  case. 

Tablb  TiWI.—ileMuremnU  of  ItreKlg  apednuiu  of  Hesperomys  palcstris. 


i 

LookUty. 

CoUMtor. 

XoMto— 

1 

1 

1 

Nktura. 

■i 

i 

1 

6 

is 

^ 

1 

t 

t 

1 

a 

^ 

mi 

Society  HIU,  8.C 

U.  A.Cartlt 

4.00 

4.50 

0.50 

1. 18 

0.94 

Dry. 
..do. 

J 

do 

...do 



1.33 

3.15 

3.60 

0.48 

1.11 

0.93 

1M7 

do 

...do 

4.00 

3.80 

0.93 

1.11 

0.90 

...do. 

ISM 
8603 

do 

....do 

0.94 

1.13 

1.30 

4.90 

4.10 

4.80 

C03 

0.53 
0.49 

1.13 

t.io 

0.93 
0.93 

..do. 
AlooboUc. 

do 

...do 

90M 

do 

..do 

0.fO 

1.10 

1.35 

4.S9 

4.05 

0.90 

1.19 

0.98 

..  do. 

M09 

do 

...do-. 

0.53 

1.00 

1.95 

3.15 

0.43 

1.08 

0.45 

..do. 

9009 

S^ot  8linoD'>Iid>nd,0*.. 

aW.WUMn 

0.5J 

O.M 

1.85 

3.10 

3.80 

Oil 

1.11 

0.93 

..do. 

MIO 

do 

...do 

0.110 

I.IO 

1.35 

3.80 

4.90 

0.50 

1.18 

0.50 

...do. 

Mil 

rf 

do 

...do 

U.OO 

1. 33 

4.00 

4.30 

0.48 

1.18 

0.55 

..do. 

Mia 

? 

do 

...do 

0.53 

1.00 

1.85 

4.00 

3.00 

0.44 

1.05 

0.50 

..do. 

8103 

<r 

do 

...do 

O.Sl 

0.90 

1.80 

3.60 

3.89 

a  43 

1.01 

0.45 

...do. 

•1488 

do 

...do 

..  do. 

8110 

J.P.Poitell 

0.60 

1.13 

1.30 

.1.15 

4.85 

0.59 

1.15 

0.55 

...da 

8111 
9600 

do 

...do 

Or.Gmner 

0.«l 

I.IS 

1.40 

3.80 
4.95 

4.10 
3.1(1 

0.50 
0.93 

t.io 

1.16 

0  51 

...do. 
..do. 

rf 

Colanibiu,ao 

8601 

« 

do 

...do 

0.«j 

1.19 

i.m 

4. 05 

3.00 

0.50 

1.14 

0.93 

...do. 

3101 

J 

Neoobo  F»IU,  Kua.  Tor. . . 

BF.Gon 

4.35 

4.50 

U.  40 

1.06 

0.40 

D.7. 

3108 

... 

do 

...do 

4.13 

4  00 

O.."i0 

1.10 

...do. 

3387 

do 

...do 

3.50 

9.00 

0.11 

1.S0 

...do. 

tm 

Tehaaulepeo,  Ueiico 

F.  Snmirhraat. . . . 

4. 39 

4.90 

1.90 

...do. 

■■';;  '^v, 


*  lUa  Dumber  U  conipleiiieiited  by  auckllng  young  from  Not.  9998  to  10018,  IncluaiTe, 
*  HiirUii's  Anlcola  palmlrii  i§  =  A.  riparint,  Ord. 


, 


T 

H 

•  1 

I.,  r 


1^' 


M  !  ;  • 


I  nli ' 


■I'll 


118 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


NoTK.— Ah  prcliniinnrj  to  considoralinn  of  thu  gcnns  Ochetoion,  a  notice  or  tho  gontb  American 

Iti'ilhwilon  18  introduced,  tu  facilitutu  cuuiimriwu  butweeii  tlio  two. 


Genus  RBITDRODON,  Waterhouse. 


Heillirodov,  WATEnilouSK,  Proo.  Zool.  Soc.  1837, 89 ;  Zool.  Voy.  Bcnglv,  pt.  ii,  183U  (mm  LcCoutr,  Boird). 

Diagnosis.— Upper  incisors  snlcato.  liostral  portion  of  tbo  skuiriurgti  in  proportion  to  the  cra- 
uiul,  producing  u  bigh  convex  forubcod;  zygomatic  widtb  of  skull  about  twu-tbirds  its  length  ;  iuter- 
urbitnl  portion  narrow  ;  poalerior  nnrcs  contracted  from  close  approximation  of  tbo  pterygoids;  palate 
with  lateral  paired  fussB),  and  ending  nearly  apposite  or  Iwyond  the  last  niolor ;  incisive  forauiiua  very 
lung,  extending  to  or  beyond  tbo  lirst  molar ;  coronoid  process  small  aud  cxUected ;  condyloid  narrow  and 
very  oblique;  descending  process  large,  snbqnadratc,  tbo  emargination  between  this  and  the  condyle 
deep.  Size  largo ;  form  stout  and  compact ;  bead  broad  and  arebed  ;  eyes  large  and  prominent.  Kurs 
uiuileratu,  pilous.  8ules  liuiry  behind ;  lateral  toes  subcqual  and  extremely  short.  Tail  short,  about  oue- 
bulf  tbu  head  and  body,  moderately  hairy. 

Notwithstanding  this  genus  has  certain  peculiarities  of  external  form  that  combine  to  produce  an 
aspect  unusual  among  Murines,  it  is  certainly  a  true  member  of  the  subfamily,  as  Waterhouso  originally 
pointed  out,  and  agrees  with  MuriiitB  in  every  esseatial  feature.  It  may  be  recognized  at  once  by  the 
longitudinal  grooving  of  the  upper  incisors,  a  feature  not  shared  by  any  other  South  American  mice  as 
far  as  is  known,  and  only  again  met  with  among  American  M»rina  in  the  North  American  genus  Ochelo- 
don.  liut  we  are  satislied,  from  our  study  of  Waterbouse's  perspicacious  accounts,  that  in  this  case  the 
grooving  of  the  incisors  is  a  character  mondy  incidental  to  two  genera  otherwise  widely  separated ;  for  in 
several  points  of  cranial  structure,  and  many  external  features,  Oohetodon  is  very  unlike  UtilhrodoH.  The 
former  includes  little  animalrwboso  general  appearance  may  be  summed  up  as  that  of  Mm  mvscHlut, 
while  the  latter  comprises  largo  species  with  a  strikingly  rabbit-like  ai>pearaace  (see  also  under 
Uchetodon). 

Indeed,  wo  arc  not  satisfied  that  tbo  three  species  originally  referred  to  Heilhrodon  do  not  themselves 
share  sulcatioH  of  the  superior  incisors  as  a  character  only  incidental  to  two  diifureat  types  of  at  least 
subgencric  value.  Tbcy  certainly  differ  notably  in  several  cranial  peculiarities  as  well  as  external  fea- 
tures. There  is  a  remarkable  difi'erence  in  the  shape  of  the  plate  inclosing  the  onteorhital  foramen,  in 
the  details  of  the  palatal  structure,  and  in  the  form  of  the  under  jaw  j  while  there  are  external  charac- 
ters in  the  proportions  of  tbo  tail,  feet,  and  ears.  In  the  respects  of  palatal  structure  and  the  form  of 
the  anterior  zygomatic  root,  there  is  a  curious  analogy  to  the  same  points  as  distinguishing  Sigmodon  and 
Oriizmiya  from  each  other.  We  may  t^tbulato  the  distinctive  characters  of  Keitkvodon,  and  of  Euneomy», 
as  we  have  termed  the  now  subgenus),  as  follows :  — 

Ileillirodoii,  Watekiiuuse. — Anterior  root  of  zygoma  deeply  cmargiuated  in  front.  Palate  ending 
much  behind  tbo  molar  series,  and  showing  a  median  ridge  intervening  between  lateral  paired  deep 
excavations.  Pterygoid  fossiB  deeply  excavated,  aud  tbo  bones  very  closely  approximated.  Incis- 
ive foramina  reaching  beyond  first  molars.  Condyloid  process  of  lower  jaw  concave  internally; 
descending  process  rounded  off  inferiorly ;  coronoid  process  very  obliqne. — Type,  H,  cmiouhida. 

ICuncomije,  KoB.,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1874,  185.— Anterior  root  of  zygoma  about  straight  in  front. 
Palate  ending  nearly  opposite  the  last  molars,  slightly  ridged  or  excavated.  Pterygoid  fosso)  shal- 
low and  these  bones  less  approximated.  Incisive  foramina  reaching  only  to  first  molars.  Condyloid 
process  of  lower  Jaw  (lat  internally ;  descending  process  angular;  coronoid  process  nearly  vertical. — 
Typk,  a*,  fhinchithidcs. 

There  are  other  differences  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  sknll ;  and  doubtless  additional  diag- 
nostic features  could  bo  adduced,  but  these  will  suffice. 

Aside  from  the  grooving  of  tlie  upper  incisors,  the  dentition  of  this  genns  is  of  the  ordinary  sigmo- 
doiit  pattern,  calling  for  little  further  comment.  The  incisors,  as  usual  in  tbo  subfamily,  are  deeper  antero- 
puKtoriorly  than  they  are  wide  across.  The  molars  decrease  regularly  iu  size  and  complexity  from  before 
backward ;  tbo  front  upper  one  has  two  external  and  two  internal  folds  of  enamel,  the  resulting  tbreu 
salieiicii's  on  each  side  being  about  opposite  each  other,  while  the  two  rcentrances  from  each  side,  which 
meet  on  tbo  face  of  thu  tooth,  are  alternate.  The  other  two  upper  teeth  have  but  one  internal  and  two 
external  folds ;  the  posterior  one  of  the  latter,  in  each  tooth,  being  much  deeper  and  more  tortuous  than 
any  ol'  tlin  otliers.  The  front  under  molar  shows  on  the  onler  side  three  perfect  reentrant  loops,  nnd  mi 
the  inner  side  two  such,  but  may  have  one  additional  slight  loop  on  each  side,  from  indentations  of  the 
anterior  end  of  tbo  tooth.  The  mid-lower  molar  has  two  folds  on  the  outside  and  one  on  the  inner  side, 
Bometiuics,  however,  with  trace  of  another.    Thu  buck  lower  molar  has  but  one  fold  on  either  side;  these 


MURID^— SIOMODONTES— REITHRODON. 


119 


alternata,  and  in  some  stages  of  near  show  a  porfeot  letter  S,  at  one  time  auiiposcd  to  bu  cbuructoi- 
Istic  of  tbo  genus  Sigmodoit,  but  now  known  to  be  a  pattern  of  couimou,  if,  indeed,  it  bo  uut  uf  universal, 
occurrence'amoug  American  Murtvai. 

Tlie  geuUB  appears  to  bo  ooutlned  to  tbo  southern  part  of  South  America,  fruiu  which  tlireo  siiucio^i 
have  been  d'-sctibed.  Two  of  these,  tt.  cunieuloidn  and  M.  ehinchiltoida,  are  sharply  distingiUHhed  by  the 
characters  already  pointed  out,  and  others ;  but  the  diflTerences  between  It.  cunicutoideii  aud  Jl.  lypivai  ure 
not  so  clear.  It  Heems  to  us  probable  that  the  latter  will  prove  to  be,  If  not  identical  with,  at  most  only 
a  geographical  race  of  «Miiicii(o(({p<— the  ascribed  characters  appear,  according  to  our  experience  with  this 
family,  to  be  within  an  ordinary  range  of  variation  in  the  same  species.  But  without  specimens  wo  can- 
not, of  course,  presume  to  say  that  such  is  the  case;  and  we  rcdesorihe  the  three  species,  as  we  have  the 
genus  itself,  from  Waterhouse's  original  notices. 

KEITHBODON  CUNICUL0IDE8,  Waterbonse. 

UMhrodon  cuHiculaidei,  Waterhodse,  Proo.  Zool.  Boo.  1837,  SO;  Zool.  Voy.  Beagle,  pt.  ii,  09,  pi.  xxvi 
(animal),  pi.  zzziii,  figs.  2b,  So,  id,  2e  (teeth),  pi.  xxxiv,  figs.  2a,  2b,  2a  (skull). 

DuGNOSis. — Yellowish-gray  mixed  with  bluck ;  throat  and  belly  pale  yellow;  rump  and  fuet 
white;  ears  of  medium  size,  yellowish,  with  a  yellowish-white  patch  behind  them;  tail  about  half  as 
long  as  the  bead  and  body,  bluolor,  dusky  above,  white  belo'.r.    Length,  6i ;  tail,  'H ;  hind  feet,  H ;  ear, }. 

Habitat.— Patagonia  (Port  Desire,  Saint  Julian,  Santa  Cruz ;  Darwin). 

The  fiir  is  described  as  long  and  soft ;  the  general  color  of  the  upper  parts  is  "  gray isb-Urown  with 
s  considerable  admixture  of  yellow";  the  sides  are  yellowish-gray,  paler  below,  fading  into  yellowish- 
white  underneath,  aud  there  is  a  patch  of  the  same  behind  the  ears,  which  are  also  yellowish;  mous- 
taches very  long  and  nnmerous,  black  and  gray ;  soles  partly  hairy ;  hairs  of  the  tail  snfflcieut  to  hide 
the  annuli,  dusky  abcve,  white  below ;  incisors  yellow.  The  dimensions  of  a  skull  are  given  as  follows : — 
Length,  1^ ;  width,  {.  The  teeth  are  very  satisfactorily  figured,  enlarged  in  the  plate  above  cited,  while 
a  glance  at  plate  86  is  sufficient  to  show  the  curious  general  appearance  of  the  species  which  suggested 
its  specific  name. 

■EITHBODON  TYPICUS,  Waterhonse. 

BeUkrtdim  tfpUiu,  Waterbovse,  Proc.  Zool.  Boo.  1S37,  30 ;  Zool.  Voy.  Beagle,  pt.  ii,  1839, 71,  pi.  xxxiii, 
fig.  4a  (teeth). 

As  described,  this  supposed  species  differs  from  the  last  in  being  smaller,  with  shorter  feet  and 
longer  can,  and  of  darker  color.  The  dimensions  assigned  are,  length,  6  inches ;  hind  foot,  1  inch  8i 
lines ;  ear,  6|  lines.    From  La  Plata  (Maldonodo,  Darwin). 

As  already  intimated,  we  admit  the  species  on  probation,  suspecting  it  will  not  prove  distinct 
from  e»niimloide$.  It  does  not  appear  why  it  was  named  "  typicus",  since  the  genus  appears  to  have  been 
drawn  up  from  the  better-known  oaiiuia/oidM,  wbioh  must  stand  as  the  type  uf  Jieilhrodon,  B.  chinchil- 
hida  was  not  described  nnlil  two  years  afterward. 


KEITHBODON  (EUNEOMYS)  CHINCUILLOIDES,  Waterhonse. 

Heithrodon  ckincWloida,  Watbbhodsk,  Zool.  Voy.  Beagle,  1839,  pt.  ii,  78,  pi.  xxvii  (animal);  pi.  xxxiv, 

figs.  20a,  206,  20o,  2Qd,  2Ue,  20/ (skull  and  teeth). 
Iteitkrodon  (Buneomyt)  ckinckilUridet,  CouES,  Proc.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1844, 185. 

Diagnosis. — Cinereons,  washed  with  yellowish-dusky,  under  parts  yellowish-white ;  tail  dusky 
above,  white  below,  half  as  long  as  the  head  and  body ;  ears  and  tarsi  rather  short.  liCUgth,  6  inches; 
tuil,  2i  ;  tarsus,  1 ;  ear,  hardly  i.    I^kull,  1^  long,  8^  lines  wide. 

Habitat.— Straits  of  Magellan. 

We  have  already  detailed  the  notable  structoTal  characters  by  which  this  species  differs  from 
cnnioiloidet  or  igpUMii  and  the  plate  above  cited  shows  an  animal  of  different  external  appearance.  It 
is  smaller,  with  apparently  disproportionately  smaller  members,  the  color  different,  aud  the  for  particu- 
larly long  and  soft — a  ciitinmstance  snggeating  its  specifio  name,  althoogb  it  has,  like  ennicnhidn,  the 
curious  rabbit-like  aspect  characteristic  of  the  genus. 


■TT^ 


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I 

120 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


i\ 


Genus  OCHETODON,  Coucs. 

X  Mill  sp-,  Al'D.  &  Bach. 

X  Uinpeiomiji  8|).>  Waonkh, 

=  Ilritlirodon,  LkContk,  Proc.  Acnil.  Nat.  Scl.  PLIIn.  Ifc'33, 413.— Baiiii>,  M.  N.  A.  1H57,  «7.     JS'eJ(/  Waterh. 

=z  (khtlodoH,  CotiES,  Proc.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sui.  Pbilii.  1874,  184. 

Chars. — With  the  general  nppearancc  of  3fus  proper,  but  the  essentiol 
charactor.s  of  Ilesperoini/s,  except  that  the  superior  incisors  are  deeply  grooved 
lengtin.ise.     Tail  about  as  hmg  as  the  head  and  body. 

The  occurrence  in  North  America  of  sigrnodont  mice  with  sulcate  inci- 
sors was  first  made  known  in  1841  by  Audubon  and  Bachman,  who  descril)ed 
iI/(/.s-  humilis.  Their  animal  was  almost  immediately  referred  to  He.speromt/s 
by  Wagner.  These  authors  overlooked,  or,  at  any  rate,  did  not  take  into 
special  consideration,  the  remarkable  condition  of  the  upper  incisors,  and  it 
was  not  until  twelve  years  subsequently,  in  1853,  that  Major  LeConte  took 
np  tills  point  and  referred  a  species  to  the  South  American  genus  Reithrodon 
of  Waterhousc.  In  tlii.s  course,  he  was  followed,  in  1857,  by  Professor  Baird, 
who  united  two  of  Audubon  and  Bachman's  species  {humilis  and  lecontei)  in 
one,  gave  Mus  carolinensis,  Aud.  &  Bach.,  as  a  doubtful  species  of  the  genus, 
and  described  tiiree  new  ones,  11.  montanus,  K.  megalotis,  and  R.  longicauda. 

Although  adopting  Reithrodon  alter  Waterhouse,  Professor  Baird  com- 
ments at  length  upon  the  obvious  differences  between  the  North  American 
mice  with  grooved  incisors,  and  the  several  species  of  Reithrodon  from  South 
America,  expressing  his  surprise  at  the  re-appearance  of  the  genus  in  the 
United  States.  Without  an  opportunity  of  direct  comparison,  however,  he 
refrained  from  separating  the  North  American  Ochetodon  from  Reithrodon, 
although  he  indicated  some  of  the  prominent  distinctions. 

We  regret  tiiat,  like  Professor  Baird,  we  are  unable  to  make  the  direct 
comparisons  o^  Reithrodon  and  Ochetodon  that  are  needed,  having  neither  skins 
nor  skulls  of  the  former  for  examination.  Judging  from  the  figures  and 
descriptions  that  have  been  published  of  Reithrodon,  we  are  satisfied  that  the 
genus  we  have  founded  will  prove  valid ;  and,  indeed,  we  should  not  be  sur- 
prised if  the  grooved  incisors  proved  to  be  the  chief  character  that  Ochetodon 
and  Reithrodon  share  in  common.  As  is  well  known,  the  South  American  Sig- 
modonts  are  almost  without  exception  widely  different  from  the  North  Ameri- 
can ;  Calomys  being  the  only  one  of  them  that  closely  approaches  ours. 

The  following  differential  diagnosis  may  doubtless  be  largely  supple- 
mented with  additional  characters: — 


MURIDiE— 8IGMODONTES— OCHETODON. 


121 


Sigmodont  Murina:  rcilh  grooved  tipper  incisors : 


Size  very  largo.     Tail  Imlf  ns  long 
Size  very  sinnll.     Tail  avernging 


Reithrodon. — Form  stout,  leporine. 

as  tlie  trunk. 
Ochetodon. — Form  slender,  murine. 

as  long  as  the  trunk. 

With  typical  examples  before  us  of  all  but  one  of  the  described  species 
of  Ochetodon,  we  are  oble  to  notice  the  genus  with  entire  precision. 

Oc/ietodon  com])ri8es  the  smallest  Murines  of  North  America ;  the  small- 
est mammals  of  this  continent,  excepting  some  of  the  Soricidee.  In  general 
appearance,  they  are  hardly  distinguishable  on  sight  from  ungrown  house- 
mice,  they  conform  to  the  latter  so  closely  in  size,  proportions,  and  color. 
The  teeth,  however,  ot  once  distinguish  them  from  Mus ;  the  molars  being 
sigmodont,  as  in  all  Murina  indigenous  to  the  New  World,  and  almost  exactly 
as  in  North  American  Hesperomys,  while  the  sulcale  incisors  are  sui  generis. 

The  remarkable  sulcation  of  the  upper  incisors  is  unique  among  North 
American  Murina,  though  recurring  in  the  arvicoline  genus  Synaptomys.  (It 
is  much  as  in  Zapus,  which  latter,  however,  is  the  type  of  a  family  apart 
from  Murida)  The  grooves  are  deep  and  conspicuous,  and  nearly  as  broad 
08  the  prominent  face  of  the  tooth  on  either  si»le ;  they  are  median  in  situa- 
tion, run  the  whole  length  of  the  tooth,  and  terminate  in  a  notch,  so  that  the 
conjoined  ends  of  the  pair  of  incisors  present  four  points  instead  of  a  straight 
bifid  edge.  The  anterior  face  of  each  incisor  is  a  prominent  rounded  ridge 
on  either  side  of  the  groove;  but  the  face,  as  a  whole,  is  so  much  beveled  off 
externally  that,  when  the  tooth  is  viewed  in  lateral  profile,  one  of  these  ridges 
is  entirely  in  front  of  the  other,  and  the  tooth  appears  double  by  the  amount 
of  separation  that  the  groove  affords.  As  usual  in  Murina,  each  incisor  is 
deeper  antero-|)osteriorIy  than  it  is  wide  transversely  ;  but  the  incisors  differ 
noticeably  from  those  of  Hesperomys,  &c.,  in  their  great  curvature,  which  is 
sufficient  to  cause  their  apices  to  full  behind  a  perpendicular  let  down  from  the 
tip  of  the  nasal  bones. 

The  under  incisors  are  simple,  and,  with  the  entire  molar  series,  much  as 
in  Hesperomys.  But  there  seems  to  be  a  difference  in  the  tooting  of  the  mo- 
lars. In  all  the  Hesperomys  examined,  the  anterior  upper  molar,  at  least, 
invariably  showed  us  three  roots,  making  as  many  distinct  perforations  of  the 
alveolus :  two  exteriorly,  in  a  line  with  each  otber ;  and  oao  interior,  midway 


}i 


122 


MONOORArnS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Mi 


between  the  two  outer  ones.  In  Ochetodon,  the  same  molar  has  four  routs; 
three  larj,'c  ones,  just  ns  in  Ilcspcromyi ;  and  an  aihlitional  very  small  exterior 
one,  midway  between  the  other  two  exterior  ones.  The  second  molar  (in  No. 
2282  lor  example)  has  only  three  evident  ones,  but  a  similar,  only  very  minute, 
fourth  one  also  appears.  The  last  upper  molar  makes  but  two  perforations. 
Some  difTorcnce  in  the  molar  crowns  of  Hesperomjjs  and  Oclietodon,  correspond- 
ing to  the  different  rooting  in  the  two  genera,  may  yet  be  established.  This 
additional  root  of  Ochetodon  is  an  approach  toward  Mus  proper ;  for,  in  an 
example  of  J/,  decumanus  before  us,  we  find  that  the  alveolus  of  the  upper 
anterior  molur  is  perforated  with  six  distinct  holes. 

There  are  several  remarkable  peculiarities  in  the  skull  besides  the  grooved 
Tipper  incisors.  Prominent  among  these  is  the  singular  shape  of  the  descend- 
ing process  of  the  under  jaw.  This  is  really  a  subquadrate  plate,  retaining 
the  essential  characters  that  here  mark  off  Murina  from  Arvicolina,  but,  nev- 
ertheless, when  viewed  in  lateral  profile,  more  nearly  resembles  the  charac- 
teristic hamular  process  of  the  ArvicoHncB.  This  appearance  is  due  t«  the 
abrupt  inward  inflection  nearly  at  right  angles  of  the  lower  border  of  the 
process;  nothing  like  this  is  seen  in  Hesperomys,  &c.  The  coronoid  is  very 
small  and  acute,  and  curves  very  obliquely  backward.  The  inside  of  the 
ramus  of  the  jaw  shows,  as  usual,  a  ridge  denoting  the  passage  of  the  under 
incisor  up  toward  the  condyle.  The  skull  as  a  whole  is  broader  and  shorter 
than  in  Hcsperomys ;  the  lengthwise  convexity  on  top  is  greater,  and  the  cra- 
nium is  quite  as  wide  across  the  parietal  portion  as  between  the  zygomata. 
The  latter  dip  deeply  down  to  the  level  of  the  palate,  but  do  not  stand  out 
much,  their  middle  portions  being  nearly  parallel.  There  appears  to  be  a 
peculiarity  in  the  anteorbital  foramen,  which  is  settled  far  into  the  zygomatic 
part  of  the  maxillary,  and,  of  a  consequence,  appears  almost  circular  above, 
suddenly  contracting  into  a  narrow  slit  below  (somewhat  as  in  Oryzomys;  in 
Ilesperomys  proper,  the  broad  upper  part  of  the  foramen  is  rather  pyriform, 
and  narrows  gradually  below).  The  incisive  foramina  are  large  and  very  long, 
reaching  from  a  point  opposite  the  anterior  molars  almost  to  the  incisors.  The 
l)alate  ends  beiiind  abruptly  as  a  transverse  shelf,  opposite  the  back  border  of 
the  last  molars ;  but  this  shelf-edge  is  very  narrow  from  side  to  side,  owing 
to  the  close  approximation  of  the  nearly  parallel  pterygoid  ridges;  and,  on 
eitlicr  hand,  the  palatal  level  almost  directly  continues  into  tlie  shallow 
depressions,  of  unusual  width,  that  lie  between  it  and  the  bullae  auditoiise. 


■I'M 


MURID^— SI0M0D0NTE8— OCnETODON. 


123 


(In  all  this,  however,  there  is  nothing  essentially  different  from  Ilcsperonii/s.) 
The  hitter  arc  very  large  and  tiiin,  and  widely  separated  by  a  broad  wedge- 
shaped  basioccipital,  their  axes  rapidly  approximating  from  behind  forward. 

In  external  form,  there  is  little  or  no  difference  from  Hesperomys  to  note. 
The  hairiness  of  the  tail  and  cars  is  much  ab  in  that  genus,  and  more  than  in 
Mus.  The  tail  averages  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  body — a  little  less  in 
O.  humilis,  and  a  little  more  in  O.  longkauda  and  O.  mexicanua.  The  fore  feet 
are  about  half  as  long  as  the  hind  ones;  both  arc  rather  scant-haired  above, 
though  the  hairs  reach  to  the  end  of  the  claws.  The  palms  show  the  ordinary 
five  tubercles.  The  soles  are  scantily  hairy  for  about  one-third  their  length, 
being  for  the  rest  granular-reticulate,  with  six  very  distinct  tubercles:  the 
first  internal,  midway  between  heel  and  base  of  inner  toe ;  the  second  just  in 
advance  of  this,  but  external ;  the  third  in  advance  of  the  second,  but  internal 
and  at  base  of  the  inner  toe{  a  fourth  and  fifth  lie  at  bases  ot^  respectively, 
the  fifth  and  second  toes ;  the  sixth  rests  upon  the  conjoined  bases  of  the  third 
and  fourth  toes. 

We  append  Uie  measurements  of  several  skulls  of  Ochetodon,  without 
distinction  of  species,  since  no  specific  characters  rest  upon  peculiarities  of 
the  cranium. 

Tadli  XXXlI.—Utaturenuntt  offitt  tlculU  of  Ochetodon. 


1 

1 

i 
1 

1 
a 

Tip  of  under  iuci- 
Bors  to — 

1 

Locality. 

N 

1 

t 

n 

1 

1 

Species. 

m- 

Saint  Louis,  Mo 

0.76 

0.40 

0.12 

0.29 

0.14 

0.47 

0.37 

0.40 

haniUn. 

nv, 

8oao» 

0.82 

0.43 

0.13 

0.30 

0.15 

0.50 

0.40 

0.49 

"megaloHB." 

v^ 

Boolty  HoDDtains 

6.78 

0.40 

an 

0.28 

0.13 

0.48 

0.38 

0.45 

"mOKtdNIM." 

•HH 

Potalama,  Cal 

0.69 

0.38 

0.11 

0.26 

0.12 

0.42 

0.31 

0.40 

longioawla, 
do. 

do 

0.70 

0.40 

fl.lS 

0.27 

0.13 

0.47 

0.35 

0.40 

'  No.  2&J2  is,  perhaps,  uot  tiuito  full-grown. 

OCHETODON  IIUMIUS,  (Aud.  &  Bach.)  Coues. 

Little  narvest  Honge. 

JtfiM  kiimllif,  AtiD.  Sc  Bach.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Pliila.  i,  1841,  97 ;  Jonm.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1842, 
viii,  pt.  it,  300 ;  Q.  N.  A.  ii,  1851,  i03,  pi.  Ixv  (South  Atlantic  States). 

netprromgi  kitai<(i«,  WAOHKn,  Wieg.  Arch.  1843,  pt.  ti,  51  (after  And.  A.  Bach.). 

SeitkrodoH  hamilu,  UAinD,  H.  N.  A.  1857,  448  (South  Carolina,  Qeorgia,  and  tMissonri). 

(kheiodof  humilU,  Govts,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874, 185. 

JKm  /(ooiiNJ,  AuD.  &  Bach.,  Journ.  Acad.Mat.  Sci.-Phila.  viii,  1842,  307 ;  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  18D4,  324  ((at.  aitNa), 
(South  Carolina). 


M 


124 


MONOGKAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


I    :; 


i'J 


Ilcupiromyt  hconiii,  Waonkh,  Wicg.  Areli.  1S43,  pt.  ii,  51  (after  Aud.  &  Bacli.). 

lUillirodon  kcotilii,  LkConth,  Proo.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  vi,  18."3,  413 

r  Mtt»  caroliiiriiHia,  Ai'D.  &  Hach.,  Joiirn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  viii,  pt.  ii,  1842,  306 ;  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  ia'>4,  3,12. 
(.Suntli  Cnruliiiu,  iu  iunndatcd  lands,  rare.  "Tail  longer  than  the  body,  ears  long  and  hairy, 
color  liglit  pltinibi'ons;  *  *  nnder  surface  Hcarcely  a  shade  lighter.  Length  of  head  and 
boily  ^.33,  of  tail  2.75,  ear  0.33,  tarsns  0.54.") 

f  ITcuperomyii  cttroliiiemie,  Wao.nki!,  Wieg.  Arch.  1843,  pt.  ii,  51  (a''ter  And.  &  Uach.). 

t r.iilhroion  carolineum,  IIaiiid,  M. N.  A.  1857,  4.")2  (after  And.  &  Bach.).  * 

llcUhrodon  meiialolin,  1!aiiii>,  M.  N.  A.  18.')7,  451 ;  liep.  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  ii,  pt.  ii,  1859,  Mam- 
mals, 43,  pi.  vii,  fig.  4a~c,  and  pi.  xxiv,  flg.  4a-g.  (Sonora.  Largest  of  North  American 
species.    Head  and  body,  2j-3 ;  tail,  2} ;  sule,  i-} ;  oar,  0.43  high.    Colors  as  ia  B.  humile.) 

Diagnosis. — O.  mure  musculo  minor  seu  staturd  suheequans,  caudd  trun- 
cum  suhcequante  Iiirsutd,  suh-bicolore,  auriculis  prominulin,  himutis,  plantis 
semi-nudis,  vfllere  moUi,  supra  murino,  infra  griseo-alhido,  lateribus  fulves- 
centihus. 

Habitat. — South  Atlantic  States.  Gulf  States  into  Sonora.  Up  the 
Mississippi  VuUcy  to  Saint  Louis.     Iowa.     Kansas.     Nebraska. 

Numerous  e.xccllent  examples,  from  the  South  Atlantic  States,  of  this 
diminutive  Rodent,  which,  with  the  general  appearance  of  a  small  house- 
mouse,  is  instantly  distinguished  by  its  generic  ciiaracters,  present  very  little 
variation  cither  in  size,  shape,  or  color.  None  show  the  peculiar  proportions 
attributed  by  Audubon  and  Bachman  to  their  Mus  carolinensis.  The  tail  is 
always  a  little  shorter  than  the  trunk.  The  hind  feet  range  from  0.50  to  0.60 
in  length  ;  the  ears  project  beyond  the  fur,  and  have  a  somewhat  character- 
istic shape,  difficult  to  describe,  represented  with  indifferent  success  in  Audu- 
bon's plate  above  cited.  They  are  rather  obovate  in  siiape,  and  narrow  for 
their  length;  the  antitragus  is  valvular;  the  interior  below  is  nearly  naked 
and  flesh-colored ;  this  part  is  overlaid  by  tlie  long  hairs  of  the  cheeks ;  the 
rest  of  the  ear  is  rather  coarsely  liirsutc  than  closely  pilous.  The  fur  is  soft 
and  silky;  above,  the  color  is  exactly  as  in  the  house-mouse  and  nearly  uniform, 
being  merely  a  little  darker  along  the  middle  of  the  back ;  but  all  along  the 
sides  tlie  brown  is  enlivened  with  a  decided  wash  of  fulvous  or  pin'wish-gray, 
never  seen  in  M.  muisculus.  Generally,  this  tinge  is  diffuse,  but  it  sometimes 
forms  quite  a  striking  lateral  stripe.  The  tail  is  distinctly  bicolor,  but  not 
very  sharply  so.  The  under  parts  are  whitish,  obscured  by  the  plumbeous  of 
the  roots  of  the  hairs  showing  through,  and  generally  also  noticeably  washed 
over  with  a  dilution  of  the  fulvous  that  tinges  the  sides.  The  lips,  however, 
arc  pure  while;  and  the  whole  oral  and  mental  region,  with  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  feet,  arc  likewise  white.  The  ab.solute  size,  and  to  some  extent 
the  range  of  variation,  of  this  species  appear  from  the  table  given  below. 


m 
m 


MURIDiE-aiGMODONTES-OCnETODOX  HOMILIS. 


125 


The  Kansas  specimens  there  enumerated  are  identical  in  every  respect 
with  typical  Carolina  and  Georgia  ones,  l)ut  with  tliis  exv;eption  :  we  find  that 
directly  we  turn  from  South  Atlantic  to  other  skins  we  are  met  by  a  devia- 
tion from  the  type  that  threatens  difficulty  in  determination  of  other  western 
forms  that  have  been  described  as  distinct.  Thus,  the  two  Saint  Louis  skins, 
569-570,  have  the  tail  at  least  equaling  the  head  and  body.  They  are,  how- 
ever, in  too  imperfect  condition  to  admit  of  positive  determination,  and  we 
assign  them  to  humilis  with  a  query,  just  as  Baird  did.  The  Nebraska  skin, 
No.  3095,  shows  the  same  thing ;  but  the  tail  has  been  skinned  and  stretched 
on  a  straw,  so  that  probably  in  life  it  was  really  shorter  than  the  head  and 
body.  It  further  differs  in  its  paler  colors;  but  this  is  like  what  is  seen  in 
the  Hesperomys,  Ncototna,  and  A  'vicola,  from  the  same  region,  and  need  not 
worry  us  at  all.  The  Iowa  skin,  No.  9339,  is  one  of  the  largest  we  have  ever 
seen,  and  unusually  bright  fulvous  on  the  sides — not  pale  like  the  Nebraskan, 
nor  dark  like  the  Carolinian.  It  falls,  however,  within  ordinary  limits  of 
variation,  and  does  not  excite  a  suspicion  of  distintness. 

The  Mus  leconlii  of  Audubon  and  Bachman  is  certainly  the  same  as 
their i)/.  humilis;  but  the  determination  of  their  M.  caroUnensis  offers  some 
difficulty,  as  the  description  above  quoted  ascribes  characters  that  we  do  not 
recognize  in  our  specimens  from  Carolina.  We  have  never  seen  an  Ochetodon 
from  the  South  Atlantic  States  with  a  tail  even  equaling  the  head  and  body, 
much  less  as  2.33  to  2.75,  nor  a  specimen  from  any  locality  in  which  the  under 
parts  were  not  decidedly  lighter  than  the  upper.  But  as  it  is  improbable  that 
a  second  good  species,  differing  as  these  authors  say,  occurs  in  South  Carolina 
alongside  O.  humilix,  we  are  forced  to  believe  either  that  there  is  some  mis- 
lake  in  the  measurements  given*  and  colors  ascribed,  or  else  that  O.  humilis 
varies  to  the  degree  indicated  in  the  description  of  Mus  caroUnensis.  This 
latter  supposition  is  very  like'.y ;  -'f*  have  already  cited  instances  of  colcr-varia- 
tion  quite  as  great  as  those  ascrii»i.,  *o  caroUnensis,  and  have  seen,  in  Saint 
Louis  and  other  specimens,  tails  at  least  tq  'aling,  if  they  do  not  exceed,  the 
head  and  body.  After  all,  the  variation  in  this  lattei  respect  is  quite  within 
the  limits  we  elsewiiere  establish  for  species  of  Hesperomi/s,  Sigmodon,  and 
other  genera.  The  case  is  noteworthy  in  connection  with  the  long-tailed 
species  O.  longicauda,  that  we  next  describe. 

There  can  be  but  little  doubt,  and  there  is  none  at  all  in  eur  mind,  that 


.   \U 


:i 


*  More  gUrliig  inooourncieB  tbaa  thin  wear  Id  the  work  Id  question. 


120 


MONOORAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Mili' 


;!■      1 

■  ',  •!  :  1 
I  ■ 

I    :■• 


tlio  RcUhmlon  megalotis  is  tlie  same  ns  O.  humills.  The  colors  are  confess- 
ciUy  the  same.  Tlic  hciglit  of  the  car  (0.43)  tliat  is  dwelt  upon  is  no  greater 
tlian  occurs  in  typical  humilis  (see  table).  The  size  (3.00)  of  one  of  the  two 
type-specimens  is  greater  than  we  have  ever  determined  for  humilis  by  four- 
tcntlis  of  an  inch,  but  tiic  other  type  (2.42  long)  is  well  within  the  ordinary 
range  of  humilis.  It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  these  two  animals  (Nos. 
1039,  1040,  fiO>n  Sonora,  Dr.  Kennerly)  do  not  approximate  toward  either 
O.  longicauda  nor  to  tlie  still  larger  and  longer-tailed  O.  mexicanus. 

T.vDLK  XXXIII. — ileaiuremcnU  of  twenty-six  upcdment  of  Ociietoix>n  humiijs. 


i 

s 

9 

Locality. 

CoUectoT. 

Nose  to- 

■s 

I 

I 

225 
2.01 
1.10 
1.07 
1.83 
1.65 
200 
1.75 

t 
1 

<9 

a 

5 

"S 

1 

Nature  of  spec- 
imen. 

h 

1 

0.T7 
0.80 

0.70 

i 
1 

•2.42 
2.10 
2.10 
2.15 
2.10 

S533 

axw 

2537 
8538 

loci 

IMS 
1993 
199.5 
2248 
4099 
4-00 
4-01 
4948 
8520 

S527 
8528 
6529 
8,530 
BI33 
9339 
3095 
1569 
1570 
7302 
4957 
9997 

Society  Hill,  a  U 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Liberty  County,  Ga 

do 

do 

do 

Southern  United  States  . . . 

Ncoahu  ]?'u1Ih,  Kans 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Burlington,  Kana 

Buchanan  County,  Iowa. . 

Polo  Creek,  Nebr 

M.A.Cnrtis 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...  do 

0.38 
0.40 
0.33 
0.35 

0.89 
0.90 
0.85 
0.86 

0.30 
0.28 
0.27 
0.28 
0.27 
0.96 

0.60 
0.60 
0.50 
0.57 
0.62 
0.58 
0.61 
0.69 
0.50 
0.60 
0.61 
0.56 
0.58 
0.69 

n.63 
0  64 
0.63 
0.60 
0.64 
0.05 
0.64 

a64 

0.61 
0  66 
0.60 
0.61 

Alcohollo. 
do 

.    do 

do 

0.40 

a  41 

0.41 

Dry. 
...do. 
...do. 
do 

....do 

....do 

2.40 
l.H) 
3.20 

....do 

J.  LeConto 

...  do 

0.39 
10.43 
0.40 

...do. 

...do. 

....do. 

do 

9.15 
2.  CO 
1.90 
1.00 
2.30 

3.90 
2.25 
1.70 
2.00 
1.90 
9.10 
2.50 
9.00 
1.75 
2  90 
l.fO 

i.eo 

0.97 

0.98 
0.25 

0.30 
0  9-1 
0.24 

...,do 

2.30 
2.60 
2.  IS 
2.55 

2.33 
2  37 
2.30 
9.00 
2.00 
8.60 
2.50 
2.00 
1.75 
ft20 
2.00 
2.00 

....do  

1 

B.F.Go8a 

0.35 

0.73 

0.69 

0.47 

Alcoholic. 
Fresh,  except 
feet, 
do 

....do 

..  .do 

do 

...do 

...do 

A.  Crocker 

0.35 
0.33 

0  72 
0.70 

0.8» 

0.40 

0.88 

Alcoholic. 
....do. 

Dry. 
.  .  do. 

O.iC.  Blackburn 
W.a  Wwd 

...  do. 

Snlnt  Louis,  Mo 

0  75 

Alcoholic. 
..  do. 

.      ..do 

I  alcaslou  Pasa,  La 

Camp  Floyd,  Utah 

do 

...do 

G.  Wiirdeoiann  .. 
C.  a  McCarthy... 
...do 

0.38 
0.33 
0.34 

0.70 
0.62 
0.63 

0.80 
0.82 
0.83 

0.37 
0.40 

a3» 

....do. 
...do. 
....do. 

*  Thia  la  tho  idcDtioal  length  of  bmly  wwribod  to  the  smaller  of  the  two  ipeclmons  of  "megalotis". 
t  Thia  is  tho  identical  length  of  oar  ascribed  to  the  larger  of  the  two  specimens  of  *'  mogalotia'** 

OCHETQDON  LONGICAUDA,  (Baird)  Coues. 

JMthrodon  longi'auda,  Baiiih,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  451  (California).— fToMKS,  Proo,  Zool.  800.  1861,  884 

(Gunteninlii). 
OchelodoH  longicaHiUi,  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pblla.  1874,  18C. 

Diagnosis. — O.  humili  simili^,  sed  caudd  longiore,  truncum  superante,  et 
pedibus  paululum  validioribus ;  coloribus  magis  Jlavicanlibus.  Long.  tot.  2-2J, 
caudcE  2J-3,  pedis  §. 


MURTDiT!— SIOMODONTES-OCnETODON  LONOICAUDA. 


127 


Habitat. — California  (Samuels,  Stiwpison,  Xantus).  ?  Guatemala  (  Tomes). 

"  Size  small.  Tail  considerably  longer  than  the  head  and  botly  (which 
measure  from  2.10  to  2.30  inches),  usually  from  3  to  8  tenths  of  an  inch 
longer.  Hind  foot  .65  to  .70  of  an  inch.  Above,  dark  brown  :  beneath, 
white,  tinged  with  reddish  yellow,  A  broad  wash  of  bright  fulvous  on  the 
sides  and  checks." — {Baird,  I.  c.)  ''""'v^',         . 

This  animal,  accurately  indicated  by  Bnird  as  above,  is  certainly  dis- 
tinguLshable  from  O.  humilh,  though  the  full  question  of  its  specific  difference 
from  humilis  is  perplexing.  While  we  have  never  seen  an  Atlantic  Ochetodon 
with  the  tail  even  as  long  as  the  body,  and  while  even  in  the  Middle  Region 
the  tail  never  exceeds  the  trunk,  there  is  no  example  of  longkauda  in  which 
this  member  is  not  notably  longer.  The  trunk  ranges,  as  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing table  (mostly  copied  from  Baird's  published  one),  from  1.83  to  2.40, 
settling  near  2.25  as  an  average,  while  the  tail  ranges  from  2.25  to  3.15,  only 
once,  however,  touching  this  last  figure,  and  usually  falling  under  3.00.  The 
feet,  likewise,  are  somewhat  larger,  ranging  from  0.60  to  0.70,  with  an  aver- 
age of  0.66,  only  once  reaching  0.70,  and  perfectly  connected  with  those 
of  humilis  by  intermediate  measurements ;  though  in  humilis  the  feet  rarely 
reach  0.66,  and  will  not  average  over  0.60.  The  colors  of  longicauda  are 
likewise  noticeably  different;  only  a  restricted  dorsal  area  is  as  dark  as  in 
ordinary  hvrr.'Ms,  while  the  whole  sides  of  the  head  and  body  are  broadly  and 
brightly  fulvous,  and  the  under  parts  are  washed  with  the  same.  This  lively 
shade  is  not  even  approximately  attained  in  any  specimen  we  have  seen 
except  9339  from  Iowa. 

We  have,  therefore,  little  hesitation  in  indorsing  the  name,  though  certain 
facts  arouse  our  suspicion  and  prevent  us  from  making  out  a  perfectly  satis- 
factory case.  Thus,  Audubon  and  Bachnmn  have  described  a  Carolina  animal 
nearly  identical  with  longicauda  in  proportions.  Then,  again,  in  our  speci- 
mens from  intermediate  localities,  as  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska,  the  tail 
lengthens  to  an  equality  with  the  body,  and  the  feet  averoge  over  0.60.  The 
question  is  resumed  and  more  fully  stated  under  head  of  the  next  species, 
mexicanm.  We  cite  the  above  Guat(!malan  reference  with  a  query,  suspect- 
ing that  this  particular  form  does  not  occur  in  that  locality ;  but,  of  course, 
we  have  no  assurance  that  such  is  not  the  case. 


f 


\M  ■  < 


u 


\'    ]     ' 


128 


MONOGIIAPUS  OF  NOUTII  AMERICAN  llODBNTIA. 

Taiilk  XXXIV.— J/ca»Hi-emeii(«  of  twentii  ipecimem  of  Ociiktodox  LoxaiCAUDA. 


1 
i 

Locality. 

Collector. 

From  tip  of  nose  to 

i 

9.70 

Lengthof— 

Natnre  of 
specimen. 

(3 

i 
1 

1 
£ 
& 

1 
1 

a 

a.m 

0.72 

n.PR 

0.96 

063 

n:i\ 
OS!): 

Fort  Ti'jon,  Cat 

Monterey,  Cal 

do 

o.ai 

0.fi5 

0.83 

3.30 

9.40 

0.95 

0  09 

do. 

C  S.CaD&eld 

0.39 

0.76 

0.90 

9.90 

3  00 

0.39 

0  68 

do. 

....do 

0.34 

0.75 

0.88 

iI3 

3  CO 

0.28 

0.67 

....do. 

laijo 

ilo 

...do 

0.35 

0.70 

0.88 

!L90 

3.00 

as5 

0.64 

...do. 

14IH 

retalumn,  Cal 

E.SnrouelB 

0. 75 

■1.08 

3.95 

0.25 

0.63 

Frcah. 

IJK) 
1419 

do 

..  ao  

0.83 
0.83 

1.88 

ass 

3  33 
3.43 

0.95 
0.98 

0.63 
0.68 

...do. 
...do. 

...do 

2.-ISI 

do 

...do 

0.35 

0.70 

0.00 

a.  15 

9.30 

0.93 

0.65 

Aloohollo. 

3S«3 

Jo 

...do 

0.55 

0.C9 

o.e« 

9.  IS 

9.45 

0.30 

aes 

...do. 

1)383 

do 

...do 

O.40 

0.80 

0.95 

9.10 

3.80 

0.39 

0.68 

...do. 

a-'wi 

do 

...do 

0.35 

a  73 

O.CO 

9.10 

'2.40 

0.96 

0.60 

...do. 

aoS3 

do 

...do 

0.35 

0.70 

0.CO 

3.13 

a  15 

0.30 

0.70 

...do. 

£3811 

do 

...do 

0.30 

O.CS 

0.84 

3.00 

3.3.1 

0.95 

0.63 

....do. 

8587 

do 

...do 

0.40 

0.73 

0.00 

3.30 

3.63 

0.30 

0.66 

....do. 

aMs 

do 

...do 

0.40 

0.70 

0.90 

3.00 

3.60 

0.30 

0.63 

....do. 

2.t89 

do 

...do 

0.40 

0.M 

O.OO 

3.40 

9.68 

0.31 

0.05 

....do. 

S390 
S3JI 

do 

do 

..  do 

0.38 
0.88 

0.711 
0.70 

0.90 
0.87 

3.10 
3.30 

2.70 
9.65 

0.30 
0.30 

a66 
0.60 

...do. 
....do. 

..do 

10013 

do 

..  do 

1.83 

9.00 

0.95 

a64 

...do. 

OCHETODON  MEXICANUS,  (Do  S.)  Coues. 

lieilkrodon  mrxicanm,  Dk  Sai'ssuiie,  Rev.  &  Mag.  Zonl.  18G0,  p.  —  (p.  27  of  the  separate  reprint). — ToMEf, 

Proc.  Zool.  Sac.  18G1, 284  (Guatemala). 
Ochetodon  mexioanus,  CouKS,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Philu.  1874,  Wi, 

Diagnosis. — O.  maximus,  caudd  Irunco  longiore,  pedibus  validissimis , 
murino-bmmieus,  siibtus  ex  brunneo  albidus,  lateribus  suhflavicantibus.  Long 
lot.  2J-3,  caud(B  3-3;],  pedis  0.70-0.80. 

IIaiiitat. — Mexico  {De  Saussure,  Sumichrast).  Guatemala  {Tomes). 
Louisiana  (Saint  Charles  College). 

Larger  than  eitlier  of  the  foregoing ;  upward  of  3  inches  long,  with  the 
tail  averaging  3J,  thus  much  exceeding  the  head  and  body,  as  in  O.  longi- 
Cauda,  but  feet  much  larger  thin  in  that  species,  0.70  to  0.80  (whereas  the 
feet  of  longicauila  are  barely  larger  than  those  of  humilis,  very  seldom  touch- 
ing 0.70).  Upper  parts  a  rather  warm  mouse-brown  (rufous  or  dull  ferrugine- 
ous,  not  mouse-gray),  wiiich  on  the  sides  usually  grows  brighter,  and  is 
sometimes  almost  crange-brown ;  this,  again,  fading  on  the  under  parts  into 
a  muddy-whitirth  (not  wiiite  at  all).  Tail  extremely  scant- liai red,  nearly  as 
naked  as  in  Mas  musculas,  in  dried  specimens  appearing  nearly  unicolor; 
in  alcoholic  ones,  dull  pale  brown  above  and  whitish  underneath.  Hands  and 
feet  whitish  above  (like  the  tail  Jinderneath). 


MtJRlDiE— SIGMODONTES-OCHETODON  MBXIOANUS. 


129 


We  have  no  doubt  that  Professor  Sumiclirnst's  specimens  represent  typi- 
cally the  Reithrodon  mexicanus  of  De  Saussure.  Though  they  present  some 
discrepancies  in  dimensions,  De  Saussure's  measurements,  he  says,  are  prob- 
ably a  little  under  the  mark,  while  Sumichrast's  specimens  seem  a  little 
stretched  ;  this  is  enough  to  bring  about  perfect  concordance. 

Our  Louisiana  specimens  are  highly  interesting,  as  showing  for  the  first 
time  the  occurrence  of  the  true  Mexican  form  in  the  United  States.  They 
are  unquestionably  identical  with  Sumichrast's  examples  from  Tehuacan,  and 
agree  even  better  than  these  with  De  Saussure's  figures.  The  discovery  of 
this  style  of  Ochelodon  in  the  United  States  is  especially  important  in  its  bear- 
ing upon  the  identification  of  Mus  carolinemis,  Aud.  &  Bach.  Nos.  7748-7749 
agree  with  the  account  of  carolinensis  in  length  of  tail,  and  in  the  dullness  of 
color  of  the  under  parts ;  and  it  may  be,  after  all,  that  this  long-tailed  mexi- 
canus ranges  coastwise  up  to  the  Carolinas.  Still,  there  are  discrepancies 
that  cannot  be  overlooked  between  Audubon's  description  and  the  present 
animal,  especially  as  to  the  size  of  the  feet ;  and  we  are  not  at  present  war- 
ranted in  calling  the  form  Ochetodon  carolinensis.  The  latter  name  must  be 
assigned,  with  a  query,  as  a  synonym  of  humilis,  at  least  until  we  find  the 
long-tailed  large-footed  form  in  Carolina. 

That  there  is  a  regular  gradation  in  length  of  (ail  and  size  of  foot 
between  humilis  on  the  one  hand  and  mexicana  on  the  other  is  undeniable ; 
and  if  we  could  have  proven  in  the  genus  Ochetodon  the  same  amount  of  varia- 
tion with  locality  that  has  always  been  admitted  in  the  case  of  Zapus  hud- 
sonius,  and  that  obtains  with  Hesperomys  leucopus  and  Arvicola  riparius,  we 
should  h°  forced  to  merge  the  three  supposed  species  into  one,  with  two 
geographical  variations.  Failing  in  this,  however,  at  present,  we  can,  at  any 
rate,  conveniently  mark  off  three  kinds  of  Ochetodon.  The  following  analysis 
(in  which  coloration,  which  though  an  aid  in  identification,  may  not  be  always 
reliable,  is  omitted)  will,  it  is  believed,  enable  us  to  readily  distinguish  ninety 
per  cent,  or  more  of  our  specimens: — 

A.  Tail  shorter  than  head  and  body  (at  most  barely  equaling  bead 
and  body). 

a.  Hind  feet  under  0.70  long  (usually  0.55-0.65) humilis. 

B.  Tail  longer  than  head  and  body. 

b.  Hind  feet  under  0.70  (exceptionally  just  reaching  0.70) .  lonqicauda. 

c.  Hind  feet  over  0.70  (rarely,  if  ever,  falling  to  0.70). . .  mexicanus. 
0  H 


i  i 

r- 

!  : 

b 

w 

*( 

'i, 

1 


5 

'  ( 1  ,  * 


130      MONOGCAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

Tablk  \X\V.—Mea»ureme«t»  of  clneti  apeciment  of  OcilETODON  mexicanus. 


774S 
7749 
700T 
70O7» 
7007" 
8390 
8459 
8460 
7490 
•48«a 
8393 


Locality. 


Grand  Cotcau,  La  .  ■ 

do 

TekuocAD,  Mexioo.. 

do 

do 

Orizaba,  Uozico  — 
Cordova,  Mexico... 
, do 


Mirodor,  Moxic<i . 

do 

do 


Saint  Charles  College. 

do 

F.  Samichraat 

do 

do 

do 


do 

, do 

C.  SartoriuB.. 

do 

do 


Noae  to — 


H 


0.3S 
a4!l 
0.45 

a4ii 

0.43 
0.43 
0.40 
0.43 
0.40 


0.43 


0.68 
0.78 
0.80 
0.76 
0.80 
0.65 
0.78 
0.76 
0.73 


0.44"  0.80 


0.7J 


0.89 
0.06 
1.00 
0.95 
0.95 
0.95 
0.94 
0.90 
0  98 
1.00 
0.03 


3.40 
175 
3.00 
3.75 
3.75 
3.00 
3.30 
3.30 
3.75 
3.50 
3.50 


3L30 
3.75 
a  75 

aco 
a  10 
aeo 
ass 
ass 
aoo 
a  40 
a35 


0.33 
038 
0  35 
0.33 
0.30 
0.33 
0.33 
0.33 
0.33 
0.33 
a33 


n 


0.77 
0.83 
0.80 
0.81 
0.73 
U.75 
0.74 
0.77 
0.78 
0.77 
0.75 


O.IIU 
0.45 
0.50 
0.45 
0.47 
a  57 
0.46 
0.47 
0.50 
0.S3 
0.53 


Remarka. 


Aloobolio. 

...do. 

Dry. 
....do. 
...do. 

Alcobolio. 
...  do. 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
....do. 


*  No.  4b63  is  a  perfect  albino,  pare  white  overy  where,  and  doubtleaa  bad  pink  eyea. 

tOCHETODON  MONTANUS.    (tp.  proband.) 

B^throdon  monlatiuf,  Baird,  Froc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  vii,  mSf),  335 ;  M.  N.  A.  lif^l,  449,  pi.  liv,  fig. 
No.  1300  (teoth),  (Kocky  MountaiuB,  latitude  3!)°). 

Chars. — Very  small :  head,  f  of  an  inch ;  head  and  body,  2J ;  tail,  2 ; 
hind  foot,  i;  ear,  J.  "Above  brown  and  pale  yellowish  gray,  much  lighter 
than  mouse  color.  Outside  of  ears  and  flanks,  pale  yellowish  brown,  without 
any  rufous.     Beneatii,  dull  whitish." — (Baird,  I.  c.) 

The  type  and  only  known  specimen  of  this  species  (No.  tVuV,  Mus.  Smiths.), 
now  before  us,  is  one  of  the  very  smallest  North  American  Rodents  we  ever 
saw,  although,  as  Professor  Baird  says,  it  appears  to  be  perfectly  adult,  from 
the  worn  teeth  and  other  signs.  It  is  somewhat  less  than  ordinary  adult 
humilis ;  it  lias,  however,  the  same  relative  proportions  of  parts  as  in  that 
species.  In  color,  it  is  noticeably  different  from  any  other  Ochetodon,  being 
of  the  very  palest  kind  of  mouse-color  above,  the  sides  and  under  parts  yel- 
lowish-gray, with  barely  a  trace  of  the  fulvous  always  noticeable  in  the  other 
species.  This  coloration  is  exactly  what  we  should  expect  after  immersion 
in  alcohol  for  some  time,  which  we  suspect  to  be  the  case,  though  we  have  no 
authority  for  stating  that  the  specimen  has  been  skinned  out  of  spirits.  The 
single  specimen  is  too  imperfect  to  permit  of  final  characterization,  or  to 
enable  us  to  come  to  any  positive  conclusion  ;  but  if  the  size  and  coloration  it 
presents  are  really  permanent,  we  should  judge  it  entitled  to  recognition  as  a 
valid  species.  At  present,  however,  we  regard  it  with  suspicion,  and  are 
unwilling  to  indorse  its  validity. 


MURID^— ARVICOLINiE— E  VOTOKl  S. 


131 


Subfamily  ARVICOLIN^. 

The  characters  of  the  group  having  been  given  on  page  2  in  a  manner 
which  suffices  for  present  purposes,  and  some  analysis  of  the  genera  being 
represented  in  the  table  on  ])ages  4-6,  we  may  immediately  proceed  to  con- 
sider the  various  genera  and  species  successively  in  detail. 


Genus  EVOTOMYS,  Coues. 

<  Anioola  sp.,  Auctorum. 

<  U^odea,  8elv8-Lonociiamp8,  fitndes  de  Hicroin.  1839,  87. 

—  IlypttdaM,  Keysrrling  &  Iti,Af>ius,  Wirbeltli.  1843  (type,  Anicola  glareola),  (not  of  lUiger,  vhich  in- 
cludes ifut  lemmH»,  amphibim,  and  analis). 
=  B$puda>u»,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  IWiT,  513, 51.^),  .MB  (»yiie,  ArHeola  gapperi). 
=  E<!oiomy»,  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Pliilu.  1874,  180  (type,  Mut  nitiliM,  Pall.). 

The  name  "HypudaBus"  appears  to  have  been  loosely,  if  not  indiscrim- 
inately, used  by  authors ;  and,  before  proceeding  to  its  definition,  we  wish  to 
explain  the  above  synonymy,  in  vindicating  the  necessity  for  a  new  generic 
name. 

According  to  Agassiz,  tiie  name  Arvicola,  proposed  by  Lac^p^de  in  1803, 
applied  to  Mus  amphibius  and  Mus  arvalis,  and  therefore,  of  course,  is  out 
of  the  question  for  the  present  genus. 

According  to  Baird,  the  name  "Myodes",  as  used  by  Selys-Longchamps 
(1839),  is  the  same  as  Hypudaux,  Illiger,  and  therefore  conflicts  with  Myodes, 
Pallas,  of  same  dale,  applied  to  the  Lemmings. 

"HypudsEus",  Illiger,  1811,  included  Mus  lemmus,  amphibius,  and  arvalis, 
and  is  therefore  inapplicable  to  the  present  genus. 

But  Keyserling  and  Blasius,  in  1842,  in  separating  the  old  genus  Arvicola 
into  two  sections,  retained  the  name  Arvicola  for  the  largest  and  most  compre- 
hensive of  these,  and  applied  lUiger's  term  Hypudceus  to  the  restricted  group, 
of  which  Mus  rutilus,  rubidus,  glareola,  gapperi,  &c.,  are  typical.  Baird,  in 
1857,  used  Hypudteus  precisely  in  the  same  sense  that  Keyserling  and  Blasius 
had  attached  to  it. 

It  is  simply  the  old  question  :  Shall  a  synonym  of  one  genus  become  the 
tenable  name  of  another  genus  t  Here,  Hypudteus,  Illiger,  a  synonym  of 
Arvicola,  Lacdp^de,  if  not  also  a  synonym  of  Myodes,  Pallas,  has  been  held  by 
Keyserling  and  Blasius  and  by  Baird  as  the  distinctive  name  of  a  different 
genus.    It  is  immaterial  that  these  latter  authors  gave  the  term  an  entirely 


\  '■  ^11 


!,  I 


'I! 


r 


!  •] 


i 


■  i 


132 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


I  i 


5'^  ^ : 


different  significance  from  tiiut  which  Illigcr  attached  to  it.  \Vc  hold  that  a 
name  once  shown  to  be  a  synonym  of  a  previous  name  is,  to  all  intents  and 
purposes,  dead,  and  cannot  be  revived  for  use  in  another  connection.  This 
decision,  which,  we  think,  will  be  granted  to  be  sound  and  just  by  most  nat- 
uralists, has  obliged  us  to  propose  a  new  name  for  the  genus  of  which  rutilus 
is  the  type  ;  for  we  cannot  find  that  it  has  ever  received  a  distinctive  appel- 
lation, and  it  is  well  worthy  of  full  generic  rank. 

Diagnosis. — Generally  like  Arvicola  proper  in  dentition,  but  molars  each 
2-rooted ;  middle  lower  molar  like  the  last  one,  with  three  transverse  trian- 
gles seriatim,  instead  of  alternating  lateral  ones ;  lateral  triangles  of  front 
lower  molar  rather  opposite  than  alternate.  Inward  folds  of  enamel  generally 
not  perfectly  fused  along  middle  of  tooth.  Generally  like  Arvicola  proper  in 
external  form,  but  ears  distinctly  overtopping  the  fur ;  closely  pilous.  Bony 
palate  ending  posteriorly  with  a  straight  transverse  edge  opposite  the  middle 
molar,  the  whole  space  between  the  last  molars  thus  lefl  open.  Coronoid 
process  of  under  jaw  short,  its  apex  far  below  the  level  of  the  condyle. 

Type. — Mus  rutilus,  Pallas. 

This  interesting  genus  is  truly  arvicoline,  not  only  in  general  external 
form,  but  in  the  prismatic  molars  and  the  structure  of  their  crowns ;  at  the 
same  time,  it  shows  decided  affinities  with  the  Murines  proper,  and  seems  to  form 
a  connecting  link  between  them  and  Arvicolince.  In  external  form,  the  con- 
spicuous ears  are  the  chief  departure  from  typical  Arvicola  and  an  approach 
toward  murine  forms ;  for  exserted  ears  are  rare  in  Arvicolince,  if  not  entirely 
confined  to  this  genus  and  Synaptomys ;  while  in  Murina  they  are  the  rule 
without  signal  exception.  The  ears  of  Evotomys  do  not  reach  the  develop- 
ment witnessed  in  Hesperomys  proper,  but  are  almost  as  large  as  in  Onycho- 
mys,  and  quite  as  large  as  in  Oryzomys.  The  resemblance,  in  extemnl 
form,  to  Synaptomys,  is  so  close  that  we  cannot  point  out  any  reliable  dis- 
tinctions ;  but  Synaptomys  is  instantly  distinguished  by  its  peculiar  cranial 
and  dental  features,  as  elsewhere  detailed,  these  being,  in  fact,  almost  exactly 
as  in  the  Lemmings  (Myodes). 

The  most  remarkable  indication  of  murine  affinity  is.  seen  in  the  rooted 
molars.  The  molars  of  Murines  are  rooted,  perhaps  without  a  single  excep- 
tion ;  while  the  molars  of  Arvicolince  are  normally  rootless,  with  probably  the 
single  exception  of  the  present  genus  Evotomys.  But  there  is  this  difference 
in  the  mode  of  rooting  between  Evotomys  and  true  murine  forms :  In  Evoto- 


MURID^-ARVLOOLIN^— BVOTOMYS. 


133 


mys,  the  molars  have  only  two  parallel  roots  apiece,  one  directly  behind  the 
other,  and  both  broad ;  and  the  rooting  is  simply  the  closing-up  of  the  ends 
of  the  roots  from  failure  of  the  pulps  that  in  other  Arvicolinte  are  supplied 
indefinitely,  causing  the  roots  to  persist  open.  On  the  other  hand,  in  Marina, 
the  roots  of  the  molars  are  distinct  diverging  prongs,  closed  from  the  first; 
there  are  at  least  three  sucli  prongs  (two  external  and  one  internal)  in  Ameri- 
can Hesperomys  or  Sigmodoht  Murines,  and  even  more  in  the  Old  World  Mus, 
each  perforating  the  alveolus  separately.  In  Evotomys,  there  are  but  two 
such  perforations  of  the  alveolus,  and  these  even  are  almost  confluent. 

From  Arvico/a,  the  next  most  signal  difference  of  Evotomys  is  seen  in 
the  construction  of  the  bony  palate.  In  Aroicola  (e.  g.  amphibius  or  riparius)^ 
the  palate  behind  has  a  little  pit,  or  fossa,  on  each  side  opposite  the  last  molars, 
and  the  whole  space  between  them  is  depressed ;  and  this  depression  is  fissured, 
or  excavated,  by  the  advance  from  behind  of  the  inter-pterygoid  cavity,  which 
either  ends  at  the  palate  with  a  single  curve,  or  with  a  double  curve  from  the 
development  of  a  little  azygos  process  on  the  middle  line  of  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  palate.  "Thus,"  to  use  Baird's  words,  "there  is  a  step  from 
the  plane  of  the  bbny  palate  to  the  bottom  of  the  fossa,  and  another  thence 
to  the  bose  of  the  skull  or  body  of  the  sphenoid";  and  the  sides  of  the  palate 
behind  run  out  continuously  into  the  pterygoids.  Now,  in  Evotomys,  all  this 
depressed  or  fossate  part  c  -  he  palate  is  done  away  with ;  the  palate  ends 
by  an  abrupt  transverse  edge,  as  a  straight  shelf,  opposite  the  middle  molar 
(or  rather  opposite  the  space  between  the  middle  and  last  molar),  leaving  the 
excavation  of  the  base  of  the  skull  apparent  in  the  whole  space  between  the 
last  molars,  and  breaking  all  connection  with  the  pterygoids.  This  construc- 
tion of  palate,  so  unusual  in  Arviixlina,  is,  however,  again  found,  with  no 
appreciable  difference,  in  the  Lemmings ;  but,  singularly  enough,  the  genus 
Synaptomys,  which  repeats  Evotomys  in  external  form  and  Myodes  in  denti- 
tion, has  the  palate  constructed  as  in  Arvicola.  The  curious  interrelation  of 
Myodes,  Synaptomys,  and  Evotomys  is  sufficiently  ir.teresting  without  consid- 
ering the  murine  affinities  of  the  latter ;  but,  while  we  are  on  the  subject  of 
the  palate,  we  may  here  allude  to  some  of  its  conditions  in  murine  forms.  In 
Mus  decumanus,  the  palate  behind  has  no  step  downward  or  depressed  fossate 
part,  as  Arvicola  has,  ending  as  a  straight,  sharp,  transverse  shelf,  as  in 
Evotomys;  but  then  it  reaches  as  a  continuous  plane  far  behind  the  last  molar, 
and  runs  directly  into  the  pterygoids  on  either  hand,  the  median  e^tcavation 


I' 


r 


'!:'• 


■41 

5 


^(3 


I 


m 


•ift:i| 


184 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1 1 


being  narrow.  This  style  of  Mus  is  siil)stuntially  repeated  in  Hesperomyn, 
Reithrodon,  and  Signwdon,  though  in  these  the  pahitc  does  not  run  quite  so 
far  bacii,  stopping  at  or  just  behind  the  posterior  ijorder  of  the  last  molars. 
In  Neotoma,  on  the  other  hand,  the  reverse  occurs ;  for  here  the  palate  of 
Evotomys  is  almost  repeated,  in  that  the  excavation  runs  forward  to  oppo- 
site the  interspace  between  the  last  and  pe.u'.timate  molars;  but  there  is 
this  difference,  that  in  Neotoma  the  posterior  outline  of  the  palate  is  deeply 
concave,  and  ith  sides  run  back  continuously  with  the  pterygoids. 

The  under  jaw  of  Evotomys  is  unmistakably  Arvicoline  in  its  sharp, 
twisted,  and  upward-bent  hamular  process,  reaching  up  to  tho  level  of  the 
molar  crowns.  This  form  of  the  descending  process  is  constant,  so  far  as  we 
are  aware,  and  marks  the  gubfamily  Arvicolinte  from  the  MurincB ;  for,  in  these 
last,  the  same  process  is  a  flattish,  oblique,  subquadrate  plate,  never  attaining 
the  level  of  the  molars ;  and  we  have  never  seen  an  intermediate  form.  But 
the  jaw  of  Evotomys  has  one  character  not  shared  by  any  other  Arvicoline 
that  we  know  of:  the  coronoid  process  does  not  attain  the  level  of  the  con- 
dyle. This  is  owing,  we  believe,  to  its  absolute  shortness,  as  the  length  and 
obliquity  of  the  condylar  process  itself  upjtears  about  the  same  as  in  other 
Arvicolines.  This  state  of  the  coronoid  is  only  elsewhere  found,  among  the 
genera  we  have  studied  in  the  preparation  of  this  memoir,  in  Ochetodon  and 
Hcsperomys  proper ;  for  in  the  Onychomys  and  Oryzomys  grou))s  of  this  last, 
ill  Neotoma,  Sigitiodon,  Mus,  and  all  Arvicolince,  the  apex  of  the  coronoid 
mounts  as  high  as,  or  even  surmounts,  the  condyle. 

The  auditory  bullae  of  Evotomys  are  remarkably  large,  exceeding  in  their 
size  and  inflation  those  of  any  other  genus  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 
Thus,  they  are  absolutely  almost  as  large  as  in  Arvicola  amphibius,  an  animal 
twice  as  big.  Tiie  nasal  bones  run  back  about  as  far  as  the  nasal  branches 
of  the  preniaxillaries,  both  stopping  abruptly  opposite  the  anterior  roots  of 
the  zygoma,  and  thus  considerably  in  advance  of  the  orbits.  It  is  much  the 
same  in  Myodes  and  Synaptomys;  in  other  Arvicolines,  in  Mus,  Hesjiero- 
tnys,  &c.,  these  bones  may  be  of  decidedly  different  lengths,  and  one  or  the 
other — generally  the  prcmaxillarios — extends  to  the  orbital  region  of  the  skull. 
As  in  all  Arvicolince,  the  upper  incisors  are  broader  than  deep;  and  ns  in  all 
these,  except  Myodes  and  Synaptomys,  the  under  incisors  run  past  the  last 
molar  up  the  condylar  process  of  the  jaw. 

Tlie  foregoing  appear  fo  be  the  tdiief  characters  of  Evotomys,  if  f,h(!y  be 


mm 


MURID^— AKVICOLIN^— EVOTOMT8. 


135 


not  all  there  are ;  and  as  a  rrsume  of  this  attempt  to  indicate  fully  the  rela- 
tive position  of  the  genus  among  its  congeners,  we  may  say  Evotomys  is  a 
true  Arvicoline,  yet  it  stands  near  the  boundary  between  Arvicolince  and 
Murina,  and  especially  approaches  Onyr.htnnys  of  ihe  latter  sublamily ;  and 
that,  though  thus  a  connecting  fink  betweo  i  the  two  subfamilies,  nevertheless 
it  stands  in  its  own  subfamily  intermediate  between  Synaptomys,  Myodes,  and 
Arvicola,  having  the  external  form  of  the  first,  the  palate  of  the  second,  and 
the  dentition  (excluding  its  sui  generis  dental  peculiarities)  of  the  tiiird.  This 
is  by  no  means  an  isolated  case  where  a  certain  form  is  "synthetic",  inso- 
much as  it  combines  the  peculiarities  of  several  forms  of  its  own  group,  and 
is  thus  central  so  far  as  its  own  group  is  concerned,  and  yet  is  "peripheral" 
so  far  as  another  group  is  concerned ;  i.  e.,  represents  the  inosculating  point 
of  its  own  with  another  group.  It  is  througii  Evotomys,  as  a  comj)rehensive 
type  of  A^colina,  that  Murince  are  relate<l  to  all  Arvicolina.  We  may  sur- 
mise that  Evotomys  remains  nearest  an  original  type  of  Glires,  from  which 
both  the  Murinm  and  Arvkolince  of  the  present  day  have  descended ;  ond 
that,  while  Synaptomys,  Myodes,  and  Arvicola  have  been  successively  difier- 
entiated  from  Evotomys,  still  this  stands  nearest  the  forking  where  the  murine 
series  branched  off  from  the  arvicoline. 

A  minute  descriptibn  of  the  teeth  of  Evotomys  will  be  found  under 
head  of  A:  '^gapperV. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  few  in  number ;  but,  in  the  absence  of 
authentic  skulls  of  some  European  and  Asiatic  animals  that  have  been  referred 
to  it,  we  cannot  undertake  to  say  how  many  there  be.  The  North  American 
animals  may  be  recognized  at  a  glance  among  other  Arvicolince  by  their  prom- 
inent ears  and  tawny-red  color,  due  to  the  mixture  of  orange  in  the  ferruginous 
or  chestnut  that  is  a  common  tint  with  the  other  species.  We  have  had  the 
pleasure  of  introducing  a  species  not  hitherto  known  to  inhabit  North  Amer- 
ica; and  in  our  further  account  we  hope  to  prove  our  present  belief,  namely, 
that  Arvicola  or  Hypudaus  rutilus  of  authors  {:=Mus  rulilus,  Pallas)  is  a 
species  of  circumpolar  distribution,  which,  south  of  a  certain  isothermal,  has 
become  differentiated  into  varieties  known  in  North  America  as  "gapperi", 
and  in  Europe  as  "rubidus"  and  "glareola". 


Mi 


'  1! 

1'' 


{  ,; 


186 


MONOGItAPnS  OF  NOKTH  AMEKICAN  KODENTIA. 


I  I 


M 


m 


4'-  ^i" 


ii 
I 


I 


mi 


EVOTOMYS  RUTILU8.  (Pali.)  Coucs. 

iViM  ri(/i(iM,  Pallas,  Nov.  Sp.  Qvnil.  niiriiiiii,  1778,  atd,  pi.  xlv,  U. 
KrolnrnxiH  riintun,  CoiiKS,  Prm!.  Aciul.  Nut.  8oi.  I>lill».  1874,  187. 
Arricolu  gapperi,  Dall,  Aliiskii  iind  it»  KcHonrdes,  1870,  577. 

IIahitat. — Circumpolnr  regions  of  both  hcmisplieros. 

Description. — This  animal  is  less  than  the  average  size  of  Arvicola 
proper,  about  equaling  Vitymys  pinetorum  in  (limcnsions,  and  in  color  it  is  so 
conspicuously  different  from'  any  other  of  North  America  that  the  somewhat 
extended  notice  we  sliall  give  it  is  for  the  purpose  inaiidy  of  settling  its  rela- 
tionships to  its  own  varieties,  not  of  distinguishing  it  from  other  species. 

With  one  exception,  it  has  an  external  form  indistinguishable  from  tlmt 
of  Arvicolm  generally.  This  exception  is  in  the  ears,  which  are  always  visible 
above  the  fur,  even  wiien,  as  in  winter  and  in  northernmost  specimens,  the 
])elage  is  longest  and  thickest.  The  ears  are  of  ordinary  shape,  but  dilfer 
from  tliose  of  some  species  of  neighboring  sections  in  being  very  closely 
pilous,  like  a  squirrel's,  for  instance,  instead  of  rather  loosely  hirsute.  The 
hairiness  Ibrms  a  slight  even  fringe  around  the  margin,  but  below  internally 
is  almost  wanting;  the  part  that  is  covered  by  the  general  fur  of  the  head 
l)eing  otherwise  naked,  so  tlmt  the  portion  of  the  auricle  that  projects  beyond 
the  general  pelage  is  the  only  part  really  furred.  The  antitragus  is  well 
develoj)ed ;  and  just  at  its  base  there  is  a  slender  tuft  of  long  hairs  equaling, 
if  tiiey  do  not  exceed,  the  wliole  ear  in  length. 

Possibly  the  snout  is  a  trifle  less  blunt  than  in  some  other  Arvicolines; 
but  the  difTerence,  if  any,  is  not  very  obvious.  The  end  of  the  muzzle  is 
completely  hairy,  except  the  two  little  pads  in  wliich  the  nostrils  open; 
beneath  these,  the  hairs  of  the  cleft  upper  lip  fall  like  a  moustache  over  the 
teeth,  completely  hiding  the  edges  of  the  lips.  The  eye  is  of  ordina.y  size, 
and  in  the  usual  situation  relative  to  snout  and  ears.  The  whiskers  are  medium 
in  number  and  length,  equaling — some  of  the  longer  ones  a  little  exceeding — 
the  head.  The  fore  feet  are  from  little  less  than  half  to  about  three-fifths 
the  hinder.  They  are  softly  and  densely  hairy  above  and  along  the  sides, 
only  the  palmar  tubercles  and  under  surfaces  of  the  annulated  fingers  being 
completely  exposed.  The  3d  and  4th  digits  are  of  alwut  equal  lengths  and 
longest;  the  2d  is  much  shorter;  the  5th  a  little  less  than  the  2d;  the  1st 
obsolete.  The  furrincss  of  the  feet  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  hands ; 
the  soles  being  hidden  to  the  tubercles,  and  the  sides  of  the  toes  fringed  with 


m^\\ 


MDBID^— AEVICOLlNiB— EVOTOMY8  11UTILU8. 


137 


•J,    I  i 


hoir;  and,  in  some  specimens,  especially  in  winter,  the  entire  sole  is  covered 
with  fur,  although  no  hairs  really  grow  on  the  tubercles.  The  2d,  3d,  and 
4th  toes  are  about  equal  in  length,  and  longest ;  the  5th  is  only  about  half 
their  length  ;  the  1st  still  shorter ;  all  bear  ordinarily  developed  naiU.  On 
the  whole,  the  furring  of  the  feet  of  this  animal  is  much  heavier  than  that  of 
Areola  living  in  less  rigorous  climates,  and  is  only  surpassed  in  length  and 
density  by  that  of  the  Lemmings.  The  tail  is  similarly  indicative  of  a  hyper- 
borean habitat,  and  merits  special  attention,  since  the  difference  in  this  mem- 
ber between  true  rutilus  and  its  conspecies  of  lower  latitudes  is  the  most 
conspicuous  feature.  If  we  call  to  mind  the  stumpy,  heavily-furred,  almost 
rabbit-like  tail  of  a  Lemming,  and  then  lengthen  it  to  half-way  between  this 
and  the  tail  of  more  southern  Arvicola  generally,  we  shall  have  about  hit  the 
mark.  Even  including  the  unusually  long  pencil  of  hairs  at  the  tip,  the  tail 
is  barely  or  not  twice  as  long  as  the  sole,  and  it  oflen  falls  much  short  of  this 
proportion.  It  is  remarkably  thick,  and  hardly  diminishes  in  caliber  to  the 
very  tip,  which  is  obtuse.  It  is  densely  hairy  throughout,  having  no  trace  of 
scales  or  annuli ;  and  the  long,  thick,  terminal  pencil  averages  fully  a  third  of 
the  length  of  the  vertebral  portion. 

The  size  and  relative  proportions  of  this  animal  are  sufficiently  illustrated 
in  the  table  below  to  render  further  notice  here  unnecessary. 

The  peculiar  color  of  this,  the  type  of  the  genus — and  the  shade  is 
shared  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  by  all  the  forms  of  the  genus  with  which  we 
are  acquainted — is  almost  of  itself  diagnostic.  The  middle  lengthwise  area 
of  the  upper  parts,  from  the  forehead,  or  even  the  snout,  to  the  tail,  are  of  a 
bright  rusty-red,  or  brick-color,  just  as  if  a  trace  of  orange,  or  even  a  touch 
of  vermilion,  were  mixed  with  the  rufous-brown  that  marks  so  many  other 
Arvicolines.  This  rusty-red  always  has  a  few  black  longer  hairs  in  it;  some- 
times these  are  so  sparse  that  its  uniformity  is  not  perceptibly  removed,  but 
at  others  the  very  central  dorsal  line  becomes  a  little  blackish,  especially  over 
the  haunches.  The  width  of  this  dorsal  area  and  its  sharpness  of  distinction 
are  very  variable;  sometimes  the  red  is  spread  over  the  whole  back,  and 
washes  imperceptii)ly  into  the  color  of  the  sides,  and  at  other  times  it  is 
narrow  and  pretty  distinct.  The  color  of  the  sides  is  luteous,  like  unbaked 
yellow  clay,  but  is  often  grayish-yellow  rather  than  yellowish-gray. .  Just  as 
the  back  fades  into  the  sides,  so  these  wash  out  into  the  color  of  the  belly, 
without  much  sharpness  of  definition,  though  the  line  of  change  is  usually 


LI 


^'1 


■-^tJ 


IP- 


I ; 


!i 


138 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


'  i!     !'■ 


Ijcrccpliblo.  The  under  parts  arc  dull  white,  much  soiled,  with  a  weak  shade 
of  the  yellowish  clay-color  of  the  sides,  and  the  ashy  of  the  bases  of  the 
hairs  is  always  more  or  less  apparent.  The  luteous  shade  of  the  under  parts 
is  sometimes  almost  as  strong  as  on  the  sides,  especially  across  the  abdomen. 
Between  the  thighs  and  arms,  and  under  the  throat,  a  whiter  and  ashier  shade 
prevails.  The  tail  is  distinctly  bicolor,  but  not  very  sharply  so;  the  under 
surface  is  like  the  belly  or  rather  yellower,  the  upper  like  the  back  or  rather 
<Iarker.  There  are  no  definite  markings  about  the  head  ;  but  a  slight  dusky 
an.'a  frequently  observable  about  the  eyes,  and  a  sort  of  stripe  of  dusky  along 
the  nose,  sometimes  suggest  a  certain  particoloration  there.  The  upjjer  sur- 
faces of  the  iiands  and  feet  are  nearly  white. 

We  should  not  omit  to  add  that  the  pelage  is  everywhere  long,  full,  soft, 
and  mollipilose,  with  but  little  admixture  of  lengthened  bristly  hairs,  thus 
aifording  efficient  jirotcction  from  the  rigors  of  the  winter  of  high  climates. 
There  is  a  tangible  dilTerence  in  this  regard  in  the  more  southern  varieties. 

We  have  great  pleasure  in  adding  this  interesting  animal  to  our  fauna, 
our  only  previously-recorded  form  being  the  var.  gapperi,  and  the  Mus  rutilus 
of  Pallas  being  supposed  to  be  confined  to  the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
Of  the  correctness  of  our  identification  there  can  be  absolutely  no  question 
whatever.  We  have  carefully  compared  our  North  American  scries  with 
specimens  from  Lapland  and  Kamschatka,  and  they  prove  identical.  All  the 
difTcrences  supposed  to  mark  the  North  American  "Hyj.  dieus"  disappear  in 
tlie  Arctic  scries  below  given,  being  only  applicable  to  the  series  from  tlic 
Nortliern  United  States  and  adjoining  regions ;  and  they  are,  we  hold,  only 
indicative  of  a  climatic  ditferentiation.  We  challenge  the  proof  that  Mus 
rutilus  is  not  a  circumpolar  species,  which,  south  of  a  certain  isothermal,  has 
become  modified  into  what  is  known  in  North  America  as  ''Hypudaeus  gap- 
peri" and  in  Europe  as  "H.  glareola"  and  "H.  rubidus". 

Professor  Baird  says,  of  the  skulls  of  "Hypudacus"  he  examined,  that 
that  of  gapperi  "bears  a  very  close  resemblance  to  that  of  Arvicola  rutilus; 
so  close,  indeed,  that  *  *  I  am  unable  to  indicate  reliable  characters  to 
separate  specimens  from  Massachusetts  and  Lapland".  We  are  able  to 
include  glareola  in  the  same  statement,  and  to  prove,  by  the  following  table 
of  measurements,  tliat  there  are  no  cranial  or  dental  differences  whatever  in 
tlie  three  supposed  species. 


,i>'/i' 


MUlllDiB— ABVICOLINiE— EVOTOMYS  RUTILUS. 


139 


Taiilk  XXWl. -ifeaauremmls  of  nine  skuUt  of  a.  iiutiujs,  "<japperi",and  "glareola". 


No. 

Name  and  locality. 

.a 

a 

3 
s 

s 
ft 

k 
P 

e 

s 

a 

i 

J 

Tip  of  under  inci- 
sors to— 

1. 

n 

°  t 

"si 

Q 

6 

1 

5 

Mi 

1^ 

1057 

V,¥ 

rudViM— Lapland 

do 

do 

jforeo/a— Sweden 

gapperi — Lake  Superior. 
do 

(/a^ipiTi— Massachusetts . 
do 

0.95 

0.96 
1.00 
0.97 
0.91 
0.92 
0.94 

0.30 
0.30 

0.30 
0.34 
0.34 
0.31 
0.31 
0.33 

0.58 
0.49 

0.54 
0.55 
0.53 
0.50 
0.51 
O.iiS 

0.17 
0.  IH 
0.17 
0.19 
0.16 
0.1>i 
0.17 
0.17 

o.ia 

0.20 
0.19 
0.19 
0  22 
0.20 
0.21 
0.20 
0.80 
0.19 

0.15 
0.14 
0.13 
0.16 
0.16 
0.17 
0.18 
0.17 
0.16 

0.52 

0.50 
0.51 
0.49 
0.48 
0.49 

0.68 
O.ft'l 
0.64 
0.66 
0.68 
0.65 
0.C2 
0.60 
0.70 

0.65 
0.60 
0,62 
0.65 
0.68 
0.08 
0.61 
0.61 
0.67 

0.80 
0.80 
0.81 
0.83 
0.23 
0.23 
0.80 
0.82 
0.20 

0.24 
0.23 
0.22 
0.24 
0.27 
0.27 
0.27 
0.26 
0.26 

do 

Thus  it  appears  that  the  differences  between  the  Lnpland  and  Massachu- 
setts sUulis  are  no  greater  than  those  discrepancies  that  occur  in  either,  and 
that  all  are  largely  within  the  limits  of  individual  variation.  A  detailed 
account  of  the  skull,  especially  as  regards  dentition,  will  be  found  under 
head  of  var.  gappcri.  We  here  tabulate  our  specimens  of  true  rutilus,  with 
measurements.* 


-:v  lil 


Table  XXXVII. — .Vi^asuremenU  of  Bixly-scven  (and  Utt  of  other)  »j)eo'iBen»  o/ E  votomys  ncTiLL's/iwH  Asia, 

Europe,  and  North  America. 


1468 
IDTG 

404 
405 
3087 

am 

H758 
OlhIO 
5184 
5725 
5723 
4.Vi3 
0917 


Locality. 


KAnitMbAtka . 
ilo 


Lapluid 

ilo 

NHion  R.,  H. :    T. 

DiK  Island 

Flirt  Clootl  nope 

Furt  Norman 

Fort  lUo 

Arotio  America — 

FortLlonl 

ilo 

J^  Pierre  llotise. . . 


Collcotor. 


MiiAoun)  Hcrlin  — 
Mitt)6um  St.  Peters- 

linrg. 
KoDgLSvoQBkAk.. 


».  48  0.00 
0.510.00 


.do  . 


D.Gnnn 

J.Reld 

C.  P.Oaadet 

N.  Taylor 

L.Clarke   

aaRoaa 

W.  'j.  HardUty.. 

A.  McKenzie 

J.  Flett 


Noee  to — 


3.40 
3.5C 


J.  60 
3.50 
iOO 
3.10 
3.50 
3. 


175 

aoo 


1.00 
1.15 


1. 30  0. 37 
1.500.34 


1.08|1 
1.00  1. 


1.10 
0.05 

0.80 
0.00 

1.80 


1.00 
t.00 
1.10 


a  70  0. 40 
0.63  0.4r. 


360. 

340. 
300. 
3:10. 
30  0. 
...0. 

.3i.a 

...0. 


330. 

310. 

36a 


0.411 
68  0.30 
7S0.54 


KomarkM. 


Dry. 
..do. 


...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

Dry ;  stretched. 

Dry. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 


*  About  thirty  other  skins,  collected  by  Eaqnimaax  in  the  Anderson  and  Mackonziu  River  ref;lonB, 
are  prepared  m>  wretchedly  ns  to  aiTonI  no  data  of  size  of  the  body,  while  the  feet  and  tail  are  as  with 
the  rest.  Tliey  are  therefore  not  iutnxlnced.  Some  of  these  skins  measure  npward  of  six  inches  in 
length,  II  striking  instanue  of  tl: )  elasticity  of  the  skins  of  these  small  maiumols. 


1 


140 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


Tablb  XXXVII.— Mea««remen(«  of  nixly-seveii  (and  Vml  of  other)  specimum  o/EvoTOMYs  iiUTiLUs/roin  Asia, 
Europe,  and  Norl^  America — Continued. 


a 

i 

1 

1 

LooiUity. 

ColleoUir. 

Nose  to—       Tall  to— 

i 

Si 

n 

1 

Romarks. 

k 

i3 

t 

1 

t 

i 

*s 
n 

6919 
()9ie 

J  Flett 

0*1 

V} 

.40  0.34  0.70  0  S9 

Dry  i  Biretched. 
. .  .do. 

do 

..do 

.00 

.10 

.50  0.330.76  0.55 

7005 
1090 

J.  Lockhardt 

100 
1.00 

.30 
.00 

.50  0.33,0.700.48 

.30  ...  o.Ta|o.oo 

Drj-. 
...do. 

do 

...do 

7097 
7098 

4J59 

do 

...do 

1.00 
).00 
3.90 
3.85 

170 

9.71 
9. 79 
9.70 

9.47 
9.47 

1.40 

».r, 

...do. 
...do. 
FreaU. 
..do. 

rto         

...do 

.90 
.23 

.08 

.50 
.55 
.36 

... 
).35 
9.35 

9 

R.  Kouuicott 

...do 

).Mo.m 

».  50  0.  88 

.00 

.oo; 

Fort  Simpson 

4561 

^ 

do 

...do 

»..■» 

).  9.-I 

.05 

3.50 

.95 

.63 

9.40 

9.75 

0.38 

...do. 

7745 

... 

do 

...do 

D.43 

9.88 

1.05 

J.  40 

1.05 

1.35 

9.37 

9.70 

D.55 

Alcoholic. 

7747 

? 

do 

..  do 

15 

9.95 

1.05 

3.20 

1.10 

1.45 

[1.36 

D.  68  0.49 

....do. 

6898 

900  milM  S.  W.  of  Yukon  R 

...do 

0.51 

9.06 

i.oa 



0.90 

l.35  0.33| 

0. 74  0. 45 

Dry. 

089;i 
0891 

.do 

...do 

0.33 
0.34 

0  73'n  Wl 

...do. 
...do. 

do 

...do 

0.53 

0.9: 

1.30 

0.75 

0.47 

6894 
6895 
6907 

do 

..do 

1.15 

i.to 

1.55  0.37 
1.50    .. 

0.66 
0.75 

0.50 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

..do 

...do 

0.47 

0.97 

... 

Porcupine  River 

6904 

do 

..do 

1.83 

1.10 

1. 43 

0.37 

0.70 

..do. 

6911 

6901 
61X19 
0908 
0903 

do 

...do 

1.10 
1.00 
1.08 
l.O.'i 
0.90 

1.50 
1.33 
1.5C 
1.45 
1.30 

0.33 
0.30 
0.31 
0.31 
0.34 

0.72 
0.68 
0.70 

o.«; 

0.79 

do 

do 

...do 

....do 

3..'i0 

....do. 

....do. 

do 

....do 

....do. 

do 

...do 

....do. 

690-2 
(1898 

do 

do 

...do 

...do 

0.50 

1,  or. 

3.00 

1.00 
0.95 

1.40 
1.40 

0.33 
0.39 

0.70 
0.70 

....do. 

....do. 

0897 

do 

...do 

.... 

.. 

0.05 

1  40 

0.37 

0.75 

....do. 

6004 

do 

....do  

XK 

1.00 

1.43 

0.39 

0.68 

. . .  .do. 

0899 
l>900 
1     61115 
6914 
6913 
6',l0a 

6ui;i 

0896 

wail 

to 
OlOflJ 

do 

...do 

1.00 
1.10 
0. 05 
0.95 
1.10 
0.90 
0.95 
1.00 

0.69 
0.75 
0.73 
0.M 
0.74 
0.79 
0.75 
0.73 

....do. 

do 

do 

...do 

.do 

...do 

.... 

1.50 
1.40 
..30 
1..50 
1.30 
,.33 
1.45 

0.34 
0.33 
0.31 
0.35 
0.34 
0.35 
0.39 

....do.     - 

...do. 

....do. 
....do. 

do 

..  do 

do 

..  do    

»•• 

....do 

do 

..do 

....do. 

do 

.  do 

....do. 

01171 
,o 
91191 

do 

....do  

... 

... 

... 

....do. 

gllMI 

9iwj 

do 

do 

... 

... 

....do. 

1 

eoio 

Korl  AiidersoD 

....do 

.).4t 

0.9( 

):... 

3.0( 

0.9( 

1.3C 

0.34 

0.7. 

0.5: 

....do. 

8017 

do 

...do 

1 

3  .V 

0  0. 

1  8. 

0  3. 

0. 70!o.  5. 

....do. 

8018 

9 

do 

....do  

O.S( 

0.88;... 

3.1 

I.W 

I.5( 

0.3- 

0.7 

0.5 

...do. 

6019 

rf 

do 

...do  

3.7 

1.0. 

1.51 

0.3 

l\7 

0.5 

i....do. 

eoao 

rf 

do 

...do 

3  7 

1  W 

1.45'0.3( 

0.61 

. 

...  do, 

8014 

oine 

SI60 

SlOO 
9171 

9 

do 

.  .do     .      . 

...  do. 

do 

....do                 .  . 

0.«( 

11.3. 

1  ... 

0.7 

1 

....do. 

do 

..do 

...do. 

9 

do 

...do        .  . 

i.a 

SI. 3. 

S  ... 

0.T 

i  ... 

..do. 
...  do. 

do 

...do 

i 


MUBID^— ARVICOLIN^— EVOTOMYS  RUTILU8. 


141 


TABI.E  XXXVII.— Jlfea«iirem«n<«  ofaixty-smen  (oh<1  list  of  other)  specimen)  of  Evotoxyb  nuTiLUs/rom  Alia, 
Europe,  and  North  America — Coutinued. 


X 

J 

LocaUty. 

CoUeotor. 

Nose  to — 

TaUto-- 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

Bemulu. 

h 

1 

t 

1 

1 

0103 
8736 
8306 
83D7 
8«M 

tm 

4681 

7S69 
9083 
9984 
0085 
0988 
0987 

d 

Dry. 
....do. 

Alcoholic. 
....do. 
...do. 

Dry. 

...do. 

do 

....do 

3.40 
3.10 
3.40 

1.00 
0.95 
U.86 

l.SO 
1.35 
1.80 

0.39 

o.3e 

0.75 
0.74 
0.73 
0.70 
0.78 
0.70 
0.79 
0.80 
0.77 
0.76 
0.75 
0.35 

0.48 
0.55 
0.49 

do 

...do 

...do 

...  do 

.... 

? 
d 

do 

do   

Aiiderai)D  Rirer 

do   

...do 

do    

0.S0 

3LS0 
3.50 
3.10 
3.70 
3150 
3.11 
.180 
3.40 

1.  at  I.  CO 

1.101.25 
1.00  1.40 
1.301.70 
1.30  1.60 
1.80  1.50 
1.801. 55 

0.35 
0.31 
0.3,5 
0.38 
0.40 
0.36 
0.34 
0.75 

do 

NaUto,  Aluk* 

...do 

W.H  Dall 

...do 

...do 

do   

a  30  0.85 
0.47  1.00 
0.46  0.94 
0.45  0. 00 
0.46  0.85 
0.50  0.90 

1.10 
l.SO 

l.It' 

1.10 
1.00 
1.10 

0.49 
0.55 
0.48 
0.45 
a  50 
9.SS 

Alcoholio. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

do   

a 

do 

....do 

1.15 

1.55 

Observations  made  just  now  regarding  the  identity  of  the  measurements 
of  Lapland  and  Massachusetts  skulls  *may  be  here  repeated  respecting  meas- 
urements of  Asiatic,  European,  and  American  skins:  there  are  discrepancies, 
but  only  those  of  individual  variability. 

The  distance  from  nose  to  eye  averages  half  an  inch;  from  nose  lo  ear, 
about  nine-tenths;  the  length  of  the  head  about  an  inch.  The  average 
length  of  the  body  we  cannot  make  out  precisely,  as  all  our  specimens  are 
dried  skins,  and  many  of  them  stretched  or  otherwise  distorted.  Doubtless 
the  average  derivable  from  the  table,  as  the  figures  stand,  is  a  little  too  high. 
We  doubt  that  any  one  of  the  specimens  exceeded  3.75  in  life,  and  think 
that  few  touch  this  dimension,  which  we  are  inclined  to  fix  as  about  the 
normal  maximum;  the  average  is  probably  just  about  3.33,  while  the  normal 
minimum  of  adults  may  be  a  trifle  under  3.00.  The  tail-vertebrse  run  between 
O.SO  and  1.2.5,  with  an  average  of  iiard  upon  1.10;  the  pencil  of  hairs  at  the 
end  is  the  fullest  and  longest  of  any  North  American  representative  of  the 
subfamily,  a  Lemming  hardly  excepted.  It  is  rarely  under  a  third  of  an 
inch,  averages  upward  of  four-tenths,  and  sometimes  reaches  the  half-inch. 
The  tail  to  end  of  hairs  averages  clo.se  upon  \.hO.  The  palms  are  within  an 
inappreciable  fraction  of  a  third  of  an  inch,  while  the  soles  correspondingly 
bear  upon  0.70,  with  two-thirds  and  ihree-fourths  as  apparently  minima  and 
maxima.  The  ears  run  between  barely  over  a  third  to  little  more  than  hall 
an  inch,  averaging  nearer  the  latter  dimension. 


«r-' 


1 


1:i. 


•■1^^ 


m 


liijffl" 


142  MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

EVOTOMYS  RUTILUS  GAPPERI,  (Vig.)  Coues. 

Bed-backed  Honsc. 

ArvicoTa  gapperi,  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.  v,  1830,  804,  pi,  9  (Canada).— DeKay,  N.  Y.  Zool.,  i,  1843,  W.— 
ScniNZ,  Synop.  Mam.  ii,  lt<4S,  3.'i2.— Allen,  RiiII.  Has.  Coinp.  Zool.  i,  1H69,  831. 

Arvicola  {Hi/pudceus)  gapperi,  Bairo,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  518. 

EfOtomys  rutilM  gapptri,  CoUKS,  Proc.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1874, 187. 

Arvicola  fitha,  Aud.  &.  Bach.,  Jonni.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  viii,  1842,  pt.  ii,  895  (name  pre-occnpied  and 
afterward  cbanged  to  "  dcAoyi ").— VVaonxr,  Wiegniann'H  Arcbiv,  1H43,  pt.  ii,  53. 

Arvicola  dekayi,  AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1854, 887  (same  as  their  fulra  of  184'.!),  (exclude  tbe  synonym 
"oneida  De  Kay",  whicli  belongs  to  Arvicola  riparim). 

Diagnosis. — A.  rutilo  similUmus,  sed  staturd  paululum  major,  colorihus 
ohscuriorihus,  caudd,  pedibus  auriculisque  longioribus. 

Habitat. — The  northern  frontier  of  the  United  States,  fro-  Atlantic  to 
Pacific,  and  an  adjoining  belt  of  British  America;  further  north  replaced  by 
the  true  rutilus.    Nova  Scotia.     South  to  Massachusetts. 

The  occurrence  of  the  true  A.  rutilus  in  North  America  was  not  more 
unexpected  to  us  than  the  relationship  of  A.  gapperi,  which  we  had  always 
unquestioningly  taken  as  a  valid  species,  proved  to  be.  The  differences,  as 
detailed  by  Baird  (op.  cit.  521),  seemed  perfectly  satisfactory;  but,  with  more 
exten.sivc  material  than  that  writer  enjoyed,  we  are  enabled  to  make  out  a 
different  stiite  of  the  case.  Our  views  would  have  received  strong  corrobo- 
ration upon  a  priori  considerations  from  the  mere  circumstance  of  finding 
the  true  rutilus  in  America;  but,  independently  of  this,  we  are  prepared  to 
present  a  chain  of  evidence  that  cannot  be  broken  down,  from  direct  com- 
jiarison  of  specimens  irrespective  of  locality. 

The  general  tendency  of  animals  that  range  from  temperate  to  frigid 
regions,  to  shorten  their  members,  or,  as  it  were,  withdraw  peripheral  parts 
from  the  cold,  and  to  put  on  thicker,  warmer  covering,  in  higher  latitudes,  is 
a  well-known  law,  of  which  the  present  case  merely  affords  another  example. 

We  have  already  seen  the  condition  of  the  pelage,  and  the  proportions 
of  the  tail,  ears,  and  feet,  in  true  rutilus,  from  high  latitudes;  and  the  present 
variety,  witli  the  same  general  characters  as  rutilus,  differs  in  the  length  of 
its  several  members,  and  their  amount  of  hairiness,  as  well  as  in  the  condi- 
tion of  the  general  pelage.  The  difference,  however,  is  not  abrupt,  nor  is  it, 
ill  fact,  even  well  marked,  except  in  its  extremes.  The  transition  from  typi- 
cal rutilus  to  tiie  extreme  of  southern  gapperi  '.a  so  gradual  and  insensible 
that  there  is  no  break  in  the  series.  This  will  be  evident  from  the  table 
given  lielow,  in  whicli  the  various  examples  of  gapperi  differ  as  much  among 
Ihenisulves  as  some  of  them  do  I'rom  true  rutilus.     Still,  comparison  of  the 


MDRIDJS  -AltVICOLIN^— BVOTOMY8  RUTILUS  GAPPERI.       143 


two  tuMes  gives  an  average  difference  between  gapperi  and  true  rutilus  which 
is  readily  appreciable;  and  most  specimens  are  sufficiently  marked  to  enable 
us  to  assign  tiiem  to  one  or  the  other  form  with  much  confidence.  We  have 
never  seen  a  United  States  example  that  was  not  unmistakably  gapperi,  nor 
un  Arctic  one  not  as  evidently  true  rutilus.  But  the  two  forms  dovetail  so 
nicely  that  they  cannot  possibly  be  specifically  separated;  and,  moreover,  we 
are  unable  to  assign  the  geographical  limits  of  either  with  greater  precision 
than  is  given  in  the  opening  paragraph  under  the  heading.^  Mr.  Kennicott's 
Red  River  specimens  appear  to  be  gapperi,  but  stand  liard  against  rutilus. 
The  Fort  Churchill  animal,  although  so  northern,  is  one  of  the  longest-tailed 
of  the  whole  series. 

Regarding  the  name  of  this  southern  form,  there  is  little  or  no  question. 
As  we  have  shown,  the  long-tailed  and  -footed  forms  extend  a  little  north  of 
the  United  States;  Nova  Scotian  examples,  for  instance,  are  truly  like  those 
of  the  United  States,  and  so  are  others  from  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 
Gapper's  animal  was  from  Canada,  and  therefore  quite  within  the  known 
range  of  the  southern  form.  In  1842,  the  United  States  style  was  renamed 
"fulvus"  by  Audubon  and  Bachman,  probably  in  ignorance  of  Vigors's  pre- 
vious name  gapperi;  but,  in  1854,  these  gentlemen,  finding  their  name  "fulvus" 
pre-occupied  (by  Lemmus  fulvus  Geoff.,  a  French  Arvkola),  changed  it  to 
dekayi.  They  gave  an  excellent  and  unmistakable  description,  and  only  err 
in  adducing  ''^.  oneida  DeKay"  as  a  synonym,  the  last  being  one  of  the 
interminable  designations  of  Aroicola  riparius. 

This  animal  is  so  much  like  rutilus  that  we  can  only  characterize  it  in 
comparative  terms.  Possibly  it  ranges  a  trifle  larger ;  but  the  difference  is 
never  very  evident,  and  often  none  exists.  In  color,  it  runs  a  little  darker,  we 
believe  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  upper  parts  are  more  strongly  chestnut  rather  than 
yellowish  ferrugineous,  lacking  the  "red"  or  "orange"  shade  that  rutilus 
shows;  the  sides  are  not  so  luteous,  being  more  yellowish  brown, as  in  Arvi- 
cola  riparius  for  example,  and  underneath  the  iur  is  simply  grayish-ashy-white, 
instead  of  having  a  strong  clay-colored  cast.  Generally,  the  feet  are  less 
purely  white ;  a  difference  in  the  length  and  thickness  of  the  fur  is  notice- 
able. But  the  chief  discrepancy  lies  in  the  relative  and  absolute  length 
of  the  feet  and  tail,  especially  the  latter.  Without  professing  to  draw  an 
infallible  dividing  line,  we  may  say  that  in  true  rutilus  the  tail  (vertebraj)  is  as 
long  OS  the  head,  and  tliat  in  gapperi  it  is  longer.  In  either  case,  it  is,  with 
the  hairs,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sole;  but  then  it  must  be  remembered 


V'f, 


'M 


w 

m 


II 


V    '  i 


144 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


['U^i} 


that  in  gapperi  the  feet  and  tail  are  lengthened  pari  passu.  There  seems  to 
be  a  positive  difference  in  the  shape  of  the  tail,  which  in  gapperi,  besides 
being  longer,  is  slimmer,  or  of  less  caliber,  than  in  rutilus,  and  it  tapers  to  a 
finer  point.  In  gapperi,  again,  the  hairiness  of  the  tail  is  much  less  than  in 
ruHlus,  the  annul!  being  always  visible,  and  the  terminal  pencil  never  equaling 
a  fourth  of  the  length  of  the  member.  There  is  a  corresponding  decrease 
in  the  hairiness  of  tiie  feet;  the  soles  of  the  Massachusetts  specimens,  even 
winter  ones,  showing  a  naked  space  behind  the  posterior  tubercle. 

Wc  cannot  agree  with  Professor  Baird  that  gapperi  "appears  quite  dis- 
tinct from  the  Hypudceus  glarcola  of  Keyserling  and  Blasius".  It  is  true  that 
our  material  is  insufficient  to  bring  us  to  any  conclusions  to  which  we  should 
wish  to  finally  commit  ourselves;  but,  for  all  that  we  can  see,  rutilus  has  in 
Europe  undergone  precisely  correspondent  modifications  with  climate,  result- 
ing in  the  so-called  "glareola".  Our  samples  purporting  to  be  of  this  last 
are  only  two,  Nos.  402  and  403,  both  from  Sweden,  and  one  of  these  is 
young  and  in  poor  condition,  and  therefore  not  eligible  for  comparison ;  but 
No.  402,  taken  in  the  depth  of  winter  of  1847,  seems  to  us  in  every  respect 
identical  with  winter  skins  from  Massachusetts  and  Lake  Superior.  Thus 
No.  402  and  No.  910  (from  Lake  Superior)  might  have  belonged  to  the  same 
litter,  for  any  difference  that  we  can  discover. 

We  feel  justified  in  using  substantially  the  same  language  respecting  the 
so-called  Hypudaus  ruhidus  of  Europe;  that  is,  provided  No.  2994,  from 
Switzerland,  labeled  "Myodes  rubidus",  be  really  an  example  of  that  form. 
This,  our  only  example  purporting  to  be  "rubidus",  is  a  little  smaller,  perhaps, 
than  average  gapperi  or  "glareola",  with  length  of  tail  and  feet  at  a  maximum, 
as  was  to  have  been  expected  from  its  very  southern  habitat;  but  we  find 
nothing  to  raise  a  suspicion  of  its  specific  distinction. 

However,  in  a  memoir  upon  North  American  mammals,  we  need  not  go 
out  of  our  way  to  discuss  a  question  affecting  those  of  other  countries  exclu- 
sively. We  do  not,  therefore,  pursue  the  subject;  and  in  the  same  spirit  we 
refrain  from  adducing  any  European  names  as  synonyms  of  the  American 
gapperi,  or  rather  we  retain  the  latter  name  as  the  designation  of  our  animal, 
not  making  the  change  in  nomenclature  that  might  be  necessary  were  gap- 
peri, glareola,  and  rubidus  combined. 

A  specimen  of  gapperi  from  Chilowk  Lake,  Washington  Territory, 
collected  in  August  by  Dr.  Kennerly,  while  attached  to  the  Northwest  Boun- 
dary Survey,  enables  us  to  extend  the  known  range  of  the  species  materially. 


MURID^— ARVICOLIN^— EVOTOMYS  RUTILUS  OAPPERI.        145 


Tadlr  XX^Vlll.— Measurements  of  thirty-eight  (and  IM  of  otiier)  apecimenii  of  Evotomys  iiutih:h 
OAPFEili  from  the  Northern  States  and  adjoining  Ilrilinh  I'rovinceii. 


1 
i 

Dslo. 

Locality. 

Colleotur. 

NOBO  to— 

railto- 

1 

•a 

i 
I 

Nnturo  of 
B|Hx:imeu. 

C 
S 

.1 

i 

H 

3.75 
3,4'. 

3  93 

1.40 
1.33 
I.8S 
1.8; 
LIS 
1.90 
1.56 
1.33 
I..V1 
1.40 
1.40 
1.13 
1.36 
1.43 
1.30 
1.50 
1.13 
1.70 
1.55 
1.58 
1.43 
1.50 
1.50 
1.40 

1.13 
1.70 
1.38 

i 

'a 

1359 

im 

iV/r 
Sd71 

S873 
i!8T4 
8875 
7640 
0M4 
M» 
950 
1091 
1093 
1093 
1094 
1097 
T^23 
9065 
8530 

ftyfe 

1794 
9894 

HfttIfikx.N.S 

1.60 
1.43 
1.43 
1.43 
1.8. 
1.40 
1.7t 
1.3f 
1.63 
1.00 
1.50 
1.30 
1.53 
1.60 
1.43 
1.63 
1.3(1 
1.9C 
1.70 

0.4i. 
0.35 
0.30 
0.J8 
i).43 
|).33 
0.40 
i  37 
0.20 
0.30 
0.38 
0.30 
0.33 
0.34 
0.33 
0.34 
0.37 

as* 

0. 7.'i 
0.70 
J.  6!) 
0.73 
0.70 
0.70 
0.75 
0.73 
0.73 
0.73 
O.CO 
0.73 
0.66 
).60 
0.70 
0.70 
0.71 
.1.73 
0.74 
173 
0.75 
0.73 
0.73 
0.67 
0.73 

0.60 
0.75 
0.73 

0.45 
0.48 

Dr)'. 

Fruah. 

...do. 

if 

J 

d 
<5 

July  — ,  1853 

July  — ,  less 
July  — ,  less 
July  — ,  less 

July  — ,  1855 
July  — ,  less 
July  — ,  less 

Oct.  88,1853 
Not.  a,  less 
Not.    9,  less 
Not.  14, 1835 
Not.    7,1855 
Deo.     6,1855 
Dec.  10,1855 

Mlddleborougb,  Mus 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

J.W.P.Jenk..... 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

0.40 
0.40 
'.45 

0.4f 
o.4r. 
0.4S 
0.4J 

0.S0 
0.40 
0.43 

0.44 
0.43 

0.40 
0.50 
0.44 

aeo 

0.7.-. 

o.eo 

0.R5 
0.83 
0.05 
0.90 



0.05 
0.94 
0.90 

0.05 
0.9a 

... 

0.80 
l.OO 
0.83 

1.00 
1.08 

1.04  a  8.' 

a  re  if* 

I.OI  3.  If 
1. 10 1  S( 

1. 03  :i  i;i 

I.1S3  73 

Aluoholio. 
do. 

,1.45 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

MlnneMU 

.  ...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

P.F.Odell 

...do 

1.18 

1.80 
1.19 
1.10 
1.17 
1.08 
1.10 
1.03 

0.98 
1.80 

.1.50 
150 
130 
4.00 
4.50 
170 
4.00 
190 

no 

185 
164 
183 
<60 
130 
160 

9.68 

i  v\ 

0.40 
0.30 
0.40 
0.48 
..43 

0.43 
0.57 
3.32 

Dry. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...  do. 
Alcoholic. 
...do. 
...do. 

? 
9 

Lake  Superior 

do 

do 

do 

Upper  Miaaonrl 

rhllowk  T.>kn 

L.  A(!av.i8 

...do... 

...do 

a  A.  Bniihca  (t) . 
J.  0.  Cooper 

r,.  R  IL  Krnni-riT 

Jnno   7,1660 

1.60 
1.73 
1.70 
1.60 
1.70 

1.30 
1.90 
1.33 

0.40 
).40 
0.37 
0.31 
0.36 

0.88 
0.40 
0.37 

0.48 
0.50 
0.49 
0.53 

0.39 
0.57 
0.4: 

Dry. 
...do. 

Alcoholic 
Dry. 

Minio 

Maiii 

Atom 



1.07160 

ADDITIONAL  SPECIMENS. 

7783 
9966 
0»<7 
9968 
99S9 
9970 
0971 
9974 
9973 
9974 
9975 
•9976] 
to 

9988 
7«89> 
7046 
8357 

1 

bloSoyale 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

B,  A.  Hoopea 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do     

o.sa 

0.47 
0.43 
0.43 

a  43 

0.4A 
0.46 
0.45 
0.43 
0.43 
0.S0 

1.00 
0.92 
0.8U 
0.07 
0.90 
0.91 

a93 
aw 

0.9f 
0.05 
1.00 

1.80 
1.15 
1.00 
1. 10 
1.05 
1.10 
1.10 
1.03 
1.05 
I.OS 
1.18 

1.73 
1.53 
1.55 
1.30 
1.43 
1.70 
1.50 
1.60 
1.60 
1.50 
1.73 

0.37 
0.33 
0.38 
0.37 
0.33 
0.38 
0.38 
0.39 
0.39 
0.40 
0.38 

0.78 
0.77 
0.75 
0.75 
0.74 
0.75 
0.78 
0.75 
0.78 
0.80 
0.73 

0.60 
0,55 
0.5O 
0.50 
0.51 
0.54 
0.S3 
0.58 
0.50 
0.53 
0.43 

Alcoholic. 
...do. 
....do. 
....do. 

...do. 
....do. 
...do. 
....do. 

...do. 
....do. 

Dry. 

AlcohoUo. 
...do. 

170 
190 
175 
160 
4.00 
190 

leo 

175 
4.00 

too 

1.30 
1.35 
1.93 
1.80 
1.4S 
l.SO 
1.33 
1.40 
1.30 
1.5(1 

do 

rf 

Aug.-.— 

do 

do 

SedRlTer 

...do   

...do 

B.Konnlcott 

....do   

do 

do 

....do 

do 

....do 

...do. 

?l 

FortChufohlU 

J.MoTaTiah 

0.45 

aos 

1.15 

190 

1.65 

.... 

0.37 

0.77 

0.S7 

....do. 

W  '   ■ ' 


*  No.  9976  and  the  eight  ancceeding  Dnmbera  are  young,  or  otberwiw  ineliglblo  for  meaanrement. 
\  6357 1— Maramie,  6  j  9  paira  pectoral  i  8  paira  Inguinal ;  tie  two  aeta  widely  aeparotod. 

10  M 


■i  -'j;  <  A^ii'j.ncl.t^'l^uj^ 


. 

■  ' 

1  i 

w 

■ 

h 

ft 

1 

it 


146 


MONOOKAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tlie  forogding  fiiblc  is  inndfi  up  of  measurements  publislicd  by  Bnlrd  in 
1857,  witli  tiiose  of  twelve  ndditionnl  specimens.  Tlie  dry  measurements  are, 
of  course,  only  approximately  correct,  and,  as  far  as  the  total  lengtii  of  body 
is  concerned,  are  a  little  ovfjr  the  truth,  from  over-stuffing,  as  is  certainly  tlie 
case  with  No.  10!)2.  T'-  >bly  no  one  of  them  was  in  life  over  4.00  at  the 
outside,  and  the  real  av  ;n.ge  cannot  be  over  3.50,  instead  of  3.60,  as  the  fig- 
ures stand  No.  2872,  whiclv  we  have  not  seen,  is  most  likely  ungrovvn. 
These  circumstances  tend  to  bring  the  maxima  and  minima  a  little  nearer 
together,  say  4.00  and  2.75  for  total  length,  &c. 

On  comparing  this  table  with  that  of  A.  ruli/us,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
average  size  is  greater;  that  the  tail-vertebrae  average  about  a  third  of  an 
inch  longer,  and  the  tail  with  its  iiairs  little  if  any  longer,  showing  the  great 
•lifference  in  the  length  of  the  terminal  pencil ;  the  foot  is  0.72  instead  ot 
about  0.70  on  an  average.  The  tables  also  show  that  while  gapperi  touches 
figures  tiiat  rutilus  rarely  reaches,  and  that  the  average  of  the  latter  is  near 
the  minimum  of  the  former,  especially  as  regards  tail,  feet,  and  ears,  that 
nevertheless  the  intergradation  is  complete. 

Description  of  the  skull  and  teeth  of  A.  gapperi. — Aside  from  the  generic 
features  given  under  head  of  Evotomys,  the  skull  of  gapperi  does  not  differ  very 
noticeably  from  that  of  Arnicola  in  general.  It  averages  in  length  0.95,  by  0.^)2 
in  zygomatic  breadth,  or  about  as  100  to  55.  The  interorbitul  constriction  is 
al)i)ut  as  broad  as  the  rostral  portion  of  the  skull.  The  molar  series  is  one-fifth 
or  liarely  more  of  the  total  length.  The  upper  incisors  protrude  a  little  less,  and 
tlie  under  a  little  more,  than  the  length  of  the  molar  scries.  In  the  lower  jaw, 
the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  incisors  to  the  end  of  the  hamular  process 
ccpiuls  or  is  even  less  than  the  distance  from  the  same  point  to  the  i)ack  of  the 
condyle.  This  is  as  in  Pitymys,  and  not  as  in  the  riparius  section  of  Arvicola, 
where  the  former  measurement  exceeds  the  latter.  The  height  of  the  skull, 
measured  from  the  last  molar  inclusive  perpendicularly  upward,  is  just  about 
oiic-tliird  of  the  length.  The  interparielal  bone  is  acute-angled  laterally; 
there  is  a  little  foveole  on  the  frontal;  the  nasal  branch  of  the  premaxillary 
is  not  longer  than  the  nasal  bone,  and  neither  extends  back  of  the  anterior 
root  of  the  zygoma.  The  tympanic  bullae  are  very  much  inflated  and  papery; 
the  foramen  magnum  is  large  and  subcircular.  The  incisive  palatal  foramina 
arc  long  and  narrow;  the  auteorbital  are  as  usual  in  the  subfamily.  In  adult 
skulls,  the  muscular  impressions  are  distinct,  leaving  a  shield-shaped  plateau 
on  top  of  the  skull. 


MURIDiE— ABVICOL1NJ5— EV0TOMY8  UUTILL'S  GAPPUIU.        147 


/I 


As  usual  in  Artncolince,  the  upper  incisors  nre  broader  tlinn  they  are 
«leep,  ungrooved,  and  yellow  on  their  faces.  As  in  all  ArvicoHnce,  except 
Mijodes  and  Synaptomys,  the  under  incisors  run  past  the  lust  molar,  and  reach 
up  the  ramus  half-way  to  the  condyle  itself. 

The  molar  series  nre  not  quite  parallel,  diverging  a  little  from  before 
backward.  Spite  of  their  rootcdncss,  in  which  they  resemble  the  teetii 
of  Marina,  they  are  essentially  constructed  upon  the  plan  of  Jrvicoli/ifr, 
being  truly  prismatic,  with  acute  salient  and  reentrant  angles,  and  flat  crowns 
composed  of  triangles  of  dentine  surrounded  by  enamel  walls — these  walls 
meeting  in  several  instances  along  the  middle  line  of  the  tooth,  and  isolating 
denline  islands,  in  other  instances  allowing  contiguous  dentine  islands  to 
become  continuous.     Details  of  the  molar  crowns  are  as  follow: — 

The  front  upper  molar  presents  little  or  nothing  characteristic,  having  the 
form  constantly  preserved  throughout  the  subfamily.  There  is  an  anterior 
closed  triangle  or  semilune,  then  an  interior  closed  triangle,  then  an  exterior 
one,  then  an  interior  one,  then  a  postero-external  one — five  in  all.  The 
middle  upper  molar  is  the  same  essentially,  but  with  only  four  alternating  tri- 
angles, of  which  the  first  after  the  anterior  one  is  external,  the  second  inter- 
nal, the  last  postero-external.  This  is  much  as  in  the  Pedomys  and  Pitymys 
section  of  Arvicola,  and  not  as  in  the  riparius  section,  where  the  last  triangle 
develops  a  snag  or  spur  from  its  inner  face,  making  five  in  all,  two  of  them 
internal.  The  back  upper  molar  is  the  most  peculiar  and  characteristic  of 
all;  indeed,  it  seems  to  be  the  case  throughout  ArvicoHnce  that  this  tooth  is 
diagnostic  of  the  genera  and  subgenera;  the  sculpture  of  its  crown  certainly 
differs  more  than  that  of  any  other  tooth.  In  the  present  case,  the  tooth  is 
remarkable,  first,  for  being  absolutely  longer  antcro-posteriorly  than  either  of 
the  other  upper  ones,  which  is  not  the  case  in  Arvicola.  In  general,  it  comes 
nearest  to  the  riparius  type  of  Arvicola,  having  really  the  posterior  crescentic 
loop  and  two  distinct  external  triangles,'  so  characteristic  of  riparius  (instead 
of  a  simple  posterior  trefoil  and  one  exterior  triangle,  as  in  Pedomys  and 
Pitymys  and  Chilotus);  but  the  details  are  even  more  complicated  than  in 
riparius.  We  have,  first,  the  anterior  loop  quite  across  the  tooth  in  front, 
then  comes  the  first  exterior  triangle,  then  the  first  interior  triangle;  then 
all  the  rest  is  the  plication  of  the  immense  posterior  crescent,  thus:  the 
crescent  has  its  l)ack,  which  is  long  and  nearly  straight,  to  the  outside  of  the 
tooth,  but  it  throws  off  a  spur  anteriorly,  forming  the  second  exterior  triangle, 


?''! 


'ir 


RRHMI 


il 


lii; 


"4 


148 


MONOOUAI'IIS  OF  NOUTII  AMHUICAN  IJODKNTIA. 


.'i    • 


which  may  he  quifc!  dosed,  or  its  nrca  coiilluent  with  the  generul  iHluixl  of 
tlie  crescent;  l)ehiii(l,  the  crescent  hwjis  broadly,  forming  tlie  end  of  the  toofli, 
then  throws  out  a  spur  on  the  postcro-internal  corner  of  tlic  tooth,  then  in 
front  of  tliis  is  tlnown  into  a  large  loo|»,  which  makes  the  second  interior 
triangle,  not  closed,  however,  but  continuous  with  the  general  area  of  the 
crescent.  Thus  there  are  in  nil,  on  the  back  upper  molar,  three  exterior 
salicncies  and  four  interior  saliencies.  The  precise  details  of  this  tooth  vary 
a  little  with  individuals,  but  the  pattern,  as  just  described,  we  have  never 
lijund  effaced  or  even  obscure;  it  is,  therefore,  highly  diagnostic. 

The  molar  crowns  of  Arvicola;  in  general  appear  to  liave  central  enamel, 
or  interior  folds  and  ridges  separated  from  liie  general  enamel  wall  that 
enfolds  the  teeth,  but  this  appearance  is  deceptive;  there  is  but  the  single 
enveloping  sheet  of  enamel  around  the  whole  tooth,  which  is  so  deeply 
indented  or  folded  in  at  the  reentrant  angles  of  the  several  prisms  that  the 
enamel  sheet  of  opposite  sides  meets  and  fuses  along  a  central  line,  often  no 
wider  tlian  a  single  sheet  of  enamel,  producing  the  appearance  just  mentioned. 
Now,  in  Erotomys,  the  enamel  of  opposite  sides,  in  the  upper  jaw,  meets  at 
various  places,  but  the  fusion  is  not  complete;  either  the  two  sheets  are 
apparent  where  they  touch  each  other,  or  else  the  imperfect  fusion  results  in 
a  wall  the  composition  of  which  is  evident  by  its  being  broader  or  thicker 
than  a  single  sheet  of  enamel  is  anywhere.  And  in  the  under  series,  which 
we  now  come  to  examine,  the  enamel  walls  are  still  more  distinct,  revealing 
their  true  relations;  they  never  quite  fuse,  and,  even  where  they  press  upon 
each  other  most  closely,  we  can  discern  two  distinct  folds,  and  thus  trace  the 
single  enveloping  sheet  of  enamel,  in  and  out,  in  its  various  plications,  all 
around  the  tooth. 

The  posterior  lower  molar  aflfords  nothing  diagnostic,  being,  as  in 
Arvicola,  composed  simply  of  an  anterior,  a  middle,  and  a  posterior  spheri- 
cal triangle,  each  one  of  these  reaching  quite  across  the  tooth,  and  thus  lying 
directly  one  after  the  other;  but  a  singular  thing  is,  that  the  middle  lower 
molar  copies  tiie  same  pattern.  In  our  Arvicola:  proper,  this  middle  lower 
molar  has  an  anterior  triangle,  succeeded  by  alternating  lateral  triangles;  but 
in  this  genus  the  lateral  triangles  arc  opposite  instead  of  alternate,  which  fact, 
together  with  the  lack  of  a  me<lian  lengthwise  line  of  enamel,  throws  the 
two  lateral  ones  into  one  that  reaches  quite  across  the  tooth.  It  is  surprising, 
in  this  case,  with  essentially  the  same  pattern,  such  a  little  variation  as  this 


MURIDiB— AUVICOLIN^— AKVICOLA. 


149 


produces  a  tooth  that  looks  radically  difFcrcnt  in  sculptiirn.  The  front  lower 
molar  carries  the  same  general  plan  of  oppositeness  instead  of  alternation  of 
the  lateral  triangles,  which,  with  the  distinctly  double  condition  of  the 
indentatcd  angles  of  enamel,  where  these  meet  along  the  middle,  tends  to 
throw,  and  almost  succeeds  in  throwing,  the  lateral  triangles  tiiat  occur  in 
Arpkola  into  larger  triangles,  reaching  quite  across  the  toolh.  Thus,  fntin 
behind  forward,  there  is  first  one  perfect  triangular  loop  reaching  across  the 
tooth;  next,  there  are  an  external  and  an  internal  angle  opposite  eacli  other, 
inclosing  a  lozenge  that  reaches  across  the  tooth;  next,  there  are  an  internal 
and  an  external  angle,  not  quite  opposite  each  other,  and  therefore  forming 
two  nearly  separated  lateral  triangles,  generally  not  completely  closed  in, 
liowevcr,  but  more  or  less  continuous  with  Uic  area  of  the  large  anterior 
trefoil  that  finishes  the  tooth  in  front. 


'■li 


,\:.iX: 


Genus  AllVICOLA,  Lact'pfcde. 


<J/iu,  LiNNiEUS,  Synt.  Nnt.  i,  I76li,  and  niont  early  Authors.        i  'i 

<Af»re>  cuHJcutarii,  Pallah,  N.  Sp.  Glirium,  1776,  77. 
<LemmHt,  LiNCK ;  Fikciikr,  et  al. 
ityodn,  Pallas,  Ziiog.  R.-A.  i,  ISII,  172.    Nut  Mi/oda  of  Selys-LoDgcLampH,  183U,  wliicb  =^  Hi/piidceut, 
Keyserliug  and  Biasing, 
<"AnU)ola,  LACfei'^DK,  Tableau,  1803"  (fldo  Agoaaiz),  and  most  late  authors.    Includes  amphibiHs  and 

arvalu. 
Klljipuiaut,  Iluorr,  Prod.  1811.    Not  of  Koyserling  and  Blasius,  nor  of  Daird.    Includes  Mu»  lemmua, 
'  ampkUAM,  and  arvalia. 

>  Jlfynomea,  Raklsesquk,  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  ii,  1817,  45.    Type,  If.  pratenm  —  Wilson's  Meodow-monse, 

=^  Anicola  penntjiliianica  On\. 

>  rmmmomyt,  LeContk,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  1829,  1:1:2  {pinetorum).    Not  of  Rucppel. 

>  rUyniyit,  McMuRTniB,  Am.  od.  Cuv.  R.  A.  i,  1*11,  434.    Typo,  A.  pinetorum,  LeC. 

>  Hemiolomyi,  Sblys-Lonociiamfs,  fitudos  do  Microm.  1839  85  (iucludus  amphibiut,  terratrit,  &o.). 

>  ^i«ra(iM,  8KLY8-LONOCIIA.MP8,  op.  cit.  1839,  8S. 

>/'ii««iHj»,  Lesson,  NouT.  Tab.  R.  A.  1848,  13  (pinctoriim).  '    '    ''■  • 

> /femiotom^a,  Daird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  515.    Type,  ^rvico'a  ri;iariu<  Ord. 

>  Pedomi/s,  Baird,  op.  cit.  517.    Type,  Arcicola  aitsleriit  heC.  '    ' 

>  Ckilolui,  Baird,  op.  cit.  510.    Typo,  Arvioola  oregoni  Bach. 

The  foregoing  synonymical  list  of  itself  indicates  the  limits  we  wish  to  set 
to  Aroicola.  All  the  earlier  names,  Mus,  Lemmus,  Myodes,  Arcicola  Lacdp., 
and  Hypudeeus  III,  marked  <,  were  of  wider  applicability  than  Arvicola,  as 
wc  define  it,  is-,  for  they  all  (unless  Aroicola  Lacdp.  be  an  exception) 
included  the  Lemmings,  and  made  no  distinction  of  the  rooted-molar  species 
of  what  Keyserling  and  Blasius  afterward  called  Hypudeeus,  and  what  we 
now  call  Evotomys.  The  many  later  names,  marked  >,  are  of  less  enlarged 
application  than  our  Arvicola,  being  simply  based  upon  particular  species  of 
the  genus;  most  of  them  will  stand  as  convenient  subgeneric  terras  for  the 


'Ai 


b  "S 


i!« 


f! 


I,  ' 


m  ' 


150 


MONoouArns  op  north  American  rodentia. 


vaiimis  sections  iil'  \\w  i;(Miiis  llmt  it  is  quite  wortii  while  to  recognize.  The 
niinics  l'.i(i)iimomijs  LrC.  {iwc  Rupp.),  PUymys  McMurt.,  and  I'incmys  Less, 
are  mere  synonyms,  nil  having  been  based  on  the  same  annual  (pinetorum), 
and  two  of  them  being  simply  amends  for  LcCoiite's  mistake  in  taking 
I'tiiimmoinyi  Riip|».  for  his  Ani'wola  pinetorum.  *^ Mlcrotus"  Solys.  appears 
to  bo  about  the  same  tiling  as  PUymys.  Ilem'wtomys  Selys.  {nee  Baird)  goes 
to  the  VA\ro\')cm\  amphibius.  Myonomes  Raf  and  Pcdomys  and  Chilotus  Baird 
are  tcnaljle  sul)gonerio  names  for  particular  American  groups.  Doubtless 
there  are  some  other  generic  or  subgencric  names  that  have  not  como  to  our 
notice. 

In  proceeding  now  to  define  Arvicola,  we  may  premise  that  our  dias;- 
nosis  of  the  genus  will  simply  be  equivalent  to  such  restriction  of  the  char- 
acters of  the  subfamily  Arcicollnce  as  will  exclude  tiie  Lemmings,  the 
remarkal)l<^  Synnjifomys  of  Haird,  and  tiic  rooted-molar  group  {Ei'otomys  nob. 
:=  Ilyjiiiilceus  Keys.  Bias.  Bd.  nee  111.).  Some  of  the  more  boreal  Arvicola  do 
indeed  closely  approximate  to  the  Lemmings  in  the  shortness  of  their  ears,  tail, 
and  feet,  and  in  the  mollipilose  pelage;  but  the  radical  differences  in  dentition 
arc  never,  so  far  as  wc  know,  obscured.  It  may  be  that  there  are  some 
species  of  Arvicolincc  that  require  generic  separation  from  Arvicola  besides 
tiiose  just  mentioned,  but  none  such  have  come  to  our  knowledge. 

Some  of  the  characters  we  arc  al)out  to  give  are  rather  those  of  the  sub- 
family than  of  the  genus;  but  the  particular  combination, as  expressed  in  the 
whole  paragraph,  is  generally  diagnostic.  •      '       '     •  '    ,  ','         ; 

Gkn.  Chars. — Ciownsof  the  (^,  rootless,  perennial,  prismatic)  molars 
plane,  divided  into  several  closed  islands  of  dentine  by  folds  of  the  surround- 
ing sheet  of  enamel  that  meet  from  opposite  sides  and  fuse  along  the  median 
line  (cf  Erotomyn) ;  the  saliencies  and  reontrances  of  the  alternating  prisms 
strong  and  sharp,  equally  so  on  both  inner  and  outer  sides  of  the  molar  series, 
the  profile  of  which  is  therefore  equally  serrate  on  both  sides  (cf  Myorlet, 
Synnptotny.").  Anterior  upper  molar  of  5  prisms, — 1  anterior,  2  interior,  2 
exterior.  Middle  upper  molar  of  4  (or  5)  prisms, — 1  anterior,  1  interior,  2 
exterior  (the  last  sometimes  giving  off  a  supplementary  postero-intcrior  one). 
I'osterior  upper  molar  of  4  to  7  prisms,  of  which  the  first  is  always  anterior 
and  transverse,  the  last  a  variable  treffle  (C,  G,  U,  V,  Y,  &c.,  in  siiape, 
according  to  subgenus  or  species),  and  the  intermediate  ones  lateral  and  alter- 
nating.    All  upper  molars  subcquul  in  length  and  breadlii  (cf.  Myodas,  Synap- 


31' 

■i  Hi 


MUBID^— AHVICOLIN^E-AIIVICOLA. 


151 


ioini/n).  Anterior  lower  inolnr  of  5  fo  8  prisma,  of  which  tlio  anterior  forms 
an  irregular  trefflc,  the  posterior  11  tmiisverse  h)op,  tlie  interme<iiiitc  forming 
lateral,  alternating,  closed  triangles;  this  molar  nearly  as  long  as  theotiier  two 
together.  Middle  lower  molar  of  4  to  5  prisms,  of  which  the  last  torms  a 
transverse  loop,  the  rest  forming  alternating  lateral  triangles  (ef.  Ei'o(oiin/s). 
Posterior  lower  molar  abruptly  narrower  than  the  rest,  never  of  more  than  •'{ 
prisms  (ef  Synaptoinys,  Myodes)  seriatim,  each  making  a  transverse  loop  (no 
lateral  or  alternating  triangles).  Upper  incisors  plane  (cf  Synaptoinys). 
Under  incisor  roots  running  past  the  last  molar,  and  thence  u[)  the  hack  of 
the  condylar  process,  forming  a  thickening  of  the  ramus,  or  a  strong  ridge 
that  subsides  at  the  notch  between  condyle  and  descending  process  (cf  Symiji- 
tomys,  Myof/e.s).  Skull  solid,  massive,  its  zygomatic  diameter  slightly  exceeding 
its  length;  interorbital  constriction  abrupt;  temporals  angidarly  encroaching 
on  orbits  Zygomata  not  dipping  to  level  of  palate,  slightly  expanded.  Pos- 
terior termination  of  bony  palate  never  a  single,  abrupt,  transverse  shelf  (cf 
F.votomys,  Myodes,  Symipfoiiiys),  l)ut  palate  ending  between  ultimate  molars 
by  dip|»ing  to  a  conspicuous  fossa  on  either  side,  between  which  is  the  narrow 
median  fissure  of  the  posterior  nares;  said  fossa;  leading  directly  out  to  the 
pterygoids.  Incisive  foramina  short  and  close,  attaining  neither  incisors  nor 
molars,  but  midway  between  both.  Nasals  anteriorly  subtruncatc  opposite 
incisive  alveoli ;  j)osteriorly  subcqual  or  equal  to  nasal  branches  of  maxillary, 
which  reach  nearly  or  quite  to  orbits.  Coronoid  process  rising  as  high  as  the 
condyle  (cf  Evotomys).  Size  medium  for  the  subfamily;  form  .stout;  mem- 
bers short,  but  none  of  them  rudimentary;  neck  indistinguishable;  liead 
broad,  with  convex  forehead ;  muzzle  obtuse ;  lip  fairly  clef>,  hirsute;  eyes 
small,  midwoy  between  cars  and  snout;  muzzle  furry,  except  nasal  papilte; 
whiskers  5-seriate.  Ears  well  developed  (cf  Myodeii),  but  never  noticeably 
overtopping  the  fur,  orbicular,  more  or  less  hirsute  both  sides,  with  valvular 
antitragus.  Fore  feet  J-^  the  hind  feet,  with  mostly  naked  tuberculate  palms, 
4-digitate ;  thumb  obsolete,  with  abortive,  obtuse,  flattened,  sessile  nail ;  fin- 
gers unguiculate,  inferiorly  scutellate.  Hind  feet  with  soles  neither  entirely 
naked  nor  entirely  furry,  5-G-tubcrculate,  the  posterior  tubercle  long, 
5-digitate;  three  middle  toes  longest  and  subequal,  ftth  and  Ist  successively 
much  shorter.  Tail  terete,  always  hairy  encmgh  to  obscure  or  conceal  its 
annuli,  and  with  terminal  pencil,  sometimes  densely  hirsute ;  always  longer 
than  the  sole,  generally  exceeding  the  head,  but  ranging  in  length  from  about. 


■ii\ 


■ss 


152  JlONOOUAl'IIS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  ItODENTIA. 

as  loiif,'  lis  lu'iul  fo  iirarly  Imlf  as  loii",'  as  trunk.  Pelage  thick,  soft,  of  ordiiuiry 
fur,  iuhirspcrsf-'d  dorsally  witli  longer  bristly  hairs;  the  fur  at  the  roots  uniformly 
l)lunil)oous,  colored  only  at  the  tips;  general  colors  subdued,  the  shades 
diiluse,  rarely  with  distinct  parti-coloration,  but  under  parts  ordinarily  lighter 
than  upper,  and  tail  bicolor  from  sharing  the  respective  shades. 

The  North  American  species  fall  naturally  into  four  groups,  as  originally 
])ointed  out  by  Professor  Baird.  These  groups  may  be  thus  conveniently 
analyzed :  — 

((f)  ]}ack  u})per  molar  with  2  external  triangles  and  a  posterior 

crescent Mijonomes. 

1  external  triangle  and  a  posterior 

trefoil  {h). 
{!>)  Front  lower  molar  with  3  internal  and  2  or  3  external  closed 

triangles Chilolus. 

2  internal  and  1  external  closed  tri- 

angle (c). 

(c)  Fore  claws  not  larger  than  hind  claws Pedomys. 

obviously  larger  than  hind  claws .  Fitymys. 

There  are  no  tangible  differences  in  the  skull  and  teeth  between  Pedomys 
and  Pitymys ;  nevertheless,  the  external  peculiarities  of  Pitymys  are  greater 
than  those  of  either  of  the  other  forms.  Chilotus,  in  general  external  char- 
acters, is  so  like  both  Myonomes  and  Pedomys  that  we  cannot  diatinguish  them, 
except  by  the  peculiar  construction  of  the  ear.  It  shares  the  posterior  trefoil 
of  the  back  upper  molar  with  Pedomys  and  Pitymys,  but  shares  the  greater 
number  of  lateral  closed  triangles  of  the  front  lower  molar  of  Myonomes. 
Myonomes,  again,  is  not  separated  from  Pedomys  by  any  external  character,  but 
by  its  posterior  crescent  and  two  external  lateral  triangles  of  the  back  upper 
molar.  So,  coml)ining  dental  and  external  characters,  wc  may  draw  up  the 
following  antithetical  diagnoses,  making  combinations  perfectly  tangible  and 
satislactory : — 

A. — MvoNOMiis.  Back  upper  moiar  with  2  external  triangles  and  a  posterior 
crenent.  Middle  upi)er  molar  with  2  internal  triangles.  Front  lowet 
molar  wi' I)  3  internal  and  2  or  3  external  lateral  triangles.  Ear  unrim- 
med  in  front.  Sole  G-tuberculate.  Fore  claws  not  longCi  th;.i  hinder 
ones.  Tail  about  J  the  head  and  body,  or  more,  Peliige  ordinary.  Of 
maximum  and  medium  size. 


MURID^— ARVIC0LINJ3— AUVICOLA. 


153 


B. — CiiiLOTUS.  Back  upper  molar  with  1  external  Iriaiiglu  and  a  posterior 
trefoil.  Middle  upper  uiolar  witli  1  internal  triangle.  Front  lower 
molar  with  3  internal  and  2  or  3  external  triangles.  Ear  with  a  rim  in 
front  of  the  meatus,  owing  to  meeting  there  of  the  anterior  and  poste- 
rior roots  of  the  auricle.  Sole  5-tuberculate  (?).  Fore  claws  not  larger 
than  hinder  ones.  Tail  about  J  the  head  and  body.  Pelage  ordinary. 
Of  minimum  size. 

C. — Pedomys.  Back  upper  molar  with  1  external  triangle  and  a  posterior 
trefoil.  Middle  upper  molar  with  1  internal  triangle.  Front  lower 
molar  with  2  internal  and  1  external  triangle.  Ear  unrimmed.  Sole 
5-tuberculate.  Fore  claws  not  larger  than  hinder  ones.  Tail  about  ^ 
the  head  and  body,  or  a  little  less.    Pelage  ordinary.    Of  medium  size. 

D. — PiTYMYS.  Back  upper  molar  with  1  external  triangle  and  a  posterior 
trefoil.  Middle  upper  molar  with  1  internal  triangle.  Front  lower 
molar  with  2  internal  and  1  external  triangle.  Ear  unrimmed.  Sole 
5-tubcrculate.  Fore  claws  larger  than  hind  ones.  Tail  about  J  the 
head  and  body,  or  less.     Pelage  dense,  mole-like.     Of  small  size. 

Subgenus  MYONOMES,  Rafinesque. 

<  Arricola  of  American  writers. 

=Arvicola  A,  Ilemiotomyi,  Baiiu),  M.  N.  A.  1857, 515  (type,  Arvicola  ri/urtv«  Onn).    Not  of  Selys-Lono- 

ciiAMi'8,  wlioBe  typo  is  the  European  Arvioola  amphibim. 
=.Mynonu»'  RAFlNcsqcE,  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  ii,  1817,  45(tjpe,  Munomea  pratetuia  Rakinesquii,  wliioh 

is  baaed  on  Wilson's  Meadow-Mouse,  Am.  Oru.  vl,  pi.  50,  f.  3,  and  is  therefore  =  Arvioola 

peniujilvanioa  Ord  and  auot.). 
:=  Myonoma,  Coues,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sui.  Phila.  1874,  189. 

Chars. — ^'osterior  superior  molar  witii  an  anterior  loop,  an  internal 
closed  triangle,  (wo  external  closed  triangles,  and  a  posterior  crescent.  Ante- 
rior inferior  molar  with  a  posterior  loop,  an  anterior  trefoil,  three  lateral  inter- 
nal closed  triangles,  and  two  (or  three t)  lateral  external  closed  triangles. 
Middle  superior  molar  with  a  supplementary  postero-internal  triangle.  (Other 
dental  and  cranial  characters  as  in  Arvicola  at  large.)  Ears  abouL  'equ  % 
the  fur,  rounded,  hirsute,  with  well-developed  valvular  antitragus;  no  pc.ul- 
iar  construction  of  the  concha.  Tail  exceeding  the  head  in  length  (about 
one-third  as  long  as  head  and  body),  fairly  hirsute  and  with  terminal  pencil, 

'The  original  orthography  is  MynoMtt.  I  do  not  know  what,  if  any,  meaning  attaches  totliis 
word,  bnt  snpposo  it  to  be  compounded  with  //vf,  so  that  it  should  bo  spelled  ifyonomeii,  if  not  further 
altered  into  Atyoiiomus. 

t  When  there  .  I'O  three,  tho  third  reeclts  from  change  of  tho  outer  leaflet  of  the  anterior  trefoil 
into  a  triangle. 


\''4 


11:  m 


■  1 


154 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOllTn  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


i 

^1 


l)ic()l(>r.     Vc.ci  inodiM-alc;  tlio  fore  al)out  thrcc-fiftlis  as  long  as  tlie  hinder; 
fore  claws  not  larger  tiiaii  hind  ones. 

This  siihg(!niis  is  fully  illnstrated  in  our  article  on  its  ty])e,  Myonoms 
ripnriux,  where  will  l)e  found  an  extended  account  of  the  dentition.  Above 
we  only  give  the  diagnostic  characters  and  their  more  prominent  collat- 
(•ri;ls.  The  section  is  cs|)ecially  characteristic  of  North  America,  not  being, 
perhaps,  exactly  matched  in  Europe  or  Asia;  it  embraces  the  greatest 
numl)er  of  Anun-ican  species  of  the  genus,  among  them  the  most  widely- 
distributed  one  of  all,  and  includes,  likewise,  the  largest  of  all;  while  none 
of  th(!m  are  so  small  as  our  species  of  Chilolu.s,  Pitymi/s,  or  Evotomys. 

It  here  becomes  necessary  to  explain  the  synonymy  above  adduced,  and 
show  cause  for  adojjting  the  name  Myonomes  for  the  subgenus. 

In  the  first  and  only  subdivision  of  the  American  species  of  Arvkola 
which  has,  to  my  knowledge,  been  atten.,,ie(l,  and  which  was  so  satisfactorily 
accomi)lishe(l  in  1B57  by  Professor  Baird,  the  term  Ilemiotomys  was  adopted 
f<)r  this  section.  Professor  Baird  is,  however,  careful  to  add  tiiat  this  name  was 
constructed  l)y  Selys-Longchamps  to  accommodate  the  European  amp/iihivs, 
/erresfrls,  &c.,  the  skull  of  which  is  more  like  Pedomys  austerus;  and  tiiis  is 
exactly  so.  Now,  the  very  first  and  most  esscnlial  character  of  Arvicola 
r'lpar'ius,  as  compared  with  Chilotus  oiegoni,  Pedomys  austcms,  and  Pitymys 
intiefonim,  is  the  remarkable  posterior  crcscentic  or  C-  or  G-shaped  loop  on 
the  back  upper  molar,  which  is  unique  among  American  species  of  Arvicola 
proper,  though  again  found  in  another  genus  {Evotomys).  This  particular 
feature  is  not  seen  in  Arvicola  fniipJiibiiis,  where  the  posterior  upper  molar 
has  but  one  external  and  one  internal  lateral  closed  triangle,  and  then  a  pos- 
terior trefoil  almost  exactly  as  in  Pedomys  austerus.  The  inapplicability, 
therefore,  of  the  name  Ilemiotomys  to  this  section  is  evident;  for  to  apply  it 
here,  is  to  ignore,  by  implication  at  any  rate,  the  chief  character  of  the  section. 
If  it  is  to  I)e  applied  to  any  American  section,  it  certainly  ought  to  be  given 
to  that  one  of  which  A.  austerus  is  typical,  and  thus  be  made  to  supplant 
PedoMiys. 

After  coming  to  this  conclusion,  our  first  care,  of  course,  was  to  sec  what 
European  or  Asiatics  species  our  A.  riparius  did  agree  with  in  this  particular 
pattern  of  the  last  upper  molar.  Among  the  limited  nund)er  of  skulls  at  our 
command,  in  addition  to  A.  amphihius,  we  fmd  as  follows: — A  Lapland  skull, 
labeled  ^'ratticeps"  (No.  105G),  has  on  the  back  up|)er  molar  an  anterior  loop, 


IT    (,|.; 


MURID^— ARVICOLINiE— ARVICOLA. 


155 


two  exterior  closed  triangles,  (wo  interior  closed  triangles,  and  a  small  sub- 
circular  posterior  trefoil,  all  of  which  makes  a  very  dilferent  pattern  from 
that  presented  by  A.  riparim.    Another  skull,  from  Siberia,  lal)eleil  '^ohxcurus" 
(No.  322G),  siiows  an  anterior  loop,  three  external  closed  triangles,  two  internal 
closed  triangles,  and  a  posterior  trefoil  that  is  almost  a  short,  very  concavo- 
convex  crescent  by  the  depth  of  the  notch  of  its  inner  leallet.     This  is  nearer 
to  A.  riparius,  but  not  exactly  it,  as  there  is  an  additional  interior  closed  tri- 
angle, and  the  crescent  is  not  quite  a  crescent.     A  close  approach,  however, 
is  made  by  No.  3228,  labeled  "decoriomm?  or  aconomus?"  from  Siberia;  and 
in  another,  No.  2026,  labeled  "tigresds",  from  Sweden,  tiie  i)eculiar  pattern 
of  riparius   is  exactly   reproduced.     Upon  dental  characters  alone,   there- 
fore, we  would  take  as  the  name  for  our  ripariux  any  special  genus  that  has 
been  proposed  upon  either  of  these  last-named  species.     The  external  char- 
acters, however,  of  riparius,  do  not  agree  with  those  short-tailed  forms  of 
boreal  Europe  and  Asia,  such  as  agrentis,*  aconoiiius,  &c.,  but  are  very  nearly 
as  in  "ratticeps".     We,  therefore,  think  it  probai)le,  as  we  said  above,  that  the 
section  for  which  we  adopt  the  name  Myonomes  is  not  exactly  represented  in 
Europe,  and  consequently  less  confusion  can  ensue  if  we  reject  for  the  species 
not  only  Hemiotonujs,  but  any  other  generic  name  that  may  have  been  based 
upon  an  Old  World   form.     All  the  sui)generic  or  even  "generic"  divis- 
ions that  we  know  of  in  the  genus  Arvicola  are  (with  the  single  exception 
of  the  strongly-marked  Hypudicus  of  Keyserling  and  Blasius  and  of  Baird, 
equal  to  our  Evotoynys)  so  trivial  as  to  be,  in  fact,  but  slightly  superspecifie 
designations,  only  worthy  of  being  retained  on  the  score  of  usefulness;  for  it 
is  practically  a  tfonvenient  thing,  in  so  difficult  a  genus  as  Arvicola,  to  strike 

*  If  tbo  Central  and  f.oiitherti  Enropeau  speciuHiHB  of  "arvaU»  "  ami  tbe  iiortliorn  ones  of  "  agreotis" 
bo  correctly  liibcled,  tbero  appears  to  be  soino  mistake  in  wbat  Professor  Baird  says  (/.  c.  513),  in  speakin"; 
of  the  species  of  his  section  Ilijpndwuii.  "Arvicola  ar%'alis  of  Suntbern  Europe,"  bo  says,  "and  Airimla 
agrmtit  of  Nortbern  Eiirupu,  supposed  to  bo  identieal  with  the  A.  atra(i»  of  authors,  fall  le^-itiniit  ,ely  in 
tbo  other  genns"  [i.  e.,  in  Arvicola  proper  instead  of  in  lli/piidceus].  Bnt  all  our  skins  marked  "arralit" 
have  tbe  proniincut  ears,  &c.,of  "  Ilijpudaui ",  and  their  skutU  have  tbo  peculiar  palatal  structure  of  "ZA/pii- 
da:m",  and  their  molar  teeth  are  rooted,  with  crowns  exactly  as  in  other  "  Hiipudnl".  They  certainly  are 
Hypuda'm  (ErolomyH),  and  must  be  ranged  clcse  alongside  E.  rutilm,  E.  nibidas,  E.  glareola,  and  E.  gapperi. 
On  tbe  other  hand,  those  skins  marked  "  agrestis  "  have  tbe  bidden  ears  and  short  tail  and  other  exter- 
nal characters,  and  the  ordinary  bifof..-,ite  palatal  strnctnr  ,  of  Arrieola  prupcr,  to  say  nothing  of  their 
rootless  molars,  with  crowns  fashioned  nearly  as  in  ripariun.  So  far,  tlien,  are  our  specimens  from  being 
specifically  identical,  that  they  are  not  oven  congeneric.  Wo  do  not  know  bow  it  may  lie  with  tbe 
"arralin  of  authors",  not  having  looked  up  the  bibliography  of  tbo  spociesj  but,  certainly,  the  "arvalis" 
before  us  is  uot  as  Professor  Itaird  6up|H)sed. 

On  n  subsequent  page  (.MO),  ...iwever,  Professor  Baird  correctly  says  that  "A.  agreetit  from  Sweden, 
in  tbo  character  of  its  sknll  and  teeth,  Vielongs  strictly  to  tbe  group  having  A.  ripariiu  for  the  type  ".  So 
tbo  mistake  scorns  to  be  simply  in  confusing  "arrafi*"  with  agreaiin. 


■■!•' 

f 


156 


MONOGUAl'US  OF  >'0UT11  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


as  many  dividing  linos  as  can  1)0  drawn  between  individual  species  and  liiUe 
f,M-(»ii|)s  of  conspecies.  On  (his  consideration,  we  iiavc  no  scruple  in  drawing 
up  (lie  cliaractcrs  of  M/jonoi/ics  so  stringently  that  all  the  European  and  Asiatic 
forms  sliail  be  excluded  if  possible. 

Though  we  adopt  the  term  "Mi/onofr.cs"  i'ur  what  Professor  IJaird  called 
I lemiolomys,  we  do  not  sup|)ose  that  Kafinesquc  had  any  idea  what  he  was 
about  wiien  he  invented  it.  But  there  stands  the  name  "Mynomes  praten- 
sis  ",  l)ased  upon  Wilson's  IMeadow  Mouse,  afterward  Arvicola  i)ennsylvanica 
ol'  Ord,  which  is  also  Arvicola  riparius  of  Ord.  We  do  not  see  how  the 
name  can  l)e  rejected,  seeing  that  his  type — a  now  well-known  species — Fs 
mentioned;  and,  after  all,  it  is  perhaps  just  as  well  that  he  did  not  try  to 
explain  what  he  meant. 


i1 


ARVICOLA  (MYONOMES)  RlPAIilUS,  Ord. 
Common  American  Uuadow  Mouse. 

CampiKjnol  or  Meadow  Home  o/  Penmi/h-ama,  Wardks,  "Doscr.  U.  8.  v,  (is!.')." 

Mcailow  Home,  Wilson,  Am.  Orii.  vi,  pi.  50,  f.  li. 

M ijHoims iiratemis,  UAi'iNK.sguK,  Am.  Monthly  Miij;.  ii,  1817,  45. 

Anicola  pcmwjhaniea,"  Ol<i>,  Giitliriu'H  Qeo);.  'id  Am.  eil.  ii,  1815,  2U2  (based  on  Wilson,  /.  c), — IIaklan, 

I'll.  Aincr.  1825,  144  (in  part.    Quotes  Ord,  (.  c,  and  describes  piwetonim).— Wagnkii,  Snppl. 

Sehreb.  viii,  588.— Scni.vz,  Syuopsis,  ii,  1845,  i!47.— AuD.  &  lUcii.,  Q.  N.  A.  i,  1849,  341,  pi. 

xlv.  f.  — .— LeConte,  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  vi,  1«>;1,  4()7. 
^riioilo  paluatria,  IIaui.an,  Fn.  Amer.  1825,  136;  Med.  &  Pbjs.  Eeseorcbcs,  1835,  47. 
Arcimla  riparius,  OnD,  Jonrn.  Atad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  iv,  pt.  ii,  182."),  305  (Pbiladelpbia),  (not  of  liicbard- 

sou  t).— UkKay,  N.  Y.  ZooI.  i,  1842,  84,  pi.  xxii,  f.  2  (y<  ungf ).— AuD.  &  liACil.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii, 

1854,  .302  (not  figiiitd.    In  text  under  "uiontana").— LkContk,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila. 

vi,  1853,  40().— liAUiD,  M.  N.  A.  IS.W,  522  (Eastern  United  States).— Godman,  Aiuer.  Nut.  Hist. 

3d  ed.  18()0,  i,  301.— .,>i.len,  Mumm.  Mass.,  Bull.  MuB.  Couip.  Zuol.  No.  8,  231.— And  of  late 

iintbors  generally. 
Arvicola  (ilyonomen)  riparius.  Cow  ■   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Plilla.  1874,  189. — CouES  &  Yarhow,  ZooI. 

Expl.  W.  lOOth  Mcrid.  1870,  — . 
Jrvicoh  riparius  longipitis,  Kknnicoit,  Agric.  Rep.  U.  S.  Patent  Ofllco  for  1850-1856,  304  (spocimoua  ill 

beavy  winter  peliigo  from  West  Northfield,  III.).— Baikd,  M.  N.  A.  1857, 1)24  (in  text;  same 

us  Kennicott's). 
Ihipvihrus  riparius,  Maximilian,  Arcli.  Naturg.  xviii,  1802;  Verz.  N.-A.  Siing.  1862,  174. 
Arrieola  xanlliognaiha,  IIaiilan,  Kn.  Anier.  182.'),  136. — Godman,  Anier.  Not.  Hist,  ii,  1826,  65;  and  3<1  cd. 

1800,  i,  2'.)i)  (»»( .)/  l.mch  and  RicAarrfson).— Say,  Long's  Exped.  K.  Sits,  i,  1823,  3()',l.— UeKay, 

N.  V.  Zool.  i,  1842,  90.— LiNSLEV,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xliii,  1842,  3,50.— f  f  Sauinu,  App.  Frank- 
lin's Jonrn.  1825,61)0.1 

"This  should  stand,  in  strietness,  oa  thu  specific  name,  with  which  Ord  antedates  Kaflnesqiin. 
Since,  however,  the  nan;j  is  simply  bused,  without  sufllcient  description,  upon  a  scarcely  recognizable 
figure  incidentally  introduced  in  an  ornithoh)gical  work,  I  have  preferred  to  a<Iopt  tbu  same  author's 
liroperly-cbaracterizcd  term  yiparius,  though  subsequent  in  point  of  date.  Though  I  am  anurc  that  this 
course  is,  technically,  indufensilile,  such  slight  latitude  of  choice  stands  to  common  sense,  and  infiingos 
upon  no  author's  rights,  as  Orel's  earlier  term  cuts  Rafinesi|Uo  out  of  bis. 

t  Doubtful.  I  havo  rot  been  able  to  look  up  this  ret'eiencc;  but  liiehardson  says(l''.  II. -A.  i,  122), 
"Tlio  description  ipioted  by  Sabine  "  *  under  title  of  .1.  xatithoyualliu  (hies  not  l)eloug  to  this  animal, 
but  to  a  much  smaller  species,  which  I  have  referred  to  the  J.  pennsi/lcanica  of  Old." 


MUniD.Tl-AUVlCOLIN.K— AUVI(X)riA  uii'Aim;s. 


157 


Jrrico/fl  n/ftoni/(wcn«,  Kmmons,  Ucp.  Qmul.  Mn8H.  ISIO,  (iO  (MnssncliiiBcltH;  |initiiil  iilbimi)— 1'kKav,  N. 

Y.  Zool.  i,  lH4"i,  H',1  (HiiniP  as  KmiiiniiK's). 
Arrimla  Urmlm,  Emmons,  Rc|i.  Quad.  Miis.-t.  IHId,  (>0.— DkKav,  N.  Y.  I'li.  i,  1H48,  HIi  (snme  nn  Eiiinioiin'H). 
Jrna)Iaiia«H(<i,  IIaciiman,, luiiin. Acad.  Nut.  irici.l'liilii.viii.pt.ii,  1H4'.>. ■^,K;(Miu<8Hi'liuiiL<ttN). — Ari>.  &  IIacii., 

Q.  N.  A.  iii,  185;i,  211,  pi.  clxiv,  f.  2  (Mn88.icliH«etts,  N<nv  York,  niiil  Miclii({nn).— LkContk, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  vi,  1H53,  4U7  (iiiiotcs  "  Wii'gDinim'H  AreLiv,  I84:<,  !>2,  and  Scbiuz, 

251 "). 
Arvkota  Oiieida,  DkKav,  N.  Y.  Zool.  i,  1842,  88,  pi.  xxiv,  f.  1  (youiiR ;  Now  York).— LkContk,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nut.  Sci.  Pljila.  viii,  1853,  400  (same  08  DcKuj'n). 
/JiTirafo  rufmceng,  DkKay,  N.  Y.  Zool.  i,  1842,  85,  pi.  xxii,  f.  1  (Nortliern  New  York). 
Anicota  ocdden(o/i»,  Pkai.e,  Mainni.  U.  8.  Expl.  Exped.  1848,  45  (Piiget's  Sound).— LkCdste,  Proc.  Acud. 

Not.  Sci.  Pbilo.  vi,  185:1,  408  (miiub  as  PcoIoV).— Ai,l>.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1854,  2U4  (auine 

08  Pcale's).— Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1W)7,  5:14  (Peale's  type  described), 
Anicola  cali/ornica,  Pk.vle,  Momm.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.  1848,  40  (Coliforniu).— LkContk,  Proc.  Acail.  Nut. 

Sci.  Pbila.  vi,  185:1,  408  (same  as  Pcalc's).— Aid.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  18.54,  i!93  (someoa 

Peale's).- BAlim,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  532  (Peale's  type). 
Artlcola  montana,  Pkale,  Mainm.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.  1848,  44  (Mount  Sbasta,  Cal.).— Aim.  &  Bach.,  Q. 

N.  A.  iii,  1854,  :i02  (same  as  Peale's).- Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857, 528  (California  and  t  Nebraska).  - 

NEWUEKitv,  P.  U.  K.  Kep.  vi,  1857,  Zool.  61. 
Arricola  edax,  LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Not.  Sci.  Pbila.  vi,  1653,  405  (California).- Aui>.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A. 

1854,  iii,  270,  pi.  154,  f.  2  (taken  from  LeConte's  type,  and  description  compiled  from 

LeConte).— Baihd,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  .531  (description  from  LeConte's  tyiMs). 
Arricola  borealia,  LeConte,  Proc.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  vi,  18.53,  407,  excl.  syiion.  (not  of  Ricbardson,  &e. 

Tlie  species  is  based  upon  specimens  from  Rbodo  Island  now  in  Mus.  Smitbs.). 
Artsicola  trotciridgti,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  .529,  in  text  (name  suggested  from  some  supposed  dental  pecul- 
iarities of  No.  -fiW,  Mus.  Smiths.,  from  Monterey,  Cal.). 
inicola  longiroalris,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  .5:10  (based  on  supposed  cranial  peculiarities  of  No.  HH,  Mns. 

Smitbs.,  from  California).— Newberry,  P.  U.  K.  Rep.  vi,  18,57,  Zool.  01. 
Anicola  modetta,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  .535  (based  on  No.  VV'it,  from  Kocky  Mountains;  very  young). 
Arvicola  riifidorsum,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  18.57,  520  (Holmes'  Hole,  Mnss. ;  a  very  red  specimen). 
Arvicola  brcweri,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  525  (bleached  breed  from  Miiskeget  Island,  Mass.). 

Skull. — The  cranium  of  Arvicola  riparius  bus  not  a  single  specifically 
diagnostic  feature ;  all  its  characters  are  subgeneric,  shared  by  xanthognalkuit, 
and  by  the  various  geographical  strains  more  or  less  deviating  in  external  liiar- 
acters  from  ordinary  riparius  of  the  United  Slates.  It  averages,  of  course, 
smaller  than  that  of  xanthognalhus  or  even  of  var.  totcnsendi ;  but  the  mini- 
mum of  l)oth  of  these  is  within  the  average  of  riparius.  Our  table  of  meas- 
urements indicates  both  size  and  shape  so  perfectly  that  those  points  need  not 
detain  us  here.  The  skull  is  not  satisfactorily  distingui.jhable,  dentition  aside, 
from  that  of  Pedomys;  for  the  difference  in  the  length  of  the  nasal  branches 
of  the  intermaxillaries,  given  by  Baird,  does  not  always  hold.  From  Fitymys, 
it  may  generally  be  known  (dentition  aside)  by  being  larger  and  not  quite  so 
wide  for  its  len;jth  (as  0.59  to  1.00,  instead  of  0.62  to  1.00,  as  in  Pitymys). 
It  averages  much  larger  than  that  of  Cliilotus  oregoni. 
.  The  dentition,  likewise,  offers  nothing  specifically  diagnostic;  all  the 
speci'  and  varieties  of  the  subgenus  having  the  same  pattern  of  tlie  molar 
crowns.     The  present  opportunity,  however,  is  taken  to  fully  describe  tiie 


■11 


IW 


1 .1  !. 


1 58 


M()X()(ll!APn8  OP  NORTIT  AMERICAN  IIODENTIA. 


J  it 


Icclli.  'PIk-  iwculiarify  of  (lie  l)iU'U  iiitpcr  molar  i.s  not  sliarcd  by  any  other 
Nortli  Aincrican  section  ol"  Arvicola,  tliotigli  re-occurring  in  Evofomi/x. 

'I'Ik!  buck  lo\v(;r  nioiar  consists  of  three  prisms,  the  crowns  of  vvliich 
form  tiirec  nearly  transverse  spherical  triangles,  with  their  greatest  convexity 
posterior;  the  inclosed  dentine  islets  reach  across  the  tooth  (/.  c,  there  is  no 
median  lino  of  enamel  dividing  off  lateral  triangles  on  cither  side,  as  is  the 
case  with  all  the  other  teeth;  though  sometimes,  when  the  middle  islet  is 
very  sliarjj-aiigled  and  a  little  oblique,  it  gives  rise  to  a  partial  enamel-line, 
al)utting  against  the  wall  of  the  back  islet).  As  elsewhere  throughout  the 
genus  Arvicola,  the  tooth  is  abruptly  narrower  than  the  antecedent  one. 

The  middle  lower  molar  has  n  posterior  transverse  crescentic  ellipse,  or 
spherical  triangle,  with  its  greatest  convexity  backward,  its  dentine  islet 
reaching  across  the  tooth.  The  rest  of  the  tooth  is  of  four  alternating  lateral 
closed  triangles:  the  first  internal,  the  second  external,  the  third  internal,  the 
fourth  or  front  one  antero-cxternal.  Thus  there  arc  in  all  three  saliencies  on 
each  side  and  two  reiintrances  on  each  side  {three  internal  reentrances,  if 
a  nick  between  the  antero-external  and  next  internal  triangle  be  counted). 
'J'he  median  zigzag  of  enamel  effects  perfect  closure  of  all  these  triangles, 
starting  from  the  front  of  the  back  loop  forward  and  inward  to  form  the  base 
of  the  next  lateral  triangle,  then  shooting  forward  and  outward,  then  forward 
and  inward,  then  forward  and  outward.  This  tooth  is  much  shorter  and  a 
little  narrower  than  the  next  one. 

The  front  lower  molar  is  the  longest  of  all  the  teeth;  its  crown  is 
exactly  that  of  the  middle  lower  mo\f\v  plus  one  more  internal  lateral  triangle 
and  the  large  anterior  trefoil.  Thus  there  are  in  all  three  external  saliencies 
(two  of  them  being  closed  lateral  triangles)  and  four  internal  saliencies  (three 
of  them  being  closed  triangles),  without  counting  the  lobes  of  the  anterior 
trefoil,  which  give  another  saliency  on  each  side;  and  likewise  there  are  three 
external  reentrances  and  four  internal  reentrances,  without  counting  the  nicks 
of  the  anterior  trefoil,  which  give  another  reentrance  on  each  side.  The 
posterior  loop  and  the  several  lateral  triangles  of  this  tooth  are  pretty  con- 
stant, but  the  anterior  trefoil  varies  interminably  in  precise  size  and  shape. 
It  would  be  useless  to  attempt  to  give  its  endless  minor  modifications.  But 
we  should  note  that  cither  lube  of  this  trefoil  may  closely  simulate  an  addi- 
tional lateral  trFangle;  that  this  is  particularly  the  case  with  the  outer  lobes, 
and,  when  it  is  acconipanicd  l)y  a  forward  extension  of  the  median  line  of 


MUltlD.E— AUVICOLIN.E— AUVICOLA  UIl'AKIUS. 


ini) 


enanic'l,  the  l()l)o  is  cist  olF  IVoiii  the  rest,  ot"  (ho  licloil,  and  traiisfoniicd  iiilo 
an  actual  closed  cxtnrnal  triangle,  of  wliicli,  tlieretore,  the  tooth  may  show 
indiiFerenlly  two  or  three.  A  step  further  in  nioditication  is  this: — tla;  trefoil, 
after  heing  partitioned  otF  as  just  explained,  may  (hnelop  an  external  lobe  on 
its  niidleaf,  and  so  remain  in  efTect  a  trefoil,  giving  in  uW  Jive  external  salieii- 
cics,  viz:  one  from  the  posterior  loop  of  the  tooth;  two  from  the  two  closed 
triangles  proper;  one  from  tiie  addilioiiul  closed  triangle;  and  one  from  the 
supi)lementary  lobe  of  the  trefoil.*  We  have  not  noticed  the  same  thing 
with  the  inner  leaHct  of  the  trefoil,  but  presume  it  nuiy  occur. 

The  upper  molars  reverse  the  pattern  of  the  lower;  their  transverse  loop 
is  in  front  instead  of  behind,  and  the  lateral  triangles  alternate  from  before 
backv/ard  instead  of  from  behind  forward;  and  the  last  upper  molar  ends 
l)ehind,  just  as  the  iirst  lower  molar  begins  in  front,  with  a  formation  not 
seen  on  any  other  teeth.  The  first  upper  molar,  like  the  last  under  molar, 
is  very  constant  throughout  the  whole  genus;  the  last  upper  and  first  under 
are  our  diagnostic  teeth  for  the  several  subgenera,  tiiough  the  middle  ones, 
both  upper  and  under,  furnish  collateral  characters. 

The  front  upper  molar  has  in  front  a  transverse  loop,  sicceeded  by  two 
internal  and  two  external  alternating  lateral  closed  triangles;  the  first  of  these 
being  internal,  the  last  postero-external.  The  saliencies  and  reentranccs  on 
both  sides  are  sharp;  the  saliencies,  both  external  and  intenial,  are  three  in 
number,  counting  a  corner  of  the  anterior  loop  in  each  enumeration. 

The  middle  upper  molar  likewise  consists  of  an  anterior  loop  succeeded 
by  alternating  lateral  closed  triangles,  but  here  the  first  is  an  exterior  instead 
of  an  interior  one.  The  anterior  ellipse  usually  sits  a  little  oblique,  its  con- 
vexity looking  inward  as  well  as  forward.  Regularly  there  are  only  two 
])erfectly-closed  lateral  triangles  on  this  tooth  ;  first  an  exterior,  then  an  inte- 
rior, for  the  last  one  is  as  much  posterior  as  interior,  and  not  often  regularly 
triangular.  It  may  be  called  an  exterior  triangle,  api)cndaged  with  a 
posterior  lobe  or  spur  representing  an  imperfect  additional  internal  triangle. 

*  This  is  our  view  of  tue  formation  of  a  variable  nnmbcr  of  lateral  closed  triangles  in  tUiH  tooth ; 
it  is  simply  a  higher  (le{,'ree  of  complexity  in  the  ibids  of  tbu  uutoiior  trefoil.  In  Peilomya  and  Pili/myi, 
the  reverse,  of  (oiii  complexity,  is  h<'oii.  Hero  the  median  zigzag  of  enamel  does  not  run  so  far  forward  ; 
the  anterior  triangles  are  not  fairly  closed  np,  and  their  openness  throws  their  dentine  islets  into  one 
dlaniond-Kbaped  urea  that  is  nsiiully  also  continuous  with  the  interior  of  tho  trefoil  itself.  This  is 
nearly  as  goo<l  a  character  for  distinguishing  Pedomyg  or  i'i(i/m;/«  from  ony  style  of  .1.  riparius  a*  that 
afforded  by  the  back  upper  mn'ar  itself;  thougl.  it  is  sometimes  obscure,  wo  have  never  seen  the  anterior 
lateral  triangles  fairly  o|>en  in  riparius,  nor  completely  closed  in  the  other  two  subgenera.  Chilotue, 
however,  is  iike  ripariiM  in  this  respect. 


■•      li 


I 


I' 


100 


MONOdUAIMIH  OK  NOIJTII  AMERICAN  kODENTIA. 


(  i 


)  , 


When  lliis  pxterior  triangle  is  most  perfcet — most  like  tlio  antecedent  one — 
tiien  also  it  l)ears  the  most  perlect  8iii>|)lementary  interniil  s|)nr;  l)iit  oftener 
tiie  two  logellier  have  an  iiuletenninate  contour  and  a  common  dentine  islet.* 
The  lust  upper  inolar  is  the  diagnostic  tooth  of  this  section  of  the  genus. 
Certain  European  species  show  it  exactly  as  in  our  forms;  but  in  North 
America,  as  tiir  as  is  known,  no  Arvicola  but  xanthognathus  and  the  varieties 
of  riimrius  show  tiu;  peculiarity.  Tliis  tootii  consists  essentially  of  an  ante- 
rior transverse  elliptical  loop,  one  interior  lateral  closed  triangle,  two  exterior 
lateral  closed  triangles,  and  a  long  oblique  posterior  crescent.  The  ellipse 
is  succeede<l  first  by  the  first  exterior  triangle,  then  by  the  single  interior 
triangle,  then  by  the  other  exterior  triangle;  the  long  anterior  horn  of  the 
crescent  Ijcnds  inward  to  form  a  second  interior  saliency ;  the  long  outward 
convexity  of  the  crescent  bears  the  second  exterior  triangle  upon  its  back,  as 
it  were  ;  the  posterior  horn  of  the  crescent  curls  inwardly  to  form  a  loop  that 
finishes  the  tooth  behind.  With  endless  minor  modifications,  as  matters  of 
individual  variability,  this  crescent  is  ahcays  recognizable  and  rarely  obscure. 
Generally,  it  is  seen  at  first  glance,  as  something  different  from  the  U-,  V-,  or 
Y-shaped  trefoils  that  end  this  tooth  in  our  other  subgenera.  Really,  of 
course,  it  i«  not  a  continuous  enamel-wall  thus  stretching  crescentic  across 
the  tooth ;  simply,  the  second  (counting  from  backward)  internal  rcentrance 
is  so  deep  that  it  pushes  before  it  a  fold  of  enamel  till  this  touches  and  gen- 
erally fuses  with  the  external  wall  of  enamel  just  behind  the  second  external 
triangle.  It  i.s,  in  fact,  this  fusion  that  produces  the  last-named  triangle  itself. 
(In  the  other  subgenera,  the  corresponding  prism  of  the  tooth  is  simply  the 
exterior  leaflet  of  the  posterior  trefoil,  opening  directly  into  the  midleaf, 
through  lack  of  the  fusion  that  takes  place  in  riparius.)  Now  let  this  second 
internal  ret-ntrunce  be  not  quite  deep  enough  to  effect  this  closure,  and  we 
have  the  first  modification  of  the  crescent  to  be  remembered,  a  slight  break 
in  its  convexity,  just  at  the  posterior  angle  of  the  second  external  triangle. 
When,  as  occasionally  happens,  this  break  is  considerable,  the  integrity  of 
the  crescent  is  destroyed,  and  we  have  a  trefoil-like  loop  simulating  that  of 
the  other  subgenera.  But,  even  in  these  most  obscure  cases,  we  have  always 
found  something  in  the  configuration,  perhaps  not  susceptible  of  definition, 

*  This  little  xubaidiary  triangle  is  never,  to  our  knowledge,  developed  at  all  iu  our  other  soutions 
of  the  genus,  and  tiierefore,  when  evident,  is  a  good  choracter ;  hut  it  is  very  liable  to  he  overlooked — 
in  Tact,  it  was  only  after  repeated  exiit.iinations  that  we  verified  the  nice  distinction  Balrd  drew  (p.  514) 
in  the  mailer  of  this  tuoth. 


MURID^— ARVICOLIN/K— AUVICOLA  IMPAUIUH. 


IC.l 


but  which,  especially  in  connection  with  the  clmrnctors  of  Ihc  other  tccMi, 
l)roved  decisive.  The  second  notieenhii?  niodilication  of  the  crescent  nileets 
tlie  posterior  part  of  its  conviixity,  wiiich  may  develop  a  little  lobe  or  spur 
simulating  a  thin!  external  triangle;  then,  as  a  necessary  result,  the  curve  is 
sinuate  instead  of  regularly  convex,  having  a  little  concavity  in  one  part. 
The  third  principal  modification  is  in  respect  of  the  posterior  horn  of  the 
crescent.  This  is  generally  a  simple  lobe  finishing  the  tooth  behind;  but  it 
may,  as  one  of  endless  slight  changes,  produce  a  sort  of  curved  spur  or  hook. 
When  this  fold  is  pretty  long,  narrow,  and  curved,  it  looks  like  a  little  addi- 
tional crescent  lying  in  the  belly  of  the  main  one.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to 
add  that  none  of  these  modifications  have  the  slightest  siguificauee  beyond 
indices  of  individual  variability;  and  we  should  not  have  entered  into  the 
tedious  minutiae  except  to  bring  this  fact  prominently  forward,  and  to  char- 
acterize the  pattern  of  this  important  tooth  in  all  its  phases. 

We  shall  open  the  discussion  of  A.  riparius  witii  the  examination  of 
nineteen  typical  specimens  from  the  locality  of  the  original  riparius  Ord. 
These  were  all  collected  at  the  same  time  and  place,  at  a  season  of  tiic  year 
when  they  are  necessarily  full-grown,  and  were  all  prepared  by  the  same 
person,  in  the  same  style  of  skin.  Whatever  differences,  therefore,  may  be 
found  are  to  be  attributed  to  purely  individual  variation,  of  which  we  thus 
obtain  a  perfectly  reliable  equation,  free  from  any  disturbing  functions,  such 
as  age,  season,  climate,  locality,  &c.  Whatever  variation  in  size  and  propor- 
tion may  be  found  becomes  a  still  purer  index,  if  possible,  from  the  fact  that 
not  one  of  these  specimens  is  distinguishable  from  any  one  of  the  other 
eighteen  in  color;  for,  as  far  as  color  is  concerned,  they  all  might  have 
belonged  to  the  same  litter.  In  respect  of  the  measurements,  wo  should 
premise  that,  as  great  care  was  taken  in  preparing  the  skins,  probably  no  one 
of  them  differs  in  total  length  0  25  from  the  original  dimension  in  life,  and 
that,  if  anything,  the  lengths  as  given  are  a  trifle  under  life-size,  from  shrink- 
age in  drying;  and,  secondly,  that  the  loss  in  drying  of  the  feet  and  tail  may 
be  estimated  at  about  5  per  cent. 

11  M  . 


I- III 


i1 


\- 


■#* 


ir 


l! 


1i 


1(52 


MONfKlUAlMia  OF  NORTH  AMEUICAN   IJODENTIA. 


Taiilk  XXXIX.— .l/m«MPfin«ii(»  «/ 

iiinelmi  'itrcimrnn  of  A.  RIP.\IIIi;H/rom 

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4141 
4^43 
4:140 
4147 

Loialily. 

Date. 

(•oUiptcdlij- 
J.Krider    

IMi'pnri'd  b\— 

i 
1 

1 

5 
5 

1 

s 
B 

1 

riilliiiMpliln.Pft 

Xov.  -,  IMO 
...do 

E  Coiiea 

4.  V> 

4.01) 

4.;io 

4.J3 
4.40 
4.30 
4.U0 
4,110 
4.  ,-,0 
4,;10 
4.4U 
4.  a.-. 
4.M 
4.00 
4.40 

4  a-) 

4.19 
4.40 
4.  .10 

l.."iO 
1.  .-.5 
1.  J.-. 
I.4II 
1.55 
1.1)0 

i.:io 

1.  4.-. 

i.:io 
1.  M 

I.CO 

1.43 
1.35 

I.SJ 

1..'* 
1.  g.-i 
1.™ 

1.30 
1.25 

0  ;io 

O.lt 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do .. 

...do 

,l„            

..  do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

—  . 
0.  :i5  !  0.  HO  1 

do 

ilo 

...do 

...do 

...do 

o.::o 
(I.  :w 

0.  35 
0.30 

11.  :iii 
0,35 
o.:i4 
0.35 
0.3U 
11.  30 
0.30 
11.  35 
0.31 
11.30 
0.34 
0.37 

11.  *0 
0,  lO 
0.73 
0,FO 
0,  tO 
0  C-) 

(I.I    

...do 

lo 

...ilo     

.    do    . 

do 

...do 

ill) 

ilo 

ilo 

...d,. 

..do    

do 

...  ,|o     

do 

•:- 

...do 

.  do 

0,  fu  ; 

0. 75  ' 

...do 

do 

..  do 

n.;A  j 

..  do 

do 

...do 

(1.77  1 

llll 

111.  

ill,    

...do 

...do 

. .  do 

...do 

,,„ 

do 

0, 10  ' 

do 

...do 

11. 70  ' 

...  .111. 

111. 

do 

..  do 

...do 

— do 

do     . 

...do 

0.78 
11. 75 

o.eo 

do 

...do 

do 

do 

4.113 

1.4j 

0.35 

0.77 

It  appears  from  this  tabic  that  the  average  length  is  4.3.1,  and,  hi  the 
best  of  our  judgment,  no  allowance  for  shrinkage  in  the  dimension  is  to  be 
made.  The  extremes  are  from  4.00  to  4.75,  a  variation  of  three-fourtiis  of 
an  inch,  or  about  17  per  cent,  of  the  mean.  The  average  of  the  tail,  without 
its  hairs,  being  1.4i,  we  may  simihirly  set  its  true  average  length  at  an  inch 
and  a  half;  its  variation  amounts  to  0..'17,  about  the  same  percentage.  The 
fore  foot,  averaging  0.35  in  its  present  state,  ranges  from  0.30  to  0.38,  that 
is,  a  variatiim  of  over  20  per  cent.;  but  from  the  sniallncss  of  the  measure- 
ment, the  difficulty  of  placing  the  calipers  upon  exactly  the  same  spot  in  the 
several  specimens,  and  an  actual  difTercnce  in  the  ])osition  of  the  ball  of  the 
thumb  when  this  is  dried,  the  true  percentage  of  variation  would  probably 
fall  below  0.20,  and  thus  be  nearly  the  same  as  in  the  cases  of  tiie  head  and 
body  and  tail.  The  average  dimension  of  the  fore  foot  in  life  may  be  set  at 
three-twelfths  of  an  inch,  or  three  lines.  The  hind  foot,  from  the  tuberosity 
of  the  heel  to  the  end  of  the  longest  claw,  can  be  measured  with  great  exact- 
ness; it  averages  0.77,  and  so  may  be  fixed  at  0.80,  or  four-fifths  of  an  inch, 
in  life;  it  varies  0.12,  or  very  nearly  17  per  cent.,  as  before.  With  these 
calculations  for  absolute  dimensions  and  variation,  we  may  further  consider 


MIIUIIM';— AHVICOr.lN.K-AltVICOI-A  UirAlMlS. 


llt.'i 


the  sume  relntivdy: — Tlin  avora^t;  liciul  and  Inxly  is  to  tlir  average  tail 
::  4.35  :  1.50  ::  1  :  O.iU ;  that  !.•»,  the  tail  is  almost  cNactly  one-third  as  Inni; 
as  the  head  and  body.  Tlio  average  fore  foot  is  to  the  average  hind  liiot 
::  37  :  80;  that  is,  it  is  a  little  less  than  one-half  as  long.  It  slionld  1><! 
observed,  likewise,  that  the  variation  in  the  ])roi)ortional  lengths  of  parts  is 
consideral)le,  i.  e.,  tiie  longe.st  Irnnk  has  not  always  the  longest  tail  and  leet, 
nor  is  n  long  hind  foot  always  accompanied  l>y  an  equally  lengthened  lore! 
foot.  These  caicniations,  moreover,  it  should  bo  remembered,  really  exhiitit 
a  minimum  of  purely  individual  variation;  for  the  nineteen  specimens  occurred 
under  the  most  similar  conditions  possible. 

We  shall  next  introduce  a  table  of  sixteen  specimens,  all  from  the  same 
locality,  hut  taken  at  different  seasons,  in  dill'erent  stages  of  growth,  and 
])reparcd  by  different  persons,  for  which  reasons  the  series  may  be  held  to 
fairly  express  an  average  of  j)uveh/  itidiridital  raiiahiHiy.  In  color,  they  an; 
all  so  much  alike,  that  no  tangible  dillerence  can  be  noted,  some  being  merely 
a  shade  browner  or  grayer  than  others.  On  an  average,  they  are  a  triile 
browner  or  brighter  than  the  Philcdtlphia  series. 

f 

TaBLKXL.— 3/pfl«w»'rt)if»/»o/*fx/(f»  fjHcmcnav/A.  ujVAV.ivn  (olleclfdhy  J.  W.  J',  'h  iikti,  at  MiddUhoro\  .)faHH. 


1 

H 

Date. 

rii-pnifil  liy— 

^6 
1 

t 
1 

1 

n 

Tall  to- 

B 
I 

1 

1 

i 

1.08 

lti>mnrkR. 

in\ 

d 

Mur.  1 1,  leas 

S.G.  Drown  ... 

1.43 

4.85 

1.80 

11.37 

0.  73 

Tlio  flrat  iiiiio  HppclinecA  oiiuniprnltMl 

i'^^„ 

d 

Sept.  — ,  1»5J 

..  do 

1.15 

4.43 

1.83 

2.  CO 

o.no 

0.70 

wiTo  skliint'd  fi-itiii  ulcoliol  liy  Air. 

■Pff:! 

¥ 

Sept.  — ,  \rXi 

...ilo 

i.:w 

4.37 

1.56 

1.73 

O.M 

0.80 

Ilroffli,  nnd  ttii-  llrMt  four  CfihillitiH 

v'.,% 

» 

S*pt.  -,  IPM 

.-    <lo 

1..14 

4.43 

1.83 

2.  CO 

o.:n 

0.70 

of  nir&Hurc-QiPDta  of  IIil'mu  iiIiii'  Are 

•,".?.;v 

Pppt.  — ,  18:.5 

....ilo 

i,:o 

4.40 

1.83 

2.0O 

0.30 

0.  73 

Ilia,  ra  tnk(M)  frnlji  tlip  t1ci.li.    Kniiiu 

tVA 

<f 

Si'p-.  -,  1835 

....do  

1.33 

4.44 

1.  4.1 

\.M 

0.33 

0.74 

of  IiIh  tluurra  for  \\w  talUaa  tiiven 

V-rA 

J 

Si'pl.— ,  ISJi 

...do 

1.25 

4.13 

i.to 

3  03 

0.  .Tfl 

0,-7 

oti  llio  Iti1)clH  aio  (ihviotialy  illior. 

■m, 

<S 

Sept.— ,  It'M 

— do 

1.34 

4.43 

1.83 

3  00 

0.38 

0. 75 

iprt.  and  prolialily  all  arr  In  cxccaa, 

VAi 

d 

Spiliig,   1630 

...  do 

1.23 

4.10 

1.3C 

1.83 

0.30 

0.(0 

bia  poiDt  bi'iog  takpn  too  far  inf.iilc 

7.11 

•Iillio   8, 1833 

J.  W.r.Jcnks.. 

4.  .13 

1.40 

i.to 

0.33 

0.70 

tliii  akin.    All  the  otiior  nicaaiiro. 

1101 
048 

Die.  30, 1835 
(kt.   28.18.15 

...do 

4.00 
4.30 

1.37 

1.50 

0.30 
0.37 

0.74 
0.75 

...do 

lOS 

July    9,1855 

...do 

4.S5 

1.55 

1.70 

0.30 

0.75 

1433 

Apr.  17, 1830 

...do 

5.25 

1.83 

3.13 

0.38 

n  80 

1008 

Nov.    5,1855 

....do 

5.73 

l.CO 

t.80 

0.30 

0.75 

No.  10P8  la  overstaffed,  odd  Nm.  1433 

1000 

Nor.  11. 1853 

....do 

.1.C0 

1.80 

3.08 

a  40 

0.80 

and  lOCIi  eccm  to  bo  aomewhut  ao. 

From  this  table  it  appears  that  the  head,  from  point  of  the  nose  to 
the  occiput,  averages  just  one  and  a  third  inches  in  length,  which  is  slightly 
less  than  one-third  of  the  head  and  body  together,  and  a  little  less  than  the 
overage  length  of  tail;  its  variation  is  0.16,  or  a  little  over  ten  per  cent,  of 


I    11 


<^. 

•'^*>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


I 


^^"^^^ 


4^ 


^Ag 
^ 


1.0 


1.1 


la 

HI 


lit 


140 


IL25  III  1.4 


2.5 
2.2 

2.0 


1.6 


HiolDgraphic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


4^ 


^. 


'^^-^S^^*'  ^ 

%%^ 


11  WBT  MAIN  STRH r 

WlftSTn,N.Y.  MSM 

(71*)t71-4S03 


. 


1G4 


MONOOltAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


tlie  mean.  The  nvcrnge  length  of  the  nine  specimens,  as  mensurcd  fresh,  is 
4.30,  and  of  tlie  seven  dried  ones  is  4.75;  the  result  4.52,  ns  the  true  Icngtit 
of  the  aninial,  is  siigiitly  in  excess  of  thai  deduced  from  the  Philadclphiu 
series,  and  precisely  what  we  should  expect  from  the  increase  in  latitude. 
But  lu'tore  considering  the  limits  of  variability  in  total  length  of  this  series, 
we  must  allow  f()r  the  j)robal)le  changes  produced  in  stuffing.  Thus  No. 
1578,  which  was  4.10  htng  when  fresh,  measures  in  its  present  state  only 
3.75,  without  obvious  "bunching  up"  of  the  skin;  while  No.  105)8,  with 
apparently  moderate  overstuffing,  reaches  5.75,  and  it  doubtless  was  at  least 
5.00  in  life.  Making  due  allowance  for  these  contingencies,  it  will  be  quite 
safe  to  assnnic  one  inch  in  length  of  head  and  body  as  the  fair  average  varia- 
bility of  nuiture  individuals  living  in  the  same  locality.  It  is  beyond  doui)t 
tiiat  this  capacity  for  variation  will  be  found  exemplitlcd  in  every  considerable 
series  of  adult  specimens  from  any  locality. 

The  tails  of  the  above  series  average  1.C6  in  length  ;  but  this  dimension, 
as  we  have  remarked,  is  certainly  in  appreciable  t'xeess.  We  should  not 
place  the  true  average  above  l.fiO  at  most,  and  this  would  correspond  pre- 
cisely with  the  slight  increase  in  average  size  of  the  Massachusetts  over  the 
Philadelphia  series;  the  tail  being,  as  before,  one-third  as  long  as  the  head 
and  l»o(ly.  We  have,  however,  a  higher  rate  of  variation  in  the  length  of  the 
tail,  viz,  from  1.37  to  1.80  at  least,  which  is  almost  half  an  inch.  Although 
this  may  .wem  excessive,  and  be  thought  in)t  quite  reliable,  owing  to  what  \>ie 
said  of  the  measurements  as  taken,  yet  we  arc  sure  it  is  nothing  unusual, 
and,  in  fact,  we  d(!monstratc  further  on,  from  consideration  of  more  material, 
n  greater  variability  of  the  tail  than  this.  The  pencil  of  hairs  at  the  tip  is  n 
viTy  inconstant  feature,  depending  upon  the  general  condition  of  the  animal 
as  to  pelage,  and  |)crhaps  upon  season.  It  averages  about  a  fourth  of  an 
inch,  and  ordinarily  ranges  between  O.IO  and  0.30.  The  measurements  of 
the  feet,  in  tlie  above  table,  arc  essentially  the  same  as  those  of  the  Phila- 
dolpiiia  series,  and  need  not  detain  us,  though  we  may  gather  the  fact  that 
increase- in  total  stature  is  noi  always  accompanied  by  corresponding  increase 
in  these  members,  since  No.  101)8,  the  largest  of  the  specimens,  has  feet  of 
only  average  dimensions. 

As  corroborative  of  the  two  foregoing  tables,  and  ns  introducing  new 
data  ill  dimensions,  we  shall  next  present  n  table  of  sixteen  specimens  from 
sligiitly-separated  localities  (but  of  strictly  the  same  geographical  range), 
and  separated  from  the  localities  already  noticed  by  a  considerable  interval. 


M  I- 


MDIllDiB— AltVICOLlN^— ABVICOLA  UIPAUIUS.  165 

Tadlr  XLI. — McanremeMli  of  liitten  tptelwuni  of  A.  niPAniUH  from  XorlhiraUrn  Slattn. 


I 

A^ 

an 

741 
74J 
743 
1404 

v!,'A 

mi 

gas 

W3 
M7 

m 

i 

Ualo. 

Looaltty. 

CoIIocIimI  by— 

i 
1 

TalllooDd 
If- 

■6 
1 

1 

0.3li 
u.;)7 

0  3.1 
0.30 
0.3« 

a4o 

0.38 
0.37 
0.3V 
0.30 

0.3:) 

0.34 
0.38 
A  33 
0.38 
0.37 

1 

^! 

0.71 
II.  Nj 
Ui3 
a  78 
0.81 

0.  n 

0.84 
0.P0 
0.75 
0.81 
0.H 
ft  70 

aM) 

ft  78 
0.1:0 
ftEO 

i 

> 

1 

Went  XorthaUd,  III  

ILKenuleott 

1  to 
1.60 
I.UU 
1.40 
I.K) 

3.  so    l.ni 
?.51     1.4(1 
4.(W  1  I.7U 
3  73  i  1-  TU 

dii 

do 

SprlBB,  1833 
Jan.  -.  I8U 
Hprinx,  1833 

do 

do 

do 

do    

do 

do    

4.83 
4.33 
3.83 
4.90 
4.80 
4.40 
3.73 
4.93 
4.43 
4  00 
4.  SO 

aso 

1.43 

1.  .VI 
1.4'. 
1.711 
I.SO 
1.23 
1.53 
1.33 
1.40 
1..^0 

1.4U 

do 

do     

9 
9 

Stint  Lonla,  Mo 

1.70 
1.33 
I.f3 
ITU 
1.43 
l.tO 
1.40 
l.fS 
1.75 

do 

do 

do 

do  .-. 

dn 

IUelno,Wli 

do 

Dr.lMLUsy 

do    

9 

July  10,  l»S3 


do 

Dolroit,  Mich 

Kelrolt  Rlrar,  Mich 

do.f 

n.Ftoi 

Ang.  -,  I8S3 

Prof.  8.  y.  nainl 

4.04 

ft  70 

These  menHurcments  arc  nearly  all  from  dried  skins,  which  nevertheless 
are  so  well  prepared  that  there  is  no  appreciable  source  of  error.  The  aver- 
age— barely  over  4.00 — is  less  than  that  of  the  Philadelphia  series  by  about 
three-tenths  of  an  inch,  while  the  tails  average  ratiicr  more.  While  the 
pro|H)rtioii  in  the  eastern  series  is  as  1.00  to  0,34,  here  it  is  as  1.00  to  0.37. 
We  also  learn  from  this  table  of  an  interesting  variability  of  proportionate 
length  of  tail  to  luidy.  Thus  No.  iVar,  which  is  3.r)0  long,  and  No.  iVnr,  4.60 
long,  both  have  the  same  length  of  tail,  1,60;  in  the  former  the  proportion  is 
1.00  to  0.46,  and  in  the  latter  l.CO  to  0.36;  that  is  to  say,  the  tail  may 
vary  in  specimens  from  substantially  the  same  locality,  from  but  little  over 
one-third  to  nearly  one-half  the  length  of  the  trunk.  The  hinti  feet  remain 
substantially  the  same  as  in  the  two  preceding  scries  (being  slightly  larger 
than  the  Philadelphia  one  and  slightly  smaller  than  the  Massachusetts  one), 
which,  v/ith  the  decrease  in  total  stature,  gives  relatively  a  little  larger  foot 
of  these  specimens.  In  animals,  then,  from  the  Upper  Mississipiti  Valley, 
we  see  a  slight  decrease  in  average  stature,  associated  with  a  little  longer 
(relatively)  tail  and  hind  feet.  We  desire  it  to  be  observed,  for  purposes  of 
certain  comparisons  instituted  beyond,  that  we  have  not  yet  seen  any  hind 
foot  touch  0.90  in  length,  none  exceeding,  and  but  few  reaching,  0.85. 


'1' 


( 


I"' 

111;/ 


%' 


n 


a 


'■if'.. 


I 


s 
i 


i" 


1(5(5 


MONOGUAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTJA. 


[The  peculiarities  of  pelage  of  a  part  of  these  Illinois  and  WiMCoimiii 
specimens,  constituting  the  variety  longipilis,  are  discussed  elsewhere.] 

Before  taking  up  the  intricate  questions  that  western  specimens  present, 
and  to  complete  our  review  of  eastern  examples,  we  continue  with  a  fourth 
table,  comprising  all  the  rest  of  the  dry  specimens  that  liave  fallen  under  our 
observation  from  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

Taiii.e  XLII.— Lfjt  oftiMxlmmt  (addilional  to  IhoM  of  Tablet  XXXIX,  XI,,  a»d  XLI) «/ AIIVICOLA  IIIPAIIIL'S 
txamined  dri/Jrom  the  VniUd  Slain  eatt  of  the  Miulmippi,  iri/A  mcaturrtm  xti  of  Many. 


a 

M 

Data. 

L<ic3lily. 

Collcolodliy- 

a 
}1 

Taill 
.f 

If 

o  end 

1 

1 

3 

UelunrLH, 

X. 

S 

1.30 

\.M 

0.30 

ft  75 

HAlirni  N  8 

Dr.J.aOilpln. 

...  do 

4.00 

AW 

do 

3.75 
a  73 

1.30 
l..->0 

1.43 
1.70 

0.33 

a3« 

ft  70 
ft  73 

Dciul  1  liJ. 

Lubrndor 

l>r.  J.  Wyninu  . . 

I038S 
T760 

,18311 

,  1<«4 

WhI'e    Mo-.inUiut, 

.N.  H. 
B.  llflhil,  VI 

I.M 

ILOO 

033 

ft  75 

Albino  ( :-  "  «(ta  ^fn- 

C.  .S.  I'uille 

f-N, 

mi 

9 

IliirUiigtnn,  Vt  .... 
ilii  

/..  1  liomim  u  . . 
...do 

J 

4.  CO 

1.-0 

1.00 

0.30 

ft  77 

Uc..d  iS.X 

■f 

iln    

..do   

cC 

do 

...do 

1(17 

i.ao 

1.00 

0,35 

ft  73 

...«•>. 

',.m 

? 

Aug.  ai,  1663 

Wood!  nolo,  Mm 

H.F.Bolrd 

4.  no 

I.IO 

3.10 

a  43 

ft  66 

im 

J 

Aug.  81,  ism 

ilo 

...do 

4.90 

I.CO 

1.60 

ft  78 

hm 

d 

Si'pt   il,IM3 

do 

...do 

4.33 

l.SO 

1.70 

0.39 

ft  61 

• 

iw 

Jlllj  lt>,  lfl«l 

....  do 

...do 

3.  SO 

1.40 

1.00 

ftTO 

im 

9 

July  ■a.  leei 

do    

...do 

3.0) 

i.m 

1.33 

ft  10 

im 

.Sept.  1:1,  IW3 

ScpL  11,  letu 

....do   

1.60 

1.05 
4.10 

0.40 
0.41 

ft  6-3 
ft63 

do    

...do 

Sc'pt   »,  I8C3 

do 

...do 

4.33 

1.33 

1.63 

0.40 

ft80 

im 

9 

July  -,  IHX 

Miirilieg(.t  I.,  Mllu 

Dr.  T.M.  Brewer 

4.30 

1.63 

I.IM 

0.63 

NoM  to  eye  ftSV,  to  ur 
l.Oii :  bead  1.35. 

S5?] 

rt 

July  — ,  l«M 

Ao    

....do 

4.87 

1.64 

«.<4 

0.45 

ftOO 

NoM  to  eye  0.S0,  to  Mr 
1.16  i  head  1.40. 

!«l 

rf 

July  — ,  leise 

do 

....do    

Very  yoaiig ;  thli  and 
Moa.  M30-1  lypoa  of 

•'brnurt'. 

ff 

IIIugliniu,UM>.... 
do 

do 

4.90 

1  03 

L83 

0.33 

ft  63 

Head  1.60(1) 

Head  1.33. 

Type  of  *-  rM/Uormm". 

do 

4  64 

]    7Q 

1  00 

0.33 

ft  75 

Uolmm'  Hole,  Maw 

Dr.  J.  Wymm. 

4.W 

1.35 

1.85 

ft83 

im 

? 

Sept  U,  1963 

do    

8.F.B«lrd 

4.73 

1.60 

1.60 

a  40 

fteo 

Like  "  ntfUormm". 

017 

Oct   H,  IMS 

UlddlolM>n>a||b,Uii» 

J.  W.  r.  JenkB 

Voang. 

Bead  1  95. 

)T.\pe  of  "Jorealta", 
LeCoBto,  1653 1  nto 
>  .RlehardKii. 

ff 

IVor.L.A|i*Mli 

aPowell 

....do   

4.90 

1  40 

1  55 

0.34 

ft63 

Not.  — ,  18M 
N.  r.  — ,  IBM 

Newport,  11. 1  

do 

J.  SO 
133 

1.39 
1.60 

1.90 

0.31 
0.40 

ft  79 
ft  81 

rm 

«ov.  _,  18U 

do 

...do 

1.40 

1.60 

ass 

ft85 

Type  of  "Mnto". 

tM 

Now  York  City 

do    

0  N  LawroBoe 

Very  yonag. 

8ST 

t7J 

ILOO 

110 

ft  80 

Bimei  Cooniy,  N.  Y 

do 

R  E  Halrt 

AV* 

(f 

ft'pt— .l«i.-| 

...ilo 

4.00 

1.00 

1.83 

ft  70 

Dead  1.33. 

rT 

Mibol.,N.Y 

It  llnWfl  1 

^onng. 

Head  1.40.                    > 

9 

...do   

4.10     I.CO 

i.m 

0.7« 

w 


MUKIDiE— ABVIGOLIN^— AltVICOLA  RIPARIUS. 


167 


Table XLII.—XMii^qirdaimf  (addUional  IoHom of  Tablu XXXIX,  XL,and  XLI)cfAnvicntJi  ntPARius 
namimtdjnm  the  Vnittd  Slata  tail  of  Ike  illuitnlppi,  wilk  «eaa«irm«nf«  of  maiijf— Cuiitinuml. 


!i4) 

Ml 

KS7 
lU 

tier 

tl« 

414S 
41S0 

■ffh 

*tu 

SIM 

SIM 
fNS 

no 


iM3 

ma 


fllT 
I3N 


Dal*. 


Anff.— .IdM 
8«pl — ,  laM 


Fob.  M,  ISM 


Sept.  II,  1896 


Nov.  — ,  1836 


Not.  — ,  ins 
Not.  — ,  1)133 


Hot.  — ,  1839 


--,I8M 


Lwtlitjr. 


NI«hal>,N.  T 

BtMlry'i  Point,  M.J 
C«rll*le,P* 


....do.. 
....do.. 
....do.. 
....do.. 


do 

Wllllanaiiort,  Pa . 


do 

Fozbarnh,  Pa. . 


ColaailiU,Pa 

do 

Philadelphia,  Pa.. 
PenuaylTaiila 


(^Ilecled  by— 


Rllowfll.. 
aF.BalrU. 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

..do 


do. 


..  do 

..  do 

L  UolUnn . 
...do 


MIcblKaa 

CleTeUod,  Ohio  ... 

Racine,  Wla 

LIvlnitatoo  Co.,  Mo 
Saint  Louie,  Mo  .. . 
Clarke  Coonly,  Va. 
IIIlUboraach,N.C. 

do 

Pmlrle  Her  Xoage, 


laataraUaltedSUIee 
do 


.do. 


Unknown 

..do 

Mi(lw  I<eCont«. 

...do 

...do 

..do   

..  do 

J.  K.  Townappd 

...do 

J.  LtCaoto 

Or.J.p.Klnlaud 
Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy 

..  do 

Dr.Q,  EnnelnMnn 

Metolcy 

U.  A.  Cortle 


j2 


4.r» 

S.0O 
4.90 

!« 
4.90 
3.19 


J.Valrie. 


W.Cooper  ... 
Dr.  T.  IL  Brewer 


lliOor  LeConto. 


Armttt. 


3.00 

1-S 
3.M 
3.90 
.\90 
9.19 

i.n 

3.13 
4.«3 
3.00 

4.ro 

S.IO 
4.«3 

4.M 
4.90 
9.00 


4. 

4.(0 
4.13 
3.90 

4.00 
9,.'i] 
3.00 


3.80 
4.90 
4.13 

S.00 


Tall  to  cD(l 
or- 


i.eo 

I.M 
1.43 


LW 
LIS 


1.40 
1.40 


1.(10 
1. 00 
1.83 
LC3 
I.  CO 


1.40 
1.90 
1.30 

l.K 

1.93 


i 

a 

a.  no 
too 

I.  CO 


i.oo 

1.99 


I.M 
1.90 

LOO 


1.30 
L90 
LOO 
L30 

LIO 
LS3 


4.H 


143 

i.:o 

MS 


Lit 
LSO 
LIS 
LOO 
LS9 
1.90 

LSO 
LIO 
8.00 


1.60 
1.10 
1.90 

L35 

I.M) 


L43 
LIO 

Leo 

1.40 

LIO 
LIS 


a 

0.39 
0  43 


0.40 
0  40 
0  31 


0.34 
0.30 
O40 
0,31 
0  30 
0  43 


L«3 
1.10 
l.ti 
1.80 
LIO 
LOS 


0.30 
0.33 


033 
0.33 
030 
0.33 

031 
O40 


033 
OlS 
038 
039 
038 
033 


0.80 
OUO 
0.13 

out 


018 
0.78 


0  81 
0.83 
OW 
O10 
0.18 

o.r: 

089 
O80 

o.ta 

OOil 
088 

n.TO 
0.80 
013 


OBO 
0.18 
U.10 
0.71 

0  89 
O80 


llemarke. 


018 
a  16 
a89 

an 

OBS 

a84 


0  80 

on 
on 


Head  l.flOt  young. 


SockUnf, 


TonnR. 

Very  large  and  grlx- 
■ly  ■pfclmeni. 


IaMwI  "ncruto". 

..do. 

Type  of  ripariut. 


Labeled  "xaothogna. 

tha". 
...do. 

Ltbelcd  "nanOa". 

Savkllns. 

..do. 

...do 

Head  1.30. 


Labeled  "  n/ttau  ". 
Very  uray,  like  "brew. 

erl"i  labeled  "na. 

Mifa". 
Vonogi  labeled  "enti- 

da". 


^Oiwa. 


\  y\ 


t 


k 


1G8 


jAIONOOHAPUS  op  NOKTU  AMERICAN  KODBNTIA. 


til 


■)!■'■ 

iii'  ■ 


il^'-.' 


m 

Li  a! 


•il 
''if "' 


Tlu!  large  nmutiiit  of  inntcrial  in  this  tabic  gives  tiie  fuUdwing  results: — 

Tlio  average;  Iciigtli  of  the  trunk  (head  and  body)  is  4.4?,  or  slightly  loss 
than  fonr  and  a  half  inches.  The  minimum,  of  apparently  adult  animals,  is 
3.50,  the  mnxinium  is  b-lfi,  and  so  two  inches  and  a  quarter  is  the  gross 
anionnt  of  variation  deduced  from  the  figures  ns  they  stand.  To  maku 
allowance,  however,  for  probable  error,  both  from  inaccuracy  of  measure- 
ment and  from  imperfect  preparation  uf  the  dried  skins,  from  which  most  of 
the  measurements  are  taken,  and  thus  to  keep  largely  within  reasunai>lc 
bounds,  we  will  add  0.25  to  the  minimum  and  sid>tract  0.25  from  the  maxi- 
mum. With  this  very  liberal  allowance,  it  will  be  seen  that  we  have  proven 
a  net  variation  of  one  and  three-quarters  inches  to  occur  in  the  sixty-three 
specimen^!  measured. 

The  tail  averages  1.59  in  this  series,  with  1.10  and  2.00  as  extremes. 
Making  a  fai';  allowance  for  error,  as  before,  its  true  variation  may  safely  be 
held  at  three-quarters  of  an  inch.  Its  average  length  relative  to  the  tnnik 
is  as  4.43  to  1.59  ::  1  :  0.36  nearly,  or  a  little  over  one-third  the  length  of_ 
the  trunk. 

The  average  hiiul  foot  is  here  0.80,  with  0.72  and  0.92  as  extremes. 
Proiiably  little  or  no  allowance  is  here  to  be  made  for  error,  as  the  feet  arc 
never  skinned,  shrink  but  little  in^drying,  and  can  be  measured  to  a  nicety. 
'I'he  hind  foot,  then,  varies  two  tenths  of  an  inch  in  length. 

Wc  tabulate  a  resume  of  the  four  preceding  series,  as  far  as  the  three 
principal  measurements,  of  head  and  body,  tail  vertcbrBf,  and  hind  foot,  arc 
concerned. 


Buries. 

t 

•si 

^    a 

J  - 

3 

a 

L«D|;lli    of    livod 
ntid  botly. 

Tiill  (verteliiir). 

Hind  foot. 

Average. 
Masiniam. 

S 

B 
J 

'a 

1 

1.44 
I.Kt 
1.41) 
1.50 

B 

a 

a 
1 

§ 

a 

'5 

a 

1 

1 

a 
1 

M 

B 

B 

a 

a 
S 

Pliilu<lvlpliia  m>rk>8 

19 
IG 
10 

4.35 
4.D3 
4.04 
4.43 

4.7.'> 

r..75 

4.  GO 
5.75 

4.00 
4.00 
3.50 
3.  r,o 

t.co 

l.UO 
1.70 
2.00 

1.95 
1.37 
1.3S 
1.10 

0.77 
0.70 
0.79 
O.SO 

0.82 
0.B6 
0.86 
0.92 

0.70 
0.70 
0.75 
0.72 

Illinois,  At'.,  Hvries 

Gciienil  scries. .............. 

114 

4.:u 

5.75 

3.50 

1.59 

'2.00 

l.IO 

0.78 

O.OS 

0.70 

Combining  the  results  of  the  114  specimens,  wc  have  on  average  length 
of  trunk  of  exactly  four  and  one-third  inches;  a  length  of  tail  of  1.69,  or  alinust 


MUKID^— AKVICOLIN^— ABVICOLA  RIPAKIIJS. 


169 


exactly  one  and  three-jijths  inches ;  and  a  foot  of  0.78,  or  nearly  four-fiflhs  of 
an  inch.  The  innjority  of  the  specimens  run  from  4.25  to  4.50  in  Iciiglli;  n 
large  proportion  run  between  4.00  and  5.00.  Only  eight  specimens  (al)out  7 
jMjr  cent,  of  the  whole)  exceed  5  00,  and  only  twelve  (about  10  per  cent.)  of 
the  adult  ones  fall  below  4.00.  The  proportionally  longest  tail  is  as  0.41  to 
1.00,  or  a  trifle  over  two-fifths  of  the  trunk;  the  shortest  tail  is  as  0.27  to  1.00, 
or  a  little  over  one-fourth  of  the  trunk;  the  average  tail  is  to  the  average  trunk 
as  0.37  to  1 .00,  or  about  three-eighths.  Only  a  single  foot  of  the  1 14  (ixcccds 
0.90,  and  only  three  touch  this  figure;  not  one  fulls  below  0.70. 

The  limits  of  what  may  be  called  normal  individual  variability  are  easily 
set  from  the  foregoing  figures,  and  the  bounds  of  (Hissible  variation  as  readily 
|)erceived  for  both  al)8olute  size  and  relative  proportion  of  parts.  It  must 
be  observed  that  we  have  not  yet  presumed  to  inquire  whether  more  than 
one  species  be  represented  in  the  series;  but  what  we  claim  to  have  shown 
is  that  no  more  than  one  species  can  be  predicated  upon  these  specimens 
from  size  and  relative  proportion  of  parts,  since  the  ab&olute  dimensions  gnidc 
imperceptibly  between  the  extremes,  ond  the  relative  measurements  are 
inextricably  interlaced. 

As  a  supplement  to  the  foregoing,  we  subjoin  another  table  of  more 
detailed  measurements  of  numerous  alcoholic  specimens,  all  from  the  Eastern 
United  States.  This  table  extends  and  checks  the  above  results  to  the  last 
details  of  structure,  and  requires  no  further  comment. 

Tablr  XLSII.— Jtfiramimimto  effortji-fitt  (and  IM  nf  Many  othtr)  alBokoUe  ipteimau  q/  A.  miparicb  flrom 

Ikt  Saltern  U»UedSMt$. 


■y-:'U 


1 

1 

u 

i 

Looaity. 

CollMtor. 

Fmmtipofuow 
to— 

Till  to 
eod  of- 

Loaglh 
of- 

i 

1 

0.30 

Nature  of  Apoolroen. 

1 

A 

I.IO 

L90 

i 

4.  so 

I 

1.60 

I.M 

1 
1 

1 

1 

H 

a  81 

T4« 
MM 
MM 

vn 

1531) 

«n 

Ml* 

•m 

lom 

1MI 

im 

1BN 

BaUfla,NoT»8e<itla.. 
....  lis 

J.aOilpIn 

..  do 

Alootnllo. 
do 

.  ...do 

....do    

do 

HMMlTUksr* 

Labmlor   

J.F.Thlck«««o   .. 
J.  Wynuin  

».n 

I.OH 

L30 

lao 

i.eo 

i.W 

0.44 

«Lim 

o.4:> 

..  dn, 

AI«oIhiII& 
do 

UkeSapwtor 

d« 

UwrpDanutm. 
...do 

... 

... 

.... 

da 

...do 

... 

... 

.... 

0i4S 

ivn 

... 

....d«. 
...do. 
....do. 
...do. 
...  dfc 
....do. 

do 

...  do 

■"1 

do 

...  to 

... 

Miiuraoto 

aF.Oilall 

RKmnkoU 

...do 

...do 

do 

<  i 

t 


170 


MUNOURAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Taiilk  XLIII.— ]f«iMiirem«ii(«  of  fortg-fin  (and  IM  of  many  oi\er)  alcoholle  tptelmtMt  of  A.  uipadiv*  firom 

Iht  Eiuten  Vnileil  Slatn—ConUnnrt\. 


s 

4908 

1630 

16iU 
10.116 

to 
losid 

ri 

9899) 

10319] 

to 

iosmI 

9»l 

1399 
10383] 

to 
10303  j 

4913 
10304 

1616 

1«« 
10303 

•888 
lOSWI 

isn 

9849 
SfSO 
9831 
9869 
9M3 
1631 
9834 
1911 
10991 
10308 
9868 
10S09 
10600 
10601 
10609 
1603 
10003] 
to 

loeiiJ 

4893 

10619] 

to 
10691 
1614 
10623] 

to 
10699) 

Loullly. 

Collfwtor. 

Froatlpornoeo 
to— 

Tall  to 
end  or- 

Length 
of- 

i 

1 

Nature  of  apadnea. 

A 

i 

1 

I 

I 

^ 

i 
1 

i 
I 

i;*n*iliiWut 

HinneautA 

D.  W.DavIa   

O.KaaiTtaon  ... 
P.RBoy 

....do 

A'oobulle. 

...do. 

...da 

do. 

Raolne,  WU 

...    do 

do 

....do 

....do. 

? 

Saint  Loiili,  Ho 

Wvtberatlitlil,  Conn  . . . 
do 

O.Kngalmiun.... 

C.Wright 

....do 

0.43 

0S9 

0.90 

1.00 

•• 

1.90 
1.00 

I.9S 

1.40 
1.90 

4.93 

.. 
3.00 

1.90 

1.80 
1.60 

1.10  0.40 

9.10  0.4.1 
I.W0.44 

a  19  0.43 
O.8«0.SS 

a*.... 

....do. 

....do. 
3  Tery  young. 

Toiuc. 

...da 

...da 
...da 

TeMa:  4reot.,  4abd. 

Aleohello. 
....da 

do 

....do  

? 

MkiDD 

W.Stimpaoo 

....do 

.  do     . 

EsuxCannt.T,N.Y... 

Walorrllle,  N.  Y 

.    do 

O.A.Soott 

U.DaTia 

...do 

nuisborough,  N.  C  .. 
do 

M.  A.  Cnrtla  .... 

4.110 

1,13 

90(1 

0.43 

OlBO 

...do  

Waihlngtoo,  D.C 

Tiogft,  N.  Y 

— 1 

B.Row«II 

0.30 
0.9ll 
Ol48 
0.48 

I.IO 
1.09 
9.01 
9.91 

1.90 

1.30 
1.96 
1.90 

4.30 
HO 

1.10 
1.53 
I.BO 
1.40 

1.90 
I.IP 
1.10 

lis 

0,4f 
a43 
0.41 
0.40 

0.89 
0.80 
0.81 
0.19 

....do. 

...da 
....da 

do 

do 

...do 

....do 

W.8.Wood 

....do. 

PhlWIelphik,  Pa 

.  do 

...da 

...do 

....da 



CUrka  County,  V*.... 
do     . 

C.  a  B.  Kanmriy 
...do 

....da 

0.30 

9.98 

1.90 

4.13 

1.40 

1.60 

0.43 

0184 

0.49 

....da 
....do.  < 

SpatUjWaota  Co.,  V» 
do 

A-W.Haaaay... 
....do   

....da 

do 

....do 

....do. 

Oneida  Coniit.T,N.Y. 
do 

H.DaTia 

da 

,...4o 

da 

do 

do 

do. 

do 

....do 

da 

do     

...do 

da 

... 

Nlohola,ir.Y 

B.  Howell 

....da 

di 

....do 

....da 

Wa^JrTlll^N.Y 

..  ..do 

U.DaTia 

AloehoUeill  young. 
AlooboUe. 
AleokoUe|4yonn(. 
AlookoUe. 

....do 

Oo»ldaCoonty,ir.Y.. 
do 

....do 

....do 

MUKIDJS— AKVICOLIN^— AttVlOOLA  RIPAKIDS. 


171 


Tahi.k  XLIII.-.l/Mnii-eiM*f«  of  forlg-fin  (amd  litl  qf  mang  other)  mlcohoUe  tpaimmi  of  A.  fclPAiilUri  from 

the  Eatttrm  Vnited  •SI<j(m— Coutiiiiiwl. 


MM 


ISM 


iMinj: 


Laatity. 


OormiiDtowii,  Pa.. 
do 


Ucnilpj  Point,  N.  J  . . 

do 

BurlliiinoD,  T( 

do 


do.. 

Hlughom, 
do.. 


Mutksgcl  laUod  . 

do 

do 

CulMit,  Pa 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do   

do 

do ... 

do 


Moant  Joy,  Ps. . 

do 

do   

do 

do   

do   


do. 
do 
.do. 


do 

do 

....  do .-... 

Pbtladdphla,  |P» 

do 

Bradfmd  Conoly,  Pa.. 
AUoftaaiiy  Goonty,  Fa, 


CollMtnr. 


ItSorgaaot 

...l!o 


HF.Baird... 

...do 

Z.TbaiopMn.. 
...do 


OL 


...do 

T.ii.^nw9T. 
...do 


...do 

...do 

K  F.  Baird . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


.do. 


.do. 
do. 


a  V.  Italrd . 

J.  SladAtr . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


..do. 
..do. 


B.aWalk«r.. 


Frontipornoae 


HI 


0. 

0.9(1 

0. 

an 
0i4e 

Ol 
Oi 

II 

0. 

». 


Lie 

LIS 


5.73 

i.e. 

4.  so 


LMLa7 

LM 

0.M 

aM 

LOO 


0.S7 

a.u 

0. 

0. 

0.90 

0.90 

a  4.1 0.9311. 1»|.l 

o.uo.oo'i.o« 

0.47 
0.41 
0. 


.m. 
.ooi.» 

.MLM 


L30 

L30  3. 

L301 


0. 

OlSO 

0.90 

0.9U 

0.90l.0alLIS|4,«l|L33 

D;  46  0.93 


0.9tjl 
LOO  I 
L00L9H4.< 


L49 
LI9L 


LWS. 
Il.4i40.7e|l.  19  3. 
931.981 
LNL30  4.00|LM|L 


LSI 

0.93|Lia4. 
0.93L3e4. 


LUM. 
L93)L 
1 

X 


9lC0 

too 

110 
L40 


Ml. 


Tall  lo 
«nd  of— 


■It 

9.30 

113.-. 

Ls; 


WLO 
7.  L4 
» 
40  L 


iff; 
i.ei 

1.34 
LU 
LM 
L83 
Lft 


3.73  1.93 


001  90 
IILOD 
00  Las  L 
00  L  48  I. 

ootai 

80L« 
ML  10 
79  LM 


9.  40  0. 80 
[l.48laMI 

1.4: 


1.49  0.88 
J14I0.B0 
1.  40  0. 81 

).30i0.eo 


Lon;:tb 

or— 


0.81 
1X83 


0.49  0180 
40  9.83 


L 
L 

l.45fe37|0.M 


.301180 
.38  0.8: 


D.  40  0.84 
9. 40  0.83 


.8111 
.819. 


0.79 


9.4l|a86  9.44 
33  9.40183 
U  9. 41  9. 

9.40111 

1.40 
9010. 49  0.80 
83  0.410.  SI 

140  01 
71I9L40 

S>).4O0l7O|0i43 
«8  0.43  0.80 
9S  1.40  0.70 
80  0.410,84 

XM0.73 
90  01401,79  0.93 


0,74 


0,43 

9.43 

40 


Nntiiro  of  s,MMiiiiioll 

Aluobollo, 
..do. 


.  do, 
.  do. 
..da 
.  •)« 


.do, 
.  d& 


^T)rpc«ar"Brrwurl.' 

AtoohoUc. 
...da 
..da 
..  (la 


..  da 
...da 
...da 


AlcoboUo. 

...da 

..  da 

...da 

..da 

...da 

...da 

...da 

..da 

...da 

...da 


..da 
..da 


.da 


•TWawl 
KMIvradoM 


aaaMotl»nfniaiBurtiogt<ioliavoiuiiMiullyloa(tall,aaliitliolI<qi.  "niyodoa"  ftoin  Ihatnflon,    Bnltbl* 
mark  llwn  all  i  tbajr  varj-  half  aa  lack. 


•'V;. 


!:,  , 


f  iH' 


11 


..:■■ 


> 

u 

^  1 

,r 

l'\ 

% 

*: 

11 


172 


MONOOKAPOS  UF  NORTH  AMHKICAN  ROOENTIA. 


T.mi.K  XlAlL—Mfamrrmtnlio/forlii-JIn  (and  fitf  o/ many  oiker)  alcohollo  tptrlmnt  of  A.  t\iv.\mvii  from 

lite  Ka$lrm  Vmlltd  «ral««— Conliiiaeal. 


_ 

7.WI 

io(n'i| 

*" 
lonotij 

saw 

■UM 

107711 1 
10778 1 
lOTMl 

I 

Ucmlity. 

CollMtor. 

Knmtlporuooi^ 
lo— 

Tall  lo 
«nd  or- 

Lrnglh 
of- 

i 

1 

Nuluraoriipnlaioo. 

1 

i 

' 

t 

1 

... 

1 

*' 

1 
1 

n 

Batrm.Obla 

JailpiNewtaa.... 
...do   

AlcolwUei  TtryyouiiR. 

Alcoholic 

...da 

Huppoanl  .1  very  yunnit. 
Huppond  6  very  yiKlDK. 

Alcuholla 

..  da 
...  da 

...da 

..da 

..  da 
...da 

..  ila 

..da 

..  da 

..    do     

WiKtXiirthllrM.III  . 
....  do    

ILKonnlnotl 

..do   

....  do    

...do 

do    

....do 

■■ 

.... 

.. 

" 

do 

..  do 

do 

....do 

*t015 

Pi' ni  III  mi.  Ulna 

do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do 

do   

....do 

.... 

do 

....do 

BeH9 

Wood  •  Hole,  Uus... 
dn 

8.F.Biilrd 

...do 

loeifl 

do   

...do 

l(M13 

do     

...do 

*  Thi'M  -n  ap«clia»i  not  Idntlded  by  tootli,  wllh  fow  uocptloiu.    It  It  nKcwary  to  inilio  *  nots  of  Ihcte  for  foar 
thcrti  mfty  bv  Mine  /VdoMyf  owlcnu  aoioDf  iben. 

Taiilb  XL.IV.— Jfeafiirniiciita  (/  tkirty-Mnt  drf  iptcimm  of  Ike  hii'arics  lipe  from  rarioHi  tocalUia  in  tke 

VniM  SUila  tcft  of  Ike  Miulnippi. 


a 

p 

M 

Date. 

LodOlW. 

Collected  by- 

1 

i 

■s 

1 

Konurka. 

»3JS 
0336 
0337 
»3I7 
43H 
33«S 
«M 

mi 

3096 
84«8 

aosi 

■m 

iWr 

I09W 

»m 

3391 

Aug.— ,1871 
Aon.  — ,  1871 
June  10, 1871 

Tellowstoae  Lake 

do 

FurlNeof 

F.V.U«yd<in 

...do 

....do   

3.79 
3.75 
4.30 
4. 90 
4.90 
3.90 
3.60 
4.09 
3.89 
3.00 
3.90 
3.99 

aoo 
a  79 
9. 79 
4.90 
179 
3.30 

1.90 

1.60 
1.30 

a«7 
a  74 

0;7S 

aTO 
e.i» 

t.76 

Freab:  "9.00lnlangi  heul  1.13 '. 

ronnif. 

...da 

Imiuura 

Toung. 
...  Ui>. 

l.lke  "  ados  "  In  oelotr. 
...do. 
Yonnit 

MebiMka      

..  do   

do 

...do 

do 

....do 



<f 

July    1,1860 
Ang.  10,  I8S0 
Aug.  36, 18M 
AllR.  11,1897 
July  98, 18- 
Jnly  34, 1897 

do 

do 

do 

Cheyenne  Pau,  R.  Mia.. 

Cheyenne  River,  IMk  . . 

Medicine  Bow  MounUlna 

But  of  fort  Union 

O.H.Tn>oK 

W.8.Wi.j<l 

....<4t 

...  io   

1.30  1  a  Til 
1.40     0.78 
1.09     0.70 
1.00     a69 

0.77 

0.70     0.60 

a79   aoo 
aco  j  ao) 
U.W   a«9 

W.A.Hunmond. 

O.Suekley  

—  Krentafi'ldt... 
....do 

do 

Centrmt  Plftfiii 

C.  Wornlgk  

aOnix'er   

l.llS 
1.19 

0.74 
a68 

9 

Apr.  17, 1896 

Fori  UridRer,  Utah     .. 

\i  - 


si:: 


MURIDJS-ARVIOOLINAj:— ABVIGOLA  BIPARIUa. 


173 


Taulr  XMV.— Jl«uiimiieii(<  o/  lkMf-»iiu  iry  tptniwuKi  ^  Iht  rii-aiiiuh  tgpt  from  rariaiu  loatlUiM  Ik  Ik* 
Vnilfd  Slam  tw$t  of  M«  tflw<nljipi— ConliDued. 


1 

3390 
33W 
33M 
NI3 
MH 
4171 

3m 

3M» 
38M 

3WT 

■am 

rt« 

HU 

\m 

41«l 

37m 
leoM 

lOOM 

i 

DUa, 

LoMllly 

CoUeeted  by- 

1 

4.75 

x-a 

4.U 
91M 
3.73 
4.M 

s.ra 

4.  IS 
4.8:. 
4.SS 
4.00 
4.90 
4.90 

4.33 
3140 
4.40 
4.00 
IM 
4.00 

aso 

1- 

a.  10 

1.00 

1.30 
1.90 
1.33 
l.«3 
1.43 
l.«3 
ISO 
I.SS 
I.M 

i.eo 

1.40 
I.M 
I.S3 
1. 4.-I 
1.73 
L87 

t 

i 

0.1» 

a70 
a7s 

0  74 

o.aa 

070 
Oi77 
0.83 
OiJil 
O.KI 
0.»J 
0.73 
0.81 

u.eo 

0  83 
0.80 

ara 

0.00 
OKI 
0.80 
0i87 

RonMrko, 

V 

Ui>yaa,iH8 

JuM   •,IH3<) 
JUBO  4,I8W 

IVirt  Bridcrr,  Citb 

do 

do 

O.Dreiler 

...do   

D«rk«nlored. 
....do. 

...do. 
....do. 

...do. 

Tyi<e  of  "  lon^roffriff  ". 
Lobcleil  "monfaniM", 

Ulielod"«lwr'. 
Labeled  "Mtax". 
Ubol«i"«iai>'. 
Typoof  "«lo»".     |"«l««". 
I.abeled  "  ttli/mniau" ,  like 
Typoof '•M<(A>mlnu". 

..  do 

fWtVhlppIv,  Aril... 
do   

KINUmer 

...do 

9 

M«r.3l,liM0 

KortCraok  Col 

J.  Fellner 

.  ...do      

...do    

•• 

do 

do   

...do 

...do 

9 

d 

do 

FtortTfJon  Col 

..do 

J.XOIIIDO 

J.tl.Ne»lierfy  ... 
...do    

Upper  Pit  RiTor, Col  ... 
Lool  Rlrer,  Col 

A.RT»yk>r 

J.r.llonmoad   . 
...do     

8wi  Dieco,  Col 

do 

CollltaniUi  

J.  LeCoate  ...... 

C.  S.  Bi.  Eip  ... 
...do 

do 

do 

Pniiet  Sound 

..  do 

4.10 

1.93 

0.W 

As  will  he  seen,  this  series  embraces  the  type-specimens  uf  all  tiie 
nominal  species  we  are  to  discuss  except  "montana",  anil  of  this  there  is 
a  typical  exan:ple.  The  series  was  made  up  without  the  slightest  reference 
to  any  desired  or  expected  result,  and  simply  includes,  in  fact,  all  i  he  dry  speci- 
mens that  have  i^ome  under  our  observation.  The  seven  specimens  marked 
"young"  are  not  grown  enough  to  furnish  available  measurements ;  and  as 
(hey  would  vitiate  the  result  if  included,  they  are  omitted  in  computing  the 
average. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  more  than  allude  to  the  average  of  this  series 
OS  compared  with  the  eastern  ones.  The  total  length  falls  between  that  of 
the  Philadelphia  and  the  Illinois  series,  and  is  0.15  below  the  general  average. 
The  length  of  tail  is  within  a  just  appreciable  fraction  of  the  grand  eastern 
average,  taking  place  between  that  of  the  general  series  and.  the  Illinois 
series.  The  average  proportion  of  body  and  toil  is  ^4.18  :  1.53)  as  1.00  to 
0.34,  precisely  as  in  the  Philadelphia  and  Massachusetts  series.  The  average 
foot  is  precisely  as  in  the  Illinois  series,  and  within  0.01  uf  the  grand  eastern 
nvrroge;  only  two  feet  touch  0.90,  and  none  (of  the  adults)  fall  below  0.70. 


jl! 

m 

m 

m 

,  -.i'l 

ti 


174 


MONt)OBAPn8  OP  NORTH  AMRRIOAN  RODENTIA. 


jSii 


13ut  since  several  iiuniinal  sppcicH  ure  represented  in  tlie  list,  which  inigiit 
collectively  strike  a  ji^ennrnl  nvcriigc  without  being  severally  on  an  nverngn,  it 
becomes  n(?crHaary  to  discuss  the  scries  in  detail.  On  running  the  eye  over 
the  column  of  lengths  ol  Irunk  of  the  adults,  it  will  he  seen  that  they  are 
imperceptibly  graduated  from  3.50  to  4.75,  an«l  that  this  graduation  is  inde- 
pendent of  geographical  or  other  consideratiuns.  We  have  only,  then,  to 
discuss  the  relative  length  of  tail  and  feet  as  coni|Nired  with  the  body. 

Now,  the  specimens  from  Nebraska,  Utah,  and  the  upper  and  mountain- 
ous parts  of  California  do  not  differ  in  any  way  from  the  eastern  in  size  or 
8ha|)e  (as  will  be  seen  by  making  a  calculation  from  the  figures).  '1  hose 
from  \\\c.  lower  parts  of  California  and  the  Pacific  Coast  itself  (representing 
"edax",  "californicus",  and  "occidentalis")  average  a  little  less  (3.92;  that  is, 
O.IG  less)  than  the  average  of  the  whole;  while  the  tails  average  a  little 
more  (1.3  ';  that  is,  0.15  more),  giving  a  relative  length  of  body  an«l  tail  as 
3.J)2  :  1.G8  ::  1.00  :  0.43;  while  that  of  the  whol;;  e.istern  series  is  only 
1.00  :  0.37.  The  feet  are  correspondingly  enlarged,  averaging  0.84  instead 
of  0.79.  We  may  say,  therefore,  that  these  specimens  are  a  little  smaller 
than  usual,  with  tail  and  feet  both  absolutely  and  relatively  a  little  longer. 
But  we  must  remember  that  this  is  only  one  end  of  a  very  long  series  of 
145  specimens,  a  great  many  of  which  shade  up  to  this  extreme,  and  some 
of  which  overlap  it,  and  that  the  utmost  of  variation  in  these  39  specimens 
is  fairly  within  the  normal  limits  of  variability  we  demonstrated  for  the 
eastern  series.  We  now  propose  to  match  several  individual  specimens  out 
of  this  series,  as  nearly  as  may  prove  possible,  with  eastern  ones. 

No.  4318  (Nebraska)  is  4.50X1-60X0.78,  and  No.  3-)25  (North 
Carolina)  is  4.75  X '-^OX  0  79;  differing  less  than  two  specimens  from 
Nebraska.  No.  3551,  from  Utah,  is  4  75X2.10X0.78,  and  No.  857, 
from  New  York  City,  is  4.75X2.00X0.80;  difference  much  less  than 
that  between  the  several  Utah  specimens.  No.  3867  (Fort  Crook)  is 
4  25X1-40X83;  No.  4723,  from  Pennsylvania  is  4.00X1-40X0.82; 
the  type  of  "  longirostris"  (No.  1268)  is  4.50  X  1-«'>0X  0-73;  a  Philadelphia 
skin  is  4.25X1-40X0.70  (precisely  the  same  proportions).  A  typical 
specimen  of  "montana"  is  4.50  X  1-55  X  0.81;  a  Philadelphia  skin  is  4.60  X 
l..'iJX0.82.  The  type  of  "edax"  is  4.00X1-^X0.90;  No.  903,  from 
Nuntuckot.  is  4.20  X  1-40  X  0.85;  and  No.  901  (type  of  rufidorsum)  is  4.20  X 
1..55  X  0  82.     The  type  of  "  californicus  "  is  4.0d  X  1-75  X  0.80 ;  No.  1578, 


MURIDiK- AIlVlCOLINiE  -AKVICOLA  BIPARIUS. 


175 


from  Massachusetts,  is  4.00  X  1 -56X0.^0.  "  Occidentalis  "  alone  lins  pro- 
portionnlly  longer  tail  and  feet  than  any  other  of  the  whole  series,  but  it 
grades  through  "  californicus  "  to  the  rest  The  difference  in  the  length  of 
the  foot  between  "occidentalis"  and  'californicus"  is  only  0.07,  which  of 
course  furnishes  no  character  of  the  slightest  import,  as  we  have  seen  a  vari- 
ation of  more  than  twice  as  much  in  eastern  specimens — enough  to  more 
than  counterbalance  the  greater  relative  discrepancy,  which  is  owing  to 
"occidentalis"  being  a  smaller  individual.  According  to  Duird's  measure- 
ments, the  tail  of  "occidentalis"  is  2.00,  and  of  californkm  LfiO;  but  there 
appears  to  he  some  mistake  here,  and  at  any  rate  the  specimens  now  in  our 
hands  show  no  such  discrepancy,  one  being  about  1|,  the  other  1^.  They 
are  both  prepared  in  the  same  style,  and  apparently  by  the  same  person. 

The  above  will  be  sufllicient,  we  presume,  to  establish  what  wc  claim : 
that  in  points  of  size  and  shape  there  is  no  difference  whatever  between  the 
eastern  series  and  nearly  all  the  western  scries,  and  that  there  is  no  difference 
in  these  respects  of  specific  import,  or  even  enough  to  constitute  a  geogroph- 
ical  variety  in  any  of  the  Wo  spejimens;  and  that,  therefore,  if  more  than 
one  species  is  to  be  r!st4ibli8hed,  it  must  be  upon  something  else  than  size  or 
shape. 

To  this  we  should  add  a  word  concerning  Arvicola  "  modesti> ".  We  regret 
that  we  cannot  agree  with  the  proposer  of  this  species,  that  although  it  is  "  not 
quite  grown,  the  skull  shows  that  it  would  not  attain  to  much  greater  size". 
To  our  view,  this  skull  is  that  of  a  very  young  animal,  as  shown  by  its  size, 
smoothness,  fragility,  absence  of  muscular  impressions,  loose  sutures,  &c.  It 
corresponds  in  tliese  and  all  other  respects  with  several  specimens  of  very 
young  eastern  and  western  Arvicola  measuring  two  or  three  inches  long; 
while  the  external  dimensions  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  several  young 
ones  with  which  it  is  associated  in  the  last  series  given. 

We  supplement  the  foregoing  table  with  one  of  more  det'-i'^d  measure- 
ments from  alcoholic  specimens,  dismissing  it  with  the  rerna  ...at  it  amply 
confirms  what  has  been  alreaily  deduced. 


l.'i] 


I 


1  'i\ 

n 


a 


11-  .- 


iir 


176 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOIITIT    ^  MERICAN  RODE^TIA. 


Tablr  \LV.—Me<uuremeHU  nf  thirteen  alcoliohe.  $peclmeHM  of  A.  riparius  y)v)«i  (Ac  V»ttti  State*  tcett  nf  the 

UiiuiMlppi. 


1 

Locality. 
Fort  Briilgur,  Utah' 

Colhclor. 

NoMto- 

Tall  to  end' 
of- 

1 

1 
1 

a 

0.90 

0.41 
0.43 

o..'a 

0.33 

0.S3 
0.4) 

0.55 

a  43 

0.37 
0.33 

Remarks. 

1 

1 

a 

t 

> 

1 

1611 

lOIIMj 

.« 
10007  j 

17m 

lOUOO 

lOOffl) 

10070 

10071 

10078 

1738 

11B3 

1269 1 

1370 1 

4833 

7571 

10073 

701!  1 

7739 

25  J6 

9e93 

U«lfl 

10074 1 

to 
10081 J 

C.Drcxler 

...do    

0.48 

0.43 
0.4S 
0.50 
0.47 

0.99 
0.40 

0.S0 
0.45 

O.S,'! 

0.93 

0.IM 

0.05 
0.90 
1.00 
1.00 

1.00 
0.80 

I.OO 
0.02 

1.05 
1. 10 

1.18 

1.17 
1.20 
1.30 
1.20 

1.25 
1.10 

1.25 
1.15 

1.40 
1.30 

4.90 

a2s 

3.15 
3.90 
4.10 
4.00 

4.15 
3.20 

4.00 
4.00 

4.50 
4.30 

l.M 

1.20 
1.85 
1.30 

l.OS 
■J.  00 

i.eo 

1.19 

1.83 
1.30 
1.30 

2.00 
1.80 

1.30 

1.35 
1.45 
1.45 

i.go 
a.  15 

2.0J 
1.30 
1.90 

2.10 
1.90 

0.38 

0.33 
0.40 
0.38 
0.40 

0.40 

o.:n 

0.40 
0.38 

<t.41 
a  45 

0.10 

0.14 
0.11 
0.8) 
0.17 

aeo 

0.80 
0.70 

0.80 
0  80 
0.10 

O.00 
0.81 

Ynimg. 
...do. 

Tuuni;. 

Toung. 
...do. 

...do. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

C.S.  McCarthy.. 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do   

Fort  KeArDC7 

Medicine  Bow  Creek 

Klninath  Lake 

Upiwr  I>en  Chutes.. 
TTppor  Platte  River 
Black  IlllU.  Dak.. 
Fort  Shaw,  Mont  . . 

Fort  Crook,  Cal 

Fort  TiJon.Cal 

Sau  Diego,  Cal 

Monterey,  Cal 

do    

...do 

W.S.  Wood 

J.  8.  Newberry.. 

...do 

O.Drexler 

F.V.IIayden... 

R.B.  IliU 

J.  Fi'iluor 

J.  Xiiiitua 

.1.  F.  Hammond 

Dr.  Cauiaold  .. 
...,do  

....do 

1 

...do  

1 

*  Dtexler's  numerous  Fort  Itriilger  Hpecimens  wo  have  not  tboni^ht  necessary  li>  measnra  in  detail,  as  tlmy  differ  but 
Utile,  and  are  proclaely  like  the  dry  ones  alrt'ndy  preseot^d.  McCnrttiy'o,  from  the  snnio  locnlity .  show  h  good  deal  of  iitficrciic* 
in  length  nnd  stutitnoiu  of  tail.  It  will  bo  observed  thrtt  these  Hpectmena,  which  we  cannot  diatiu^^tflh  even  as  a  Inonl  strain, 
fmni  ordiuary  ripariui,  were  collooteil  la  company  with  a  lot  of  A.  autte.tu  var.  decurtatu*,  wliicli  aoeina  oomnton  in  thai 
locality,  and  is  distingtiiiihable  al  a  glnooe.  Kvon  the  collectors  appear  to  have  separated  the  two  species,  tojudgo  from  tbo 
labels. 

t  Uy  some  miHprint  in  Boird's  work,  Not.  130!>,  13T0  are  given  as  mounted,  whereas  they  now  lie  before  us  In  nloohoL 

Having  exhausted  our  data  of  size  and  external  shape,  we  will  next  inter- 
rogate an  extensive  scries  of  skulls  of  eastern  and  western  Arvicolas  of  the 
riparhts  section,  to  see  if  there  be  any  cranial  characters  upon  which  more 
than  ii  single  species  may  be  predieable.  ' 


H    '^     \ 


MURID-B— ARVICOLIK^— ABVICOLA  RIPABIU8. 


177 


Tablb  XI4VI. — iSetuHvdnentt  of  »ixl>j-eight  »lt»Ui  af  eastern  and  tcmtern  apecimena  of  AnvicuLA  KiPARlUd. 


mi 

mi 
mi 
w/ 

iM 
«M! 

mi 
mi 

w 
w 
im 

w 

W4' 

«l!88 

mt 
m} 

w 
\uu 


Locality. 


BurlinKton,  VI. 

ilo 

do 


.do. 


Uiddlelioroagb,  UaM . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Uaakeget^  Mau 

do 

do 

HlDgham,  Mm« 

Wood'i  Hole,  Haw . . .  ■ 

do 

do 

do 

nolmflc*  Hole,  Maaa . . . 

do 

Mioliol>,N.T 

Bawx  Conoty,  N.  T  .. 

Philadelphia,  !■* 

Fozbnrgli,  Pa 

do 

Carll>l«,Pa 

do 

do 

do 

....  do 

do 

do 

do 

VeonivlTanla 

do , 

WiiahinKtoo,  D.  C 

niarke  County,  Ta  . . . 
Weat  Hortkfleld,  III  .. 

do 

do 

....  do 

do 

do 

do 


D«trol),Mlota 

Dstrolt  River.  Mloh. 

12  H 


1.03 
1.08 


1.06 
1.07 


1. 01 


1.90 
1.09 
LOS 
1.08 
1.00 
I.IS 
l.OJI 
1.10 
!.  II 
1.08 

1.14 
1.19 
1.03 


1.08 
1.05 
1.08 
1.00 
1.07 
1.09 


1.00 
1  07 
1.13 
1.00 
1.09 
1.06 

i.ie 

1.06 

1.00 

0.06 
0.M 


0.41 
0.49 


0.40 
0.43 


0.40 
0.40 


0.4J 
0.44 
0.49 


0.43 
0.40 
0.40 
0.44 


a4i 
0.41 
0.44 
0.49 

a4« 

a  44 
a43 

0.39 


a  44 
a43 
a4o 

0.49 


0.40 

a4o 

0.43 
0.30 
0.49 
0.41 

a  40 
a  49 

B.X 
0.38 
0.3i 


b40 


0.S9 
0.03 


0.69 
0.63 


0.61 
0.05 
0.00 


ass 


0.69 
0.65 
0.61 

aos 

0.S6 

aes 
ass 
a  64 
a  69 
a  61 

a«i 
a  TO 
as7 
a  67 
a  69 
a  63 


a  64 
as9 
a  so 


a  S3 
as« 
a  66 
a  58 
as8 
a  so 
a  69 
a  61 
ass 
a64 
ass 


ac9 


a  18 
a  16 


a  17 
an 
a  15 
a  16 
a  18 


a  IS 

018 

a  17 


a  15 
a  14 
a  15 
a  16 
a  17 
a  16 
a  15 
a  18 
a  14 
a  15 
an 
a  16 

a  18 
a  17 
a  16 
a  17 
a  17 
a  16 
a  15 
a  18 
a  IS 
a  14 


a  17 
a  IS 
a  18 
a  16 
a  15 
an 
a  15 
a  15 
a  14 
a  14 
a  13 


a  16 
a  16 


a  97 
0.97 
a  96 
a '.IS 
a  97 
a  97 
a  98 
a  97 
a  94 
a98 
a  98 
ago 


a  94 


a  98 
ar 
a  96 
a  96 


a  99 
a  97 
a99 

a  97 
a  98 

a98 
ass 
as4 


a  97 
a9S 
a97 
a  97 


a  95 
a96 
a  94 
a9T 
a96 
a  97 
as? 
age 
a  98 
a97 
a9S 
a  94 
a  94 
a94 
a  96 
age 


Uiidur  Jnw  froni 
tip  of  inclsora  to — 


a  18 

a  90 

ai8 
an 
ago 


a  90 
a  99 


a  91 
ago 
ago 
ago 
ago 
an 
a  93 
a  10 
ago 
a  99 
a  15 
a  99 
ago 
ago 


a  94 
ago 
a  91 
ago 
ago 
a  94 
a  18 
agi 
a  18 
agi 
a  19 
ago 
agg 
a93 
agi 
a«9 


ass 
a  59 
a  58 
a  61 


a  69 
a  60 


a  so 
a  S3 


ass 
a  63 
a  so 


a  SI 
a  69 


a  60 
ass 
a  57 
a  54 
a6s 
as8 
a  63 
asa 


a  gi  I  a i» 


ail 
agi 
as9 
ago 
a  18 


agi 
an 


af9 
a  69 
a  so 
a  58 
a  59 


ass 
as6 


a  79 
a  74 
a  75 
a  77 
a  77 


a  78 
a  80 
a  70 
a  80 
a  80 
a  78 


a  74 
a  67 
a  87 
a  77 
a8f 
a  8.1 


a  81 
a  75 
a80 
a  81 
a  78 
a  70 
a  80 
a  78 
a79 


aeg 
a  79 
aso 
a  80 
a7S 
a  76 
a  71 
a  70 
a  79 
a83 
a  76 
a  77 
n.eo 
aM 
a  78 
a  74 
a79 
a  70 


a  77 
a7g 


a  76 
a  83 
a  79 
a  80 
a  8:1 
a -9 
a  80 


ago 
a  70 
a  81 
a  84 


a  89 
a  80 
ass 
a  86 
a83 
o,:e 
a84 
agg 
a  80 


ae6 
a  83 
aB3 
a  S3 
aso 
a  81 
aTS 
a  71 
a  83 
ago 
a  89 
a  81 
a  89 
aes 
a  89 
a  78 
a  77 
a  79 


aeo 
a  77 


a  97 
a  98 
a  96 
a  97 
ass 
a  95 
ago 
aao 
a  95 
a  98 
a  97 

0.98 

ago 
ag4 
ag7 
a  99 
a  96 
o.g7 


agg 
age 


a30 
a  33 
a  34 
0  39 

u.  GO 

aso 
a  39 
a  35 
a  98 
ass 
ass 
aso 
a  97 
ajo 
a  93 
a  36 
a  95 
a  3.1 
a  39 
aso 

0.34 

aso 


ago  I  asi 


a97 
a«7 
ag7 
ago 
age 
a9s 


aso 
ago 
aso 
ags 
age 
age 
ags 
ags 
ags 
a  98 
a97 
ags 
ag7 
agg 
ag7 
ags 
a  94 
a94 


age 
ag7 


a  37 
ass 
aso 
a  34 
aso 
ass 


a  36 
a  34 
a  S3 
a  39 
a. 10 
asg 
aso 
ago 
a  31 
a  36 
a  31 
a  31 
asg 
a  31 
a  SI 
age 
a  33 
ags 


ass 
asg 


Not  fbll  growD. 


k^^. 


1 

r 

t: 

l! 

1 

i 

y 

ti.  1 

i[  ■ 

i  i 

!! 

fli: 

'S 

J'TT-f 

•J''!:' 
'ill' 
I ) 


■  I' 


!»' 


!li 


n; 


178 


MONOGKAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tablk  XLVI. — itea»urementt  of  uMij-figM  ukulU  of  Mtlem  and  teetlerH  tpetime»»  of  AnvicOLA  KIPARIUI — 

Coutinned. 


I 

a 


W 

mi 

me 
mi 


Looallty. 


Kacino,  Wig 

HfllDt  Loutrt,  Uo 

do 

do 


PrAfrle  Iftr  Rouge,  Lii. 

do 

Montorpy.Gal 

do 

Putalumo,  Cal 

Sftn  Diego,  Cal 

Upper  Pit  River.  Cal.. 

Luat  River,  Cal 

Fort  Trjon,  Cal 

California  

DeaChntoa,  Oreg 

Puget  Soand,  Oreg 


1.03 
1.01 
1.04 
1.03 
1.10 


1.00 
l.U 
I.U 
1.10 
1.08 
1.01 
l.OS 
1.14 
1.07 
1.19 


0.40 
0.43 
0.39 
0.40 
0.43 


0.40 
fl.41 
0.44 
0.4S 

a  43 
0.49 
a  43 
0.40 
0.43 


Widtliat- 


N 


0.S8 
0.69 
0.60 
0.96 
0.67 

aoo 
a  01 

0.69 


0.60 
0.64 
0.61 
0.63 
0.63 
COS 
0.63 
0.09 


0.16 
0.17 
0.18 
0.18 
0.18 
0.16 
0.19 

a  19 

0.10 

a  14 

0.17 
0.19 
0.U 
0.14 
0.10 
0.19 
0.18 


0.36 
a  96 
0.27 
0.99 
0.97 
0.95 
0.97 
0.99 
0.30 
0.30 
0.30 
0.97 
0.97 
0.39 
0.38 
0.99 
a97 


Under  Jaw  from 
tip  of  ioclaora  to— 


0.91 
0.18 
a  34 
0.30 
0.33 
0.30 
0.39 
a  17 

a  18 
a93 

0.90 
0.99 
0.33 
0.33 
0.33 
0.30 

I  a9i 


0.60 
0.61 

aoo 

0.98 
0.64 


0.69 
0.66 
0.B7 
0.64 
0.63 
0.61 
0.68 
0.60 


0.78 
a78 
0.80 
0.74 
0.80 
0.76 
0.80 

O.tU 
0.81 
0.80 
0.83 
0.80 
0.79 
0.81 
0.80 
0.81 


J! 


s.- 


0.89 
0.f» 
0.8J 
0.77 
0.83 
0.79 
0  81 

0.84 
0.89 
0.89 
0.84 
0.87 
0.8U 

0.84 
0.83 


a  37 
0.37 
0.97 
a99 
0.97 
0.99 
0.S7 

0.39 
0.30 
0  9R 
0.39 
0.33 
0.31 
0.97 
0.99 
030 


& 

B 

9.31 
0.31 

ass 

0.33 
0.34 
0.30 
0.33 

o.s:i 

0.39 
0.30 
0.38 
0.37 
0.36 
a39 
0.33 
0.39 


Reniarka. 


wontanM  t 
edax. 

idax. 
tong'roatrit. 


oondmfaiia 


The  blanks  in  the  foregoing  table  are  owing  to  the  defective  condition 
of'  certain  specimens.  The  measurement  of  the  length  is  made  from  tiie  tip 
of  the  nasal  bones  to  the  upper  border  of  the  foramen  magnum.  The  height 
is  the  perpendicular  from  the  posterior  corner  of  the  last  upper  molar.  The 
orbital  width  is  at  the  point  of  greatest  constriction  of  the  orbit.  The  zygo- 
matic width  is  at  the  broadest  point  of  the  zygomatic  arches.  The  molar 
seres  are  measured  from  anterior  corner  of  the  first  molar  to  posterior  corner 
of  the  last  one.  The  length  of  incisors  is  their  protrusion  from  the  alveoli. 
The  condyloid  dimension  is  measured  to  the  back  corner  of  the  condyle. 

The  average  length  of  the  whole  series  is  1.08;  the  minimum*  is  1.00 
and  the  maximum  1.20,  the  latter  occurring  in  one  of  the  "breweri"  speci- 
mens. The  variation  is,  therefore,  0.20,  or  about  20  per  cent,  of  the  mean. 
The  average  zygomatic  width  is  0.64;  the  maximum  0.69;  the  minimum 
0.55.  The  proportion  of  length  to  width  is,  therefore,  as  l.OH  to  0.64, 
or  as  1.00 :  0.59.  The  molar  series  in  both  jaws  is  about  the  same,  and 
averages  a  little  over  0.25  of  an  inch  (from  0.24  to  0.30) ;  the  upper  incisors 
protrude  about  0.20  on  an  average  (from  0.17  to  0.24)  ;  the  under  are  rather 


Uble. 


'Of  aduH  «peof inoua :  aoverol  youDg  sknila,  rnnging  from  0.80  tu  1.00,  are  exolndcd  fh>iu  the 


MURID^— ARVrCOLIN^— AKVICOLA  RIPABItTS. 


179 


more  than  half  as  long  again  as  the  upper,  averaging  about  0.33  (from  0.27 
to  0.38).  An  interesting  point  is  seen  in  the  eighth  and  nintli  columns:  the 
distance  from  the  tip  of  the  lower  incisors  to  the  apex  of  the  descending 
process  of  the  jaw  is  invariahl}'  a  little  greater  than  that  from  the  same  point 
to  the  back  of  the  condyle.  This  probably  characterizes  this  section  of  tlie 
genus;  for  in  Pitymyit,  at  least,  and  perhaps  some  other  sections,  these  two 
measurements  are  equal.  The  number  of  western  skulls  (eight)  is  too  few 
to  institute  any  very  critical  comparison;  they  average  1.10X0.64,  while  the 
eastern  ones  are  1.06X065;  there  is  every  probability  that  this  dispropor- 
tion would  disappear  with  larger  series.  It  is  only  to  be  noted  further  that 
No.  4156  his  (type  of  occid^nttilvi)  is  among  the  largest  skulls  «>f  the  series ; 
tending  to  show  that  the  present  dimensions  of  the  skin  (3J  inches)  are  below 
the  truth,  and,  therefore,  that  the  disproportion  we  found  in  the  length  of  its 
tail  and  feet  is  really  not  so  great  as  appears  from  the  dried  skin.  Its  dimen- 
sions are  in  no  wise  appreciably  different  from  those  of  "californicus",  No.  4156. 
No.  fHt  is  the  type  of  J.  "longirostris",  and  must  be  examined  in  this 
connection  ;  for,  as  we  have  shown,  there  is  nothing  in  the  dimensions,  nor, 
as  we  shall  show  beyond,  is  there  anything  in  the  coloration  that  cannot  be 
exactly  matched  in  almost  any  half-dozen  samples  of  riparitu.  The  diagnosis 
is:— "Skull  1.08X0.61,  or  as  1.00:55.  Muzzle  of  skull  very  long.  Distance 
between  upper  molars  and  incisors  more  than  one-third  the  whole  length  of 
the  skull."  But  this  length,  1.08,  is  precisely  what  we  found  as  the  average 
of  the  whole  scries.  The  width,  0.61,  is  within  0.03  of  the  average.  Skull 
No,  UH,  from  New  York,  gives  precisely  these  dimensions,  1.08X0.61; 
several  others  approach  it  within  one  or  two  hundredths.  I  can  appreciate 
but  one  single  discrepancy  between  this  skull  and  an  average  one  The 
incisors  are  a  little  tilted  forward,  so  that  their  tips  fall  in  advance  of  a  per- 
pendicular from  the  tips  of  the  nasals,  instead  of  about  under  the  ends  of  the 
nasals,  as  usual.  This,  with  the  corresponding  change  in  the  alveolus,  makes 
the  distance  from  the  incisors  to  the  molars  just  appreciably  greater  than 
usual ;  thus  it  is  0.37  in  "longirostris",  and  only  0.34  in  the  New  York  skull 
jnut  cited.  But  the  molars  are  not  "thrown  further  back  than  in  other 
species";  for,  on  taking  their  bearings  from  any  other  points  of  the  skull  than 
the  incisors,  they  will  be  found  in  the  usual  position.  Examination  of  a  number 
of  skulls  with  reference  to  the  "set"  of  the  incisors  shows  that  this  is  very 
variable;  their  tips  may  fall  behind,  below,  or  in  advance  of  the  nasals,  and 


'Hi 


'''m 


n 

1 

IP" 

1 

I'  it! 

i;:: 

Bft-msasm^ 


B' ' !  ! 

Ml' 


tl' 


5'' 


'* 


* 


180 


iVlONOGBAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


"longirostris"  is  only  n  sliglit  increase  in  the  forward  tilting  they  often  show; 
in  fact,  several  eastern  skulls  differ  more  among  each  other  than  one  of  them 
(No.  fsH)  does  from  longirostris.  There  is  nothing  peculiar  in  the  dentition 
of  the  latter. 

A.  breweri  is  stated  to, be  narrower  behind  the  zygomatic  arches,  and  to 
have  the  interparietal  acute  instead  of  subtruncate.  At  a  particular  point 
across  the  back  of  the  skull,  it  measures  0.40 ;  several  other  skulls  measured 
at  the  same  point  give  dimensions  equal  to,  greater  than,  and  less  than  this. 
No  two  specimens  in  the  whole  series  of  skulls  are  exactly  alike  as  to  the 
lateral  corner  of  the  interparietal ;  sometimes  it  is  an  edge  instead  of  a  corner, 
sometimes  obtuse,  sometimes  acute;  and  when  thus  attenuated,  as  it  fre- 
quently is,  the  sharp  spur  may  be  turned  backward,  forward,  or  neither  way. 

Our  general  description  of  the  skull  and  dentition  of  riparius  is  made 
elsewhere;  here  we  will  merely  inquire  whether  or  not  any  of  the  dental 
peculiarities  ascribed  to  the  several  nominal  species  will  hold  good. 

A  peculiarity  of  the  last  upper  molar  of  A.  californicus  is  stated  to  be  a 
short  lobe  that  f  he  posterior  crescent  sends  outward  near  its  posterior  portion  ; 
but  we  cannot  agree  with  the  author  that  this  is  a  "character  rarely  observed 
among  Americiin  Arvicolte".  It  is,  in  fact,  not  an  unusual  condition  of  the 
several  inextricably-graduated  variations  of  this  last  upper  molar;  we  have 
seen  it  frequently,  and,  in  one  specimen  we  have  just  picked  up  (No.  5Ht),  the 
variation  is  carried  to  such  extreme  that  the  back  part  of  what  ought  to  have 
been  the  convexity  of  the  crescent  is  made  concave.  The  "supplementary 
internal  lobe"  of  the  same  tooth  of  "occidentalis"  is  a  very  common  feature 
in  eastern  and  other  skulls.  Not  to  prolong  this  inquiry  further,  we  may  state 
that  we  have  satisfied  ourselves  by  personal  examination  that  no  one  of  the 
supposed  western  species  possesses  any  dental  features  not  matched  by 
examples  of  eastern  riparius. 

We  will  next  turn  to  the  matter  of  color. 

As  already  stated,  there  is  no  appreciable  variation  in  color  in  the 
nineteen  Philadelphia  skins,  unless  it  is  that  some  of  them  have  the  tail 
a  trifle  more  decidedly  bicolor  than  others ;  but  in  none  is  the  definition 
of  the  lighter  and  darker  surfaces  very  distinct.  They  are  gray-brown, 
darker  along  the  middle  of  tiie  back,  especially  toward  the  tail.  A  bay  tinge 
or  reddish-brown  is  scarcely  appreciable ;  so  that,  without  being  at  all  "black- 
ish" in  general  hue,  the  shade  is  darker  than  that  of  rufescent  specimens. 


MDRID^— ABVICOLlNiB— ABVICOLA  BIPABIUS. 


181 


The  shade  is  slightly  grizzled  with  dull  yellowish-browu.  Beneath,  tlie  plum- 
beous hairs  are  all  tipped  with  white,  resulting  in  a  hoary-ash, which  is  clearest 
('whitest)  on  the  breast  and  belly,  darkest  on  the  throat;  there  is  no  line  of 
demarkntion  between  upper  and  under  jiarts.  There  is  no  cinnamon,  tawny, 
nor  muddy  tinge  underneath;  but  a  faint  brownish  wash,  like  an  extreme 
dilution  of  the  color  of  the  sides,  is  barely  perceptible. 

This  typical  coloration  prevails  a  the  majority  of  eastern  specimens  in 
the  present  collection.  Nearly  all  those  from  the  Middle  States,  others  fron^ 
Nova  Scotia,  Massachusetts,  the  Carolinas,  Wisconsin,  &c.,  are  not  appreciably 
different.  Other  specimens  show  a  departure  from  this  standard  in  three 
courses:  toward  "red",  "black",  and  "gray".  The  extreme  of  the  rufescent 
variation  is  reached  in  No.  i^PAr,  type  of  "rufidorsum".  In  this,  the  color  is 
an  intense  tawny  above,  a  little  darker  on  the  rump,  paler  on  the  sides,  and 
washing  the  under  ports.  The  feet  share  the  general  tawny  hue.  This 
extreme  case  is  not  nearly  matched  by  anything  else  in  the  collection,  and 
raises  a  strong  suspicion  of  an  albinotic  element.  We  know  by  the  "albo- 
rufescens"  of  Dr.  Emmons  that  such  a  state  does  occur;  although  there  is 
really  a  gap  in  the  eastern  series  between  "ruiidorsum"  and  the  rest,  yet  many 
specimens  grade  nearly  up  to  it.  In  the  Massachusetts  series,  where  some 
(particularly  winter  and  early  spring  skins)  are  quite  as  dark  as  any  Philadel- 
phia ones,  others  are  very  much  brighter.  No.  tW»,  for  example,  is  very 
rufescent,  from  predominence  of  bay  n  the  hairs.  A  I^abrador  specimen 
(tV»V)  is  rather  brighter  still ;  No.  iJH,  1  Jm  Nichols,  N.  Y.,  and  a  Pennsyl- 
vania skin,  No.  4724,  labeled  "riparius"  by  LeConte,  are  quite  as  bright;  so 
are  a  few  of  the  Illinois  and  Missouri  ones,  and  one  from  Louisiana  (i^^). 
But  the  link  between  the  extreme  of  nifidormm  is  afforded  by  No.  10083,  the 
type  of  "occidentalis",  which  might  be  described  in  identical  terms;  and, 
although  the  tawny  is  not  quite  so  vivid,  it  similarly  tinges  the  feet. 

The  extreme  of  paleness  or  grayness  is  illustrated  in  what  has  been  called 
"breweri".  In  this,  the  upper  parts  are  of  a  light  dull  grizzly-gray,  with  a 
small  proportion  of  yellowish-brown,  and  the  under  parts  soiled  white;  the 
hairs  being  only  plumbeous  at  the  extreme  base,  and  consequently  scarcely 
shading  the  whitish.  The  cause  and  nature  of  this  variation  have  been  so 
perfectly  explained  by  Mr.  Allen*  that  I  shall  quote  his  words: — "On  Mus- 
keget  Island  (a  small,  uninhabited,  low  sandy  island  between  Nantucket  and 

*  HamuaU  of  MuaiuuliaiiotU,  in  Boll.  Mn*.  Comp.  Zool.  No.  6,  p.  ^l. 


if- 


r\] 


I  ill 


i,l 


m 

i    1  . 


.1  !  . ; ' 


:[':• 


^n 


it 

1      T: 


H' 


;    '  ;i. 


H' 


182 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Martha's  Vineyard)  I  recently  fou.id  the  su-calleH  A.  breweri  excessively 
nbuiidant.  Thitfis  the  unly  locality  from  which  this  supposed  species  has 
been  reported.  They  are  generally  much  paler  in  color  than  the  riparius  of 
the  interior,  and  though  not  differing  from  them  appreciably  in  other  respects, 
they  form  an  interesting  insular  nu;e..  From  the  peculiar  character  of  the. 
locality,  the  scattered  beach  grass  growing  upon  it  affording  but  slight  pn»- 
tection  from  the  sunlight,  the  intensity  of  which  is  greatly  heightened  by  the 
almost  bare,  light-colored  sands,  the  generally  bleached  appearance  of  the 
Miiskeget  Anncola  might  have  been  anticipated.  Specimens  occasionally 
occur  of  nearly  the  ordinary  color,  or  which  are  undistinguishable  from  the 
lighter-colored  specimens  from  the  interior :  but  most  of  them  seem  to  be 
quite  like  the  ones  described  by  Professor  Baird.  The  mice  living  in  the  exten- 
sive sand  dunes  at  Ipswich  under  circumstances  similar  to  those  of  the  Mus- 
keget  mice,  often  present  the  half  white  appearance  of  A.  'breweri'." 

VVe  were  at  first  inclined  to  regard  "breweri"  as  an  isolated  case  of 
riparius;  but  the  facts  of  the  Ipswich  mice,  as  given  by  Mr.  Allen,  and  some 
intermediate  specimens  before  us,  show  such  a  gradation  that  we  cannot  draw 
any  line.  Thus,  No.  4713  (unlabeled  as  to  locality)  is  much  grayer  than  aver- 
age riparius,  but  not  quite  up  to  "breweri".  It  likewise  resembles  "brcweii" 
in  the  texture  of  the  pelage,  the  fur  having  the  fame  coarse,  harsh,  lustreless 
character.  Now,  this  style  of  fur  is  enumerated  among  the  features  of  A. 
"edax",  and  characterizes  all  the  specimens  from  the  southern  and  lower  parts 
of  California,  where  the  inf'requency  of  rain  diminishes  or  altogether  precludes 
forest-growth,  and  places  the  animals  under  conditions  similar  to  those  of 
Muskeget.  An  unregistered  specimen*  of  LeConte's  from  the  Eastern  United 
States,  undistinguishable  from  No.  4713,  is  absolutely  identical,  in  color  and 
texture  of  fur,  with  several  Californian  skins  (as  Nos.  3669, 2525, 2524)  marked 
"edax";  is  not  appreciably  diiTerent  from  LeConte's  type  of  "edax",  nor  from 
Nebraska  (as  No.  43 1 8)  and  Utah  (as  No.  3350)  specimens.  The  type  of  "cali- 
fornicus"  combines  the  loose,  coarse  pelage  of  "edox",  with  r  rufescent  hue 
approaching  "occidentalis".  Specimens  of  supposed  "montana"  and  the  type 
of  "longirostris  '  are  precisely  matched  in  the  color  and  texture  of  the  fur 
with  any  of  tl't  rather  grayer  examples  from  the  east.  Of  the  two  specimens 
referred  (one  with  a  query)  to  "A.  modesta",  one,  tlie  type.  No.  iVrV,  is  much 

'Tbi8  Hpeciuien  \»  litbeled,  in  the  bandwritiD);  of  all  of  the  lot  received  from  imoi  LeConle, 
"tuuuUi  Buoh.,  ripariiu  DuK^y,  noveioraccnnt  Rioh.,  paluttnt  Harlan". 


MURID^— ARVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA  RIPARIUS. 


183 


darker  than  the  other,  iVA;  but  either  can  be  matched  in  color  by  both  adult 
and  young  examples  from  other  localities. 

The  third  line  of  variation,  into  unusual  darkness,  is  fully  illustrated  in 
the  series.  The  darkest  Atlantic  example  is  a  very  large  one  from  Beeslcy's 
Point,  N.  J.  The  muzzle,  feet,  and  tail  are  almost  black,  and  the  latter  is 
hardly  appreciably  paler  underneath  than  on  top,  and  has  no  line  nf  demarka- 
tion  whatever.  The  fur  combines  shortness,  thickness,  and  great  gloss  with 
a  coarse,  bristly  texture;  the  longer  glossy  hairs  being 'so  numerous  as  to 
recall  the  pelage  of  a  muskrat.  The  other  darkest  specimens  are  the  series 
from  West  Northfield,  III.,  and  Racine,  Wis.,  and  that  from  Fort  Crook,  Cal. 
In  these,  there  is  no,  or  no  appreciable,  rufescent  shade,  and  the  blackish- 
brown  is  considerably  grizzled  with  gray.  The  West  Northfield  and  Fort 
Crook  examples  are  among  the  most  closely  matched  of  the  whole  series;  abso- 
lutely no  difference  is  to  be  observed.  They  present  the  very  long,  dense, 
and  almost  fluffy  character  of  pelage  upon  wbfbh  the  variety  "longipilis"  was 
founded.  The  fur  of  Arvicolas,  however,  varies  in  these  points  so  much,  with 
age,  health,  season  of  the  year,  and  climate,  that  "longipilis"  cannot  con- 
stitute even  a  permanent  variety.  Only  a  part  of  the  Illinois  series  exhibits 
the  feature,  and  it  is  represented  solely  by  winter  or  early  spring  skins  The 
Fort  Crook  specimens,  as  just  stated,  are  identical,  and  others  on  the  Atlantic 
side  approach  to  or  recede  from  the  character  in  indefinite  and  endless 
degree. 

The  coloration  of  the  tail,  whether  bicolor  or  not,  is  often  introduced 
iuto  specific  diagnoses.  In  general,  the  tail  above  corresponds  with  the  color 
of  the  back,  whatever  that  may  be,  and  below  with  that  of  the  belly ;  and 
usually  there  is  an  obvious  dividing  line  between  the  two  colors.  This  line 
may  be  sharp,  straight,  and  conspicuous,  or  completely  wanting,  when  the 
color  above  shades  insensibly  into  that  below ;  and  in  either  case  the  differ- 
ence between  the  two  colors  may  be  conspicuous  or  barely  or  not  perceptible. 
In  one  specimen  (No.  988,  Racine,  Wis.),  the  tail  is  of  almost  precisely  the 
same  dark-brown  tint  above  and  below,  but  has  a  large  pencil  of  snow-white 
hairs  at  the  tip.  The  condition  of  this  pencil  of  hairs  is  extremely  variable, 
as  shown  in  the  table  of  measurements;  it  varies  from  almost  nothing  to 
three  or  four  lines  in  length. 

Although  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  discuss  any  of  the  names  that  have 
not  been  admitted  since  1857,  yet  the  Arvicola  "nasuta"  of  Audnbon  and 


J       '   !   ! 


184 


MONOGRAPHS  C  '  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


iW\ 


Bachmmi  claims  some  attention  on  account  of  the  very  singular  characters 
upon  which  it  rested.  It  is  stated  to  be  "  larger  than  Arvicoin  pennsylvanica : 
tail  shorter  than  the  head ;  legs  small  and  slender ;  nose  sharper  than  in 
Arvicolfle  generally ;  length  5?  ;  head  H  ,  dl  H  ;  heel  to  point  of  nail  J^".  It 
is  based  upon  a  specimen  from  Boston,  Mass.,  and  others  are  cited  from  New 
York  and  Michigan.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  tables,  we  have 
several  specimens  ranging  from  five  to  nearly  six  inches — three  from  Massa- 
chusetts, six  from  Pennsylvania,  and  five  others,  and  their  tails  range  from 
1.50  to  1.80.  But  there  is  nothing  like  the  shortness  of  the  feet,  us  slated. 
Tliis  is  certainly  an  error.  Even  the  diminutive  A.  oregonus  has  the  feet 
considerably  over  half  an  inch ;  and  this  length,  for  an  animal  nearly  six 
inches  long,  does  nol,  we  are  confident,  obtain  in  this  genus.  There  are  other 
indications  of  error  in  the  account,  and  we  are  satisfied  that  no  such  char- 
acter as  unusual  sliarpness  of  the  nose  occurs  in  any  of  the  many  specimens 
we  have  exaniined,  although  several  of  them  are  labeled  "  nasutus ".  The 
authors  evidently  had  before  them  some  very  large,  overgrown  specimen  of 
riparim,  like  those  old  individuals  above  enumerated  from  Williamsport,  Pa., 
and  committed  some  error,  typographical  or  otherwise,  in  their  measurements. 

The  Arvkola  "oneida"  of  DeKay  is  certainly  based  upon  a  young 
example  of  riparim.  The  only  other  animal  it  could  possibly  be  is  the  A. 
pinetorum;  but  the  measurements  given  preclude  this  reference.  Audubon 
and  Bachiiian  refer  "oneida"  in  one  place  (ii,  219)  to  pinetorum,  and  in 
another  (iii,  287)  to  their  own  fuloua  or  dekayi,  wliich  latter,  however,  is 
Evotomys  gapperi.  The  Arvkola  rufeixens  of  DeKay  is  certainly  npariug 
also.  Some  of  the  expressions  point  toward  Evotomys  gapperi;  but  the 
statement  "upper  molars  with  nine  external  angles"  is  only  applicable  to 
the  section  of  the  genus  to  which  riparius  belongs,  while  the  dimensions 
given  ("head  and  body  3  inches;  tail  2")  apply  to  no  species  of  Arvkola 
with  which  we  are  acquainted. 

The  two  specimens  above  enumerated  (557,  659)  from  Prairie  Mer 
Rouge,  La.,  are  the  first  ever  quoted  from  the  Gulf  States,  and  are  in  fact 
the  only  Gulf  specimens  we  have  ever  seen  except  pinetorum,  and  one 
example  (No.  tsW,  Ca'casieu,  La.)  referred,  with  a  shade  of  doubt,  by 
Professor  Baird  to  Pcdomys  austerus.  They  are  both  unusually  rufescent, 
and  one  of  them  has  the  minimum  length  of  tail  (1.10  inches)  we  have 
'seen  in  adults  of  this  section  of  the  genus;  the  skulls,  however,  show  them 


S! 


1 


MDRID^— ARVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA  TOWN8ENDI. 


185 


to  be  not  Pedomyit,  and  tljcre  is  consequently  little  danger  in  referring  them 
to  riparim.  If  this  determinat'on  be  correct,  the  southward  known  range  ot 
the  species  is  considerably  extended. 

In  concluding  this  discussion  of  Arvkola  riparim,  we  have  a  word  of 
personal  explanation.  We  sincerely  trust  that  the  manner  in  which  we  have 
conducted  the  investigation  will  be  sufficient  U>  relievo  us  of  any  possible 
charge  of  arbitrary  or  even  injudicious  rejection  of  many  species  that  stood 
upon  high  authority.  We  began  the  study  with  a  mind  as  free  from  precon- 
ceived ideas  as  possible;  and,  if  we  had  any  Mas  of  judgment,  it  was  a  pre- 
judice in  favor  of  the  validity  of  the  species  that  were  recognized  in  1857. 
At  one  stage  of  our  study,  we  had  already  been  forced  to  give  up  the  idea 
that  there  were  more  than  two  species  (riparius  and  townsendi)  of  this 
section  in  the  United  States,  but  still  believed  in  the  possibility  of  defining 
several  geographical  varieties  that  might  be  properly  recognized  by  name. 
Final  examination,  however,  of  the  subject,  with  facilities,  in  the  immense 
and  unparalleled  amount  of  material,  never  before  enjoyed  by  any  naturalist, 
has  satisfied  us  that  it  is  impossible  to  diagnosticate  even  permanent  varie- 
ties or  geographical  races.  Even  "  breweri ",  which  seemed  a  clear  case  of 
an  insular  variety,  has  proved  to  graduate  into  the  average  form ;  and  we  do 
not  conceive  that  any  good  would  result  from  retaining  this,  or  any  other  of 
the  names  that  have  been  pro^xised,  in  the  system.  We  have  no  alternative, 
then,  but  to  throw  all  the  names  together  as  indistinguishable  synonyms  of 
riparius.  In  1857,  many  names,  all  doubtless  supposed,  by  their  several  . 
proposers,  to  indicate  valid  species,  were  either  formally  or  virtually  sup- 
pressed ;  and  a  further  reduction  of  eight  is  simply  an  advance,  paii  paatu, 
with  the  increase  of  our  knowledge  on  the  subject.  We  trust  that  we  have 
proven  the  position  we  take,  and  that  we  have  seen  the  last  of  nominal  species 
based  upon  the  endless  variations  of  Arvieola  riparius. 

ARVICOLA  (MYONOMES;  TOWNSENDI,  Bachman. 

TownMHd'i  Meadow  Moue. 

Arvicota  towiumdii,  Bachman,  Jonr.  Acad.  N»t.  Soi.  Pbila.  viii,  1H39,  60;  Townsend's  Narr.  1839,  315.— 
Waonbr,  Wiaffmanii'i  ArohW,  1843,  (il),  53.— AuD.  A  Bach.  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853,  309,  pi. 

oxiiv,  fig.  1.— Baird,  M.  N.  a.  1837, 527 ^Nkwberry,  P.  R.  B.  Rep.  vi,  1867,  Zcol.,  61.— 

CooPRR  A  Sdcklbt,  Nat.  Hist.  Wa«h.  Terr.  1860, 139. 

Arvieola  (JfyoiKMHm)  townwiKK,  Coubs,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbiln.  1874, 190. 

Diagnosis. — Arvieola  staturd  inter  majores,  longitudine  trunci  6-6  /W/., 
capitis  setquipoU.,  caudte  2^-poll.,  pedis  \-polL,  mantis  fere  ^-poU.;  auriculis 


■  i 


Ml 

m 


'5 


lif 


U' 


!i 


■.ii>' 


■i      i 


I 
i.f 


it  ■i:':\ 


186 


MONOGRAPHS  OK  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


mngnis,  paululum  vellere  cxstantibi  n ;  xuprd  Julvo-badius,  intimh  nigra  permix- 
tus,  infra  c  griseo-brunneo  albescens. 

IIahitat. — Oregon  and  Washington  Territories  (Columbitt  River,  July 
21,  18iJ5,  Toimsend;  the  type.  Puget  Sound  and  Shonlwnter  Buy,  Cooper 
and  Suckleij.    Cascade  Mountains,  Newberry). 

One  of  the  larger  meadow  mice,  5  or  6  inches  long,  head  1^,  tail  2}, 
hind  foot  1,  fore  foot  nearly  j,  ears  nearly  f  high  and  as  much  or  more  wide, 
l)rojecting  a  little  from  the  fur;  color  above  blended  yellowish-brown  and 
black  ;  below  whitish,  shaded  with  grayish-brown. 

Table  HlMll.—ittannmaiU  of  etgklten  tpeeiment  of  A.  townhkxdi,  Mh  drg  and  aloohoHe. 


1 

Loulily. 

Collector. 

NoMto- 

Tall  to- 

i 
1 

1 

s 

1 

Remarka. 

$ 

1 

i 
1 

1 

1 

JJif.     Rho>lw»t«r  1l»   . 

J.O.  Cooper 

S.M 
S.00 
9k  90 
ILOO 

&n 

4.7S 
493 
&93 
i.O 
9.95 
4.9S 

ft  19 
9.90 
9.30 
9.30 

^s» 

L70 
1.75 
a.  30 
9.00 
9.40 
9.75 

ft4S 

9.45 
it  90 
9.90 
9.08 
9.10 

tioo 

9  43 
9.93 
9.80 

aos 

0.43 
0.30 
0.30 
0.43 

aso 

0.44 

a  49 

0.50 
0.99 
0.44 
0.48 

1.03 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.19 
0.88 
a99 
0.00 
l.OO 
0.»3 
0.88 

0.79 
0.79 

Dry. 
...da 
..da 
da 

MO 

vm 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

S196 

Pn|{et  Sound  

SInilUnf  Fnoa  .. 

Slmialimno 

Puget Sound 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Columbia  Rirer. . . 
...  do  

O  Sneklev 

am 
mm 

90M 

sow 

5030 

tans 

9801 
lOOIS 
10016 
10017 
10018 
1001* 
10090 
10031 
11375 

do 

0.59 
0.69 
0.60 
0.99 

FrerJi.' 
Dry. 

Alcoholia 
..da 
..da 
..da 
...dat 

Alcoholic  lyouuf. 
..  da 
Alcoholia 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..da 

C.II.R.Kennerly 

..do 

...do 

..do 

....do   

0.59 

aso 
o.xt 

o.so 

1.03 
1.10 
1.93 
1.10 
1.10 

Ltt 
1.30 
l.M 
i.« 
1.99 

...do 

.    do     

...do 

....do 

....do 

4.93 
4.33 
4.95 
4.90 
3.73 
&73 
9.93 

t.10 
9.90 

a40 

1.90 
ftOO 
1.75 

9.90 
9.93 
9.33 
3.00 
9.10 
9.90 
9.00 

0.80 
0.89 
0.73 
0.80 
0.74 
0.78 
1.00 

...do 

....do   

...do 

....do   

....do 

...  do 

...do 

....do 

...  do 

...du 

CaacadeMonnUins 

J.  S.  Newberry . . 

Diy. 

*  MeunreDients  onpie*!  from  Buoklry,  op.  eit, ;   ■peclmen  not  Been. 

t  This  speoimen  (since  skinned  oat  of  alcohol)  U  About  the  loiigest-titiled  American  Artficola  wc  6T«r  ww  and  bu 
given  as  some  anxiety.  It  is  small  for  toummndii,  with  feot  at  a  minimum  and  Ucklo;;  a  peculiar  rolmstnew  Ihoae  of  fMm> 
wndti  fienernlly  show ;  the  pat  likewise  Is  remarkftbly  small.    But  wo  can  make  no  other  dlspoattloD  of  the  speoimen. 

NoTK.— As  will  be  seen  from  the  flf^ares.  the  Columbia  Btver  aeries,  some  of  which,  at  least,  appear  ftill  f(rowD,  are 
not  lRrK<>r  than  ordinary  nparuu,  and  it  Is  mainly  on  aoconnt  of  the  icfeat  oomparatlTc  lenfftb  of  the  tall  that  we  awaign  them 
here.  Tbey  offer  n  gentle  transition  Into  ordtoary  ripariwi.  No.  I87S,  as  elsewhere  noted,  is  still  moro  donbtfal ;  it  has  the 
tail  as  short  as  is  asaal  in  Hpariut,  but  the  feet  beyond  the  |ti*«liftBffi  of  ordinary  ripariuf— exactly  the  roTerae  conditions  of 
the  Columbia  River  series. 

Description  (of  No.  tA^). — In  form,  this  animal  does  not  differ  from 
other  species  of  this  section  of  the  genus;  nearly  the  usual  relative  propor- 
tions *)f  head,  body,  tail,  and  feet  being  exhibited.  The  tail,  however,  will 
certainly  average  longer  than  in  riparius;  for  in  specimens  no  larger  than  the 
latter,  the  tail  averages  at  or  beyond  a  maximum  of  riparius.     This  length 


MUBID^— ARVlCOLINiE— ABVICOLA  TOWN8BSD1. 


187 


.1  i  ■  i 


1 1 


of  tail  is  one  of  the  strongest  fentures  of  the  8up|)08ed  species.  The  oars 
nppenr  to  us  rather  larger  every  way  in  proportion.  They  are  three-quarters  of 
an  inch  long  and  half  an  inch  wide,  and  ohviously  project  a  little  (about  0.10) 
beyond  the  fur.  This  rathejf  exceeds  anything  we  have  seen  in  the  largest-eared 
"eda\'',  and  is  positively  beyond  the  limits  of  typical  riparius,  in  which  the 
ear  rarely  if  ever  overtops  the  fur.  The  character  of  the  soles  is  the  same 
as  in  riparius;  there  ore  six  tubercles.  The  soles  are  very  sparsely  hairy, 
and  this  oidy  about  half-way  to  the  base  of  the  nearest  toes,  but  are  fringed 
with  hairs  their  whole  length,  as  usual.  The  fore  feet,  measured  from  the  back 
of  the  palmar  callosity,*  are  a  little  less  than  half  as  lung  as  the  soles;  from 
the  wrist,  three-fifths  of  the  hind  foot.  The  relative  lengths  of  tail  and  body 
are  as  1.00  :  0.45 ;  that  is,  the  tail  is  somewhat  less  than  one-half  the  head 
and  body.  Its  hairiness  is  on  an  average.  The  head  is  a  little  over  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  tlie  bead  and  body  together,  and  a  little  less  than  one-third 
the  body  alone.     The  whiskers  are  about  as  long  as  the  head. 

In  color,  there  is  little  to  distinguish  it  from  an  average  riparius.  The 
upper  parts,  however,  are  somewhat  paler  or  clearer,  owing  to  greater  pre- 
dominance of  the  yellowish-brown  over  the  black.  In  the  lighter-colored 
specimens  of  riparius,  the  shade  is  generally  produced  by  a  prevalence  of 
bay  rather  than  of  tiiis  yellowish-brown  of  tmenxendii.  The  under  parts  are 
clearer  than  is  usual  in  riparius,  and  have  a  brownish  wash  from  the  sides,  while 
the  middle  line  of  the  throat  is  nearly  white;  but  these  differences  are  barely 
appreciable.  In  this,  as  in  all  the  allied  species,  there  is  a  curious  seeming 
difference  in  color,  according  to  the  position  in  which  the  specimen  is  viewed. 
If  held  with  the  muzzle  toward  the  eye  of  the  observer,  the  general  shade 
is  very  dark,  because  the  longer  blackish  hairs  are  chiefly  seen ;  if  the  skin 
be  turned  the  other  way,  so  that  these  hairs  are  collectively  foreshortened  as 
much  as  possible,  the  general  effect  is  yellowish-brown.  There  are  no 
streaks  or  markings  anywhere,  except  that  sometimes  the  throat  is  quite 
decidedly  whitish ;  in  one  specimen,  in  fact  (No.  5026),  there  is  a  perfect 
white  streak  along  the  throat;  the  whiskers  are  black  and  whitish  ;  the  feet 
brown.  The  tail  is  blackish-brown,  and  nearly  unicolor;  that  is,  the  under 
side  is  merely  a  little  paler  than  the  upper,  and  there  is  no  dividing  line. 
The  terminal  pencil  of  hairs  is,  on  the  contrary,  white,  almost  exactly  as  in 

*  Wt)  take  tbii  lueMnnmeiit  thns  throoghuat  this  memoir.  ThiB  ezplaim  an  apparent  diaorep- 
ancy  twtween  mini'*  and  oor  meaiaramMita of  tlie  fin* foot;  he  taking  it  ftom  the  witot-Joiot  Hia 
length  of  fore  foot  aTerages  0.61,  exactly  ai  we  should  make  ont  in  the  same  way. 


w 


i 


m 


F"' 


m 


■  A 


'M 


.1  I ' , 

Ifvi 


si'' 


188 


MONOGKAPIia  OF  NOKTIl  AMKUICAN  UODBNTIA. 


No.  988  of  ripn  'un,  from  linciiu!,  Witt.,  above  inontutned.  The  incisors  urn 
yellow,  ns  U8UIU  ;  the  claw,  browiiisli-whiie.  •  i: 

There  is  not  much  (liflTcrciico  in  color  in  any  of  the  specimens  before 
us.  No.  3177,  however,  bus  the  under  side  of  {\\c  tnil  decidedly  whitish, 
with  n  pretty  distinct  dividing  line;  No.  2396.  apparently  a  very  old  one, 
nn<l  the  largest  Arvicola  wo  have  seen  from  the  United  States,  is  noticeably 
darker  than  the  rest,  and  more  grizzly;  the  under  parts  ore  hoary-ash 
iiislend  of  nshy-white. 

Skull  (No.  Y#/). — There  is  nothing  diagnostic  in  the  skull  of  this 
species,  except  its  size,  as  coin|mred  with  that  of  riparius.  It  measures,  in 
length,  1.27,  0.71  in  width  of  zygomata,  048  in  height;  the  molar  scries  is 
0.30  long;  the  upper  incisors  project  0.25,  the  under  0.45;  the  condyle  of 
lower  jaw  is  over  0.90  from  their  tip.  These  dimensions,  although  not  those 
of  the  largest  animal  before  us,  exceed  the  maximum  we  have  found  tor 
United  States  riparius.  Another  specimen,  however,  measures  only  1.10  by 
0.67,  thus  coming  within  the  limits  of  riparius.  We  should  judge,  however, 
that  it  would  have  grown  something  larger  in  time,  since  the  evident  sutures, 
&c.,  are  not  those  of  an  old  animal. 

The  dentition  conforms  strictly  to  the  riparius  type.  The  back  upper 
molar  shows  the  anterior  spherical  triangle  and  two  exterior  and  one  interior 
closed  triangles;  the  latter  much  larger  than  either  of  the  others.  The 
posterior  trefle  or  crescent  differs  appreciably  on  the  right  and  left  sides;  but 
for  either  may  be  described  as  a  long  crescent,  having  the  regularity  of  its 
convexity  somewhat  interrupted  by  bulging,  simulating  another  external  angle, 
and  bearina;  rpon  the  back  part  of  its  concavity  a  long  curved  spur  that 
simulates  a  second  little  crescent  lying  on  the  belly  of  the  first.  The  middle 
upper  molar  has  an  anterior  triangle  a  little  obliquely  placed,  then  an  external 
closed  triangle,  then  an  internal  similar,  and  then  a  postero-external  one. 
The  front  upper  molar  is  exactly  like  the  middle  one,  with  an  additional 
internal  closed  triangle.  Thus  there  arc  altogether  ten  external  angles  in 
the  series,  counting  the  bulging  upon  the  back  of  the  crescent  as  one ;  and 
nine  internal  ones,  ecu  itiiig  the  spur  on  the  belly  of  the  crescent.  Both 
these  counts  exclude  the  back  horn  of  the  crescent,  which  is  directly  poste- 
rior. No.  \m  only  differs  slightly  in  the  details  of  the  crescent,  in  lacking 
the  bulging  upon  its  back.  The  back  upper  molar  of  another  specimen  is 
exactly  like  many  samples  of  riparius.  There  is  nothing  to  detain  us  in  the 
under  series.  ' 


MUlllDiE— ABVIOOLIN/E-AKOTIC  AUVICOL.E. 


189 


Wl»en  we  bp^iin  to  look  up  A.  towmendi,  wo  anlici|mlc(l  no  (lifficulty  in 
mnkin^  it  out  8|K>ci(ically  iliNtinct  from  ordinary  riparius;  \nii  even  witii  v<>ry 
little  nmterial  to  work  up,  wc  nrc  fairly  drawn  to  the  op|>oHite  conclusion. 
In  fact,  the  only  tnngihlc  diiferencc  we  ran  make  out  '\»  that  towntcndii  ia 
larger,  witii  a  longer  tail  on  an  average;  and  even  this  is  not  constant,  for 
sevenil,  out  of  our  few  specimens,  exceed  average  rij)ariu,\  but  little,  or  not 
at  all,  and  come  well  within  the  limits  of  riparius.  Still  these  specimens 
might  have  grown  a  little  larger,  and  the  average  of  the  scries  stand  at  the 
extreme  limit  of  ripariwt,  while  their  tails  and  cars  exceed  this  limit.  Wo 
therefore  feel  justified  in  retaining  the  name  tmonsendi  as  expressive  of  a 
geographical  difTerentiation,  occurring  in  a  particular  locality,  to  the  apparent 
exclusion  of  the  usual  United  States  exponent  of  the  subgenus.  It  is  not  at 
all  a  reliable  species,  and  one  of  its  strongest  fcatures-^lcngth  of  tail — 
reminds  us  forcibly  of  the  case  of  Uesperomi/s  "boylii"  from  the  same  local- 
ities;  while  the  Columbia  River  scries  atTords  direct  passage  into  riparius. 

We  have  taken  some  pains  to  inform  ourselves  respecting  tlie  variation 
in  size  of  the  common  large  Euro|)ean  species  of  the  genus  Arvicolti  amphi- 
bim,  the  well-known  water-rat;  and  wc  find  that  all  the  variability  we  claim 
for  rijiariui,  and  even  for  the  Arctic  forms  of  that  species  (as  we  shall  pres- 
ently see),  sinks  into  insignificance  beside  the  variations  known  to,  and 
admitted  by,  all  the  better-informed  writers  in  the  case  of  A.  amphihius. 

The  propriety  of  sinking  A.  townaendii  to  u  mere  variety  of  riparius 
will  appear  in  still  stronger  light  when  we  have  dealt  with  Arctic  animals  of 
this  subgenus  full  seven  inches  long.     We  tiiko  up  this  question  next. 

Discussion  of  the  Arctic  AsvicoLiE  of  the  bipabius  type. 

The  United  States  variations  of  A.  riparius  are  disposed  of  easily  in 
com)>ari8on  with  the  intricacies  of  the  Arctic  material,  respecting  which  some 
general  observations  will  be  offered. 

Although  we  have  handled  a  far  larger  number  of  these  animals  than 
has  ever  before  been  examined  by  all  other  investigators  put  together,  yet, 
perhaps  for  the  very  reason  that  we  have  seen  so  many  specimens,  we  are 
still  unprepared  to  make  identifications  without  reserve.  Nor  can  we  deter- 
mine with  certainty  all  of  Richardson's  supposed  species,  afler  careful  study 
of  his  accounts,  as  well  ns  of  Audubon's  and  Bachman's  supplementary 
notices,  and  although  we  have  been  favored  by  Dr.  Sclater  with  additional 


f7  fl 

'  Hi 
f 


Jl- 


p. 


l 


I 

ii: 


V 1  '■■ 


190 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


r  1 ' 


i 


information  respecting  Riclinrdson's  types,  now  in  the  British  museum. 
The  ease  appears  to  stand  thus: — 

Richardson  says  (F.  B.-A.  i.  p.  )  that  "  five  species  are  common  in  the 
Hudson's  Bay  rep;ions,  exclusive  of  the  lemmings".  These,  ticcording  to  his 
views,  are  (1)  " ri2)arius  Ord'';  (2)  " xanthognathus  heach";  (S)  " pennsylva- 
nicus  Ord";  (4)  "  novcboracensis  Raf.";  and  (5)  "  borealis  Rich."  Now  tliere 
is  no  reasonable  doubt  that  all  five  of  these  "common"  species  are  repre- 
sented in  our  immense  series ;  but  the  difficulty  is  twofold.  In  the  first 
place,  it  is  to  the  last  degree  improbable  that  there  are  five  species  at  all. 
Richardson's  four  lemmings  have  to  be  reduced  to  two,  and  tiiere  is  no  ques- 
tion that  the  grade  of  cliaracters  he  sometimes  employed  to  distinguish  supposed 
species  are  utterly  fiillacious.  Next,  whatever  the  true  number  may  be,  we 
cannot  make  out,  from  Richardson's  descriptions,  which  is  which.  This  may 
seem  strange,  sceii^g  the  apparent  minute  detail  of  Richardson's  descriptions ; 
but,  when  we  con  e  to  sift  out  his  accounts,  we  find  that  three-fourths  of  all 
he  says  is  generic  (even  ordinal)  in  character,  and  consequently  pointless. 
Audubon's  and  Bachman's  accounts  are  still  more  faulty  in  this  respect; 
these  gentlemen  knew  nothing  about  the  animals  they  described  except  what 
they  got  from  the  Fauna  Boreali-Americana.  We  will  first  expose  the  futility 
of  what  seem  to  be  two  strong  points  in  these  authors'  accounts :  — 

Respecting  his  "riparius  Ord"  (afterward  " richardsonii  A.  &  B.''), 
Richardson  says  that  the  "incisors  are  twice  the  size  of  those  of  A.  xanthog- 
nuthus,  although  the  latter  is  A\e  larger  animal  of  the  two".  And  regarding 
his  "  borealis ",  Richardson  says ; — "  It  is  distinguished  by  the  form  of  the 
thuinb-nail"  *  *  &c.  Now,  after  examining  hundreds  of  Arctic  ^mco/a;, 
we  have  seen  nothing  of  the  sort  in  the  matter  of  the  incisors  or  of  the  nail,  and 
must  conclude  that  either  we  have  not  gut  hold  of  Richardson's  animals,  or 
else  that  there  is  some  mistake  about  the  alleged  characters.  The  former 
■snppo.sition  is  untenable,  for  we  have  plenty  of  skins  that  show  exactly  all 
the  other  ascribed  characters  of  " riparius "  and  "borealis''.  We  therefore 
ignore  these  points  altogether. 

The  ^^noveboracensis  ?  Raf."  of  Richardson  (afterward  drummondii  A,  & 
B.)  seems  to  be  different  from  the  rest,  and  perhaps  does  not  belong  to  the 
riparius  section  at  all  Professor  Baird  surmised  that  it  might  be  aPedomifs, 
and  we  once  rather  inclined  to  the  same  opinion.  It  is  described  as  having 
the  "ears  slightly  overtopping  the  fur";  the  "ventral  aspect  yellowieh-gray'' 


% 


MUR1DJB—ARV1C0LIN.E— ARCTIC  ARVICOL^. 


191 


("tinged  with  red" — A.  &  B.):  "a  slightly  hairy  scaly  tail  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  head  .  .  .  ItV  (according  to  A.  &  B.  only  1.00);  "above  dark 
brown";  "head  and  body  4tt"i  &c.  Audubon's  figure  shows  a  bricky-red 
animal  all  over,  with  an  extraordinarily  short  tail.  But  the  tints  of  his  plates 
are  thoroughly  unreliable,  and  measurements  of  the  type  sent  us  by  Dr. 
Sclaterare, — ^liead  and  body  5.50,  tail  1.50;  while  the  same  gentleman  speaks 
of  the  color  as  "above,  rather  dark  mouse-brown;  beneath,  much  paler, 
grayisk".  Some  of  Richardson's  expressions  point  to  Evotomys  rutitus,  and, 
indeed,  it  seems  almost  impossible  that  he  should  not  have  included  this 
abundant  animal  in  checking  off  his  five  common  species;  but  other  cliarac- 
ters  assigned  are  totally  incompatible.  We  should  further  remark  that  the 
ascribed  length  of  the  hind  foot,  0.55,  is  less  than  we  ever  found  for  any 
species  excepting  the  diminutive  A.  oregonus.  We  find  it  impossible  to  iden- 
tify Richardson's  "noveboracensiif  Raf"  vt 

A.  ^'pennsylvanicus  Ord"  's  another  of  Richardson's  species;  it  has 
usually  been  assigned  to  the  ordinary  penasylvanicus  of  the  United  States 
(=  riparius),  and  in  all  probability  belongs  there.  He  says  it  is  "  very 
abundant  from  Canada  to  Great  Bear  Lake",  in  which  region  we  are  pre- 
pared to  show  that  the  true  riparius  occurs ;  most  of  the  puzzling  specimens  we 
shall  presently  treat  of  coming  from  extreme  Arctic  and  Northwestern  areas. 
It  is  true  that  Richardson  puts  the  total  length  ("3J  inches")  under  average 
riparius;  but  this  seems  to  be  an  error,  for  Dr.  Sclater's  recent  measurement 
of  them  shows  4.70,  while  there  is  certainly  an  error  (probahly  typograph- 
ical) in  the  ascribed  length  of  head  ("2iV,',  for  not  even  the  biggest 
xanthognaihus,  7  inches  long,  has  such  a  head  as  this  implies.  On  the  whole, 
tbare  is  little  risk  of  error  in  assigning  Richardson's  "  pennsyhanicus  Ord" 
as  a  complete  synonym  of  true  riparius.  We  will  also  bear  in  mind  that 
Richardson  states  positively  it  is  what  Sabine  described  in  Fmnklin's  Jour- 
ney under  the  (erroneous)  name  of  xanthognathus. 

Of  a  sixth  species,  less  fully  noticed  by  Richardscn,  from  Bering's 
Straits,  under  name  of  Arvicola  ruhricatus,  we  know  nothing.  But  we  do 
not  believe  that  this  (or  any  other  ^mco/«)  ever  had  the  sides  (or  any  other 
part  of  the  body)  "scarlet",  as  alleged,  or  even  "nearly  scarlet'',  as  said  by 
Audubon  and  Bachman.  We  believe,  however,  that  this  animal  will  prove 
to  be  an  Evotomys,  very  near  if  not  the  *ime  as  Mus  rutUus  Pallas,  with  which 
Richardson  has  not  shown  himself  acquainted,  though  we  cat  nut  imagine 
how  he  overlooked  it,  as  it  appears  he  did. 


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I'l^'   ■■■' 


lit  •III 


f:'.;i. 


192 


MONOGRAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


With  what  light  we  hiive  upon  the  sulyect  nt  present,  we  make  out  the 
following  case  of  Richardson's  species: —  ...  :  . 

1.  A.  "riparius  Ord"  apud  Rich.  {■=.richardsonii  Aud.  &  Bach.)  is  a 
transitional  form  hetween  true  ripar.us  and  xanthognalhus,  as  fully  treated  of 
beyond,     li  has  no  j)eculiarities  of  Licisor  dentition. 

2.  A.  xanthognnthus  Leach  et  Rich,  is  positively  identified,  as  explained 
beyond.  •.  •     '  ,       v,.,  .,,     ., 

3.  A.  "])ennsylvanicus  Ord"  apud  Rich,  is  a  complete  synonym  of  true 
riparius. 

4.  A.  "  noveboracensis  ?  Raf.''  upud  Rich.  (=^drumtnondii  Aud.  &  Bach.) 
remains  indeterminable.     It  may  be  a  Pedomys. 

5.  A.  borealis  Rich,  is  a  variety  of  riparius,  as  treated  of  beyond. 

6.  A.  rubricatus  Rich,  is  in  all  probability  Mus  rutilm  Pall.  {Evotomys 
rutilun  nobis). 

We  are  now  better  prepared  to  interrogate  the  specimens  before  us 
themselves,  to  which  final  appeal  must  of  course  be  made.  At  the  outset, 
we  lay  down  two  propositions,  to  be  proven  in  the  sequel. 

I.  All  the  specimens  before  us  belong  to  the  riparius  section  of  Arvicola 
(  =  Myonomes). 

II  Any  characters  which  may  be  taken  to  establish  two  or  more  species 
are  found  to  melt  insensibly  into  those  of  typical  riparius. 

It  is  only  at  the  close  of  an  unusually  protracted  and  laborious  investi- 
gation that  we  venture  upon  this  last  extreme  statement.  ,  We  had  through- 
out been  perfectly  satisfied  of  the  specific  validity  of  xanthognathus  and 
borealis.  Typical  examples  of  each  differ  so  much  from  ordinary  United 
States  ripariu.*  that  we  could  not  believe  them  to  be  the  same,  notwithstand- 
ing all  these  mice  had  taught  us  of  the  limits  of  variability  in  this  family. 
We  confidently  labeled  several  hundred  characteristic  examples  of  xantho- 
gnathus, and  a  large  number  of  specimens  of  borealis  we  disposed  of  with 
equal  readinetis.  There  still  remained,  however,  over  a  hundred  skins,  the 
attempt  to  identify  which  upon  the  supposition  of  the  specific  validity  of 
xanthognnthus  and  borealis  has  involved  us  in  utter  confusion,  from  which 
we  see  no  hope  of  escape  except  through  abandoning  our  former  position. 
It  is,  we  sec  now  more  than  ever  before,  this  having  to  tabulate  and  label 
every  individual  specimen  that  tells  the  story  and  applies  the  crucial  test. 

It  is  in  violation  of  our  preconceived  ideas  to  i)e  obliged  to  identify  such 


MDlUD^—ARVlCOLlNuE— ARCTIC  ARVICOLuE. 


193 


an  animal  as  No.  4504  (beyond)  with  No.  9235  (beyond),  and  both  of  them 
with  riparius,  as  not  specifically  distinct ;  yet  we  can  find  no  other  alternative, 
since  our  series  supplies  every  link  in  the  chain.  If  we  take  dimensions,  we 
find  every  intermediate  size,  by  tenths  of  an  inch,  from  three  to  eight  inches ; 
it  is  the  same  with  proportions  of  feet,  tail,  and  ears,  both  relative  and  abso- 
lute. Conditions  of  pelage  are  utterly  confounding,  even  leaving  season,  if 
not  also  latitude,  out  of  consideration.  Those  characteristic  examples  of  xan- 
thognathus,  in  which  the  chestnut  cheek  is  well  marked,  set  aside,  color  gives 
us  nothing  we  can  rely  upon.  If,  therefore,  there  be  more  than  one  species 
in  the  series,  I  must  simply  confess  that  I  am  not  bright  enough  to  discover 
or  define  it. 

In  dealing  with  this  lot  of  material,  I  shall,  in  the  first  place,  eliminate 
the  specimens  not  appreciably  different  in  any  respect  from  ordinary  United 
States  riparius.  I  will  then  separate  those  that  have  the  chestnut  cheek-patch 
(an  easy  matter)  and  label  them  xantliognathus,  without  reference  to  their 
being  a  variety  only  of  riparius.  I  shall  be  able  to  label  many  of  the  rest 
var.  borealis,  and  to  indicate  a  considerable  number  as  more  or  less  nearly 
approaching  either  xanthognathus  or  borealis.  But  a  large  residuum  (includ- 
ing most  of  the  alcoholics,  respecting  which  nicety  of  determination  is  obvi- 
ously im[K)S8ible)  can  be  only  marked  as  "riparius  var. — ?". 

The  distribution  of  xanthognathus  and  borealis  will  be  perceived  from 
the  tables  beyond.  Southern  and  Central  British  American  specimens,  as  a 
rule,  are  more  or  less  completely  similar  to  ordinary  riparius.  The  extreme 
of  borealis  has  only  occurred,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  from  the  Arctic  coast 
and  contiguous  northwestern  regions.  Well-characterized  xanthognathus 
scatters  over  a  larger  area,  but  likewise  focuses  in  the  Northwest.  It  is  a 
further  source  of  difficulty  ond  doubt  that  these  extremes  are  not  geographi- 
cally marked ;  on  the  contrary,  they  occur  side  by  side,  and  are,  therefore, 
not  explicable  upon  the  rules  of  geographical  variation  that  we  have  elsewhere 
laid  down  and  somewhat  successfully  applied.  This  may  be  held  as  strong 
evidence  that  these  forms  are  specifically  distinct ;  but  we  must  beg  any  one 
who  may  so  believe  to  show  us  any  reliable  specific  character. 

The  following  table  embraces  a  number  of  specimens  more  or  less  per- 
fectly similar  to  ordinary  riparius,  not  distinguishable  in  ony  way  from  that 
form,  and  not  noticeably  inclining  to  the  characters  of  either  var.  borealis  or 
var.  xanthognathus.  What  slight  discrepancies  there  are  in  average  dimen- 
flions  are  noted  at  the  conclusion  of  the  table. 
13  H 


^H 


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1 

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m^'i 


194 


MONOOltAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Taiii.i;  XLVIII. — ileaaurementt of  tirealg-iiine  «> 

diHtiiiyuighuL 


vorlhcrM  Akvicolx  of  the  iui'arivs  type,  md  not 
that  tpecia. 


1 

s 

'A 

i 

9 

d 
V 

9 

9 
9 
9 
9 

Dato. 

Locality. 

Ckillector. 

Nose  to— 

Tall  to 
^nd  of— 

• 

i 

1 

Remark!, 

I 

1 

1 

i 
1 

% 

1 

i 

'5 
<A 

1.13 
.33 
1.33 

OiMII 

4577 
457.t 

July -,1801 

A|ir  no.  i(<eo 
Slui'.  :io,  leoo 

Apr.  30. 1«00 
May  30,  ieG» 
Ma\  30,  IWO 
May  :iO.  leco 
Mny  ;0,  IPOO 

Sfjit.   O.ISM 
St'pt.  lli,  IHIO 

Srpt   I,lf5!l 
S.pl.   5,  IC59 
Si-pL  10,  1(«9 
Sopt,   5,  I85U 
Fib.  15,  lew 
Oct     3, 1850 
Juue   5, 1*00 

Fort  Simpson 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....  do    

B.R.  ItoM 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

.  do   

9.45 
9.50 
9.59 

1.05 
1.05 
0.95 

i.i» 

l.SC 

i.ao 

1.70 
i35 

1.45 

i.o: 

1.35 
1.15 

i).3io.ra 

9.35  0.01 
0.35  0.05 

Dry. 

Fref  li,  except  feet 
Fresll. 
...do. 
Suckling, 
...do. 
...do. 
...  do, 
Tonng. 
Dry, 

Fresh,  cxeept  feel. 
Fresh ;  ear  behiuil 

0.48. 
Fresh. 

Fresh ;  ear  0.40, 
Fresh ;  ear  0.48. 
Fresh, 
Dry, 
Frcali,  except  feel, 

...do. 
Dry. 
...do. 
...do, 

,.  do. 

..do, 

..do. 

..  da 

..  do. 
...do, 
...do, 

...do. 

Fresh,  except  feet 

Dry, 

..do. 
...  do, 

..  do. 
do. 

...  do     

.  do   

t7.VJ 

....  do 

.    do   

•ISI.'i 

do     

R.  Kcnnloott  . . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

...  do 

...do 

..  do 

l).55 
l).SO 

0.SO 
0.50 
0.45 
0.30 

0.59 
0.35 

1.0,-. 
0.95 

0.95 
0.9 
0.95 
0.90 

0.9S 
I.OU 

1.3 

1.0 
1.31 

1.11 

1.0( 

1. 1: 

1.35 
1.  IC 

1.3: 

1.35 
1.50 
1. 10 

1.00 
1.00 
A  CO 
1.30 
1.3U 
I..10 
I..10 
1.33 
I.f0 
1.30 
175 

4.00 
4.85 
4.83 

3.90 
4.00 
4.35 
4.50 
4.00 
4.50 

1.15 
1.0 
1.51 

1..MI 
1.51 
1.55 
1.01 
1.61 

1.41 
l.X 

i.s: 

1.31 
l.8( 
I.Oti 

1.1' 
1.41' 

1.10 
1.8. 

1.41 
1.3 
I.3.' 

1.3.- 
1.7,- 
1.7.-. 

1.70 
1.70 
1.7.-. 
1.90 
1.75 

1  CO 
1.33 
1.50 
1.50 
1.30 
I.IO 

1.8 
1.60 

1.30 
1.35 

1.05 
1.40 
1.00 

D..'I3 
0.33 
a  35 

0.33 
0.33 
0.30 
0.34 
0.35 
0.3C 
0  31 
0.34 
0.31 
0.33 
O..TJ 
0.31 
0.30 
0.38 
0.33 
0.34 
0.36 
0.31 
0.3: 

0.33 

a  73 

0.70 
O.TJ 

0.75 
0.75 

a  05 

0,79 
0.74 
0  75 
0.73 
0.C9 
0.70 
U.T.I 
0.6tl 
1.07 
Ol05 
0.66 
0.70 
11.70 
0.79 
1)73 
0.73 
0.71 
0.7S 
0.70 
0.711 

4:ne 
4371 

4.r.a 

4173 
4574 
VM 
4069 
4ri70 

....  do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Fort  Llard 

do 

WlDncthy  River 

R«l  River  Settlement 

do 

do 

...do 

...do  

D.  Gnnn 

...do 

..  do 

3031 

■Mt-a 

M,tt 

:iui9 

4lli:l 
4JI1() 
3.«> 
5-54 
6-4( 

I»43 
.->745 
574- 
5720 
57,15 
5^50 
5757 
577? 

....  do    

Kelmii  River 

....  do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

do 

Selkirk  Settlement... 
do 

...do 

..  do 

MoiiBe  Factory 

do    

J.HoKenilr... 

f).  Dreiler 

R.  Konuicott... 

J.  Reld 

do 

Red  River  Settlement 

do     .. 

do 

Furl  Reanlntlon  

FoitRae 

...do 

J.  .UeKentle.   .. 
LhClarke    

do 

.  do     

.do. 

■ 

do 

..  do    

.  do. 

do 

....do 

...da 

do 

...do   

.  do. 

do    

..  do 

.  do. 

do 

...  do  

..  do. 

It  appears  from  the  foregoing  that  the  average  of  this  series  is  nearly 
at  the  minimum  of  United  States  ripuriuit,  and  that  its  maximum  is  at  the 
average  of  ordinary  riparius.  The  average  tail  (1.32)  is  below  the  smallest 
average  of  any  of  the  United  States  series  of  riparius  tabulated,  while  tiie 
average  foot  (0.71)  is  about  at  the  minimum  of  the  latter;  only  three  feet, 


MUEID^—ARVlCOLINii!:— ARCTIC  ARVICOL^. 


195 


indeed,  of  this  series  touch  the  average  (0.79)  of  United  States  rijmriuii,  the 
rest  being  between  0.65  and  0.75 ;  whereas  the  United  States  ripariuii'  feet 
apparently  never  fall  below  0.70,  and  may  range  from  0.80  to  0.90. 

The  following  is  an  enumeration  (we  did  not  think  it  necessary  to  tabu- 
late) of  the  specimens  in  the  present  series  that  depart  more  or  less  noticeably 
in  some  respects  from  ordinary  ripnriun,  yet  do  not  show  the  peculiarities  of 
either  borealis  or  xanthognathus  strongly  enough  to  enable  us  to  label  them 
as  belonging  to  either  of  those  forms.  We  shall  simply  label  them  "riparius 
var. — ?".  In  general,  their  absolute  size  is  neither  above  nor  below  that  of 
riparim;  few  being  so  small  as  those  we  tabulate  beyond  under  head  of 
borealis,  and  none  being  as  large  as  the  doubtful  xanfhognathus  beyond  given. 
They  differ  from  ordinary  riparim  principally,  as  would  be  expected  in  these 
boreal  cases,  in  their  smaller  members  and  heavier  pelage. 

Nos.  6847,  6849,  6850,  6851,  6855,  6857,  6858,  6859,  6861,  6864,  6866, 
6867,  6870,  6872,  6873,  all  collected  by  Mr.  Kennicott  on  the  Yukon,  at  the 
mouth  of  Porcupine  River.  They  run  directly  into  the  specimens  from  the 
same  locality,  tabulated  beyond  as  borealis. 

Nos.  6832,  6881,  6882,  6876,  6889,  6887,  6884,  6885,  6886,  6883,  6888, 
6880,  taken  by  the  same  explorer  in  spring,  two  hundred  miles  southwest  of 
the  last-named  locality.  Owing  to  the  season,  they  average  remarkably 
dark-colored. 

Nos.  9157,  9156,  9151,  9152,  915K,  9160,  9164,  9174,  9167,  9159,  9149, 
9144,  9142.  9161,  9148,  9165,  9150,  9166,  8022,  8025,  8026,  8163,  8755. 
Fort  Anderson,  north  of  Great  Bear  Lake;  R.  Mr larlane. 

Nos.  6836,  6937,  6841,  5749,  9194,  684'->,  o834,  6839,  9193,  9114,  from 
Anderson  River ;  R.  McFarlane.  Some  of  these,  as  6841,  run  very  close  to 
certain  styles  of  xanthognathus. 

Nos.  9109,  9122,  8820,  9213,  9205,  9126,  9101,  9187,  9127,  9123, 9206, 
9130,  9217.  This  lot  was  received  by  Mr.  McFarlane  from  the  Esquimaux 
of  McKenzie's  River,  and  is  less  homogeneous  than  either  of  the  preceding. 

Nos.  8037,  8027,  8041,  8031,  8045,  8032,  8040,  8050,  8029,  8052, 
8038,  8049,  8043,  8054,  8042,  8045,  8044,  8030,  8046,  8039,  8034,  8036, 
8035,  8028,  8053.  From  the  Arctic  coast,  brought  by  Esquimaux  to  Mr. 
McFarlane. 


VV: 


<   11; 


i!' 


I  ' 


if 


',      ! 


196  MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

fARVICOLA  RIPARIUS  var.  BOREALIS,  Rich. 
Little  Northern  Meadow  House. 

Anieola  borealii,  Richardson,  Zool.  Joiirn.  1828,  r>17 ;  Fu.  Bor.-Ani.  i,  1829, 127.— AcD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A- 

iii,  lH5:i,  134,  pi.  129  (from  RicbardBou).— Baihd,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  549  (from  the  same). 
"  Bypudcnts  borealis,  Wagneh,  Siippl.  Schreber,  iii,  1843,  593"  (the  same), 
.lirrko/o  (n';)rtiiu»  var. f)  !wrfa/i»,  C0UE8,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.  1874,  190. 

Diagnosis. — J.  ripario  .timi/limux,  t.(;d  minor,  artubus  brevioribus,  hirmti- 
oribus,  vel/ere  lanuginosiore.  •        ■       '  ■".  '  -•  .»    ■■\.-- :■> 

Averaging  a  little  smaller  than  true  npnriu,s  (three  or  four  inches  hing), 
with  smaller  and  hairier  ears,  tail,  and  feet. 

Habitat. — NortHiwestern  America.  "     '  '      ■      '  '■' 

Table  XLIX. — ileamremenU  of  lhirlg-o«e  small  Arnlic  Arvicoije  nf  Iht  RIPARIUS  type,  tupfoned  to  reprr- 

teiit  a  variety  boreai.is,  Kich. 
If,  B. — They  oouncct  directly  with  spooimeus  of  the  prcccdlDK  enumeration. 


;?. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Kouto— 

Tail  to  end 
of- 

i 
1 

1 

n 

c 

& 

KeninrkB. 

i 

i 

i 

> 

i 

0181 
•0139 
8033 
8047 
9138 
91204 
9137 
9140 
6874 
9107 
0179 
8165 
933.T 
(117-; 
UIM 
6865 
0860 
6868 
6863 
6863 
6869 
6854 
O'Wa 
68.VJ 
6871 
t6848 
6879 
6677 
6B53 
0854 
8753 

3.00 

3.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.75 
3.10 
3.0O 

MO 
0.73 
0.80 
I.OO 

1.50 
1.00 
1.05 
1.30 

0.33 
0.33 
0.33 
0.33 
0.34 
0.35 
0.33 
0.33 

0.60 
0.70 
0.70 
0.70 
0.71 
0.74 
0.71 
0.73 
0.73 
0.68 
0.71 
0.73 
0.71 
0.70 
0.70 
0.71 
0.70 
0.75 
0.73 
0.75 
0.70 
0.78 
0.79 
0.70 

0.37 

Dry. 
...do. 
...do. 
do 

do 

Arctic  coast 

do 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

0.43 

0.93 

1.05 

0.33 

...do. 

...do. 

do. 

...do  

1.00 
0.70 
O.M 

1.30 
1.00 
1.15 

do 

do 

do 

do 

0.34 
0.34 

...do. 

..do. 

do 

do 

K  McFarlano 

3.00 
3.50 
3.00 
3.75 

0.EO 
0.90 
0.90 
1.00 
0.90 

1.05 
1.15 
1.15 

i.ao 

I.  IS 

0.30 
0.33 
0.34 
0.33 

do 

do 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do  

....do 

0.30 
0.33 
0.33 

..  do. 
...  do. 

...do. 
....do. 

do 

...do. 

Yukon  Kiver 

R.  Keonicott 

....do 

O.SO 

0.85 

1.08 

3.00 

0.80 

1.10 

O..TS 

0.37 
0.40 

do. 

...do. 

Freih. 

Dry. 

Freab. 

Dry. 
...  do. 

do 

do 

do 

...do 

...do 

0.60 

1.05 

1.99 

4.40 

1.50 

1.93 

do 

do 

...do 

....do 

1.18 

4.30 
3.50 
3.50 
3.80 
3.75 
4.33 
4.05 
3.83 
3.75 

1.40 

l.!S8 

0.33 

do 

....do 

1.99 

0.90 
1.15 
1.60 

1.00 

1.60 
1.30 
1.43 
L95 

1.33 

0.43 
0.33 

do 

do 

do 

do 

200  mllM  S.W.  of  Yukon 
do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

J.Lockbardt 

R.  Kennicott 

....do 

....do 

0.50 

aso 
a54 

0.45 

0.75 

1.05 
1.03 

1.05 

1.13 

MS 
1.05 

0.33 

Freah. 
Dry. 
Freab. 
....do. 

Young. 
Dry. 

0.30 
0.31 

0.75 
0.08 
0.«« 

0.33 
0.40 
0.33 

do 

.  do    . 

3.40 
3.50 

0.75 
0.68 

do 

1.10 

1.30 

*  Tiikun  tn  winter,  and  Apparently  ndult.  Ita  leugtb  CADOot  now  be  nscertAlned  with  accunwy ;  but  It  is  »  tluy  nuiiiinl, 
ttppnroBtly  falling  tibort  ot  3  iooben. 

f  Gontaiaed  7  fcBton.  Tbts  and  the  othen  tneosnred  tnth  do  nctnppear tobe  Boniacta  Inrgftrtban  tberest osthe  flgiiret 
woald  indicate. 


\\\ 


MURIUM— ABVICOLIN^—ARVIOOLA  XANTHOGNATHUS.         197 

The  figures  of  this  series  aro  believed  to  be  approximately  correct, 
though  not  quite  accurate.  They  indicate  an  animal  at  or  below  the  mini- 
mum of  ordinary  ripariu-i,  with  members,  especially  the  tail,  below  the 
minimum;  the  feet,  however,  do  not  differ  quite  so  much,  being  fully  within 
the  minimum  of  riparius,  and,  in  fact,  averaging  over  the  dimensions  of  the 
average  foot  of  the  last  table  presented,  and  decidedly  exceeding  the  dimen- 
sions assigned  by  Audubon  (0.63).  As  to  the  form  of  the  thumb-nail,  we 
cannot  make  out  anything  at  all  peculiar.  In  furriness  of  pelage,  some  of 
these  specimens  quite  come  up  to  the  mark  of  horeatu  as  described.  Thus, 
No.  9235  has  the  fur  on  the  back  fully  ten-twelfths  of  an  inch  long;  and  the 
hair  about  the  lips  is  so  long  as  to  droop  over  the  whole  length  jf  the  upper 
ncisors,  completely  hiding  them.  Then,  again,  the  soles,  however,  are  not 
nearly  so  hairy  as  some  other  specimens  wc  have  seen ;  the  soles  of  this  same 
9235  being  completely  nc  .ed  from  the  posterior  tubercle.  These  longest- 
haired  specimens,  it  should  be  observed,  are  all  in  winter  pelage  ;  spring  and 
summer  examples  have  the  fur  scarcely,  if  at  all,  longer  than  ordinary  Penn- 
sylvania or  Massachusetts  skins. 

Different  as  many  of  these  little  creatures  look  from  typical  riparius,  or 
from  the  big  ones  with  which  they  are  associated,  it  is  impossible  for  us  to 
regard  them  as  specifically  distinct. 


'  11 


ARVICOLA  (MYONOMES)  XANTHOGNATHUS,  Leach. 

Cliestnnt-Clieeked  Meadow  Houbc. 

Arvicola  xaiii1u>gi>atha,  Lsacr,  Zool.  MIscel.  i,  1814,  60,  pi.  36.— Richardson,  F.  B.-A.  i,  1889,  lSi2.— Add. 
&.  Bach.  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1«)3,  67,  pi.  125.-Baiiid,  M.  N.  A.  1W>7,  5r.2.— Pali,,  AlankB  and  its 
BesourceB,  1870,577.    (IPAelAero/ Sabine  f    Not  of  any  author  trealingof  Vniltd  Stales  epeciet.) 

Arvicola  (Mgonomea)  xanthognatkHt,  Cmir.s,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874. 100. 

DiAON. — Arvicola  staturd  inter  maximos,  buccis  castaneis. 

One  of  the  largeat  meadoic  mice,  with  chestnut  cheeks;  5  to  S  inches  long; 
tail  I  or  2 ;  hind  foot  0.85  to  1.05 ;  ear  J  to  ^. 

Habitat. — North  America,  north  of  the  United  States. 

Description  (No.  4504,  Fort  Resolution,  Great  Slave  Lake). — This  is 
one  of  the  largest  American  Arvicola  we  have  ever  handled;  it  measured  6 J 
inches  long  when  fresh,  and  the  skin  indicates  a  stout,  bulky  animal.  The  tail 
is  shorter  in  proportion  than  in  average  riparius ;  it  is  said  to  have  been  2.25 
when  fresh,  but  is  now  just  about  2.00;  its  hairiness  is  of  medium  amount. 


w 


?J: 


m 

mm 


Si  J 


;  I'i' 


liif 


It 


.1 ' 

i'ii 


i . 


I 


■If' 

i;  si 


li'i', ' 


198 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


The  soles  nre  over  an  inch  long,  and  thoroughly  furry  a?  far  as  the  posterior 
tubercle;  naked  in  the  rest  of  their  length.  There  are  six  conspicuous 
tubercles,  as  usual  in  this  section :  a  posterior  one  at  base  of  hallux ;  two 
at  base  of  outer  toe ;  one  at  base  of  second  toe ;  and  one  at  bases  of  third 
and  fourth  Iocs.  The  fore  feet  are  comparatively  small,  being  obviously  less 
than  iiaif  the  hind  (measured  from  the  posterior  tubercle).  There  are  five 
palmar  tubercles:  one  representing  the  "ball"  of  the  rudimentary  thumb, 
which  bears  a  minute  abortive  nail;  another  just  beside  and  external  to  the 
first;  one  at  the  base  of  each  lateral  finger;  and  one  at  the  bases  of  the  two 
central  fingers.  The  relative  proportions  of  all  the  ten  digits  is  as  usual  in 
this  section.  The  ears  are  moderate  for  the  size  of  the  animal,  measuring 
a  little  over  half  an  inch  high  and  wide;  they  overtop  the  fur  a  little,  are  well 
furred  both  sides,  rounded  in  shape,  and  with  a  highly-developed  antitragus 
fully  occluding  the  meatus.  The  fur,  much  as  in  other  Arctic  Arvicola,  is 
longer,  tiiicker,  and  softer  than  that  of  United  States  species;  and,  although 
tiie  reverse  of  harsh,  has  very  little  lustre,  apparently  owing  to  the  less 
admixture  of  the  long,  glossy,  bristle-like  hairs  that  occur  so  abundantly  in 
southern  samples,  especially  of  maritime  or  very  wet  places.  The  longest 
whiskers  about  equal  the  head;  others  are  much  shorter. 

In  color,  this  animal  represents  one  of  the  few  species,  that  may  usually 
be  known  at  a  glance,  and  the  only  one  of  ours  that  has  bright  tints  in 
sharply  restricted  areas.  The  cheeks  are  bright  chestnut  *  in  marked  contrast 
with  surrounding  shades.  The  extreme  niuzale  is  blackish,  and  thence  to 
over  the  eyes  a  dusky  shade  prevails.  In  some  specimens,  there  is  a  small 
rusty  or  yellowish-brown  orbital  space,  and  there  is  generally  a  perceptible 
shade  of  the  same  on  the  auricular  region,  though  we  have  never  appreciated 
so  much  of  this  as  Audubon's  smaller  figure  shows.  The  upper  parts  are  of 
an  intimate  mixture  or  "grizzle"  of  yellowish-brown,  gray,  and  black,  some- 
what darkest  along  the  middle  line  of  the  back,  and  brightest  on  the  haunches, 
but  not  noticeably  fiir  from  uniform  all  over.  The  resulting  shade  is  generally 
lighter  or  more  yellowish-brownish-gray  than  in  southern  species,  owing  to 
smaller  proportion  of  long  dark  hairs.  The  tail  is  bicolor,  but  not  very 
sharply  so — more  so  in  some  specimens  than  in  others;  the  feet  are  fuscous. 

*Tliu  name  "xautboKuatba",  " yellow "-vbecketl,  aud  the  de8ori|itlou8 of  authors,  as  "yellow", 
"  orangti  brown  ",  "  fulvona",  &o.,  do  not  correctly  indicate  the  color  aa  it  appears  to  oar  eyee.  We  can 
Hce  uotbiuf!  but  a  bright  bay  or  chestnut,  and  the  shade  scarcely  varies  appreciably  in  any  ot  the  speci- 
mens ezamiued  in  which  it  is  evident  at  all. 


MUKID^— ARVICOLTNJE— AUVICOLA  XANTDOONATHUa. 


199 


The  under  parts  are  uniformly  strong  Iioarj-nsli,  owing  to  whitish  tips  of  (lie 
very  deep  plumbeous  fur.  The  honriness  varies  much,  sometimes  being 
scarcely  evident,  and  at  other  times  lieing  soiled  with  a  brownish  or  i-lay- 
colored  wash.  The  very  edges  of  the  lips  are  apt  to  be  whitish;  the 
whiskers  are  whitish  and  dark;  the  incisors  yellow,  the  upper  gcneruliy 
deepest-tinted,  the  under  frequently  nearly  white. 

We  will  finish  consideration  of  color  before  taking  up  the  matter  of  the 
measurements.  Our  remarks  are  based  upon  an  examination  of  several 
hundred  specimens. 

The  range  of  individual  variation  appears  to  us  compnnitively  slight. 
This  is  probably  due  to  the  rather  homogeneous  character  of  the  localities 
whence  our  specimens  came.  Some  are  a  little  darker,  or  a  little  lighter, 
browner,  grayer,  more  grizzly,  &c.,  than  others.  But  we  see  nothing  that 
calls  for  special  remark  in  this  connection.  One  (No.  o594)  is  un  incomplete 
albino,  having  a  broad  zone  of  pure  white  around  the  head  and  neck,  thence 
extending  along  the  breast  and  belly,  and  flesh-colored  ears. 

Certain  seasonal  conditions  of  pelage  are  strongly  marked.  In  the 
spring,  just  after  the  animal  has  shed  its  old  winter  coat,  it  appears  in  a,  fur 
very  noticeably  shorter,  finer,  smoother,  and  glossier  than  it  is  at  other 
seasons;  and  the  color  is  so  different  as  to  readily  suggest  specific  distinction 
to  one  ignorant  of  the  facts  in  the  case.  At  a  little  distance,  the  animal 
looks  almost  black,  so  dark  is  the  shade.  The  brown  of  the  upper  parts  is 
almost  a  blackish  muhogany-color,  with  little  or  no  admixture  of  fidvous, 
tawny,  or  yellowish-brown,  while  the  plumbeous  b(  low  has  corrcs|)oiiding 
intensity  and  is  hut  slightly  houry.  The  tail  is  nearly  unicolor.  As  the  season 
advances,  the  depth  of  color  insensibly  lessens;  the  grayest  and  grizzli- 
est animals  are  those  that  wear  the  ohlest  pelage  in  the  fall  and  winter. 
But  we  do  not  notice,  in  these  or  other  changes,  any  marked  dilference  in 
the  cheeks,  the  distinctive  brand  of  the  species  usually  remaining  much 
the  same. 

On  the  other  hand,  individual  variations  in  size  are  as  great  as  we  have 
succeeded  in  demonstrating  for  ripariua  with  our  immense  array  of  specimens 
from  all  localities;  and  this  is  the  more  remarkable,  seeing  that  xanthognatlius 
is  so  restricted  in  its  geographical  distribution  that  climatologieal  influences 
are  hardly  brought  to  bear  u^ton  it.  We  invite  particular  attention  to  the 
subjoined  table  that  demonstrates  the  variability  wc  continually  insist  upon 


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200 


MONOORAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


in  this  memoir.  Some  specimens  are  little  more  than  half  as  long  as  oi/iers, 
and  certiiinly  have  less  tliun  half  the  bulk.  Our  figures  for  apparently 
mature  animals  run  from  4.50  to  8  inches  for  length  of  trunk.  Now,  to 
keep  largely  within  bounds,  we  will  strike  off  i)nlf  an  inch  each  way,  and 
say  a  normal  limit  of  variation  it)  between  5  and  7i  inches:  this  2J  inches 
is  50  per  cent,  of  the  minimum  and  40  per  cent,  of  the  mean  length  of  the 
animal.  This  great  discrepancy  is  the  more  instructive,  because  in  the  case 
of  xanthognathus  there  is  no  possible  question  of  specific  identity  of  the 
largest  and  smalle.st  specimens.  In  some  other  cases,  where  reputed  nominal 
species,  based  in  part  on  dimensions,  were  at  issue,  we  may  possibly  be 
suspected  of  granting  improbable  and  undue  range  of  variation.  But  here 
the  matter  is  brought  to  a  fi)cus:  we  show,  in  the  specimens  of  unquestion- 
ably a  single  species,  as  great  variability  in  size  as  we  have  anywhere 
attempted  to  prove. 

And  yet  this  difference  is  no  greater  than  we  believe  is  well  known  to 
occur  in  other  species  of  the  genus,  notably  the  Arvicola  amphibius  of 
Europe.  No  one  is  surjjrised  to  kill  two  house-rats,  one  of  which  is  twice 
as  big  as  the  other.  We  hold  that  a  corresponding  variability  is  as  normal 
to  some  purely  feral  animals  as  to  the  semi-domesticated  species  just  cited; 
and  we  believe  that  it  argues  a  ])rogressive  increase  in  size,  with  age,  over 
the  stature  ordinarily  reached  at  the  period  of  puberty — that  is  to  say,  a 
Mus  or  an  Arvicola  may  be  "adult"  or  "mature"  in  the  sense  that  it  has  lost 
the  signs  of  youth,  gained  those  of  adult  life,  and  become  capable  of  repro- 
duction, and  yet,  after  this,  may  increase  in  length  by  one-third  at  least,  and 
double  its  bulk  in  the  subsequent  years  of  its  life. 

Recurring  again  to  our  measurements,  we  next  observe  that  the  tail  of 
this  animal  (taking  it  to  the  end  of  the  vertebrae  as  a  more  consttmt  and 
reliable  measurement  than  to  the  tip  of  the  hairs)  ranges  from  0.75  to  2.25, 
as  the  figures  stand!  and,  making  large  allowance  for  erroneous  elements,  we 
may  safely  say  that  the  tail  is  "an  inch  or  two"  long,  i.  e.,  it  varies  100  per 
cent,  of  the  minimum  !  What  could  more  forcibly  illustrate  the  instability 
that  attends  the  dimensions  of  organs  produced  in  any  sense  as  matters  of 
vegetative  repetition  I  The  measurements  of  other  parts  need  not  detain  us. 
For  several  reasons,  among  them  ease  of  correct  measurement,  the  limits  of 
the  figures  for  the  feet  and  ears  do  not  stand  quite  so  far  apart  as  those  for 
the  body  and  tail  do ;  they  coincide  with  the  results  of  our  measurements 


MUKIDJS— ABVICOLlNiB— AllVlCOLA  XANTnOONATHUS.        201 

of  other  species.  The  soles  run  from  0.85  to  1.05 — say  from  0.1: 0  to  1.00 — 
as  an  ordinary  range;  and  it  should  be  observed  that  the  smallest  specimens, 
as  Nos.  4509,  4510,  G558,  &c.,  have  feet  quite  up  to  average  dimensions. 

Our  table  is  drawn  up  to  show  the  different  localities  represented  in  our 
immense  scries  of  specimens;  but  otherwise  the  skins  were  picked  out  at 
random  from  the  box  containing  several  huudred  till  we  had  tabulated  enough 
to  answer  our  purpose. 


Taiilk  L.~Me<uiiremcnt»  of  tUty-Mnt  tpedmnn  of  Aiivicoi.a  xanihoonathus  from  Xorlh  America  north 

of  tkt  VHiled  Slatet. 


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NoTR.— Mr.  Kennlcott'a  upeclmeDs  w«re  partly  takeo  at  Fort  Yukon  (luouth  of  Porcnplua  BWer)  and  partly  800  milea 
Duntliweat  of  thia  lucalUy.  Bcsldea  those  tabalated,  wo  bare  euuulDvd  uvtral  hundrtd  othera,  all  broaght  from  tho  aanae 
region  by  Mr.  Kennlcoti. 

Fortunately,  the  synonymy  of  this  species  is  plain.  It  was  first  described 
and  not  very  well  figured  by  Leach,  as  above;  Dr.  Richardson  next  noticed 
it  in  a  more  satisfactory  detail ;  then  Audubon  and  Bach  man  reproduced  the 
sense  of  Richardson's  article ;  and,  lastly,  Baird  published  it  upon  substantially 


MUKIUiE-AKVIOOLlN^-ABVICOLA  XANTOOONATUU8.        203 


the  Hanie  ^roiiiiHo,  tlinii^h  he  only  admitted  it  among  the  hypothcticuil  HpociL-s 
of  his  gifiii  work,  lint  there  m  no  eviiUincu  that  the  species  has  occurred  in 
tlic  United  States,  and  that  it  ever  dues  ho  is  highly  improimhle ;  and  conse- 
quently all  the  citations  of  "xanthognathus"  from  this  c(tiintry — those  of 
Godman,  Harlan,  Say,  DoKay,  Linsley,  and  otliers  -arc  referable  only  to 
riparim.  We  have  not  seen  Sai)ine's  article,  where  the  name  appears ;  but 
Richardson  says  (Hisitively  that  Sal)inc'8  "xanUiognatha"  is  not  this  animal  at 
all,  but  is  what  he  (Riciiardson)  calls  "pennsi/lvtinica  Or<l"  (see  under  Arctic 
riparius  in  this  memoir).  We  arc  equally  in  the  darU  respectiuj}  t'  •;  "Cam- 
pagnol  aux  joues  fauvcs"  of  Desmarest,  which  Godman,  for  insttmce,  refers 
to  his  "xanthognatha"  {zzriparius),  but  which  Audubon  and  Uachman  cite  as 
true  xanthognathus.  Audubon  and  Bachman  have  blundered  in  citing  ^^xan- 
th'ignathm  Harlan  and  Godman";  but  it  seems  to  have  been  a  mere  slip  of 
tlie  pen,  for  they  expressly  state  on  a  subsequent  page  that  Harlan's  and 
Guduiun's  animal  cannot  be  the  true  xantftognathas. 

'i  tt's  Arvicola  appears  to  inhabit  most  of  British  and  Russian  America. 
Audubon  and  Bachman  say  they  took  it  in  Labrador;  Leach  got  his  from 
HudsonV  Bay ;  and  we  have  other  rather  easterly  quotations  at  hand.  But 
the  creature  seems  to  be  especially  abundant  and  charocteristic  northwest- 
wardly, as  in  the  region  of  the  Mackenzie,  Anderson,  and  Yukon  Rivers. 

Note. — We  have  a  great  many  skulls  of  this  animal  before  us,  but  it 
seems  not  worth  while  to  tabulate  them,  as  they  show  nothing  whatever  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  riparius,  excepting  a  somewhat  larger  size;  all  the  pro- 
portions are  the  same.  Even  the  increase  in  size  is  only  evident  on  striking 
averages,  since  the  smaller  skulls  reach  well  into  the  dimensions  of  the  larger  ' 
examples  of  riparius.  The  skulls  run  in  total  length,  1.15  to  1.30;  in  width 
of  zygomatic  arches,  up  to  about  0.75 ;  in  height,  upward  of  0.50 ;  at  the 
interorbital  constriction,  0.15  or  0.20:  length  of  molar  series,  0.25  or  0.30; 
length  of  lower  jaw  from  tip  of  incisor  to  back  of  condyle,  nearly  an  inch  ;  to 
tip  of  coronoid,  about  0.75 ;  the  under  incisors  are  0.30  or  0.40  long  from  the 
alveoli ;  the  upper  have  the  ordinary  relative  size. 

The  dentition  of  this  species  is  strictly  that  of  the  riparius  group,  and, 
in  fact,  so  far  as' we  can  see,  identical  with  that  of  A.  riparius.  There  are 
the  usual  variations  in  the  tbrm  of  the  back  upper  molar,  which,  however, 
always  shows  its  crescent  and  two  external  lateral  triangles ;  while  the  ti'ont 
under  molar  has,  as  in  riparitu,  the  maximum  number  of  lateral  triangles, 
owing  to  the  far  advance  of  the  median  zigzag  line  of  enamel. 


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204      MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

fARVICOLA  mCHARDSONI  of  And.  &  Baob.  .    .  ,,  .      i     , 

Large  Northern  Mendow  Moase. 

"Ankola  riparius  Oiid",  npud  KicnARDSON,  Fn.  Bor.-Am.  1889,  i,  120.    (Not  of  Ord.) 
Anicota  rkhardtoni,  DeKay,  N.  Y.  ZooI.  i,  1842,  91.— AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  1853,  iii,  Iftl,  pi.  oxxxv,  f.  i 
(bnsc'd  on  Riebnrdson'ti  nnlnial).— Baikd,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  551  (eatno  as  the  foregoing). 

Selecting  a  number  of  the  very  largest  skins  in  the  collection,  we  can 
see  that  they  noticeably  surpass  the  average  of  United  States  riparius,  and 
stand  at,  if  not  beyond,  the  maximum  of  tlie  latter.  But  this  is  true  of  only 
a  small  proportion  of  our  lot ;  the  others  shade  insensibly  down  to  tlie  aver- 
age of  riparius ;  and  all  these  largest  ones  are  accompanied  by  others  of  much 
less  stature,  taken  living  side  by  side,  and  (lertainly  not  specifically  different. 
The  difference  in  the  whole  series,  moreover,  is  not  greater  than  we  demon- 
strate in  the  case  of  unquestionable  A.  xanthognathus. 

All  the  remarks  we  have  offered  under  head  of  A.  xanthognathus  have 
been  based  upon  unquestionable  examples  of  that  form.  But,  af^er  elimin- 
ating these,  we  find  a  considerable  number  of  specimens  that  are  precisely 
like  ordinary  xanthognathus,  yet  have  no  trace  of  the  chestnut  ciieeks.  They 
are  clearly  not  referable  to  ordinary  riparius,  and  are  equally  far  removed  from 
the  small  var.  borealis. 

We  puzzled  long  over  these  before  we  were  led,  we  believe  correctly,  to 
refer  them  to  xanthognathus.  Among  Mr.  Kennicott's  extraordinarily  full 
series  of  xanthognathus  we  found  here  and  there  a  skin  showing  no  chestnut 
c.ce's,  yet  which  lie  had  labeled  with  his  autograph  "xanthognathus".  This 
excited  our  suspicion  ;  for  we  had  noted  with  pleasure  that,  of  the  many  hun- 
dred mice  of  all  sorts  contributed  to  the  collection  by  this  eminent  naturalist, 
not  one  had  been  labeled  by  him  of  which  there  was  the  sligiitest  doubt,  and 
hi;!  labeling  has  proved  in  every  case  correct.  There  is  little  if  any  doubt 
that  xantlwgnathus,  under  certain  conditions,  does  not  acquire  the  chestnut 
cheeks — in  short,  that  a  certain  proportion  of  s|)ecimens  shade  into  riparius. 
This  goes  far  to  show  that  the  two  forms  are  not  specifically  distinct.  We 
tabulate  below  these  doubtful  skins.  It  will  be  seen  liy  the  measurements 
that  they  represent  an  animal  at  and  beyond  the  maximum  of  ordinary  riparius 
in  size,  with  comparatively  shorter  members;  and  the  skins  show  a  certain 
undefinable  coloration  and  condition  of  pelage  which  assures  us  they  belong 
nearer  xanthognathus  than  riparius ;  but  their  positive  determination  is  to  us 
at  present  impossible. 


•'1  Afiii 


3«!>^f- 


■ttrt 


MTIRID^— AUVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA  XANTHOGNATHHSf      205 


Tablk  LI. — jVfco»iir«m«iita  of  iweiity-nine  (and  IM  of  many  more)  tpecimevi  of  large  Arctic  Arvicol^  of  the 
RIPAIIIOS  ttpt,  tuppoted  to  repreeenl  xanthoonatiius  without  chettnut  cheeks. 


i 

I  rom  tip  of  noae  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of— 

Length  of— 

i 

s 

Locality. 

Collector. 

3 
"S 

a 

BomorkH. 

i 

k 

i 

1 

iJ 

n 

1 

1 

1 

m 

8048 

K.McFarkinc... 

Dry. 

8091 
0000 

do 

do 

..  do. 

Fort  Auderaon 

....do 

0.59 

1.93 

1.40 

6.00 

1.15 

1.60 

0.33 

0  78 

...do. 

9173 
91M 

do 

do       



0.59 

1.00 

.1.30 

1.00 

1.30 

0.35 

0.71 

0.43 

Dry. 

do 

....do 

9I9S 

do 

....do 

1.93 

6.00 

1.10 

1.45 

0.34 

0.70 

0.40 

...do. 

9IS4 

do 

....do 

1.13 

3.00 

1.30 

1.65 

0.35 

0.70 

0.39 

...do. 

9I1S 

do 

....do 

0.00 

1.30 

1.65 

0.34 

0  70 

....do. 

DI08 

do 

....do 

0.50 

3.30 

1.90 

1.40 

0.33 

0.78 

0.40 

....do. 

9144 

do 

....do 

,'.0O 

l.OO 

1.93 

0.35 

0.76 

0.34 

....do. 

0147 

do 

....do 

5.73 

1.00 

1.93 

....do. 

0229 

do 

....do 

5.30 

1.90 

1.43 

0.34 

0.7.1 

0.44 

....do. 

6K)S 

Andenon  Biver  ... 

...do 



&75 

1.30 

1.90 

0.37 

o.m 

0.43 

....do. 

69W 

do 

...do 

6637 
9193 

do 

do 

do 

...  do 

6841 

da 

....do 

5.01 

1.00 

1.90  la3l 

0.74 

0.49 

Dry. 

9903 

do 

....do 

; 

9990 

do 

...do 

6878 

900  mlln  aontb  weal 
of  Yukon  Blvor. 

B.Kcunlcotl.... 

5.50 

1.95 

1.50 

0.33 

0.73 

0.47 

Dry. 

6996 

do 

....do 

5.75 

1.30 

1.70 

0  79 

...do. 

6359 
6359 

Yukon 

do 

....do 

....do 

.... 

5.73 

1.30 

1.55 

0.70 

....do. 

...do. 

7099 

FortMoPheraon.... 

C.P.Gaudel... 



....do. 

7100 
7101 
7108 

do 

...,do 

....do. 
...do. 
....do. 

do 

...do 

9243 

Kodiak,  Alaaka  ... 

F.  Blaohoff 

....do. 

6307 
17799 
110895 

L.Clarke 

D.Onen 

...do 

0.43 

1.00 

1.15 

aeo 

L90 

1.75 

0.40 

0.80 

0.45 

6  yonng. 
5  .vonog. 

RedRirerSettlonient 
....do 

10896 

....do 

...do 

0.50 

1.10 

1.93 

4.50 

1.70 

9.00 

0.30 

0.73 

10897 
10806 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

17033 

Selkirk  Settlomont.. 

...do 

3  yonng. 

10809] 

to   I 

...do 

...do....' 

4.10 

1.30 

1.80 

0.80 

10904 

7638 

....do 

B.  Kenn!cott. . . 

109031 
to 

....do 

...do 

109161 

7710 

Wlnnnpeg  RItw  ... 

...do 

7190 
7716 
to 
7733. 

..  .do 

....do  



Jamea  Bay,  Hndaon'a 
Bay. 

C.  Drexler 

6304 

BigIaUuid,a.S.L  .. 

J.  Bed 

0.44 

1.00 

1.14 

3.00 

1.35 

1.30 

0.38 

0.74 

0.48 

10917 

U> 

10994 

...do 

....Cm  

■'1   . 


m' 


iim- 


206 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tablk  lA.—iIetuuremeHl»  of  tice«ty-niHi  (.and  list  of  man!)  more)  tpeeimeni  of  large  Anlie  Anvicoi^  of  the 
iiiiMiiil'8  liipc  aupponed  tu  repn$e»t  XANTHoaNATHl's  wilhout  chetlnHl cheeks— CoBtiuaei, 


'JtVi 


Ciiireot  uumlier 

Locollty. 

Collector. 

From  tip  of  noae  to— 

Tail  to  end 
of— 

>ngtb  of— 

s 
I 

.a 
if 
« 

n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

t 

t 

1 

i 

j 

1 
1 

n 

Kemarka.       | 

7091    j 
7091    j 
7744 
711831 

to 
7690  J 
764) 
7570 
9904 
109»7) 

to, 

I003aj 

7743 
10931 
10933 
109.13 
10934 
7703 
8401 
840) 
S403 
8104 
840S 
0910 
9461 
j  10035 
1  10936 
\  10937 
1  10938 
10339 
90O7 
10910 
10941 
1094} 
10943 
10U44 
10043 
1004O 
10047 
10948 
10949 
10030 
10991 
10:>51 
10951 
10954 

Fort RusoluUoD  ... 
clo              .    ... 

R.  Eonnlcott  .. 
do    .  . 

.... 

unthog  1 

Fort  Simpson 

ilo            

...do 

do  ...    . 

.... 

...do 

.    ia    

.    do 

0.47 

0.99 

1.08 

4.00 

1.49 

1.70 

0.40 

a  79 

aso 

n.R.Rnu 

....do 

ForiChnrohlll 

....do 

....do 

W.Maol«vl«h.. 
do 

0.90 

1.00 

1. 83 

4.40 

1.40 

1.70 

0.30 

a7« 

Fort  Anderson 

....do    

R.  McFuUne... 
....do 

....do 

...do 





.... 
....  . 

.... 
.. 

4.60 

3.90 
4.  CO 

i-'s 

4.  SO 
4.30 
4.90 
4.00 
3  73 

1.39 

1.39 

1.39 
1.49 
l.«l 
1.00 
l.W 
1.30 
1.13 

1.5.1 

1.90 

1.99 
l.CO 
1.90 
1.80 
1.90 
1.39 
1.4U 

.7. 

0.74 

0.60 

0.79 
0.76 
0.79 
0.74 
0.80 
0.77 
0.7« 



....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

do 

....do 

..  do 

...  do 

.    do 

....do    

...do 

St  Michaora,R.  A.. 

....do 

....do    

C.W.  Baiter... 
H.  M.  Banniater 

W.H.  Dall 

..    do 

....do 

....do 

do 

...do 

do 

...do    

do 

Nulato,  R  A 

.    do  . 

...do 

...do 

...do     

....do 

...do 

..    do   . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do    

.  ..do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do    .. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do    





.... 

...do 

...do 

...dr, 

...do  .... 

..  ilo 

.  do    .... 

...do 

..  do   .. 

10935 

...do 

...do   ... 

109.'i« 

...do 

..  do    

10334 

...do    

..do 

MURID^— AUV^rCOLIN^— CHILOTUS. 


207 


Subgenus  CHILOTUS,  Baird. 

Jnieola  ap.,  Auctorum. 

=  Ckilolui,  Baikd,  M.  N.  A.  1857, 516  (type,  A.  oregmii  Baob.).— CotiES,  Proo.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1^74, 100. 

Chars. — Very  small.  Pelage  and  proportions  of  parts  as  in  Myonomes, 
but  the  ears  "small,  orbicular,  the  marginal  portion  or  helix  incurved  all 
round,  bounding  a  distinct  fossa  innominata;  the  upper  and  lower  roots  so 
close  together  as  to  be  confluent  externally,  and  thus  enclosing  the  meatus 
entirely  in  the  anterior  rim,  however  low.  Surfaces  of  the  ear  almost  naked"; 
plantar  tubercles  only  ft  (I).  Dentition  combining  the  anterior  lower  molar 
as  in  Myonomes,  with  the  middle  and  back  upper  molars  as  in  Pedomys  or 
Pitymys  (other  teeth  as  in  Arvicola  generally,  and  therefore  not  diagnostic). 

Further  details  of  this  section  are  given  under  head  of  its  type  and  only 
known  species. 

ARVICOLA  (CHILOTUS)  OREGONUS,  Bachman. 
•regOH  Meadow  Monne. 

Arvioola  oregoiti,  Bacrmax,  Joarn.  Acail.  Nnt.  Soi.  Philn.  viii,  1839, 60 ;  Townaend's  Narrative,  18.39, 315. — 

Auo.  &.  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853,  93i,  pi.  olsvii,  f.  3. 
Arrioola  (Chihtut)  ortgoni,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857, 537. 
A/ricolit  {CkiMiu)  ongonM,  CotiKH,  Pioc.  Aoa<l.  Nat.  Scl.  Pbila.  1874,  190. 

Diagnosis. — Arvicola  minimus  (3—3^-poil.),  palmis  dimztiium  plnntarum 
(^  :  §);  caudd  capitc  longiore  {\\);  nuriculis  exiguis,  occultis,  subnudis,  mar- 
gine  pUcata.     Coloribus  ferh  ut  in  A.  riparia. 

Lfast  Meadow  Mouse,  with  the  colors  much  as  in  A.  riparius,  the  ears 
small,  hidden,  nearly  naked,  with  foldfd  margin  and  the  meatus  rimmed  about : 
3— 3 J  inches  long,  tail  \\,  or  with  the  hairs  IJ,  thu4  longer  than  the  h-ad,  and 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  soles,  these  twice  as  long  as  the  pnlms. 

(No,  HjI)  At  first  sight,  this  little  animal  looks  like  a  half-grown 
riparius;  the  next  glance,  liowever,  shows  that  it  is  perfectly  adult,  and 
further  examination  reveals  the  iieculiarities  given  in  the  foregoing  diagnosis 
and  in  t.lie  notice  of  the  subgenus.  The  fur  has  exactly  the  texture  of  that 
of  riparius,  and  the  coloration  is  much  the  same  as  in  typical  examples  of 
the  latter — a  grizzle  of  yellowish-brown,  rufous-gray,  and  black,  darkest  along 
the  middle  line  of  the  back;  beneath  dark  plumbeous,  strongly  hoary:  tail 
indistinctly  bicolor,  to  correspond.  In  fact,  the  external  characters,  both  oi 
color  and  proportions,  are  so  much  like  those  of  rijHirius,  with  <tne  exception, 


I 


w 


ii 


5 


rill 


■  I 


j  • 
1 ,; 


I'-' 

^^            1 

i^K'* 

i 

BjH, 

208 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  aThERIGAN  RODBNTIA. 


that  they  might  be  ^escribed  in  identical  terms.  The  ears  are  the  notable 
feature;  and  they  have  been  so  carefully  and  minutely  described  by  Baird, 
froiu  the  same  specimens  now  lying  before  us,  that,  as  in  case  of  our  diagnosis 
of  Chilolus,  we  may  best  repeat  his  words:  — 

"The  ears  are  low,  orbicular,  the  membrane  thickened,  the  margins  or 
conchal  portions  much  inflected  or  incurved,  like  a  half  open  apple-blossum, 
the  concha  being  inflected  all  around.  The  antitragus  is  well  developed,  but 
rather  low.  The  surfaces  of  the  ear  appear  perfectly  naked,  with,  however, 
a  ciliation  of  long  hairs  towards  the  roots  of  the  eoncha,  on  the  dorsal  surface. 
A  close  examination  of  the  auricle  in  the  dried  specimen  shows  a  few  scat- 
tered very  short  white  hairs.  The  structure  of  the  ear,  though  in  many 
respects  similar  to  that  of  A.  pinetorum,  is  yet  essentially  diflTerent.  Thus 
the  upper  and  lower  roots  of  the  margin  of  the  ear  meet  anteriorly  so  as  to 
form  even  a  low  rim  to  the  meatus  anteriorly  completely  enclosing  the  aper- 
ture ;  the  edge  of  the  conch  is  inflected ;  the  region  inside  the  auricle,  around 
the  meatus,  naked,  and  the  antitragus  so  much  developed  as  to  be  capable  of 
completely  closing  the  meatus.  In  A.  pineforuin  the  roots  of  the  upper  and 
lower  margins  of  the  ear  are  widely  separated,  by  a  space  of  a  quarter  of  an 
inch,  the  space  between  these  roots  and  anterior  to  the  meatus  being  perfectly 
plane ;  the  edges  of  the  concha  or  auricle  not  inflected  at  all ;  the  inner  space 
around  the  meatus  partly  haify ;  the  antitragus  very  slightly  developed,  not 
valvular  nor  capable  of  closing  the  meatus  at  all." 

The  skull  of  this  species  (?M/)  is  rather  broad  for  its  length  (0.92X0.51), 
but  has  nothing  diagnostic  about  it  except  the  dentition,  which  curiously 
unites  that  of  Myonomes  with  that  of  Pedomys  or  Pityviys.  Thus,  the 
middle  line  of  enamel  on  the  front  lower  molar  extends  so  far  forward  as 
to  separate  the  anterior  on  angles  each  side,  and  cut  these  off  from  the  dentine 
island  of  tiie  anterior  trefoil,  so  that  an  additional  closed  triangle  is  produced 
on  each  side.  The  middle  upper  molar  develops  no  snag  on  its  postero- 
external triangle ;  and  the  last  upper  molar  has  but  one  external  angle  and  a 
long  narrow  posterior  Y. 

A  miserable  s|)ecimen  from  Oregon  (No.  3734,  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.)  is 
labeled  "oregona",  but  is  not  this  species  at  all,  being  a  Myonohies.  The 
measurements  of  the  three  specimens  below  given  will  show  to  some  extent 
the  variations  in  size  and  shape.  At  present,  the  species  is  only  reported  from 
the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States. 


M  U  Rl  D^— Alt  VICOLIN^— PEDOM  Y8. 


209 


Tadlk  LII.— JtffiwureMoil*  o/lhree  tpecimeim  o/Arvicola  (Chilotus)  oregonus. 

B 
'A 

1 

1 
"Sg 

1 

Date. 

Looality. 

Collector. 

Noaeto— 

Toilto- 

u 

0.330.66 
0.350.61 
0.3o'o.56 

A 

0.28. 
0.33 
0.30 

k 

1 

i 
1 

t 

3.50 
3.35 
3.75 

^    n 

1.101.25 
1.  SO  1.35 
1.00  1.15 

vm 
Via 

I83:0 

tmi 

rf 

Dry  .. 

Alo... 
..do... 
..ilo  .. 

Aug.— ,  I8S3 

,1655 

,1855 

Sboalnater  Bay 

BMilacoom 

J.G.Cooper 

0.  Backlev 

0.43 

ft  11, 

1  rn 

TonulesBay 

E.Saiuuols....; 

1    

"I"" 
0.40A-)u'i-AA 

Pntrikt  RnnnH  f 

.  .do  . . . 

! do 

NoTR.— Noa.  8370-71,  apparcDtly  nf  this  apecicH,  oro  too  youog  fur  positive  IdeDtiflcation.  The  teeth  are  scarcely  cut ; 
but,  so  far  as  wo  cmi  Jutlge,  the  back  upper  molar  tvlll  have  but  one  external  closed  triaogle,  and  a  posterior  Y-sbaped  treflSe. 
The  meataa  SMms  to  bo  anrroandetl  by  a  faint  rim,  bnt  the  tipper  margin  of  the  ear  is  not  inflectetl,  the  concha  being  per- 
fcctly  flat. 

Subgenus  PEDOMYS,  Baird. 

Anleola  sp.,  Adctorum. 

=  PnIoiiiyi,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  517  (type,  ArvieoXa  auttervf  LeC.)-— Codes,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  1874,  190. 

Chars. — Postero-superior  molur  with  an  anterior  transverse  loop,  two 
interior  triangles,  one  exterior  triangle,  and  a  posterior  U-,  V-,  or  Y-shaped 
loop  (as  in  Pitymys  and  Chilotui).  Medio-snperior  molar  with  an  anterior, 
two  exterior,  and  only  one  interior  triangle  (lacking  tlie  supplementary  postero- 
interior  spur  or  triangle  of  Myoitomes).  Antero-inferior  molar  with  a  posterior 
transverse  loop,  two  interior  closed  triangles,  one  exterior  closed  triangle, 
another  exterior  and  another  interior  open  triangle,  and  an  anterior  irregular 
trefoil.  Other  molars  as  in  Arvicola  at  large.  Ears  concealed,  without 
inflected  margin  of  conch  or  rim  in  front  of  meatus ;  antitragus  highly  val- 
vular, as  usual.  Tail  in  the  type  of  the  subgenus  about  equal  to  the  head 
(about  one-third  the  head  and  body),  in  other  species  not  more  than  one- 
fourth  tlie  trunk,  and  thus  as  sliort  as  in  Pitymys.  Perfect  plantar  tubercles 
only  five.  No  special  cranial  characters,  and  external  form  as  in  Myonomes 
(except  shorv«^r  tail),  or  much  as  in  Arvicola  at  large.  Pelage  grizzly  and 
rather  "austere";  the  under  parts  usually  with  a  i)eculiar  muddy  tinge. 

Under  head  o^  Arvicola  we  have  already  diagnosticated  this  section,  and 
after  the  further  remarks  just  made  there  is  little  to  say.  There  are  no  tan- 
gible cranial  characters ;  and,  as  lO  the  external  characters,  they  are  with  diffi- 
culty describable  as  any  different  from  those  of  Myonomes ;  but  the  tail  is 
shorter,  and  the  animals  appear  to  be  even  more  squat  and  bunchy  than  M. 
riparius.  There  are  only  five  perfect  plantar  tubercles,  though  the  rudiment 
U  M 


i' 


i 


lil 


1  I 


I 


m 


210 


iMONOGRAl'HS  OF  NOKTO  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


of  a  sixth  is  often  seen.  Tlie  section  may  readily  be  difTerentiated  from  its 
Nortli  American  congeners  by  exclusion,  thus : — It  lacks  the  peculiar  crescent 
of  the  last  molar  of  Myonomes;  it  wants  the  peculiar  auricular  characters  of 
Chilotus;  and  it  has  not  the  enlarged  fore  claws  and  glossy  pelage  of  Pityinys. 
The  section  was  based  upon  the  Arvicola  austerus  of  LeConte  by  Baird, 
who  added  to  it  two  other  species,  A.  luiydeni  and  A.  cinnamomeus,  neither  of 
which,  however,  is  distinct.  Haydeni  leads  into  a  remarkable  form  from  the 
plains,  very  different,  in  its  extreme  development,  from  austerus,  and  still  more 
unlike  any  other  North  American  species.  The  discussion  of  this  form  is 
presented  in  a  subsequent  article.  We  insert  here  the  measurements  of  our 
skulls  of  Pedomys,  and  then  proceed  to  consider  P.  austerus. 

Tadlb  LIII. — ileofuremnuta  of  nineteen  akuUa  o/' Pedomys  austkrita. 


1 

Locality. 

i 

a 

3 

1 

a 

Width  »t— 

i 

ll 

a 

1 
■3 

.3 

a 

From  tip  of  un- 
der InclHors  to— 

1 

.a 

1 

.2 

a 

"0 

ja 

Propurtiooof  leDgUl  1 
to  width. 

1 

1 

s 

i 

1 

s 

0 

i 
1 

r.    » 
Z   £ 

y/ 

¥#! 

RadDi>,Wi» 

<lo 

ilo 

WijBt  N'ortUflolil,  III 

1.00 
1.01 

i.o: 

o.« 
o.« 

0.11 
0.41 
0.38 

0.40 
0.44 
0.41 

0.60 
0.63 
0.03 
0.04 
O.CI 

0.60 
0.03 
0.64 
0.57 
0.54 

0.17 
0.10 
0.  18 
0.17 
0.17 

0.17 
0.18 
0.17 

0.23 
0.34 
0.2.-> 
0. 31 
0.31 

0.34 
O.S.-) 
0.3:1 

0.30 
0.20 
IJ.3I 
0.  1!) 
IJ.  17 

0.30 
0.35 
0.21 

O.lk) 
0,5S 
0.07 
0,03 

0.03 
0.03 
0,68 
0.04 

0,75 

0,75 
0,33 
0.81 
0.73 
0,78 
0,81 
0,M 
0,78 

0,80 
0,77 
0,87 
0.84 

0,80 
0.83 
0,89 
0,80 

0,29 
0,24 
0,97 
0,24 
0,31 
0,95 
0,23 
0.31 
0,33 

0,33 
0.33 
0,38 
0,36 
0.31 
0,33 
0,33 
0,30 
0,35 

100  :  00 
100:60 
100:58 

100  :S» 
100:57 

ilii  

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

1.03 
1.09 
1.03 
0.0T 
0.i)S' 

do 

do 

0.58' 
0,00 

do 

du 

do 

1.00 
l.OS 

0.40 

0.61 

O.IO 
0.10 

0. 21 
0.95 

0.91 
0.18 

0,73 
0.80 

0,70* 
0,74 

n,n 

0.83 
0,80 

0.77 

0.27 

0,35 

S.tlnt  Loiitrt,  Mo 

CiIcAsleii,  L» 

Pembina,  Dak 

Fort  I'ii'rro,  Uak 

1.03 
1.03 

1.14 

0.40 
0.44 
0.40 
0.4.) 

0.00 
O.Oj 

0.18 
0.18 
0.17 
0.  18 

OS.) 

0.31 
0.35 
0.35 

0.18 
0.  m 
0.20 

0.  m 

0,03 
0,63 
O.O.'S 
0  i!0 

0.81 

0,8:1 
0,87 

0.23 
0.33 
0.33 
(1.26 

0.33 
0.30 
0.39 
0,34 

1.00 

o.ei 

.... 

1  __  ._ 

100  :  58t 

1 

*  l^l5!MKMl)-6e:  Anlinnla  not  full  jtrown ;  niouturomenta  ozolndeU  f^m  tfae  AvornglriK- 
t  Type  of  einnamomtwi.  ',  Typo  of  tiaydeni. 

ARVICOLA  (PEDOJIYS)  AUSTERUS,  LeC. 
Prairie  Meadow  Moose. 

Arvicola  autterue,  LeContb,  Proo.  Acad.  Nnt.  8ci.  Phila.  vl,  1853,  405  (Racine,  Wis. ;  type.  No.  8849,  Mns. 
Smiths.).— AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1854, 289  (based  on  LeConte's  description).— Kbnni- 
corr,  Agric.  Hep.  U.  8.  Patent  Office  for  1856  (1857),  97,  pi.  xii,  upper  flg.  (Illinoia). 


i 


MUUID^— AltVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA  AUSTEllUS. 


211 


AnUiola  (Pedomyt)  aMlerim,  Baiko,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  539,  pi.  liv  (teetli  of  spcciineii,  No.  J/,^,  from  I.nniBi- 
ann,  queried  as  au»tcru»),  (WiticouBin,  IlliooiB,  Missouri,  and  Loiiisiaua).— Cot ES,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nnt.  Sci.  Philtt.  1874,  IKO. 

Arvkola  (Pedomyt)  dnnamomea,  Baiiid,  op.  cit.  541,  pi.  liv  (teeth),  (type,  No.  -Wf,  Hus.  Bniitba., Pembina, 
Dak.). 

ArvimU  (Pedomyt)  haydeni,  Baikd,  op.  cit.  543  (type.  No.  VVWi  ^I""-  Smitbs.,  Fort  Pierre,  Dak.).  ;-. 

Diagnosis. — A.  ripario  subsimilis,  veilere  austeriore,  forma  robustiore, 
Cauda  breviore  caput  cequante  aut  paulo  superante;  griseo-murinm,  sublus  ex 
albido  plumbeuH,  brunneo  dilute  lavatus.     Long.  tot.  4,  cauda  1.25,  pedis  0.70. 

Habitat. — Western  States  and  adjoining  Territories,  especially  Illinois, 
Missouri,  and  Michigan.     Kansas.     Louisiana. 

Although  this  animal  is  subgenerically  different  from  Myonomes  riparius, 
the  superficial  resemblance  is  so  close  that  it  is  difficult  to  convey  in  words 
an  intelligible  notion  of  the  distinctions.  In  fact,  it  looks  more  like  M.  riparius 
than  like  Pedomys  var.  curtatus,  from  whicli  it  is  not  specifically  different. 
The  following  description  is  based  upon  about  twenty  specimens,  mostly 
from  Illinois. 

The  pelage,  though  not  harsh,  is  rather  coarse,  thick,  and  short,  and  does 
not  lie  smooth  enough  to  possess  much  gloss ;  a  condition  suggesting  the  apt 
name  "austeriis".  The  tail  has  an  average  hairiness,  with  a  medium-sized 
pencil  at  tip.  The  ears  are  about  flush  with  the  fur  on  an  average,  but  in 
scant-haired  specimens  may  overtop  a  little.  The  soles  are  scant-hirsute  for 
their  posterior  tliird,  and  .')-tuberculate,  one  of  the  tubercles  of  Myonomes 
being  wanting.  The  usual  relative  proportions  of  fore  and  hind  feet  and  of 
all  the  fingers  and  toes  obtain.  In  general  form,  the  animal  is  stouter  and 
seemingly  clumsier  than  riparius ;  the  tail  is  shorter,  averaging  little  more 
than  the  length  of  the  head,  but  sometimes  i  iching  about  one-third  the  whole 
length  of  trunk.  The  head  loolcs  broader  than  usual,  with  a  very  obtuse 
muzzle  and  rather  short  and  sparse  whiskers. 

The  upper  parts  show  an  intimate  "grizzle"  of  black,  brown,  yellowish- 
brown,  and  grayish-brown,  impossible  to  describe  in  a  single  word.  This  is 
darkest  along  the  middle  line  of  the  back,  wiience  it  washes  out  lighter  toward 
the  sides.  Some  specimens,  as  No.  2444,  are  almost  pure  black  along  the 
dorsal  area,  and  the  other  upper  parts  are  correspondingly  dark,  showing 
merely  a  grizzle  with  grayish-brown,  without  any  reddish.  Others,  again,  as 
No.  2454,  are  as  much  lighter  than  the  average,  having  no  appreciably  darker 
dorsal  area,  and  the  whole  upper  parts  and  sides  of  a  light  muddy-brown 
grizzled  with  brownish-gray. 


»i| 


f 


IS 


■   , 


212 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


These  colors  fade  on  the  sides,  without  any  tangible  dividing  line,  into 
tlie  peculiar  shade  of  the  whole  under  parts.  In  an  average  case,  the  belly 
shows  a  background  of  plumbeous,  strongly  washed  over  with  a  dirty  cin- 
namon, or  muddy  rust  color.  In  the  darkest-colored  individuals,  the  under 
parts  are  deep  hoary-plumbeous,  with  the  tips  of  most  of  the  hairs  barely 
touched  with  muddy  ;  this  peculiar  shade,  so  different  from  the  clear  hoary- 
plumbeous  of  ripariuii,  &c.,  being  a  strong  mark  of  the  subgenus,  and  only 
very  exceptionally  wanting.  In  the  lightest-cftlored  specimens,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  under  parts  are  so  strongly  invaded  with  the  muddy  cinnamon  that 
the  plumbeous  bases  of  the  hairs  are  scarcely  visible,  the  dirt-color  being 
continuous,  especially  along  the  sides,  and  so  bright  as  to  approach  a  fawn- 
color  or  tawny-brown. 

The  tail  is  almost  always  distinctly  bicolor,  and  it  shares  the  colors  of 
the  upper  and  under  parts  of  the  body  respectively. 

The  type  of  the  species  (No.  224f),  Mus.  Smiths.)  is  a  rather  unusually 
dark  specimen,  especially  underneath,  being,  as  Professor  Baird  has  remarked, 
one  of  the  few  in  which  the  cinnamon  tips  of  the  hairs  are  inappreciable. 
Other  specimens,  however,  received  from  Major  LeConte  as  typical  of  his 
species,  have  the  muddy  wash  very  distinct. 

The  Louisiana  specimen  eimmerated  by  Professor  Baird  (No  tWt,  Cal- 
casieu Pass,  G.  WUrdemann)  is  typical  austerus,  and  extends  the  known  range 
of  this  form.  A  Kansas  example  (No.  4218,  Neosho  Falls,  B.  F.  Goss)  is 
likewise  pure  austerus.  Another  Kansas  specimen  (No.  3306,  Doniphan 
County,  E.  Palmer)  leans  rather  over  against  var.  curtatus  in  the  shortness 
of  its  tail,  though  it  is  typical  austerus  in  other  respects.  A  Platte  River 
specimen  (No.  30'J4)  is  identical  with  the  type  of  "  haydeni ".  The  exact 
state  of  the  case  regarding  this  last  is  given  beyond ;  here  it  only  remains  to 
examine  the  other  nominal  species  that  has  been  referred  to  austerus. 

The  type  and  only  known  specimen  of  "cinnamomea"  (No.  ^^, 
Pembina,  Minn.)  is,  as  Professor  Baird  says,  exactly  like  austerus  in  external 
ciiaracters  The  points  of  difference,  if  any,  lie  in  the  skull  and  teeth;  and 
we  have  the  data  to  show  that  the  slight  differences  observable  in  these 
respects  are  quite  within  the  limits  of  individual  variation.  On  coming  into 
our  iiard.s,  the  skull  lacked  zygomata;  but  the  zygomatic  width  is  stated  by 
Professor  Baird  to  liave  been  0.56,  which,  with  a  length  of  1.12,  gives  a 
proportion  of  just  100  :  50,  which  is  a  little  greater  length  for  breadth  than 


MUBID^— ARVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA  AD8TERD8. 


213 


usual.  The  skull  is  perhaps  "  remurkable  for  its  elongation  " ;  but  it  fulls 
sliort  of  the  specimen  of  hai/deni,  wliich  measures  1.14,  ami  only  exceeds 
average  austerus  by  0.06.  The  suppose*!  difference  in  the  lengths  of  the 
nasals  and  the  nasal  branches  of  intermaxillary,  owing  to  the  shortness  and 
truncation  of  the  former,  is  no  distinction,  as  we  find  it  precisely  matched  in 
examples  of  unquestionable  austerus  (No.  %V-;  No.  l^).  The  alleged 
differences  in  dentition  are  simply  a  little  less  deep  infolding  of  the  enamel 
loops  on  the  back  upper  and  front  lower  molars ;  so  tliat  the  lateral  triangles 
of  the  first-named  tooth,  instead  of  being  closed  up  along  the  middle  line  of 
the  tooth,  intercommunicate;  and  the  same  is  the  case  with  the  anterior 
exterior  triangle  of  the  last-named  tooth.  But  this  is  merely  a  slight  differ- 
ence in  degree,  not  of  kind.  Among  our  specimens  are  some  as  closely 
approaching  this  pattern  as  others  recede  from  it;  and  the  differences  in  this 
respect  among  unquestionable  austerus  are  quite  as  great  as  between  austerus 


.  \- 


The  following  table  gives  the  measurements  of  our  series. 

Tablk  LIV.— ifauiimimf*  offift^-lwo  fjnciment  0/ Arvicola  (Pedomys)  austerus. 


-Si 


TT 


a    PM 


± 


Hi. 


m-^^' 


mn 


214 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  LIV.— lf«i»iireiiie»(»  offifly-two  i>;»'o<iwn<  0/ Arvicola  (Pkdomys)  AUSTEKtis— Contiiinetl. 


l)Btf. 


Spring,  less 

,...do  

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...  do 

....do 


Locality. 


WMt  Northaeld,  III. 

do 

do 


do. 


do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

....  do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.;do 

..do 


.do. 


me 

2447 

3448 

8449 

S490 

34S3 

94S3 

94M 

3453 

S4S0 

34S7 

7MS 

7649 

9907 
10094 
10035 
10036 
10037 
10039 

icoao 

10031 
10O33 
10030 
10037 

70341 
'107641 

to 

10708J 
10369 

4715 
13949 

363 
966 

9897 

9098 

3999 

3893 

9888 

9889 
519 
453 

8839 

4918 

8518 

8319 

:391 

5699 

3094 

3300    !....! I  Doniphan  CoODty,  Kmu  . 

Average  (noarly),. 


do 

do 

Snatbi^nillUnots.. 


Apr.  -,  1867 


Sept,  — ,  1866 
cT  \  Sept— ,1866 


cf  '  July  — ,  1837 


.do. 


lUlnoia 

Wieconaln 

Baoine.  WU 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Saint Lonia,  Mo.. 
do 


do 

do 

Calcaaieu,  La 

Borlington,  Kana  . .. 
Neoabo  Falls,  Kana . 

do 

do 

Pembina,  Dak 

Fort  Plrrra,  Dak.... 
Platte  River 


CollMtor. 


ItKennlcott.. 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

..do 

..  do 

...do 

..do 


{a60 


..do. 


..do. 
.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 
..do. 


.do...... 

..do 

do 

do 

..do 

..do 


..do  . 
.  do. 
.  do. 
.  do. 


J.  LeConte  — 

..do 

...do 

P.RHoy 

...do 

...do 

A,  C.  luirry  . . . 

...do 

O.  Engolmann. 
...do 


...do 

..do 

O.  WUrdemanu 

A. Crocker 

B.  F.Ooss 

...do 

...do .. 

O.  Cavlleer 

F.V.  Hayden  .. 
W.S.Wood... 
B.  Palmer 


Nose  to— 


ThIIIo 


0.45 
9.30 
0.5.1 

\.ilf 
0.49 
0.48 
0.4S 


1.00 
0.93 
1.08 
0.90 
0.90 
0.99 
0.  W 


1.40 

1.3' 

I.  SO 

18 


0.  43ia  95 


0^43 

Ol 

0.43 

0.4' 

0.30 


Maximum  ■ 
Minimom.. 


0.01 

0.90 

0l83 

O.'i 


4.33 

3  73 
4.00 
4.00 

a 

4.00 
1.35 

ago 

4.95 
4.33 
4.00 
3.50 
4.00 


390 
190 
4.10 
4.30 
1.80 
4.00 
4.00 
10  a  SO 
1.15  HO 


1.19 
1.17 
1.10 
1.34 


4.00 
4.95 
4.35 
3. 75 
4.00 

175 
3.30 
a33 
4.00 


175 

ISO 


4.  so 
190 
185 
4.90 
4.95 
4.93 


.900.37 
.  SOU  40 
1. 30  0. 30 
45  0  40 
1. 55  0. 40 
I.  TO*.  38 
I.  .15  0.37 
1.  60  I).  40 
0.37 
1.30  0.41 


l.60|0.38  0. 
0. 


40 
I.  SO 

r.0 

1.60 


0.40 
0.4! 
0.40 
0.43 


77 
76 
70 

eo 

80 

78 

1. 9S|0. 40|u.  18 

80 


I.  40{0.  4.'' 
1.  .V  lo.  3^ 


4.00 
4.50 
ISO 


c  a 


19  Frcah. 
14  Dry. 
79|  Freeh. 
«0|  Dry. 


1.  .13  0  36  0. 73 
0  37  0. 76 
0. 39  0. 75 
4a|o.370.73 
0.74 


44  0.38 
OS  0.  3: 


0.70 
0.7S 
0.70 


45  0. 41 

25  0.33168 

95  0.36  0.69 
0.3)- 

35  0.36 

30  0.35 

So{o.40  0.19 
0.81 
0.80 

3310.38  0.73 


55  0.40 

40 


0.43 
0.35 


0.73 


0.73 
0.74 
0.73 


..  do. 
..  do. 
..  do. 
..  do. 
..  do. 
Freeh. 
Dry. 
.  do. 
Alcoholic. 
Alc; young. 
Alcoholic. 
..do. 
..  do. 
..  do 
..do. 
..  do. 


Alo.jyonnK. 
...do. 
5,  supposed 
jonng. 
Alcoholic. 


Drj. 
..do. 
.  do. 
..  do. 
..  do. 
Alcoholic. 
...do. 
..do. 
..  do. 
..do. 

Alc.;yonng. 
Dry. 
..  do. 

Dry. 

...do. 

...do. 

..  do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 


0. 

0.81 

0.68 


*  Nofl.  10764-66  not  Identltted  by  teeth.       I  Type  of  autUrut.      t  T.vjie  of  ctnmiiitoiiiewt.      5  Type  of  haydeni. 


m 


MUltlD^— ARVICOLIN^— ABVICOLA  CURTATUS. 


215 


ARVICOLA  (PEDOMYS)  AUSTKRUS  CURTATUS,  (Cope.) 
Western  Prairie  Xonse. 

Anicola  ourlata,  CopK,  Proo.  Acud.  Nat.  8ci.  Pbiln.  Jbd.  1S68,  2  ("Pigeon  Spriiigg",  east  of  Owcd'h  VuUoj, 

Culifurniu),  (typo  examined). 
Arrlcola  pauperrima,  Coop.f,  Am.  Nat.  Deo.  1868,  535  (Orcat  Plains  oi"  the  Oolnmbia),  (type  examined). 
Jnicola  (I'edomyt)  amierut  vur.  CHrlatu;  CouES,  Proo.  Pliil.  Acad.  1874, 100. 

Chars. — Tail  obviously  shorter  than  head.  Brownish-gray,  beneath 
much  paler,  sometimes  nearly  white.  Size  of  austerus,  or  rather  less.  Four 
inches  or  less;  tail  vertebree  an  inch  or  less;  hind  foot  %  of  an  inch  or  less. 

Habitat. — United  States,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  California  (Gabb, 
the  type;  Feilner).  Great  Plains,  Washington  Territory  (Cooper).  Colorado, 
Kansas,  and  Nel)ra8ka  (Hayden,  Goss),  where  mixed  up  with  austerus. 

In  handling  the  present  Smithsonian  series  to  pick  out  our  western 
styles  of  A.  riparius,  we  here  and  there  happened  upon  a  specimen  looking 
quite  different  from  any  of  the  many  western  strains  of  riparius,  and  these 
we  put  aside  together  for  final  determination.  They  were  smallish,  with 
extremely  short  tail,  light  gray  above  and  correspondingly  pale  below,  and, 
tliough  they  differed  inter  jte  to  a  puzzling  degree,  we  could  not  believe  them 
rfeferable  to  any  variety  of  riparius.  None,  unfortunately,  were  accompanied 
by  separately  cleaned  skulls ;  but  on  wrenching  open  the  mouths  of  the 
specimens,  as  we  were  obliged  to  do  in  every  instance,  we  found,  to  our 
surprise,  that  they  were  all  typical  Pedomys  in  dentition,  and  so  entirely 
different  from  any  breed  of  Arvicola  riparius.  The  westernmost  of  them 
were  at  the  same  time  very  different  from  the  blackish  muddy-bellied  and 
comparatively  long-tailed  Illinois  austerus,  yet  Kansas  specimens  w\ere  com- 
pletely intermediate,  through  the  paler  style  of  austerus  called  haydeni  by 
baird.  Up  to  this  time  we  had  not  thought  of  Arvicola  curtatus  Cope.  That 
species  being  compared  with  "modesta"  by  its  author,  and  not  being  indi- 
cated as  a  Pedomys  at  all,  we  had  concluded  that  it  was  probably  another  of 
the  everlasting  kinds  of  riparius.  Desiring,  however,  more  positive  evidence, 
we  wrote  to  Professor  Cope  requesting  a  view  of  his  t;  pe,  whith  was 
promptly  sent  to  us,  when  we  were  gratitied  to  perceive,  as  we  did  at  a 
glance,  that  our  animal,  to  which,  curiously  q^ougii,  we  had  applied  in  man- 
uscript nearly  the  same  name  ("  decurtatus '')  was  Cope's  species. 

Owing  to  bad  taxidermy  and  neglect  to  poison  the  skin,  the  type  of 
curteUut  was  almost  entirely  destroyed.     As  it  reached  our  hands,  nothing 


■|!J1 


i 


iiii 


,ii'' 


V-   :. 


'I   .■ 


H- 


n 

I 

ii'  ■' 

if  ■ 

1 

j 

mi 

•1 

'  T^  ■  i 

t 

^^; 

■  "i'''-' ; ! 

B|-i 

■ 

. 

w^'  ■■ 

MKJ^is 

k 

1 

( 

. 

'  H&l  ImB 

■ 

'IHPri  ^  ''V  ^ 

ilflMjP  •' 

ffl||^': ■'':"'  ■ 

1 

Wi 

flKI  -. 

Kl 

B^^K'S    ■ .  u ' 

a 

mmm  ^ 

■ri 

''is 

216 


MONOQIIAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


was  leil  of  it  but  some  coimninutud  fragments  of  the  tikull,  some  loose  teeth, 
bones  of  the  font,  and  a  few  whiskers.  Most  fortunately,  however,  the  back 
upper  molar  was  not  lost,  and  this  furnished  perfect  identification.  Accord- 
ing to  Cope's  measurements,  his  animal  was  smaller  than  any  others  we  have 
seen,  iiut  not  much  !<o ;  nor  is  there,  in  other  respects,  any  discrepancy 
sufficient  to  cast  suspicion  on  the  identification  we  make. 

No.  4172. — Very  light  gray,  with  a  noticeable  darker  (brownish-black) 
dorsal  area,  so  much  restricted  as  to  appear  alaiosl  like  a  dorsal  stripe. 
Belo'.v,  nearly  white,  but  little  soiled,  and  the  pale  plumbeous  bases  of  the 
hairs  little  apparent ;  tail  short,  light  brown  above,  white  below ;  feet  above 
nearly  white.     (Dimensions  as  below.) 

No.  10268  (Great  Plains,  Washington  Territory ;  type  of  pauperrima 
Cooper). — Identical  with  the  last,  but  the  dorsal  darkness  pretty  uniformly 
distributed.     (Dimensions  as  below.)     Tail  very  short. 

No.  3056. — One  of  the  palest  Arvicolas  we  ever  saw  except  ''breweri". 
Above,  uniform  dull  pale  gray,  with  scarcely  a  brown  shade  and  no  blackish; 
below,  hoary  white,  almost  as  pure  as  in  a  Hesperomys  on  the  ends  of  the 
hairs,  but  these  are  so  short  (the  animal  was  killed  in  August,  probably  a 
young  of  the  year)  that  their  plumbeous  bases  give  the  predominant  shade; 
tail  and  feet  hoary  whitish;  tail  extremely  short.  (Dimensions  as  below.) 
The  pallor  of  this  specimen  is  parallel  with  that  of  all  the  other  Muridee  of 
the  same  region. 

No.  324-1. — Upper  parts  an  intimate  grizzle  of  gray  and  brown  in  equal 
parts,  little  if  any  blackish;  below  of  ordinary  riparius  color;  feet  and  tail 
brown  above;  tail  short,  but  its  caliber  as  well  as  its  length  undue,  because 
a  stout  peg  has  been  thrust  into  its  skin  after  removal  of  the  vertebrae. 
Rather  exceeding  any  of  the  foregoing  in  size  (see  below).  Approximating 
in  color  to  the  next,  viz :  — 

No.  3055. — Rather  larger  than  any  of  the  foregoing,  even  allowing  much 
for  the  evident  overstuffing;  but  tail  short.  In  color,  almost  exactly  like  the 
paler  "-haydeni''  stripe  of  auslerus;  the  hoary  groy  of  the  belly  quite  muddy. 

With  only  the  type  of  curtatu*  before  us,  together  with  the  Californian, 
Washington,  and  Utah  speeime|is,  we  could  not  have  hesitated  in  admitting 
the  species.  But  the  precisely  intermediate  Kansas  and  Nebraska  speci- 
mens prove  that  a  truer  rendering  of  the  facts  in  the  case  will  be  to  hold 
curtatus  for  a  geographical  differentiation  of  austcrus.     It  will  be  recollected 


t 


MUBIDjE— AKVICOLIN^— ARVIOOLA  AU8TERDB. 


217 


that  "austerus"  is  not,  in  nature,  niiy  more  "lypicnl"  than  curtatm  is;  in 
fact,  that  the  (hirk,  longer-tailed  IllinoiH  strain  of  Pedomys  is  as  iniicli  an 
extreme  as  curtatus  is.  The  naming  of  the  animal  is  a  mutter  of  jiidiciuus 
taste.  We  prefer  to  relegate  the  initial  step  of  the  westward  departure  («".  c, 
"liaydeni")  to  amterus,  and  to  designate  only  the  extreme  of  differentiation 
as  var.  curtatus.  Those  of  opposite  mind,  who  wish  to  designate  every 
geographical  and  climatic  modification  by  a  separate  binomial,  will  be 
obliged,  in  order  to  consistence,  to  do  thus:  restrict  austerus  to  tiic  dark 
Illinois  animal;  restrict  curtatus  to  the  Calilbrnian,  Washington,  and  Utah 
animal;  adopt  haydeni  tor  some  Nebraska  skins;  invent  a  new  name  for 
others,  as  our  pallid  No.  3056 ;  ond  then  leave  obout  75  per  cent,  of  Kansas 
and  Nebraska  skins  unnamed,  or  else  invent  a  Jifth  one  for  these.  In  this 
enumeration  we  neglect  "  cinnamomeus'',  as  founded  on  a  slight  individual 
peculiarity  of  the  enamel  folds,  which  no  one — certainly  not  Professor  Baird 
— would  wish  to  perpetuate  by  name,  now  that  the  real  state  of  the  case 
appears. 

Tablr  LV.— X«ararraMiii«  oftkMim  tpteimeni  ({/Fbdomys  austkrcs  curtatus. 


1 

B 

'A 

Locnllly. 

Collector. 

Noieto— 

Tall  to  end 
of— 

i 

1 

i 

n 

1 

nemarka. 

^ 

1 

a 

0. 

1 

t 

3.80 
175 
3.87 
4.00 
»(•) 
4.00 
3.3B 
3.33 
3.  SO 
4.00 
3.33 
.140 
&90 

> 

1 

iiHtn 
loats 

MM 

3m 

4938 
'TM4 
7130 
lOOW 
I0039 
lOOM 
10041 

Owon  Sprlnct,  C*l . . . . 

Fort  Crook,  Cal 

OrMtPlalna.  W.T.... 

Black  B  Ilia,  Itek 

Platte  lUvor 

W.  M  Oabb. 

0.00 
1.00 
1.00 

0.40 
0.80 
0  73 
0.66 
0.00 
0.80 
0.83 
0.00 

o-o 

080 
0  73 

aoo 

0.70 

1.00 
0  83 

oeo 

1.00 

ooo 

0  75 
0.03 

1.00 

ooo 

0  3J 

034 


0.33 
0  3-.t 
O30 
0.34 
0.31 
0.31 
0.30 

0.30 
0.07 
0.63 
0.63 
0.M 
0  75 
0  65 
0  65 
0.60 
O08 
0  63 
0  63 
058 

0  37 
0  37 
O40 

Dryi/ldfCope. 
Dry. 

Freali(Cooper). 
Dry. 
do 

J.Fellner 

J.O.Cooper.... 
W.  A.  Hamniona 
..do          .  .. 

0.48 

0.90 

I.Nobr 

F.V.  Hayden    .. 
C.  S.  McCartby. 

...do 

C.  Drailer 

...do 

■••"<• 

...do 

....do 

0.4il 
a38 
0.40 
0.4S 
0  30 

n.« 

0.38 

0.83 
0.70 
0.80 
O90 
0.8.1 
0.74 
0.84 

1.10 
1.08 
1.10 
1.13 
l.OS 
1.00 
1.03 

036 
0  35 
0.37 
0.40 
0  34 
0.35 
0.38 

...do. 

Aloohollo. 
...do. 
...do. 

..  do. 

do. 

...do. 

...do. 

Canon  Valley.  Utali.. 

Fort Briilger,  Utah  ... 
do 

do 

do 

do 

*  stretched  to  nearly  6  ve  Incbea  i  waa  probably  about  four. 

Among  the  alcoholics,  we  find  several  specimens  of  curtatus  from  Utah. 
They  are  not  in  very  good  condition,  showing  little  respecting  the  pelage 
(though  the  colors  appear  very  light,  much  as  in  the  Fort  Crook  specimen), 
but  are  unquestionably  typical  representatives  of  this  extreme  variety  of  aus- 
terus, and  enable  us  to  supply  some  additional  particulars,  especially  as  regards 
dental  characters.     They  range  from  3.25  to  4.00  inches  in  length ;  the  tail- 


Sin. 


218 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOIITH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


vertebrae  from  }  to  * ;  the  liind  feet,  ^  to  § ;  the  ears  are  small  {i  or  less), 
thin,  and  papery,  and  appear  slightly  hairy,  but  may  have  lost  niucli  of  their 
fur  in  the  alcohol.  The  soles  have  liat  five  perfect  tubercles,  with  a  minute 
or  rudimentary  sixth  (me. 

Several  skulls  (as  Nos  Hish  W^)  which  we  have  extracted  from 
alcoholic  specimens  furnish  occasion  for  no  further  comment  than  that  they 
are  strictly  of  the  Pcdomys  type  of  dentition,  and  smaller  than  those  of 
ausferus,  in  correspondence  with  the  inferior  size  of  var.  curtatus;  No.  12169 
measuring  only  0.90  by  0.5(5,  although  it  is  perfectly  adult. 

Subgenus  PITYMYS,  McMurt. 

Arvicola  sp.,  AucTOnuM. 

^Psammomjs,  LeConte,  182!)  (pinc(oi'iim),  (not  of  Rueppi'll).  ,  - 

=  Pi/j/mi/«,  McMuiiTHiE,  1831  (some  (j/pe). 

=  i'tiienijs,  Lesson,  1842  (same  (^yjc).  -m 

Chars. — Below  medium  size:  body  cylindrical  and  otherwise  shrew-like 
in  closeness  and  glossiness  of  pelage ;  tail  very  siiort — less  than  the  head, 
little  more  than  the  hind  foot;  ears  small,  mostly  concealed,  sparsely  ])ilou8, 
with  flat  edges,  and  border  of  meatus  plane  in  front ;  feet  small,  both  five- 
tuberculate;  fore-claws  not  shorter  than  hind-claws;  palms  more  than  half  as 
long  as  soles;  teats  only  four,  inguinal:  skull  relatively  broader  tlu;n  usual; 
muzzle  short,  very  blunt;  nasal  i)ranch  of  intermaxillary  reaching  beyond 
ends  of  nasals ;  distance  from  tips  of  lower  incisors  to  apex  of  descending 
process  no  greater  than  distance  from  same  point  to  back  of  condyle ;  first 
under  molar  with  only  one  external  closed  triangle  and  two  internal  ones ;  no 
spur  on  last  triangle  of  second  ujiper  molar;  back  upper  molar  with  only  one 
exterior  triangle  and  a  posterior  trefoil. 

This  section,  perhaps  the  most  strongly  marked  among  American 
Arvicola,  nevertheless  agrees  exactly  with  Pedomys  in  the  dentition  (the 
three  diagnostic  teeth,  viz.,  front  under  and  middle  and  back  upper,  being 
the  same),  and  likewise  shares  with  Pedomys  the  nunil)er  and  position  of  the 
mamma)  and  plantar  tubercles.  In  general  cranial  and  external  characters, 
however,  it  is  quite  difierent;  Pedomys  being  in  these  respects  much  like 
Myonomes.  From  Chilotus,  which  has  the  same  characters  of  the  upper 
molars,  it  differs  in  having  a  less  number  of  lateral  triangles  on  the  front 
under  molar,  and  particulurly  in  the  construction  of  Ihe  car,  as  detailed  else- 
where; besides,  in  other  exttirnal  characters,  Chilotus  is  more  like  Myonomes. 
The  great  size  of  the  fore  feet  and  their  claws,  the  small  hind  feet,  and  very 
short  tiiil  are  strong  peculiarities. 


MDKlDiE-AEVrCOLlN^— AUVICOLA  PINBTOKUM 


219 


Back  under  molar  with  three  spherical-triangular  dentine  islands  in 
single  series  reaching  across  the  tooth.  Middle  under  with  posterior  spher- 
ical triangle;  then  interior  closed  triangle;  then  exterior  closed  triangle; 
then  two  angles  generally  confluent,  but  sometimes  separated  by  enamel 
■wall  into  two  (interior  first,  exterior  afterward)  lateral  closed  triangles. 
Front  lower  with  posterior  spherical  triangle;  then  interior  closed  triangle; 
then  exterior  closed  triangle;  then  another  internal  closed  triangle;  then 
the  two  next  lateral  angles  (one  on  each  side)  not  separated  and  closed  by 
a  median  enamel  zigzag,  but  their  dentine  areas  confluent,  and  moreover 
running  into  the  dentine  island  of  the  anterior  trefoil — this  trefoil  of 
variable  shape.  Thus  there  are  five  internal  and  four  external  angles  in 
all  (counting  the  lobes  of  the  anterior  trefoil).  Front  upper  molar  with  an 
anterior  spherical  triangle,  two  interior  and  two  exterior  lateral  closed 
triangles,  the  last  exterior  one  being  postero-lateral.  Second  uppei-  molar  the 
same,  but  with  one  less  interior  triangle — an  exterior  one  comes  first,  then 
the  interior  one,  then  the  postero-external  one :  the  latter  does  not  develop 
the  postero-internal  snag  usually  seen  in  Myonomes.  Back  upper  with  an 
anterior  spherical  triangle ;  then  another  like  it  reaching  quite  across  the  tooth, 
but  with  its  posterior  median  angle  long  and  acute,  and  running  into  the 
concavity  of  the  posterior  U,  V,  or  Y  that  finishes  the  tooth.  However  this 
last  may  vary  in  details,  it  ne^er  approaches  the  oblique  crescent  charac- 
teristic of  Myonomes. 

We  only  know  one  North  American  species  of  this  section ;  a  second, 
however,  occurs  in  Mexico. 

ARVICOLA  (PITYMYS)  PINETORUM  (LeConte). 
Pino  Mouse. 

Anioola  peitnt^haoica,  Haiilan,  Fu.  Aiuer.  1835, 144  (id  part;  tb«  description,*  but  not  the  synonym;. 

Sot  of  auikon). 
Pmmmomy$  pinelorum,  LeCunte,  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  iii,  ISf'j,  •."'.,  pi.  ii.    (Name  inept.) 
PiUjmni  pinetorum,  McMdhtrir,  Am.  eil.  Ciiv.  R.  A.  i,  1H3I,  4:I4. 
Pincmy  plnelonim,  Lesson,  Nouv.  Tab.  K.  A.  1842,  li. 
Arriivla  pinetorum,  A<I»>.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  ii,  1851,  216,  pi.  Ixxx  (exol.  eyn.  "oun'o,.  DiK.").— LkCoktk, 

Proc.  Acnd.  Not.  8ci.  rblln.  Ti,  185;t,  409. 
Arviaola  (Pitymyt)  pinelonm,  Baikd,  M.  N.  A.  1H57,  544.— Allen,  Bnll.  Mus.  Conip.  Zooi.  '   No.  6  '^3* 

(Mnssacbusetts  ;  rare ;  "  probably  its  uortbem  limit").— Au.EN,  op.  cil.,  ii,  No.  3,  184  (Flor- 

idtt).- Coues,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874, 191. 
Anicola  toaloptoiia,  Avt>.  A.  Bach.,  Jonrn.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  viii,  1842,  899  (Long  Island).— Waonbk, 

WiegMann's  Archiv,  1843,  .M.— LeConte,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8oi.  Phila.  vl,  1853,  409. 
Anicola  aptlla,  LeContk,  i'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fbila.  vi,  1853,  405  (Pennsylvania).— AUD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N. 

A.  iii,  1854,  289.    (Same  as  L«Cont«'H.) 

■"Alwvo  a  brownish  fuwn;  beneath  grayish-white;  *  *  length  4  Inobia;  tail  1  of  an  inok ; 
*  *  the  teats  of  the  female  are  situated  very  near  the  organs  uf  generation ;  she  curries  her  youug 
batweeo  the  bind  legs."— Haulan,  (.  o. 


'   ? 


^: 


r 


I'll 


.; 


M'fl 


iff 


1 


m 


■  i. !  '.1-  .  ■ 


1  iilii' 


m. 


220 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOUTH  AilEBICAN  RODENTIA. 


Diagnosis. — Arvicola  staturd  inter  minimos,  {long,  trunci  3-i-poll.),  formd 
quasi-talpoidea  sed  rodro  obtuso,  caudd  brevissima  (subpollkari),  auriculis  parvis 
rotundatis  planis  subpilosis  vellere  occuhis,  pedibim  exiguis,  b-tubftculatis,  mani- 
bus  latis  dimidium  pedum  excedentibus,  unguibus  majusculis;  vellere  curto,  denso, 
sericco,  supra  castaneo  aut  brunneo,  sublux  canescetUe-plumbeo. 

Little  Meadow  Mouse,  looking  something  like  a  mole,  with  close  silky 
fur  brown  above  and  hoary  gray  below;  tail  shorter  than  the  head;  small 
hind  feet,  with  only  five  tubercles;  comparatively  large  fore  feet,  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  hinder,  and  with  longer  claws;  and  small,  flat,  round, 
scant-haired  ears  concealed  in  the  fur. 

Habitat. — United  States,  chiefly  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  rather 
southerly ;  north  to  Massachusetts  and  Missouri.  Kansas  {Goss).  Fort 
Cobb  (Palmer).     Oregon  {U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  Peale). 

Some  of  the  expressions  in  the  foregoing  diagnosis  rather  belong  to  the 
subgenus  Pitymijs  than  to  this  particular  species.  The  dentition  will  be 
found  fully  elucidated  under  head  of  Pitymys;  here  we  will  continue  our 
account  of  P.  pinetorum  with  a  notice  of  the  skull,  append  a  table  of  meas- 
urements, and  then  recur  to  external  features.  Nos.  ^rr,  9 ,  and  Wi ,  i ,  both 
from  Tarborough,  N.  C,  are  more  selected  for  description  as  being  the  most 
perfect,  but  the  other  twelve  specimens  arc  likewise  taken  into  account. 

Skull. — It  gives  an  impression  of  being  broader  and  more  massive  than 
that  of  riparius;  and  figures  do  bear  out  the  suggestion,  although  in  truth 
the  difference  in  v  'dth  or  height,  as  compared  with  length,  is  slight;  the 
length  relative  to  the  width  is  as  92  :  57,  or  as  1.00  :  0.G2,  on  an  average, 
whereas  the  same  proportion  in  riparius  is  1.00  :  0.59  only.  The  absolute  size 
of  the  skull  is  as  much  less  as  was  to  have  been  expected  from  the  animal's 
smaller  stature,  and  the  di""erence  appears  to  be  positively  distinctive;  for  we 
have  never  seen  an  (adult)  skull  o^  riparius  that  fell  below  one  inch,  and  never 
one  of  pinetorum  (hat  touched  this  figure.  Still  we  suspect  that  some  Mas- 
sacliusetts  skulls,  for  example,  might  reach  it.  Our  specimens  range  from 
0.90  to  0.97  in  length,  and  the  zygomatic  width  is  just  about  I  us  much. 
Tiie  average  width  of  pinetorum  is  just  at  par  with  the  minimum  width  of 
riparius.  There  is  a  noticeable  difference  in  the  interorbital  width,  however; 
the  constriction  here  being  no  greater  absolutely  than  that  oi.  riparius,  and 
consequently  i)eing  relatively  less.  The  ante-zygomatic  or  rostral  part  of  the 
skull  is  perhaps  broader  for  its  length,  as  well  as  absolutely  shorter.     In  the 


MURIDiE— AEVICOLIN^— ABVICOLA  PINETOBUM. 


221 


under  jaw  there  is  a  very  nice  characteristic  of  pinetorum  as  compared  with 
any  other  species  we  have  examined.  Owing  to  the  shortness  and  upward 
bend  of  the  descending  process,  or  else  to  some  difference  in  the  curve  of  the 
whole  jaw,  the  distance  from  the  tips  of  the  incisors  to  the  tip  of  this  process 
is  no  greater  than  the  distance  from  the  same  point  to  the  back  of  the  con- 
dyle ;  whereas,  in  the  other  species,  the  former  measurement  is  appreciably 
longer  than  the  latter.  The  upper  molar  series  measures  from  }  to  i  of  an 
inch  in  length ;  the  under  a  trifle  more,  usually.  The  upper  incisors  project 
i  of  an  inch,  or  a  little  less,  from  the  alveoli ;  the  under  ones  from  \  to  -h. 
The  coronoid  process  is  very  slender,  falcate,  and  acute ;  it  rises  fairly  above 
the  level  of  the  top  of  the  condyle;  its  apex  is  generally  just  about  Jan  inch 
from  the  tips  of  the  incisors,  and  when  the  jaw  is  in  situ  is  just  visible  over 
the  upper  edge  of  the  zygoma.  The  greatest  depth  of  the  whole  skull  (closed 
jaw  included)  is  opposite  the  anterior  part  of  the  orbits,  and  amounts  to 
nearly  J  of  an  inch.  The  interparietal  is  (usually)  subtruncate  laterally;  the 
bony  palate  has  precisely  the  formation  of  Arvkola  proper ;  the  nasal  brunch 
of  the  intermaxillary  extends  a  little  beyond  the  end  of  the  nasals,  as  in 
Pedomys;  and  we  notice  nothing  peculiar  in  the  individual  cranial  bones  or 
their  sutures  or  foramina.  "' 

Table  LVL— 3fta«HrCT^«i(»  of  fourteen  tk»Ut  of  AiiyicoLA  (Pitymys)  pinetorum. 


No. 


J8SS 

mi 
un 

Wf 

suit 

illtiS 

mi 


Locality. 


Ohio 

PenuHjlvntiin 

Bludensliurg,  Md . . . 
Clarke  Conuty,  Va. 

......do 

do 

Tarl>oroti|i!i,N.C... 

do 

KnleiBh,  N.  C 

Society  Hill, 8. C... 

Georgia 

do 

do 

do 


0.'J7 


0.92 


0.93 
0.95 


Width  at— 


0.36 
0.40 
0.38 


0.30 


0.90 
0.91 
0.90 
0.90 


0.37 
0.37 


0.37 
0.37 
0.34 
0.30 


N 


0.50 
0.62 
0.58 


0.55 


0.5H 
0.60 


0.6:1 


.3 

o 


0.18 
0.19 
0.17 
0.18 
0.  Id 


o.oe 

0.18 
0.19 
0.20 
0.18 
0. 53     0. 17 


0.20 
0.25 


O.Dfi 
0.r,4 


0.19 
0.17 


0.23 
0.22 
0.24 
0.25 
0.25 
0.23 
0.25 
0.25 
0.23 
0. 22 
0.23 


o. 


0.16 
0.19 
0.20 
O.IH 
0.17 
0.19 
0.20 
0.22 
0.17 
0.15 
0.17 
0.12 
0.17 
0.18 


Jaw:— tip  of  iuci- 
sors  to — 


0.50 


0.58 
0  47 
0.51 
0.55 
0.58 
0.60 
0.50 
0.52 
0.50 
0.51 

0.5:1 

0.60 


0.60  I 
0.76  , 
0.75 
0.65  ' 
0.67  i 
0.70 
0.72 
0.72 
0.65  j 
0.70 
0.B6  ■ 
0.63 
0.65  . 
0.65 


0.60 
0.74 
0.75 
0.65 
0.67 
0.70 
0.72 
0.72 
0.65 
0.70 
0.66 
0.0:1 
0.65 
0.05 


0.20 
0.24 
0.2c 
0.22 
0.23 
0.25 
0.25 
0.38 
0.24 
0.25 
0.27 
0.22 
0.24 
0.25 


0.25 
0.27 
0.28 
0.25 
0.27 
0.28 
0.29 
0.;)0 
0.26 
0.28 
0  25 
0.30 
0.27 
0.29 


I 

ill 


Il^ 


r 


;l 


'  '■■ 


•H  t 


;U: 


^if! 


r:!  •■ 


i  l^f  Jl 


222 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


The  subjoined  tal)le  illustrates  Hilly  the  size  and  proportions,  and  the 
variation  in   these  respects,  of  this  species.     It  seldom   reaches  and  very 
rarely  if  ever  exceeds  4.00  in  length  of  trunk;  adults  do  not  apparently  fall 
below  y.OO;  the  great  majority  range  between  3.25  and  3.75,  settling  at 
barely  over  .'3.50  on  an  average.     The  law  of  increase  of  size  with  increase 
of  latitude  is  well  illustrated,  specimens  from  New  England  and  the  Middle 
States  ranging  over  those  from  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States;   the 
latter  perhaps  never  quite  reach  4.00.     The  short  tail,  a  striking  feature, 
is  not  so  long  as  the  head ;  its  vertebrsE  run  but  little  over  the  length  of  the 
hind  i'ct't,  usually,  and  sometimes  are  not  appreciably  longer.     The  pencil  of 
hairs  is  about  0.10-0.15  in  length;  the  general  liairiness  is  mediocre.     The 
fore  feet  are  larger  comparatively  than  in  any  species  of  other  sections  of 
the  genus,  being  broader  than  the  hinder  ones,  and  decidedly  more  than  half 
as  long.     Part  of  this  is  due  to  the  length  of  the  fore  claws,  which  appre- 
ciably exceeds  that  of  the  hinder  and  confers  a  noticeably  "  fossorial "  char- 
acter.    The  palm  runs  from  0.30  to  0.40  in  length,  resting  at  an  average  of 
just  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch.     The  palms  show  five  callosities ;  the 
thumb  and  its  nail  is  possibly  a  little  larger  than  ordinary.     The  hind  feet  are 
rather  small,  ranging  from  0.57  to  0.70,  and  striking  just  five-eighths  of  an 
inch  average.     Tiie  soles  are  rather  scant-haired,  and  only  so  to  the  posterior 
tubercle ;  there  are  only^ve  plantar  callosities :  a  posterior  internal  one,  one 
at  base  of  first,  second,  and  fifth  toes  respectively,  and  one  at  base  of  third 
and  fourth  toes  together.     It  appears  from  measurements  not  herewith  pre- 
sented that  the  ear  is  only  a  fourth  of  an  inch  (l).20-0.30)  high ;  it  is  fairly 
hidden  in  the  fur,  is  orbicular,  and  in  greatest  part  flat;  the  edge  is  scarcely 
or  not  inflected,  and  the  anterior  and  posterior  heels  of  the  rim  do  not  meet 
in  front  of  the  meatus,  where,  consequently,  the  surface  is  plane  (not  ridged  as 
in  'JhUotm,  which  compare).     The  anlitragus  stands  out  as  an  evident  flange 
with  a  slightly  convex  free  edge ;  but  it  is  not  so  large  and  valvular  as  in 
more  aquatic  species,  nor  does  it  seem  capable  of  closiu  ^  the  meatus.     There 
is  a  great  dift'erence  in  the  hairiness  of  the  auricle,  perhaps  dependent  on 
individual  variability,  but  quite  as  likely  owing  to  seasonal  or  other  conditions 
that  equally  affect  the  general  pelage.     In  some  specimens,  the  flat  part  of 
the  conch  is  nearly  as  naked  interiorly  as  in  Chilotun;  in  others,  the  same 
part  is  well  haired ;  the  scoo])ed-out  portion  is  always  nuked,  and  the  back 
of  the  ear  always  noticeably  pilous.    The  whiskers  are  shorter  than  usual, 


1^ 


MUBID^— AEVICOLIN^— AKVICOLA  BIPAKIUS. 


223 


llic  longest  hardly  equaling  the  head;  the  obtuse  muzzle  is  entirely  furry, 
except  the  small  emarginate  papilla  on  which  the  nares  open. 

The  fur  of  this  species  is  remarkable  for  its  shortness,  closeness,  and 
lustre,  approaching  that  of  the  mole,  and  in  fact  betraying  the  species  at  first 
glance.  The  coloration,  too,  is  singularly  uniform ;  not,  indeed,  in  its  shade, 
but  in  the  evenness  with  which  the  shade,  whatever  this  may  be,  is  distrib- 
uted over  all  the  upper  parts,  without  the  slightest  variegation.  The  dense 
texture  and  even  coloration  of  the  pelage  are  both  due  to  the  same  thing : 
to  lack  of  the  longer  bristly  hairs  that  in  nearly  all  other  species  are  distrib- 
uted through  the  fur  of  the  upper  parts. 

The  precise  shade  of  the  upper  parts  is  subject  to  variation  parallel  with 
and  as  great  as  that  we  have  demonstrated  for  A.  riparim.  A  part  is  due 
probably  to  individual  and  seasonal  variability,  but  more  is  owing,  we  believe, 
to  climatic  influences,  since  diflTerent  localities  seem  productive  of  local  races 
that  appear  tolerably  constant  In  what  may  be  called  the  typical  coloration, 
prevailing  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  the  animal  is  of  a  rich  glossy 
chestnut  or  light  bay,  which  shades  into  slightly  more  yellowish-brown  on 
the  sides  before  this  glides  into  the  color  of  the  under  parts.  The  latter  is  a 
deep  pluml)eous,  strongly  silvered  over  with  hoary  ash.  Some  Pennsylvania 
skins  are  identical  with  this ;  others  (among  them  No.  4714,  type  of  "apella") 
,  are  much  darker,  and  more  truly  a  dull  brown  than  a  bay.  The  same  is  the 
case  with  some  typical  "  scalopsoides "  from  southern  New  England,  and 
generally  mountainous  as  well  as  northerly  specimens  are  apt  to  be  the 
darkest.  The  fine  large  Illinois  series,  gathered  by  the  lamented  Kennicott, 
are  among  tiie  darkest  of  the  whole  lot;  some  of  them,  in  fact,  betraying 
little  of  the  characteristic  chestnut.  This  is  the  chief  basis  of  the  suggested 
name  "kennirottii"  in  Baird,  op.  cit.  5il.  One  curious  specimen.  No.  2876, 
from  South  Carolina,  also  mentioned  by  Baird,  /.  c,  is  dark-rufous  along  the 
back,  with  the  sides  rich  fulvous  or  orange,  appearing  in  marked  contrast,  as 
two  lateral  longitudinal  stripes.  No.  978,  from  Ohio,  a  very  young  animal, 
shows  something  of  the  same  peculiarity,  which  we  have  also  seen  in  occa- 
sional samples  of  other  species,  as  in  No.  2056  of  riparius,  from  Halifax,  N. 
S.,  and  No.  4172,  from  Fort  Crook,  Cal.  Very  young  animals  normally  differ 
from  the  adults  in  being  plain  mouse-gray,  with  hardly  a  trace  of  bay  (No. 
744,  for  example). 

The  western  specimens  we  tabulate  are  interesting  as  greatly  extending 


'I;    < 


im  w 


224 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


the  know.i  range  of  the  species,  which  has  not  hitherto  been  reported  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  if  we  except  one  or  two  Missouri  specimens,  as  No.  3130. 
From  Mr.  Goss'  collection,  we  judge  that  the  animal  is  not  rare  in  Kansas. 
Two  of  his  specimens  are  the  largest  we  ever  saw,  exceeding  four  inches; 
but  they  seem  to  be  somewhat  overstuffed,  as  other  skins  of  Mr.  Goss'  cer- 
tainly are.*  As  evidence  of  the  distensibility  of  the  fresh  skin  of  this  and 
other  Arvicolce,  we  may  instance  No.  8139,  from  Kansas,  whose  length  we  do 
not  include  in  the  table,  since  it  surpasses  five  inches  as  prepared,  though, 
apparently,  the  animal  was  under  four.  Both  Mr.  Goss'  large  skins  are 
females ;  males  of  his  from  the  same  locality  are,  if  anything,  a  little  below 
the  average  size.  Dr.  Palmer's  Fort  Cobb  examples,  not  noticeable  in  any 
other  respect,  carry  the  known  range  of  the  species  still  farther  westward ; 
while,  finally.  No.  3732,  from  Oregon,  takes  it  (o  the  Pacific.  This  one, 
secured  by  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  probably  by  Mr.  T.  R. 
Peale,  has  been  long  in  the  collection,  but  seems  to  have  been  overlooked, 
owing  to  the  circumstance  that  it  stands  labeled  by  a  curious  blunder 
"Arvicola  occidentalis",  to  which  it  bears  a  slight  resemblance  in  color  alone. 

Table  LVII.— JfoHMrcmenM  of  sisty-righl  tpecimmt  0/ Akvicola  (Pitymys)  piketordm. 


^ 

M 

Mature  of 
spwimen. 

Date. 

Locality. 

Collocter. 

1 

r 

■3 
II 

1^ 

0.38 
0.40 
0.38 

0.3« 
0.36 
0.35 
0.38 
0.35 

0.38 
0.38 
0.40 
0.40 

0.36 
0.40 
0.38 

U.30 
0.36 

1 

Ramarka. 

10363 
S836 

vmt 

7787 
7788 
47U 
7588 
10S8S 
3330 
3.VtS 
SM7 
iIS48 
!U4J 
S9I9 

i:>e3 

mi 

d 

Dry 

Alcoholic  - 

Apr.  10, 

Soathcm  Statea. . . 

3.90 
3.00 
100 

3.75 

0.69 
0.82 
0.75 

0.71 

0.C3 
0.65 
063 

0,63 
a64 
0.6a 
0.73 
0.64 
0.58 
0.60 
0.69 
0.03 
0.09 
0.60 
0  68 
0.60 
0.58 

0.60 
0.69 

Meii8nr«d  dry. 
Mcaaured  in  alcohol 
Typo  of  "  aoalopaol. 
doa'LeC. 

Typ«"ap«I!o"  LeC. 
Ueaanred  in  alcohoL 
Meoannid  dry. 

do. 

Meaaared  in  alcohol. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Meaaared  dry. 
Meuorsd  In  alcohol. 
Meaaared  dry. 

do. 

do. 

Sac  Harbor,  L.  I  . . 
Long  Island  T    .  .. 

SnffolkCo.,K.T.. 
...do 

E.  N.  Byram  . . 
J.  LeConte  ... 

RA-Morrit  .. 
...do 

...do 

...do 

<f 

d 

d 
1 

...do 

Alcoholio 

Dry 

..do 

AloohoUo . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Dry 

AloohoUo . 

Dry 

..  do 

...do 

PoDDsy  Wania 

Alleghany  Co.,  Fa. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.. 

...do  

Carlisle,  Pa 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Bladeoabnrg,Md.. 
....do 

Waahington,  D.  C 

Clarke  Coanty,Va. 

...do 

J.  LeConto.... 
RL.  Wallace. 
J.Erider 

4.00 
3.80 
3.1IO 

0.6a 
O.ft'i 
0.75 
0.80 
0.78 
0.70 
0.18 
0.75 
0.60 
0.78 
0.65 
0.70 

0.70 
0.70 

Nov.  — ,  1860 

U.  MUler.Jr  .. 

...do 

....do       .  .. 

3.38 

aas 
aso 

3.53 
3.10 
3.80 

aeo 
aco 

Apr.  :s,  18M 

...do 

B.O,Lowndea. 

....do 

1 

C.  B.  R.  Ken. 

uerly. 
...do 

Mar.  — ,  18M 

Mar.  — ,  1835 
Mar.  — ,  185j 

...do 

...do 

aso 

*  His  Neosho  Falls  Besperomys,  Orgzotngt,  Onychpmyi,  and  others,  aru  all  luger,  a*  prepared,  than 
usDol,  though  the  parts  that  do  uot  change  iu  drying  are  of  ordinary  dimensions. 


MUEIDJS— ARVICOLIN^— AUVICOLA  PINETOEDM. 


225 


Tadlr  LVII. — Jf«i»i»reme)i(«  of  tUty-eight  apecimena  of  Arvicola  (Pii  ymys)  pinktoiium— Coutinucd. 


8843 
8843 
8844 
7431 
7438 
7613 
9998 
9953 
9934 
99i5 
9996 
9997 
9958 

ugs» 

4999 
9961 

■m, 
iw 

1364 
1369 
i:i66 
9837 
8841 
iSfi 

m 

848 
849 

7619 
999 
978 
743 
744 
894 

9834 


8839 
W40 
8990 
8991 
7644 
9960 
8879 
8878 
8880 
488S 

lose* 

3130 

«896 
81138 
SSk't 


NatDTO  of 
ppeoimen. 


AloohoUo 

..do 

..do 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

..".do 

...do 

...do 

Dry 

...do 

Alcoholic . 

...do 

Dry 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do , 

Alcobolio 

...do , 

Dry 

..  do 

..do 

..do 

Alcoholic 

Dry 

...do , 

..do 

...do 

Alcoholic 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

Dry 

...do 

...do 

Aloohollc 

Dry 

...do 

Alcoholic 

Dry 

..do 

...do 

..do 


Date. 


BprliiK,  1899 
...do 


Uu.— ,1899 
l(*y  9,1899 
Apr.  18, 1899 


Jane  IS, 


,1869 

Utt.  — ,  1866 
Mu.  — ,  1860 
Ju.  —,1866 


Locality. 


Clarke  County ,Ta 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

Clover  Green,  V» 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Tarboroogh,  N.  C 

...do 

OrcenFlsinB,KC. 

....do .• 

Italelgh,K.C... 
Society  Bill,  HU 
Sontb  Carolina  t 

...do 

....do 

Colambas,  Oa. . . 

....do 

Georgia 

....do 

P.M.  B.,  La 

...do 

...do 


Waahlngton,  HUa 

Ohio , 

W.  Northfleld,  ni 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Anna,  HI 

...do 

BrookTllle,Ind... 
Kew  Madrid,  Uo.. 
Independence,  Mo. 
Saint  Louie,  Mo... 
Burlington,  Knns . 
Neoaho  Fall*,  Kant 

...do 

...do 


Collector. 


O.B.&KeBn<rly 
....do 

..do 

...do 

...do  

A.W.Mo««ey. 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

J.  L.  Bridger  . 

...do 

O.  F.  Murae  . . . 
...do 

M.  A.  Cnrtla.. 
...do 

W.  Cooper .... 

...do 

...do 

W.  Oeaner ... 
....do 

J.J.  Audubon. 
....do 

J.  Falrie 

....do 

....do   , 

a  L.C.  Wailea. 

B.  Kennicott. . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

K  Haymond  . 

R.  Kennicott.. 

J.  G.  Cooper. . 

G.  Engelmann. 

A.  Crocker. 

KF.Goaa.. 

...do 

...do 


Il 


3.00 


4.00 
3.75 
3.90 


3.80 
.179 
3.60 
3.00 
4.00 
3.00 
3.25 
179 
3.40 
3.00 
140 


3.00 
3.75 
3.90 
3.  no 
180 
175 
189 
189 
175 
179 


140 
190 
189 
100 
175 
185 
190 
175 
4.00 


4.83 
4.89 
160 


0.64 
0.70 
0.74 


0.65 
0.70 
O.GO 
0.75 
0.00 
0.69 
0.65 
0.70 
0.90 
0.68 
0.60 
0.80 
0.90 
0.60 

ae9 


0.60 
0.79 
0.80 
0.7S 
0  70 
0.70 

o.eo 

0.69 
0.75 
0.60 


0.60 
0.C9 
0.79 
a  70 
0.79 

a60 

0.80 

aso 

0.90 
0.79 

a  79 
aeo 

0l8S 


0.35 
0.40 
0.40 


0.33 
0.35 


0.30 
0.36 


0.35 
0.35 


U.38 
0.36 
0.33 
O.lt 
0.33 
0.33 


0.35 
0.34 
0.35 
0.37 
0.35 
0.38 
a38 
0.39 


0.63 
0.64 
0.66 


0.68 
0.60 
0.63 
0.50 
O.03 
0.65 
0.63 
0.69 
0.68 
0.60 
0.60 
0.60 
O.61I 
0.69 
0.60 


0.60 
6.65 
0.63 
0.63 
0.70 
0.61 
0.63 
0.65 
0.60 
0.61 


a70 
0.69 
0.06 
0.60 
a  61 
0.68 
0.97 
0.70 
a68 

ao9 

0.68 
0.63 
0.68 


Remarks. 


Heotfored  In  oloohol. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

.....do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Measured  drj'. 

do. 

Meaeured  in  alcohol 

do. 

do. 

do. 


Measured  dry. 

do. 

Measured  In  alcohol. 

do. 

Measured  dry. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Measured  in  alcohol. 
Measured  dry. 
Young. 
Mother  of  744. 
NeatUngof743. 

Young. 


Measured  dry. 

do. 

do. 

Measured  in  alcohol. 
Measured  dry. 

do. 

Measured  In  alcoboL 
Measured  dry. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


15  M 


226 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tablb  liVll.—ifeamremeitla  of  tixly-eight  apedment  0/ AnvicoLA  (Pitymvs)  pinetorum — Coutinned. 


iJ      I 


i   * 


1 

i 

Nature  of 
ppecimon. 

Doto. 

Locality. 

Collootor. 

■s 

•s 

II 

r 

a 

2 

1 

Bemarka. 

8533 
!tt!SO 
9279 
3733 
7568 
9903 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Jan.  -,1868 

Mar.  H 

Apr.  88, 

Neoaho  Falls,  Eana 

Fort  Cobb 

....do 

B.F.O<iM.... 

E.  Palmer 

....do   

3.35 

3.  so 

3.30 
3.00 
3.35 
3.35 

0.00 
0.00 
0.58 

0.09 
0.05 
0.C6 

aoo 

0.65 
0.03 

Meaaoied  dry. 

da 

do. 

do. 

Measured  Id  aloohol. 
do. 

t7.8.Xxpl.Exp 

Cnkuovu 

...do 

Alooholio . 
...do 

0.65 
0.70 

....do 

Avuraaa 

3.60 

0.70 

0.36 

0.03 

ARVICOLA  (PITYMYS)  QUASIATER,  Coues. 

..^rt'ioola  (Pt(i/in^<)  pinetorum  var.  guatiafer,  C0UE8,  Ptoc.  Aond.  Nnt.  8ci.  Pliiln.  Ii374, 191, 

Chars. — Arvicola  imaginem  A.  pinetorum  reddens,  vellere  curto,  denxo, 
sericeo,  e  fusco  nigricante,  auriculis  modicis,  sparse  pilosis,  rotundatis,  vellere 
longiusculis,  antitrago  exiguo;  manu  dimidium  pedis,  caudd  brevissimd  vix 
pedibus  longiore.     Long,  trunci  4.33,  caudce  0.70,  manus  0.33,  pedis  0.66. 

Habitat. — Mexico.    Xalapa  {De  Oca).     Tuxparigo  {Sumichrast). 

In  general  form  and  appearance,  this  animal  somewhat  recalls  A.  pineto- 
rum, particularly  the  larger  darker  styles  of  the  latter,  formerly  called 
"scalopsoides",  and  we  judge  that  it  will  he  found  to  fall  under  Pitymys,  from 
the  circumstance  of  its  sharing  many  peculiarities  of  external  form ;  but  this 
we  cannot  affirm  without  an  examination  of  the  skull  and  teeth,  which  we  are 
unable  to  make  without  an  unjustifiable  mutilation  of  the  two  beautifully  pre- 
pared skins  before  us.  But  although  it  is  thus,  by  its  mole-like  aspect,  allied 
to  pinetorum,  it  is  not  sufficiently  similar  to  that  species  to  be  confounded 
with  it ;  and  it  does  not  bear  the  slightest  resemblance  to  any  other  North 
American  species  we  know  of  At  first  glance,  the  animal  looks  quite  black ; 
but  on  closer  view  this  color  is  seen  to  be  lightened  by  an  auburn  shade, 
owing  to  a  uniform  and  intimate  mixture  of  dusky-chestnut  hairs  with  the 
black  ones.  There  are  no  markings  anywhere;  the  general  color  changes 
insensibly  on  the  sides  into  blackish-ash  on  the  under  parts,  lightly  silvered 
over  with  hoary.  The  tail  is  like  the  back  above,  and  indistinctly  paler  under- 
neath. The  fur  is  very  short,  fine,  and  close,  and  of  so  rich  a  silky  lustre 
that,  in  some  lights,  it  gives  an  appreciable  purplish  coppery  iridescence. 
The  body  is  very  stout  and  compact,  and  all  the  members  are  small.  The 
tail  is  much  shorter  than  the  head,  and  baiely  longer  than  the  hind  foot.    The 


MURID^— ABVICOLINiE— ABVICOLA  QTJA8IATER. 


227 


soles  are  very  sparsely  hairy — a  central  line  of  nakedness,  at  least,  extending 
almost  to  the  heel.  The  plantar  callosities  are  not  perfectly  plain  in  the  dried 
skin,  but  there  appear  to  be  only  five :  one  on  the  inner  side  of  the  foot,  mid- 
way between  the  heel  and  tip  of  the  inner  toe;  one  at  the  base  of  this  toe; 
one  at  the  base  of  the  second  toe;  one  at  the  bases  of  the  third  and  fourth 
toes;  and  one  at  the  base  of  the  outer  toe;  none  of  them  are  prominent. 
The  hairs  on  the  dorsum  of  the  feet  are  scanty,  the  longest  barely  reaching 
the  tips  of  the  nails.  The  fore  feet,  measured  from  the  extreme  palmar 
tubercle,  are  just  half  as  long  as  the  hinder  and  rather  broader ;  the  nails 
seem  a  trifle  longer,  and  certainly  are  no  shorter  than  those  of  the  hind. 
The  rudimentary  thumb  and  its  obtuse  abortive  nail  are  as  usual  in  the  genus. 
The  ears  are  large  for  this  section  of  the  genus,  and  obviously  overtop  the 
fur  a  little ;  they  are  rounded ;  in  the  dried  state,  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
conch  is  reflected,  but  this  may  be  an  accident  of  preparation ;  the  rest  of 
the  auricle  is  flat ;  the  antitragus  is  but  slightly  developed,  being  little  more 
than  a  stiff  ridge,  incapable  of  closing  the  meatus.  The  flat  part  of  the 
conch  is  pretty  closely  furred  both  inside  and  out — the  hairs  being  short  and 
pilous,  rising  but  little  beyond  the  margin  of  the  ear.  The  tail  is  very  slen- 
der as  well  as  short,  moderately  hairy,  and  with  a  slight  terminal  pencil. 

The  following  measurements  are  believed  to  be  a  very  close  approxima- 
tion to  the  truth,  owing  to  the  skillful  preparation  of  the  specimens  by  their 
distinguished  collectors: — 


Dimension. 


Nose  to  eye 

Nose  to  ear 

Noae  torootof  tail 

Tail  to  end  of  vertebne  .. . 

Tail  to  end  of  haiis 

Height  of  ear  in  front 

Het|{bt  of  ear  behind 

Length  of  palm 

Length  of  sole 

Length  of  for  on  the  back  . 


No.  a<>34. 

No.  7096. 

0.55 

0.45 

1.10 

1.00 

4.33 

4.45 

0.70 

0.70 

0.80 

0.80 

0.45 

0.45 

0.30 

0.80 

0.33 

0.33 

0.66 

0.65 

0.33 

0.33 

The  type-specimen.  No.  3624  (Mus.  Smiths.),  was  taken  at  Xalapa,  Mex- 
ico, by  M.  R  M.  De  Oca.  No.  7006,  taken  at  Tuxpango,  Mexico,  by  Prof.  F. 
Sumichrast,  does  not  differ  in  any  appreciable  degree.  These  are  the  only 
Mexican  ArvicoUe  we  have  seen. 


228 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Genus  SYNAPTOMYS,  Baird. 


j !  ii; 


■./^.'J 


i^i ;. 


\  hi; 


\>' 


I' 


M\v 


Sj/naplomya,  Daikd,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  558  (xub  Atyode),  aud  p.  xliv.— Coueh,  Troc.  Acoil.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn. 
1874, 192. 

Diagnosis. — Root  of  inferior  incisor  ending  abruptly  opposite  last  lower 
molar.  Faces  of  superior  incisors  longitudinally  grooved  near  outer  edges. 
Construction  of  molars  and  general  cranial  characters  as  in  Myodpo;  palate 
ending  as  in  typical  Arvicola.  External  characters  as  in  Arvicola;  ears  equal- 
ing or  overtopping  the  fur;  tail  equal  t^  or  longer  than  hind  foot.  Pelage 
very  soft  and  full.  .     ;•  .       .      .. 

The  preceding  paragraph  gives  the  essential  characters  of  the  most 
remarkable  genus  of  the  subfamily^-one  singularly  combining  the  peculiari- 
ties of  two  other  widely  separated  Arvicoline  genera.  It  may  be  defined  in 
a  word  as  the  skull  and  teeth  of  Myodes  in  the  body  of  Arvicola,  with  tiie 
additional  sui  generis  feature  of  grooved  upper  incisors. 

This  genus  was  happily  characterized  in  1857  by  Professor  Baird, 
but  upon  such  imperfect  and  unsatisfactory  material*  that  he  did  not  for- 
mally introduce  either  the  genus  or  the  species  in  the  body  of  his  work, 
though  he  gives  Synaptomys  as  a  subgenus  of  Myodes  and  catalogues  8. 
cooperi  in  his  introductory  list  (p.  xliv).  Doubtless  in  consequence  of  these 
circumstances  attending  its  first  publication,  the  remarkable  form,  although 
defined,  as  far  as  the  materials  went,  with  precision,  has  scarcely  been  recog- 
nized by  other  naturalists.  We  are  able  to  confirm  the  validity  of  the  genus 
and  add  all  the  details  hitherto  deficient. 

Since  1860,  the  skin  of  some  small  Arvicola  collected  in  August,  in 
SUaget  Valley,  by  Dr.  C  B.  R.  Kennerly,  has  Iain  unnoticed  in  the  Museum  of 
the  Smithsonian  on  account  of  its  inaccessible  condition,  having  been  skinned 
through  a  small  abdominal  aperture,  the  skin  left  turned  wrong  side  out  and 
stretched  on  a  hooped  twig,  Indian-fashion ;  nothing  thus  appeared  from  the 
outside,  even  the  tail  and  hind  feet  being  tucked  in  out  of  sight.  A  crushed 
skull,  uncleaned,  fortunately  hung  by  the  lips.  In  this  condition,  the  speci- 
men was  entered  in  the  Smithsonian  archives,  some  twelve  years  since,  as 
"Arvicola  oregona",  a  presumptive  identification  having  been  ventured  upon 
the  strength  of  the  locality  and  apparent  small  size  of  the  object.     Duiing 

*  ^0'  mi'  Mu8.  Smiths.,  merely  »  rnt-eaten  bunch  of  fnr,  lockin);  head,  tail,  and  three  of  the 
feet,  but  <vitli  one  cf  the  fore  feet  attached,  and  accompanied  by  a  defective  alcuU ;  and  No,  1368,  a  skin 
with  the  feet  and  tail,  but  wanting  head  and  ukull.  Locality  unkuowii,  but  gapposed  to  bo  one  of  the 
Northern  United  States.    Received  from  Hr.  William  Cooper. 


■  afe 


MURlDiE— ARVICOLIN^j— SYNii  VTOMYS. 


229 


the  present  investigntioii,  while  we  were  engaged  upon  Chilotus,  and  some- 
what short  of  material,  we  turned  to  Ihis  j)resumed  Arvkola  oregonun,  moist- 
ened the  skin,  and  carefully  reversed  it,  when  we  tound  it  was  not  Chilotm 
at  all,  hut  apparently  an  undescribed  species  of  Evotomys.  On  cleaning 
the  skull,  of  which  we  succeeded  in  securing,  among  other  '"••agments,  the 
lower  jaw  entire,  the  palate  with  the  molars  intact,  half  of  one  zygomatic 
arch  in  situ,  and  the  rostral  portion  with  the  incisors,  we  saw,  to  our  sur- 
prise, that  the  cranial  and  dental  characters  were  not  in  the  least  like  those 
of  Evotomys,  but  neorly  identical  with  those  of  Myodes.  It  then  only  required 
a  reference  to  Baird's  work  for  the  recognition  of  Synaptomyx.  Shortly  after 
this  discovery,  a  series  of  seven  perfectly  prepared  skins  was  sent  us  from 
Neosho  Falls,  Kans.,  accompanied  by  several  nicely  cleaned  skulls.  We  are, 
therefore,  able  to  define  the  form  to  our  entire  satisfaction.  There  is  no  genus 
of  American  Murida  more  strongly  marked  than  the  present,  as  the  following 
detailed  descriptions  will  show. 

The  most  conspicuous  and  diagnostic,  if  not  really  the  most  important, 
character  is  the  sulcation  of  the  upper  incisors.  This  is  a  unique  feature 
among  American  Arvicolinee,  if  not  in  the  subfamily ;  and,  in  the  American 
representatives  of  the  whole  family  Murida,  only  recurs  in  Ochctodon  of 
North,  and  Reithrodon  of  South,  America.  The  groove  runs  near  tlie  outer 
edge  of  the  face  of  the  tooth  (in  Ochetodon  and  Reithrodon  it  is  median). 
The  incisors  are  short,  broad  for  their  length,  and  much  curved ;  the  general 
face  is  rabbeted  down  externally,  so  that  when  viewed  in  lateral  profile  the 
portions  on  either  side  of  the  groove  appear  parallel  and  one  in  front  of  the 
other.  The  incisors  approach  a  character  more  fully  developed  in  Myodes,  of 
being  essentially  enamel  tubes  not  completely  filled  up  with  dentine,  thus 
calling  to  mind  the  condition  of  an  unfinished  quill-pen  after  the  first  oblique 
slice  has  been  shaven  off,  and  before  the  nib  is  finished.  Their  tips,  instead 
of  being  straight  and  transverse,  are  generally  nicked  at  the  end  of  the  groove. 

The  inferior  incisors  are  equally  remarkable,  not  only  in  their  own  char- 
acters, but  in  the  resulting  modification  of  the  under  jaw.  Exactly  as  in 
Myodex,  their  roots  stop  abruptly  just  in  front,  and  a  little  to  the  inner  side, 
of  the  root  of  the  last  lower  molar.  In  all  the  other  fjenera  of  ArmcolintB 
we  have  examined,  except  Myodes  and  Cunicuius,  tht  rjot  of  the  under  incisor 
runs  past  (outside)  the  root  of  the  last  imder  molar,  and  up  the  ramus  of  the 
jaw  behind,  to  a  varying  distance  toward  the  condyle  itself.    This  passage  of 


m 


.Mil. 


CI       . 


"'  • 


230 


MONOGHAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


the  incisor-root  up  the  ramus  results  in,  and  is  hetrayed  by,  ii  prominent  super- 
ficial ridge  or  thickening  that  runs  from  the  inside  of  the  back  of  the  condylar 
ramus  downward,  forward,  and  a  little  inward,  to  connect  with  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  alveolar  ridge.  In  Myodes,  Cuniculus,  and  Sj/naptomys,  this 
ridge  is  wanting;  the  whole  condylar  ramus  being  thin  and  Hat,  its  inner  face 
nearly  plane,  and  separated  from  the  posterior  end  of  the  alveolus  by  a  strong 
sulcus.  Moreover,  the  passage  of  the  incisor-root  so  closely  along  the  under 
border  of  the  body  of  the  jaw  confers  upon  the  latter  u  massivencss  not  seen 
in  other  genera.     The  protruding  ends  of  the  incisors  offer  nothing  peculiar. 

There  is  not  much  else  to  note  in  the  lower  jaw.  The  apex  of  the  coro- 
noiil  reaches  nearly  or  quite  to  the  level  of  the  condyle,  as  in  Arvicola  gener- 
ally. The  descending  hamular  process,  as  in  Myodes,  is  large,  strong,  curves 
strongly  outward,  and  has  a  much  inflected  lower  border,  so  that  its  inferior 
aspect  is  a  flat  surface  instead  of  a  border;  and  the  notch  between  it  and  the 
back  of  the  condylar  ramus  is  wide  and  deep.  The  muscular  impressions 
upon  the  side  of  the  jaw  are  deep  and  strong,  bounded  by  prominent  sharp 
ridges. 

As  is  well  known,  the  molar  teeth  of  Myodes  (as  restricted  to  exclude 
Cuniculus)  are  both  individually  and  collectively  distinguishable  on  sight  from 
those  of  other  Arvicolince;  for,  although  constructed  essentially  uiwn  the  same 
plan  of  aggregated  rootless  prisms,  their  details  are  quite  different.  In  ordinary 
Arvicolina,  the  molars  as  a  series  are  sharply  serrate,  both  internally  and  exter- 
nally, by  reason  of  the  acute  salient  and  reentrant  angles  they  present  from  first 
to  last,  both  above  and  below.  Now  in  Myodes,  of  the  upper  molars  the  outer 
salicncies  are  similarly  sharp,  but  the  outer  reentrances  are  so  deep  that  they 
reach  almost  across  the  teeth  to  the  inner  side;  while  the  inner  saliencies  are 
so  obtuse  and  the  inner  reentrances  so  shallow  taat  the  inner  border  of  the 
scries  as  a  whole  is  crenate  instead  of  serrate ;  and  in  Myodes,  again,  of  the 
under  molars,  the  inner  saliencies  are  sharp  and  the  inner  reentrances  deep, 
while  the  outer  saliencies  are  so  obtuse  and  the  outer  reentrances  so  shallow 
that  the  outer  border  of  the  series  as  a  whole  is  crenate  instead  of  serrate. 
Thus,  in  Myodes,  one  border  of  both  upper  and  under  molar  series  is  crenate, 
the  other  serrate,  the  crenation  being  external  in  tlie  under  molars,  and 
internal  in  the  upper  molars.  Now  this  molar  pattern  is  repeated  in  Synap- 
tomys  with  such  fidelity  that  we  can  indicate  no  difference  of  generic  import; 
and  thus  the  great  difference  between  the  molars  of  Synaptomys,  and  of 
Arvicola  with  its  subdivisions,  as  well  as  of  Evolomys,  becomes  evident. 


MUBID^— ARVICOLlNiE— 8YNAPTOMYS. 


231 


III  8ynaptomys,\\\c  front  upper  molar  is  composed  of  five  prisms,  niul  its 
crown  of  ns  ninny  closed  dentine  islands  surrounded  by  enuniel  walls: — an 
anterior  loop  across  the  tootli,  then  a  small  internal  triangle  close  to  the  first, 
then  n  larger  external  triangle  widely  separated  from  the  first  by  a  reentrance 
reaching  the  inner  side,  then  a  small  internal  triangle  close  to  the  last,  then 
a  postcro-external  loop,  the  latter  separated  from  the  last  by  a  very  deep 
reentrance  similar  to  the  other  reentrance.  The  middle  upper  molar  has  four 
dentine  islands: — a;,  anterior  loop  reaching  across  the  tooth,  then  a  large 
external  triangle  that  also  extends  across  the  tooth,  then  a  small  strictly 
internal  triangle,  and  then  a  directly  posterior  loop.  The  last  upper  molar 
has  likewise  four  dentine  islands,  nil  of  which  are  rather  transverse  loops 
than  triangles,  and  really  reach  from  side  to  side  of  the  tooth;  the  first  of 
them  is  separated  from  the  next,  and  this  second  from  the  third,  by  n  deep 
external  reentrance,  while  the  fourth  is  separated  from  the  third  by  a  similar 
internal  reentrance.     All  this  of  the  upper  molars  is  exactly  as  in  Mijodes. 

The  front  under  molar,  like  the  front  upper  one,  has  five  dentine  islands:  — 
an  anterior  loop  sompwhat  ♦lefoil-shape  or  triangular  reaching  across  the 
tooth,  then  a  large  internal  lateral  triangle,  theri  a  very  small  external  lateral 
trianglo,  then  a  large  triangle  reaching  nearly  across  the  tooth,  and  finally 
a  posterior  loop  reaching  quite  across.  But  the  external  lateral  is  so  minute 
and  inconsiderable,  and  the  two  internal  saliencies  between  the  anterior 
and  posterior  ends  of  the  tooth  make  such  large  triangles,  that  the  tooth 
might  be  thus  described:  an  irregular  anterior  trefoil,  a  regular  posterior 
crescent,  with  two  large  triangles  between,  one  or  lioth  of  which  may  bear 
a  small  spur,  isolated  or  not,  upon  its  exterior  angle.  The  middle  under 
molar  has  four  triangles,  of  which  the  first  one  and  last  two  are  large  and  go 
quite  across  the  tooth;  the  other  one  is  a  minute  external  appendage  to  the 
first  one,  hardly  distinguishable.  In  this  tooth  only  is  there  a  slight  difference 
from  Myodes,  which  has  an  additional  triangle  anteriorly,  making  five  in  all. 
The  back  lower  molar  is  almost  exactly  like  the  middle  one,  having  the  same 
four  triangles ;  it  is  merely  a  little  smaller,  but  the  minute  external  triangle 
may  not  be  obvious,  leaving  apparently  three.  Both  the  middle  and  lower 
one  may  be  described  as  being  in  general  shape  like  the  letter  M,  with  the 
two  legs  and  middle  saliency  of  the  M  internal  and  acute,  and  the  two  horns 
of  the  M  obtuse  and  external. 

The  molar  series,  as  wholes,  are  of  about  ordinary  length,  measuring 
0.26  to  0.30  in  length;  their  length,  relative  to  the  skull,  is  as  0.28  to  1.12,  or. 


Ha 


ii 


im 


I: 
fi 

1 

lil" 

m 


232 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


25  to  100 — one-fourth.  Tlie  series  of  opposite  sides  are  strongly  convergent 
anteriorly,  so  that  they  would  about  meet  if  produced  little  beyond  the  incisors. 
This  is  nearly  as  in  Myodes,  where,  however,  the  convergence  is  rather  greater. 
Singularly  enough,  the  formation  of  the  palate  behind  does  not  agree  with  either 
Myodes  or  Evotomys,  but  is  nearly  as  in  Arvicola  proper — amphibius  or  ripa- 
rius,  for  instance.  The  post-palatal  n^tch  is  a  deep  emargination  on  the 
median  line  posteriorly  carried  to  o|)posite  the  space  between  the  last  and 
penultimate  molars,  and  on  either  side  of  this  emargination  lies  a  conspicu- 
ous dcej)  ovate  fos^a;  there  is  the  same  step  down  to  the  level  of  the  margins 
of  these  fbssoe  tliat  is  seen  in  Arvicola  proper,  but  the  fossae  are  larger  and 
deeper.  (In  Myodes,  these  fossae  really  do  occur,  and  of  great  size ;  but 
they  are  so  mucii  hidden,  by  being  tucked  under  the  apparent  termination 
of  the  palate,  that  the  palate  seems  to  have  essentially  the  same  construction 
as  in  Evototnys;  i.  e.,  to  end  as  a  broad  shelf,  nearly  transverse.) 

In  general  configuration,  the  skull  is  near  that  of  Myodes,  The  zygo- 
matic widtii  equals  or  just  exceeds  lialf  the  total  length.  The  interorbital 
constriction  is  very  great,  the  skull  being  here  narrower  or  at  most  no  broader 
than  tlie  rostral  part.  The  cranium  protrudes  far  into  the  orbital  cavities, 
with  a  prominent  angular  outline.  The  incisive  foramina  are  short  and  nar- 
row, opening  considerably  behind  the  incisors,  and  closing  again  as  much  in 
front  of  the  molars.  The  nasal  bones  and  nasal  branches  of  the  premaxilla- 
rics  are  of  about  equal  length,  neither  reaching  the  interorbital  constriction. 
Tlio  zygomatic  arches  are  vvidespread,  and  have  the  peculiar  perpendicular 
expansion  of  the  jugal  bone  and  of  the  malar  spur  of  the  maxillary,  form- 
ing quite  a  broad  oblique  plate,  as  in  Myodes.  The  difference  is  very  notice- 
able on  comparison  with  the  much  slenderer  and  more  terete  zygomata  of 
other  ArvkoUna.  The  anteorbital  foramina  open  entirely  underneath  the 
anterior  roois  of  the  zygoma,  so  that  the  latter  scarcely  show  from  above  tlie 
slight  nick  usually  evident  in  other  genera;  the  foramina  themselves  havo 
the  ordinary  pyriform  shape. 

The  rostral  part  of  llie  skull  is  remarkably  short,  thick,  and  blunt.  Its 
length,  from  anterior  root  of  zygomata  to  tip  of  nasal  bones,  scarcely  exceeds 
its  width,  and  is  less  than  its  depth.  The  nasal  bones  are  short,  broad,  and 
obtuse,  ending  beliind  a  perpendicular  line  let  fall  against  tiie  faces  of  the 
incisors.  Tiie  sphenoidal  ate  are  l)road  and  short,  flaring  away  from  tiie 
rather  small  and  short  pterygoids.  Tiie  basioccipital  and  basispiienoid  are 
narrow,  so  that  the  tynqmnic  bulla;,  which  arc  large,  lie  with  sligiit  mutual 


i  Wi 


MUUID^— AUVICOLIN/K— SYNAl'TOMYS. 


233 


ol)liquity.  The  foramen  mngnum  is  subcircular,  with  somcwlmt  of  an  emiir- 
gination  superiorly;  the  paroccipitals  are  elongated  jjroccsses.  In  general 
shape,  the  skull  may  be  called,  in  comparison  with  other  skulls  (except  of 
Mijodes),  short,  shallow,  broad,  with  flattened  coronal  and  convex  frontal  pro- 
file. (In  ordinary  Arvicola,  the  parietal  region  is  highest,  thence  sloping 
gradually  to  the  muzzle.) 

Tadlk  LVIII. — Meaturcmenta  of  five  skulls  of  Svhaitomys  coopkiii. 


Dimension. 


Total  length  (occipital  protuberenco  to  end  of  nosalii)  .. 

Greatest  zygoniiitio  width 

Least  width  (at  interorbital  constriction) 

Width  of  rostrnin 

Intertnastoid  width 

Interparoccipital  width 

Height  of  skull  (opposite  and  including  last  molar) 

Length  of  upper  molar  series 

Length  of  extra-alveolar  portion  of  upper  incisors 

Length  of  rostrum 

From  tip  of  under  incisors  to  apex  of  coronoid 

From  tip  of  under  incisors  to  back  of  condyle 

From  tip  of  under  incisors  to  end  of  descending  process. 

Length  of  under  molar  series , 

Extra-alveolar  portion  of  under  incisors 


0.14 


0.36 
0.26 
0.17 
0.87 


0.70 
0.7C 
0.85 
0.28 


S  '5' 
*2. 


0.27 


0.75 
0.76 
0.23 
0.22 


f-    as 

to   * 


f5M 


to  -J. 

if 


1.14 

0.72 
0.15 
0.85 
0.58 
0.37 
0.45 
0.30 
0.84 
0.85 
0.08 
0.79 
0.81 
0.28 
0.85 


1.07 
0.G8 
0.13 
0.80 
0.55 

o.:i7 

0.44 
0.88 
0.80 
0.88 
0.60 
0.77 
0.81 
0.28 
0.87 


c  a 


1.04 
0.04 
0.18 
0.17 
0.53 
0.37 
0.40 
0.85 
0.80 
0.87 
0.57 
0.70 
0.78 
0.85 
0.85 


As  has  been  intimated,  Synaptomys  is  the  skull  and  teeth  of  Mi/odes  in 
the  skin  of  an  Arvicola,  the  resemblance  to  the  latter  in  external  features 
being  strikingly  complete,  while  the  differences  from  Myodes  are  equally 
obvious.  While  the  ears  of  Myodex  are  minute,  never  reaching  the  level  of 
the  general  fur,  in  Synaptomys  tlie  ears  (now  for  the  first  time  seen)  are 
rather  lunger  than  they  will  average  throughout  Arvicola,  in  fact  almost 
ceualing  those  of  Evotomyn.  In  the  Kansas  skitis,  they  come  to  the  surface 
ot  the  fur,  though  these  animals  arc  in  heavy  pelage;  and,  in  the  Oregon  skin, 
a  summer  animal  in  poor  pelage,  they  distinctly  overtop  the  fur.  They  have 
nearly  the  same  shape  as  in  Evototnys;  the  anterior  and  posterior  roots  of 
the  auricle  come  close  together  in  front,  but  do  not  form  a  little  rim  as 
described  under  Chilottis;  they  are  scant  pilous  behind,  but  rather  more  iiairy 
internally  on  the  flat  portion,  though  the  inner  inflated  portion  is  nearly  naked. 
The  antitragus  has  only  very  moderate  development.  The  fore  feet  show 
uouo  of  the  fossorial  nature  of  those  of  Myodes  or  Ci/miculus ;  the  claws  do 


234 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


li 


1* 


not  noticeably  if  at  all  exceed  those  of  the  hind  feet,  and  are  of  ordinary 
arvicoline  shape.  The  fingers  have  the  usual  relative  lengths;*  thumb 
rudimentary,  with  abortive,  fl.it,  appressed  nail ;  third  digit  longest,  fourth 
scarcely  shorter,  second  shorter,  fifth  much  the  shortest.  The  fore  feet  are 
between  S  and  i  as  long  as  the  hinder,  as  usual;  on  top,  furred  moderately, 
the  longer  terminal  hairs  reaching  the  ends  of  the  claws  but  not  concealing 
them;  under  the  fingers,  naked  and  annulate;  on  the  palm,  naked,  with  the 
following  tuberculation:  besides  the  pollical  node,  there  is  a  tubercle  just 
antero-extcrnal  of  this,  another  at  base  of  the  fifth  and  second  toes  respect- 
ively, and  another  at  conjoined  bases  of  third  and  fourth  toes — five  in  all,  count- 
ing the  pollical  protuberance.  The  hind  feet,  likewise,  show  nothing  notice- 
ably different  from  Arvkola  or  Evotomys;  speaking  in  generol  terms,  the 
relative  size  is  Ihe  same,  and  so  are  the  proportionate  lengths  of  the  digits. 
The  feet  are  hairy  on  top  to  the  claws  (the  longest  terminal  hairs  just 
reaching  the  ends  of  the  claws),  and  the  soles  are  moderately  furry  on  the 
posterior  third  (as  far  as  the  back  tubercle);  perhaps  a  trifle  pilose  for  ordi- 
nary Arvicola,  but  showing  nothing  of  the  dense  furriness,  like  a  rabbit's,  of 
Myodea  or  Cuniculus.  There  are  six  plantar  tubercles,  as  usual  in  ArvicolituB, 
thus  disposed : — one  posterior,  of  moderate  size,  conical,  not  lengthened, 
situate  about  half-way  between  heel  and  bases  of  middle  iocs;  a  smaller  one 
close  l)y,  but  a  little  further  forward  and  more  external;  then  one  at  btise  of 
inner  toe — these  three  completing  a  triangle;  one  at  base  of  second  toe;  one 
at  base  of  fifth  toe ;  one  between  bases  of  third  and  fourth  toes.  The  toes, 
as  usual,  are  strongly  annulate  beneatli,  with  terminal  smooth  pad.  The  tail  has 
nearly  the  usual  length,  calibre,  and  hairiness  of  Arvicola,  showing  no  approach 
to  the  brevity  and  rabbit-like  furring  of  Myodes  or  Cuniculus.  Its  length  varies 
in  our  specimens.  In  Baird's  type,  No.  1368,  the  only  tail  seen  till  now,  this 
member  is  noticeably  longer  than  the  hind  foot,  and  distinctly  bicolor ;  in  our 
Oregon  animal,  No.  3798,  it  barely  exceeds  the  hind  foot,  and  is  indistinctly 
bicolor ;  in  the  Kansas  skins,  it  averages  no  longer  than  the  hind  foot,  and  is 
almost  unicolor. 

In  color,  both  as  to  its  pattern  and  its  shade,  and  in  gen^^.a!  superficial 
appearance,  tliere  is  little  to  distinguish  tills  animal  from  Arvicola  riparius, 
for  instance.  Aside  from  the  Oregon  animal,  which  is  in  poor  if  not  sickly 
condition,  and  token  in  August,  the  pelage  is  beautifully  fine,  soft,  and  full, 

*  Tbo  right  furo  foot  of  No,  8G08  hIiowb  a  ciirious  nbiiorinnlity ;  the  third  digit  being  orrostod  in 
dovvlopniout,  HO  that  it  in  no  longer  than  the  Ufth.    The  loft  fore  foot  is  normal. 


MUEID^— ARVICOLIN^— 8YNAPTOMY8  COOPERI. 


235 


and  very  long.  The  whiskers  are  numerous,  of  moderate  length,  exceedingly 
fine,  almost  invisible  without  a  good  light.  The  fur  on  the  back  is  half  or 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  long ;  that  of  the  tail  and  all  the  feet  is  very  fii.e 
and  rather  scant,  so  that  in  alcoholic  specimens  these  members  show  quite 
light-colored.  The  tail  has  a  very  scanty  terminal  pencil;  the  muffle  is 
entirely  hairy,  except  the  little  nasal  pads,  and  extremely  obtuse;  the  head 
short,  thick;  the  eyes  are  very  minute,  situate  about  half-way  from  nose  to 
ear;  the  whole  form  is  stout  and  compact. 

In  the  mouth  of  this  animal  may  be  observed,  in  addition  to  the  tufts 
of  hair  that  turn  inward  and  nearly  meet  behind  the  upper  incisors,  a  tufl 
growing  inside  the  edge  of  the  lip,  and  another  hairy  patch  extending  back- 
ward from  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  ■  .W!         .  M>         ^  ,>  :  ••  y   ..     ■ 

This  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  perfect  connecting  links  yet  discov- 
ered between  different  genera  of  ArvicolintB,  if  not  of  the  whole  family  MurkUe. 
'Vhe  habitat,  too,  of  this  false  lemming  is  highly  interesting,  being  quit«  out 
of  the  range  of  Myodes.  Baird's  types  came  from  some  unknown  place, 
believed  however  to  be  somewhere  in  the  United  States,  and  now  the  animal 
turns  up  from  Indiana,  Illinois,  Minnesota,  Kansas,  Oregon,  and  Alaska. 
The  Kansas  locality,  Neosho  Fails,  where  Mr.  Goss  has  collected  with  such 
valuable  results,  seems  peculiar  in  its  fauna.  There  occur  such  southern 
types  as  Oryzomys,  Siginodon,  and  Oc/ielodon,  in  connection  with  the  pecul- 
iar Onychomys  and  with  the  Synaptomys — which  latter  ought,  according  to 
its  zoological  characters,  to  be  a  highly  boreal  animal. 


SYNAPTOMYS  COOPERI,  Baird. 

Myodet  (Synaplomyt)  cooperi,  Baird,  Cat.  in  M.  N.  A.  1857,  p.  xliv. 

£yii<ip(omy>  cooperi,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  558,  iii  text  (Uoited  States  t).—CouE8,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Philtt.  1874, 194. 
Anioola  {Synaplomyt)  gotrii,  Baird,  MSS.  (on  labels  of  the  Kansas  specimens,  in  antiolpatiou  of  their 

proving  different  from  the  oriftinal  cooperi). 

Diagnosis. — S.  facie  ArvicoltB  riparii,  ted  caudd  breviore,  ar tubus  exili- 
oribus,  rostro  obtusiore,  vellere  ampliore;  murino-brunneus,  plus  mitusve  griseus, 
aubtus  ex  albido  griseo-plumbeus.  Long.  tot.  4,  cauda  subpoll.,  pedis  ^,  auri- 
cula  ^. 

Habitat. — Indiana,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Minnesota,  Oregon,  and  Alaska. 

Our  notice  of  the  genus  has  proved  so  fully  illustrative  of  its  single 
species  that  there  is  little  to  add.    The  original  specimens  of  cooperi,  as  far 


■ »  ■ 


a\ 


23G 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


as  the  fragments  show,  arc  a  little  lighter  brown  than  most  of  Mr.  Goss' 
late  v/inter  and  early  spring  skins,  especially  No.  1368,  which  has  also  the 
tail  more  distinctly  bicolor  than  it  is  in  these.  But  some  of  the  Kansas  ones 
are  identical  in  color  with  the  types ;  and  they  vary  as  much  among  them- 
selves in  color  as  some  of  tiieni  do  from  Nos.  1367-8.  The  tails  of  all,  except 
No.  1368,  are  not  evidently  bicolor.  The  under  parts  are  hoary-ash,  usually 
soiled,  especially  across  the  abdomen,  with  pale  muddy-brown,  somewhat  as 
in  ji.  austcrus,  but  not  approaching  the  cinnamon  shade  that  the  latter  fre- 
quently exhibits.  The  tail  and  feet  in  dried  skins  are  dark  fuscous ;  in  alco- 
holic species  light  brown,  with  a  flesh-colored  shade.  The  incisors  are  yellow, 
as  usual ;  the  claws  brownisii-white.  Besides  the  copious  long  fine  pelage 
of  this  animal,  there  seems  to  be  something  peculiar  in  the  tenderness  of  the 
skin  itself;  the  feet  are  detached  almost  at  a  touch,  so  that  the  labels  cannot 
be  secured  in  the  ordinary  way.  The  following  table  shows  to  some  extent 
the  range  of  variation  in  size: — 


Table  LIX. — ileamremeritt  of  eighteen  specment  of  Synaptomys  coorKiii. 


'^- 

^ . 

'  ■  .      \    -d   -, 

vw 


1381 
1308 
3708 
8404 
8S0;< 
8509 
8310 

8.'!  II 

8313 

esi3 

8314 
6JI5 
8316 

Bsn 
sg63i 

1037.1 
7044 
10937 


Aug.  0,  1830 
Wintcr,'0,'>-fi 
Mnr.  -,  1806 
Fob.  — ,  1866 
Mar.  — ,  1866 
Feb.  — ,  1806 
''eb.  -,1866 
Jar.  — ,  1806 
Spring,  1866 

....ilo 

....do 

....do 


Fob.  — ,  ISO- 


Locality. 


Collector. 


Tall  to 
end  of— 


Unknown  (U.  S, ») 

...do 

Skagit  Valley.Oreg 
NeoHlio  Falls,  Kans 

..  do 

...ilo 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do.. 

...do 

...do 

....do 

Brookvillo,  Ind  . . 
Bonton  Co.,  Minn 
S^Mitherii  Illinoia. 
Nnlato,  Alaska  .. 


W.  Cooper 

...do 

C.B.K.Kennerl)' 

B.F.G08S 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

It  Uayniond  . . . . 
O.  E.  GarrlsoD  . . 
It^Kennioott... 
W.  n.  D»ll 


0.50  0.00 
1.10 


0.( 

0.; 

0.53 

0.53 

0.50 

0.3c 

0.53 
0.50 
0.47 
O.f 
0.46 
0.44 
0.40 

n.4i 


1.07 
0.95 
1.05 
0.08 
1.00 
0.08 
1.00 

o.go 

0.85 
0.90 
0.00 
0.00 
0.89 


19C 

3.60 
l.!!.'>4.  U 

1.30:1.75 


.  037 
J.  80:0.000.33 
0. 75  0.  eJo.  34 
0. 600. 70  0. 36 
0  750.9011.40 


4.3C 
4.  U 
3.75 
3.60 


l.3.'>4.00 
1.30  3.75 
1.10  3.30 


3.90 
3.35 


1.10  3.30 
I.  lo'3. 50 
1.0i)150 


0.80 
0.80 
0.85 
0.85 
0.83 


a    t 


0.68 
0.700.43 
a  67  0.  33 
0.78  0.40 


1.000.4X0.760.30 
0. 95  a  38  0. 78  0. 33 
1.0o'a40  0.77lo.33 
1.000.410.750.34 
1.00  0.39  0.76  0  36 


0.65,0.800.450  73,0.38 


Jo.  7r'o 


0.fi4  0.7l'^0.46  0.760.40 
0. 50  0.8.-1 0.40  0.6910  39 
0.310.60  0.18  0  67  0.33 
0. 58'o.  800. 4o'o  70  0. 37 
0.0o'o.7.-.'o.33'o.69  0.43 


O.M'o.70p.33|0  70:0.39 

0.7511.000.40  0.78  0.40 

I 


Remarks. 


Typo  of  eooperi, 

..do. 

Moasand  dry. 

...do. 

...do.* 

...do. 

...do. 
...do. 

...do. 
— da 

Meaaiired  aloohollo 
....do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 
do. 
do 


*  But  the  loDgtli  olhead  and  iMMly  and  of  tail  areas  taken  in  thollesliby  Mr.  Ooss  for  \os.  8308-13,  Ho  seems  to  hare 
taken  tbe  tall-meaf)nrcment  further  up  tbo  ooooygoal  Torteiirto  than  is  Rencraliy  done,  no  that  the  tails  as  fit^'on  eqnal  that 
of  No.  I;«i8.  wliereaA  they  are  certainly  shorter.  Our  luOAsuremenls  of  the  dried  tail,  did  we  make  any,  woulil  nin  fully  0.10, 
if  not  0  30,  ioHN  than  Mr.  Go:*8'  ll((nres.  Onr  measurements  of  tho  alcoholic  speclmeus  are  the  most  reliable  of  the  series. 
Nub.  8516,  8517,  are  not  full  grown. 

t  In  No.  990.'l,  apparently  a  nurnihg  female,  we  find  two  pairs  of  pectoral  mammn)  and  one  pair  of  inguinal  mamm», 
vitltoot  being  nblo  to  make  out  any  interventug  ventr.il  ones.  It  la  probable,  however,  that  tbo  species  posoosses  a  Tontral 
pair,  making  oi|;ht  teats  in  all. 


MURID^— AUVICOLIN^— MYODES. 


237 


"    '.^    ^   '      .  Genus  MYODES,  Pallas. 

Mui  Bp.,  L1NNJEU8,  and  other  earlient  writers. 
Jrvicola  sp.,  of  different  writers. 
<C.BspudcBU$,  ILLIOER,  1811,  in  part ;  inclndes  Mat  lemmiu,  ampHblut,  Sec. :  i>c'.  of  late  writers. 
<^/^mntua,  Linck  (^0  Baird),  in  part;  includes  tlio  Amcol(B. 
<_Gtorychui,  Kichardson,  F.  B.-A.  i,  1829;  and  AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1B54,  in  port;  inclndes  Cunlcu- 

lu»;  not  of  IlliKer,  which  beloDf;s  to  an  entirely  dilfereut  family. 
<  J/^ode*,  Pallas,  Zuog.  R.-A.  i,  1831, 172,  in  part ;  includes  Arvicola,  and  thns  about  eqnal  to  his  "M»ra 

cunUsalarii"  oi  VnS. 
=:Af^a<i<-»,CuUK8,Proc.  Acad.  Nat-.  8ci.  Phila.  1874, 194.  ,  .      .:.  -. 

Cranial  chars. — Skull  massive,  low,  broad  {zygomatic  midth  vpward  of 
two-thirds  the  length)  ;  cranial  portion  encroaching  upon  the  orbital  cavities 
with  a  strong  salience ;  rostral  portion  obtuse,  broad,  short  (about  one-fourth 
the  entire  length),  not  narrower  than  the  interorbital  constriction  ;  nasals  and 
intermaxillaries  subequal  in  length,  falling  short  of  the  orbits ;  anteorbital 
foramen  small,  nearly  underneath  (he  anterior  root  of  the  zygoma;   malar 
branch  of  maxillary,  and  jugal  itself,  expanded  into  a  broad  lamina;  buUaj 
ossese  moderate,  their  inner  borders  approximated  and  nearly  parallel  through 
narrowness  of  basioccipital ;  incisive  foramina  short  and  narrow,  not  reaching 
to  opposite  anterior  molars ;  palate  ending  behind  as  an  emarginated  shelf 
(with  or  without  a  median  azygos  projection)  opposite  the  interspace  between 
the  penultimate  and  last  molars,  and  tiie  space  between  these  teeth  of  opposite 
sides  thus  broadly  open,  but  the  lateral  fossae  that  occur  in  most  Arvkolinte 
still  evident,  though  pushed  forward  under  the  edge  of  the  palatal  shelf;  ptery- 
goid processes  widely  divergent  and  very  low ;  under  edge  of  lower  jaw  very 
broad  from  passage  along  it  of  root  of  incisor ;  ramus  of  lower  jaw  thin  and 
plane,  from  lack  of  incisor-root  extending  up  it;  descending  process  strong, 
flattened  underneath,  and  much  twisted  ;  apex  of  coronoid  as  bigh  as  condyle. 
Dental  chars. — Molar  series  long  (more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of 
the  skull),  strongly  convergent  anteriorly,  and  the  individual  teeth  large. 
Molars  strictly  of  the  prismatic  type  characterizing  Arvicolina,  but  in  the 
details  of  their  crowns  different  from  those  of  any  genus  except  Synaptomys, 
with  which  they  correspond  almost  precisely ;  first  upper  and  under  molars 
longest,  the  others  successively  diminishing  a  little  in  length,  but  all  of  nearly 
the  same  width  throughout,  though  the  under  molar  may  narrow  a  little  from 
before  backward ;  of  the  upper  scries,  the  external  reentrances  very  deep, 
reaching  almost  across  the  teeth,  the  external  saliencies  very  acute;  of  the 
under  series,  the  internal  reentrances  very  deep,  reaching  almost  across  the 


n 


'm 


) 


m 


11 


It  ;■   I 


238 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


teeth,  the  internal  snliencies  very  acute ;  of  the  upper  series,  the  internal  sali- 
encies  obtuse  and  the  internal  reentrances  shallow ;  of  the  lower  series,  the 
external  saliencies  obtuse  and  the  external  reentrances  shallow ;  first  upper 
molar  of  5  triangles,  1  anterior,  2  interno-lateral,  and  2  externo-Iateral,  these 
alternating,  the  first  lateral  one  being  internal ;  middle  upper  molar  of  4  tri- 
angles, the  first  2  transverse,  3d  interno-lateral,  4th  externo-Iateral;  back 
upper  molar  of  4  triangles,  or  rather  crescents,  all  transverse ;  front  lower 
molar  with  5  triangles;  an  anterior  irregular  trefoil,  a  lateral  posterior  loop, 
1  external  and  2  internal  lateral  triangles ;  middle  lower  molar  like  front  lower 
molar,  but  an  interno-anterior  triangle  replacing  the  trefoil ;  back  lower  molar 
with  4  triangles,  the  2  posterior  entirely  transverse  and  approximated  at  their 
outer  ends,  the  other  2  lateral,  alternating,  the  1st  being  antero-intemal. 
(Thus,  the  front  molars,  both  upper  and  lower,  are  5-prismatic,  with  as  many 
inclosed  dentine  islands  on  their  crowns;  the  back  molars,  both  upper  and 
lower,  are  4-prismatic,  with  as  many  inclosed  dentine  islands  on  their  crowns ; 
the  middle  upper  like  both  back  ones,  4-prismatic ;  the  middle  lower,  like 
both  front  ones,  S-prismatic ;  and  this  A-prismatic  middle  lower  molar  is  the 
only  diagnostic  one  as  compared  with  Synaptomys,  in  which  the  same  tooth 
has  only  four  prisms.)  Upper  incisors  ungrooved,  but  much  beveled  off  later- 
ally, and  appearing  like  tubes  of  enamel  through  deficiency  of  dentine  behind, 
where  they  begin  to  come  to  an  edge;  about  as  wide  as  deep,  and  much 
curved.  Under  incisors  remarkable  in  that  their  roots  do  not  reach  beside 
and  behind  the  last  molar  up  the  condylar  ramus,  but  stop  abruptly  in  front 
of  the  last  molar. 

External  chars. — Size  of  the  larger  Arvicola;  form  very  stout  and 
compact;  colors  usually  variegated  and  often  changing  with  season,  as  in 
many  other  Arctic  mammals ;  pelage  very  long  and  thick,  cold-proof;  snout 
blunt,  hairy  except  the  nasal  papillne ;  external  ears,  though  well  formed, 
small,  at  most  never  coming  to  the  surface  of  the  fur;  fore  feet  large,  with 
the  claws  about  equaling  the  hinder  without  the  claws;  thumb  obsolete, 
with  a  large  ligulate  claw  ;  all  the  other  claws  very  long  and  fossorial,  exceed- 
ing the  hinder,  but  lacking  the  peculiar  development  seen  in  Cuniculus;  3d 
claw  longest,  4tii  but  little  shorter,  tip  of  2d  reaching  base  of  3d,  4th  much 
shorter;  palms  sometimes  naked,  sometimes  furry  to  the  claws;  when  naked, 
thin,  tuberculatc.  Hind  feet  short,  only  exceeding  the  fore  by  the  length  of 
their  claws  ;  .  'laws  moderate  ;  3  middle  toes  longest  and  ai)out  equaling 


I 


MURID^— ARVICOLlNiE— MYODES. 


239 


each  other,  the  1st  much  sliorter,  the  5tli  shorter  still ;  soles  usually  densely 
furry  to  the  claws,  but  sometimes  showing  the  under  surface  of  the  toes ;  * 
plantar  tubercles  naked.     Tail  very  short,  its  vertel)rae  shorter  or  not  longer 
than  the  sole,  leporine,  stout,  densely  hairy  throughout,  with  a  copious  ter- 
minal pencil,  often  longer  than  the  vertebrae. 

The  foregoing  diagnosis,  so  drawn  as  to  exclude  Cuniculvs,  is  based  upon 
Mus  lemtnus  of  Linnaeus,  and  indicates  a  perfectly  natural  generic  group  of 
,ArvicolineB.  From  Arvicola,  in  any  of  its  subgeneric  phases,  Myodes  is  prom- 
inently distinguished  by  external  form  as  well  as  by  cranial  and  dental  char- 
acters. The  general  clumsy  shape,  very  convex-obtuse  head,  short  rabbit-like 
tail,  short  ears,  small  furry  feet,  elongated  fossorial  claws,  and  moUipilose 
pelage,  are  associated,  in  the  skull,  with  breadth  and  massiveness,  laminar 
expansion  of  the  zygomata,  and  a  peculiar  shape  of  the  palate  ;  and,  in  the 
teeth,  with  stoppage  of  the  root  of  the  under  incisor  opposite  the  last 
molar,  a  quill-like  beveling  of  the  upper  incisors,  and  a  particular  pattern  of 
the  molar  crowns.  All  the  points  of  external  form  that  mark  off  Myodes  from 
Arvicola  likewise  separate  it  from  Synaptomys ;  these  two  agreeing  almost 
precisely  in  cranial  and  dental  characters.  The  plane,  instead  of  grooved, 
upper  incisors  are  distinctive  of  Myodes,  and  so  is,  to  less  degree,  a  slight 
difference  in  the  middle  lower  molar  (vide  descriptions).  With  Myodes, 
Cuniculus  is  generally  associated  generically ;  but  we  wish  to  particularly 
signalize  -the  fact  that  they  are  perfectly  distinct  genera.  Although  both  of 
them  are  "lemmings",  so  called;  and  although  they  do  agree  in  general 
external  tournure,  yet  they  present  differences  fully  on  a  par  with  those  made 
the  basis  of  generic  distinctions  in  other  cases.  How  great  these  differences 
are  may  be  inferred,  by  one  not  acquainted  with  the  animals,  from  the  fact  that 
Lilljeborg,  who  adopts  only  four  genera  for  the  whole  subfamily,  keeps  the 
two  apart,  his  genera  being  Fiber,  Arvicola,  Cuniculus,  and  Myodes.  The 
comparative  diagnoses  are  fully  given  farther  on ;  here  we  will  only  add,  that 
in  Myodes  the  external  ears,  though  small,  are  perfect,  while  Cuniculus  has 
no  external  ears ;  that  in  Myodes,  though  the  fore  claws  are  lengthened  and 
"fossorial",  they  never  show  the  extraordinary  development  seen  in  Cuniculus; 
that  the  rudimentary  pollex  of  Myodes  bears  a  large  ligulate  nail,  only  faintly 
indicated  in  Cuniculus  by  an  abortive  thumb  and  claw ;  and,  finally,  that  with 
most  cranial  characters  in  common,  the  pattern  of  the  molars  is  very  different 
in  the  two  genera.     Unlike  Myodes,  Cuni    'us  turns  white  in  winter. 


'■'II 

1 
i 


'  • 


240 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


I ,  .  . 


■■•;  <l 


Like  that  of  other  genera  known  in  early  zoological  times,  the  synonymy 
of  Myodes  is  involved.  First  ranged  under  Mm,  then  sharing  the  term 
Arvicoln  with  the  rest  of  its  subfamily,  it  has  also  had  three  names  more  par- 
ticularly applied  to  itself — Hi/pudaux  (llliger,  1811);  Myodes  (Pallas,  1831); 
and  Lemmus  (Linck,  18 — ).  Hypudceus,  as  originally  framed,  included  Mus 
temmuD,  nmphibius,  and  arvalis,  and,  according  to  >nie  authorities,  ought  to 
be  restricted  to  the  first  species  mentioned  imtis);  but,  according  to 
others,  it  is  applicable  to  either  one  of  the  three  species  llliger  put  in  it.  But 
it  has  of  late  been  so  carefully  cliaracterized  by  Kcyserling  and  Blasius,  in  its 
application  to  Mus  rulilus,  &c.,  that  if  it  is  to  be  retained  at  all  (wliich  we  do 
not  think  should  be  done),  doubtless  it  is  best  assigned  to  rutilus.  The 
choice,  then,  narrows  to  Myodes  and  Letnmus;  we  have  not  the  authorities 
at  hand  to  decide  the  case,  but  the  balance  of  opinion  is  in  favor  of  Myodes. 
Both  these  genera,  as  originally  based,  had  a  much  wider  application  than  is 
now  admitted.  In  strict  technical  interpretation,  both  Myodes  and  Lemmus 
are  synonyms  of  Arvicola  Lacdp^de,  1803.  Georychus  Rich.  Aud.  is,  of 
course,  out  of  the  question ;  lUiger's  Georychus  having  been  based  upon  an 
animal  of  an  entirely  different  family. 

Recent  investigations,  particularly  the  admirable  memoir  of  MiddendorfT, 
have  resulted  in  reducing  the  number  of  nominal  species  oi Myodes  (as  above 
restricted)  to  three — M.  lemmus,  M.  obensis,  and  M.  schisticolor.  There  is  no 
question  of  the  i<lentity  of  "helvolus"  and  "trimucronatus"  of  Richardson, 
Audubon,  and  Bachman ;  and  nothing  appears  opposing  MiddendoriPs  view 
that  the  North  American  animal  (including,  besides  the  two  supposed  species 
just  named,  M.  albigularis  of  Wagner)  is  the  same  as  M.  obensis  of  the  Old 
World.  Rather,  the  question  is  whether  a  still  further  reduction  will  not  be 
required.  It  would  need  but  a  little  change  in  coloration  to  transform  oiensis 
into  lemmus  itself;  while,  regarding  schisti-color,  it  is  a  suspicious  circum- 
stance that  here  we  have  a  nearly  gray  or  slaty  lemming,  just  as,  in  the  ca.se 
of  Cuniculus  torquatus,  we  have  a  gray  one  in  what  is  called  C.  lagurus. 
The  inference  in  this  case  is  self-suggestive.  But  this  is  a  question  we  do 
not  propose  to  enter  upon  here;  our  business  being  simply  the  determination 
of  the  North  American  species. 


i    1; 


MUBIDiE— ARVICOLIN.E— MY0DE8  OBBN8I8. 


241 


MYODES  OBENSIS,  Brants. 

Mgodet  obentit,  Branth,  Muizon,  1637,  55.— Kkybkiimno  niul  Blasius,  Witb.  Europ.  vi,  1840,  pp.  vii  and 
32. — MiDDKNDORFF,  Slliiriaclie  Heme,  ii,  pt.  iii,  1H5:>,  U9,  pi.  ii,  f.  7,  8,  0,  and  pla.  viii,  ix,  x,  f, 
2.— Baihd,  M.  N.  a.  1857, 55U.— CoUES,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  1874, 195. 

Jnicola  (OmryokiM)  heholiit,  RicnAiiiMON,  F.  B.-A.  i,  le-iS,  128. 

OcoryoAiM  heleolut,  AuD.  &,  Bach.  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  \Ka,  84,  pi.  cxx,  f.  I. 

iljioda  ketvoliu,  Dall,  Alaska  and  its  Renourous,  187U,  577, 

Articola  (Oeorgchui)  liimuoronalui,  Richardson,  App.  Parry's  Sd  Voy.  1825,  309;  F.  B.'A.  i,  1829, 130. 

Otorgehui  tHmuoronaU$,  \vd.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853,  8C,  pi.  cxx,  f.  2,  3. 

Ufodet  ItimucroHatu,  Daix,  Alaska  and  iU  Resources,  1870,  577. 

jifyode*  alfto^HMH*,  Waoner,  Suppl.  Sohraber,  iii,  1843,  602.  .  "     ' 

DiAONOiiis. — M.  auriculatus,  poUice  ungue  di'prcsso  obtuso  Itgulato  instructor 
unguibus  digitorum  manus  3"'-4"  elongalix  xed  simjiltcis,  j>edibus  modtc'c  hir- 
sutis,  vertebris  caudte  pedibus  breviuribus;  notao  concolore,Jlavo-ferrugineo  in 
capite  obscuriore,  gaslrao  dilutiore,  pedibus  fusck.  AT.  lemtno  staturd  formdque 
par;  long.  tot.  4-6  poll.,,  capitis  li-1  J,  manus  cum  un^ue  longissimo  |-i,  pedis 
i-i,  caudtB  nudee  i-i,  caudtB  comatte  |~s. 

Had. — America  Septentrionalis  regionibus  ocddentali-borealibus.    Asia. 

Form  strictly  that  of  the  Norway  lemming;  ears  with  a  perfectly-devel- 
oped conch,  though  small  (about  \  high  on  the  back,  \  from  the  notch  in 
front)  and  buried  in  the  fur;  fore  feet  hairy  on  top,  the  longest  hairs  reach- 
ing the  ends  of  the  claws,  never  much  when  any  longer;  palms  mostly  nuked, 
nearly  as  in  ordinary  Arvicola,  and  tuberculnte;  pollex  obsolete,  but  in  its 
place  a  very  large  appressed  strap-shaped  claw,  with  obtuse  or  truncate  end, 
sometimes  showing  two  or  three  minute  points  ("Irimucronatus");  all  the 
other  claws  simple  (never  showing  the  peculiar  quasi-duplication  of  those  of 
Cuniculus  torquatus),  arched,  acute,  longer  than  in  Arvicola,  never  so  decidedly 
fossorial  as  in  Cuniculus;  third  finger  longest,  fourth  nearly  as  long,  second 
reaching  to  base  of  third  claw,  fiflh  much  shorter  still;  hands,  including  claws, 
only  about  f  the  feet;  feet  above,  like  the  hands,  hairy  to  the  ends  of  the 
claws,  or  the  longest  hairs  slightly  surpassing  the  claws;  soles  incompletely 
furry,  the  bases  of  the  toes  naked;  second,  third,  and  fourth  toes  subequal 
and  longest;  fifth  about  reaching  base  of  fourth;  second  shorter  still.  Tail- 
vertebra)  shorter  than  foot,  with  the  hairs  equal  to  or  rather  longer  than  foot; 
copiously  comous,  the  terminal  pencil  frequently  longer  than  the  vertebral 
portion.  Pelage  long,  fine,  sofl,  and  mollipilose,  the  longer  hairs  quite  lus- 
trous; whiskers  about  equaling  the  head,  very  delicate,  not  numerous;  muffle 
completely  hairy  except  the  nasal  papillae. 

Entire  upper  parts  uniform   rich  ruddy  rust  color,  sometimes  more 
10  H 


Ii 


iii 
I. 


m 


I  ;■ 


242 


MONOGRAPUS  OP  NOIITQ  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


decidedly  rusly-clicstiiut,  sometimes  more  rusty-orange  or  tawny;  on  tlie 
lieaddarkcr,  tending  to  an  intimate  mixture  of  blackish  and  yellowisli-brown; 
under  parts  a  paler  but  still  strong  orange  rust  color  or  tawny,  brightest  across 
tiic  belly,  more  dilute  and  wliity-brown  on  the  chin,  throat,  and  pubes;  color 
of  the  back  lightening  insensibly  into  that  of  the  belly;  no  stripes,  spots,  or 
areas  of  different  colors  anywhere;  no  evident  mixture  even  of  single  black 
hairs  anywhere;  the  coloration  everywhere  only  on  the  ends  of  the  hairs,  the 
basal  portions  being  uniformly  dark  plumbeous.  Feet  always  fuscous-brown; 
tail  dusky  above,  obscurely  whitish  below;  incisors  whitish  or  very  pale  yel- 
lowish, never  deep  yellow  or  red ;  whiskers  both  light  and  dark. 

Our  numerous  specimens,  though  taken  at  various  seasons,  are  remark- 
ably uniform  in  color;  the  variation  is  less  than  we  should  have  anticipated. 
We  observe  no  sign  of  the  species  becoming  white  in  winter,  or  of  its 
changing  pelage  in  any  way  with  age,  sex,  or  season.  All  the  ditlerences 
we  note  are  in  intensity  of  the  coloration.  In  the  most  richly-colored  skins, 
the  back  is  an  intense  orange-chestnut,  the  belly  a  bright  rusty-orange; 
in  the  palest,  the  upper  parts  are  about  of  this  latter  color,  the  under  of  a 
lighter  fidvous.  There  is  no  variegation  or  particoloration  anywhere  about 
the  animal,  but  toward  and  on  the  head  the  bright  color  subsides  into  a  grizzle 
of  dusky  and  yellowish-brown.  The  uniformly  fuscous  feet  with  short  hairs 
are  a  strong  character,  compared  with  the  hoary-white  feet  of  Cuniculm 
torquatus,  where  the  longest  hairs  sometimes  reach  half  an  inch  beyond 
the  claws. 

The  American  animal,  as  represented  in  our  scries,  differs  notably  in 
color  from  two  Siberian  skins,  the  only  ones  we  have  before  us.  In  these, 
the  under  parts  are  nearly  white  (soiled  ochrey-white)  below,  instead  of 
intense  tawny;  while  the  upper  parts  are  far  from  uniform  orange-rusty,  in 
having  a  decided  black  median  lengthwise  stripe  from  the  forehead  over  the 
crown  and  nape,  while  here  and  there  on  the  back  and  rump  quite  black 
areas  appear.  The  feet  are  broader,  heavier,  and  more  densely  furry,  nearly 
white.  If  these  differences  be  constant,  we  may  readily  recognize  the 
American  animal  as  at  least  a  variety,  to  be  called  Myodes  helvolus.  But 
with  only  two  specimens  before  us  that  may  not  represent  average  Siberian 
skins,  and  certainly  cannot  show  the  variations  there  occurring,  we  are  far 
from  desiring  to  contest  von  Middendorff's  mature  decision. 

The  following  table  gives  the  measurements  of  our  fine  suite  of  skins, 


MUBlDiE— ARV1C0LIN;E— CUNI0DLD8. 


243 


the  first  and  only  American  specimens  handled  in  this  country  since  the  time 
of  Richardson. 


Tadlb  LX.— Jf«Miireiii«it»  of  thirlji-tao  tpeciment  (dry,  except  8398-9)  of  Myodes  odensip. 


vm 

146S 

sea 

SM4 

71M 
8093 
aM9 

esm 

(WW 
tB3i 
8078 
80T9 
8080 
8081 
8088 
8083 
8084 

8iei 
oiea 

83M 

eo7f 

80T7 
(MS 

am 
eKn 


6931 
6938 
6933 
6934 


D*««. 


JnneU,ie« 
Janell,186i 
Jane  H,  1863 
Jnn*  14, 18M 
Jan«  14, 186] 

,1868 

,1868 

June  24, 

Got  —,1863 


Jane  10, 1868 
Jane  10, 1868 
Hay  — ,  1868 
Spring,  1861 
June—,  1861 
Juno  — ,  1861 
Hay  — ,  1861 
Juno — ,1861 

May—, 

Jaoe — , 

April-, 


Locality. 


Boat  Siberia 

Talmyrland,  Siberia . 
Frobliher'aStralta... 

do 

Feel'aBlnr 

Aratio  Coait 

Andereon  Blver 

....".do 

do 

, do 

Fort  Anderson 

do 

, do 

, do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


.do. 


do 

Tttkou  Biver* . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Collector. 


From  tip  of  noae 
to- 


Tall  to 
end  of— 


Hut.  Btr>te>sburR 
MuMnm  Bremen 
C.F.Hall 

....do 

C.  P.Gandet .... 
RMcFarlane... 

....do 

....do 

....do , 

....do 

....do 

....do 


..do. 


...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


...do 

J.  Lockhardt.. 

...do 

...do 

R.KennlooU.. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do , 

...do 


0. 

0.90 
0.60 
0.S0 


0.68 


4. 
4. 
4. 
1.304. 


4. 

1.133 
1.994. 

S. 
.85  9. 

& 


0.00 


90 

75 

W 

90 

70 

75 

SO 

85 

89 

95  0. 40{0. 80 

00 

90 


0.70 
0.80 


0.35{0.60{').33|o.e5 
0. 


60 

00 
60 
00 
79 
00 
SO 
SO 
79  0. 


0. 49  0. 80 


0. 
0.49 


0.80 
I).  70 
0.6OO. 


0.79  0. 
0. 
0.79 
0.90 

a.eo 

0.80 
0.70 
0.80 


390.800.490188 
0.85  0.400.75 


7. 

5. 

6.50 
1. 35  9. 00  0. 35{0. 60|0. 39;o.  70 

5.750. 
1.40  6.000,45{0.89|0. 


0  79 
0.70 


0. 

0. 40'0. 73 


..0.79 
36{0. 67 
39:0. 60 

0.4o'o.70 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 43'0. 78 

0.400.74 


400  78 
35'o.6e 
48'o.  78 

'I 


44  0. 80 
,..0.79 
43  a  68 


Bemarki. 


Stretched. 

Yoang. 
Tounir. 

Yonn^. 


Ale.  I  ear  0.33. 
, do. 

Stretched. 

Stretched. 
Much  stretched. 

Stretched. 

Stretched. 
...do. 
...do. 
Tonngt  frcsb. 


I).  I. 


%k 


*At  mouth  of  Porcupine  Biver, 


Genus  CUNICULUS,  Wagler. 


Mtu  Bp.,  AucT.  antiq. 

Jnicola  sp.,  Jfyodo  «p.,  Ltmmui  gp,,  AucT.  reoentior. 

Georychut,  partim,  Richardson;  Aud.  &.  Bach,  nee  Iu.10. 

Ciifiiciiliw,  Waouer  ("  Syst  1830  "),  loU,  1833, 1380.    (T;pe,  C.  y romteiuiiciM  =  C.  torTNatM.)— Liujkboro, 

Syat  Ofvera.  Gosg.  Diigg^.,  Glires,  1H66, 33  (<aiii«  (j!pe).— Codes,  Proo.  Acad.  Nab  80I.  Fliila. 

1874, 195. 
Mitottermtu,  Hensel,  Zeita.  DeaUoh.  Cool.  Ges.  vii,  1855,  493  («am«  type). 

Chars. — Skull  lower,  broader,  more  massive  than  in  Arvicola,  rather  less 
80  than  in  Myodes  (zygomatic  width  not  I  the  length),  but  in  general  char- 


(     :• 


•   I 


244 


MONOORAPlia  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


ncters  closely  canforming  to  the  last  tmincil.  Palatal  shelf  os  in  Mymles; 
zygomata  much  less  laminar  than  in  Myodfs  (nearly  as  in  the  larger ^n'Jfo/<p). 
Nasals  ond  nasal  branch  of  premaxillarios  suJM'quttl;  botii  very  siiort,  ending 
opposite  anterior  root  of  zyg(Hiiata.  Orbits  less  encroached  upon  by  the 
cranial  dome  than  in  Myodcs,  but  having  a  prominent  pointed  process 
for  muscular  attachments.  Superior  incisors  as  in  Mijodvn;  and  likewise  as 
in  that  genus,  roots  of  under  inciaors  stopping  opposite  back  under  molars. 
Jilolar  series  long  and  strongly  convergent  anteriorly,  as  in  Mi/odes,  but  the 
j)attern  of  the  crowns  entirely  different  and  strongly  arvicoline,  as  follows: — 
Front  upper  molar  of  seven  (five  in  Myodes)  prisms:  an  anterior  transverse 
spherical  triangle,  three  internal  lateral  triangles,  two  external  lateral  trian- 
gles, and  a  (small,  supplementary)  postero-external  loop.  Middle  upper  molar 
of  six  prisms  (four  in  Myodes):  an  anterior  transverse  loop,  two  external 
lateral  triangles,  tA^o  interior  lateral  triangles,  and  a  (small,  supplementary) 
jiostero-external  loop.  Back  upper  molar  of  six  prisms :  an  anterior  trans- 
verse loop,  two  external  and  two  internal  lateral  triangles,  and  a  ])osterior 
trefoil,  or  V  or  U.  Front  under  molar  of  nine  prisms  (five  in  Myodes):  an 
anterior  trefoil,  three  external  lateral  triangles,  four  internal  closed  triongles, 
nnd  a  posterior  transverse  loop.  Middle  and  back  under  molar  each  of  five 
(or  five  and  a  half)  prisms :  an  antero-external  triangle  (with  a  more  or  less 
evident  anterior  lobe  abutting  against  the  back  loop  of  the  antecedent  tooth), 
two  internal  lateral  triangles,  one  external  lateral  triangle,  and  a  posterior 
transverse  loop.  All  the  lateral  triangles  of  all  the  teeth  alternating.  External 
form  stoutest  and  most  compact  in  the  sultfamily;  limbs  the  shortest;  no 
external  ears;  muffle  com|)letely  hairy  exce|)t  Mie  very  papilltc;  pelage  den.se 
and  woolly;  feet  short,  stout,  both  fore  and  hind  completely  furry  both  above 
and  below,  the  longer  hairs  reaching  usually  far  beyond  the  ends  of  the  claws ; 
poUex  obsolete,  with  abortive  nail ;  third  and  fourth  digits  much  longer  than 
second  and  fifth,  their  claws  periodically  hypertrophied  and  quasi-duplicated 
by  an  enormous  growth  of  corneous  substance  on  their  under  surface ;  hind 
claws  ordinary ;  tail  to  end  of  vertebrse  shorter  than  the  hind  foot,  but  copi- 
ously comous,  the  termiiuil  pencil  usually  longer  than  the  vertebral  moiety. 
Coloration  subject  to  periodical  changes :  dark  and  variegated  in  summer, 
snow-white  in  winter. 

As  will  be  seen  by  tiie  above,  the  cranial  characters  and  those  of  the 
incisive  dentition  are  very  nearly  the  same  as  in  Myodes,  but  that  the  pattera 


!'iB 


';'■.,  f 


MUR1D2E— AUVICOLINiK-CUNlCULUS. 


245 


of  the  molars  is  totally  differpnt.  In  this  Inttor  rosppct,  Cuniculus  stnnds  finite 
nione,  for  it  differs  as  much  from  Aivicola  as  from  Myodcs.  Tlicre  is  little 
occasion  to  enlarge  npon  the  molar  characters  above  given,  but  some  further 
general  remarks  may  not  he  out  of  place.  In  Cuniculus,  the  lateral  saiiencics 
are  ail  sharp,  the  lateral  triangles  being  long  and  narrow,  and  the  median 
zigzag  line  of  enamel  runs  nearly  along  the  middle  line;  this  is  nearly  as  in 
ordinary  Arvicola;  while  in  Myodes  one  or  the  other  (the  external  in  the  under 
jaw,  the  internal  in  the  npper)  of  the  series  of  saliencies  are  obtuse,  and  the 
median  zigzag,  besides  being  unusually  tortuous,  runs  nearer  one  side  of  the 
molar  series  than  the  other.  An  increase  of  the  number  of  triangles  of  all  the 
teeth  occurs.  Thus,  in  American  Arvicola  the  front  lower  molar  has  at  most 
three  internal  and  two  or  three  external  lateral  triangle.*,  and  Myodes  hns  but 
two  internal  and  one  external;  here  in  Cuniculus  there  are  four  internal  and 
three  external,  making,  with  the  anterior  trefoil  and  posterior  loop,  altogether 
six  internal  saliencies  and  five  external  ones.  The  back  upper  molar  of 
Cuniculus  is  nothing  at  all  like  Myodes;  in  the  latter,  we  have  four  loo])s,  all 
transverse,  one  after  the  other,  while  in  Cuniculus  there  is  an  anterior  loop 
and  a  posterior  trefoil  (as  in  Pedomys,  Pitymys,  &c.),  separated  by  two  external 
and  two  internal  lateral  triangles,  alternating  with  each  other.  The  anterior 
upper  molar,  the  most  constant  tooth  throughout  Aruicola,  and  even  in 
Myodes  scarcely  differing  from  Arvicola,  here  is  unique  in  possession  of 
seven  prisms;  the  two  additional  ones  to  the  five  of  Arvicola  and  Myodes  being 
another  internal  lateral  one,  and  after  this  a  small  supplementary  postero- 
external loop.  Similarly,  the  middle  upper  molar  adds  to  the  four  or  four  and 
a  half  of  Arvicola  and  Myodes  an  extra  internal  lateral  one  and  a  small  sup- 
plementary external  loop.  Of  the  front  upper  molar  of  Cuniculus,  the  first 
lateral  triangle  is  an  interior  one;  of  the  second  upper  molar,  the  first  latend 
triangle  is  an  exterior  one.  The  middle  and  back  under  molars  of  Cuniculus 
are  correspondingly  more  complicated,  having  five  or  five  and  a  half  prisms, 
the  lateral  of  which  alternate  with  each  other;  of  the  front  under  molar,  the 
first  lateral  triangle  is  an  interior  one;  the  back  lower  molar  is  a  little  nar- 
rower than  the  antecedent  one.  In  the  upper  molar  series,  altogether,  there 
are  twelve  external  salient  points  and  eleven  internal  salient  points;  in  the 
under-molar  series,  altogether,  there  are  twelve  internal  salient  points  and 
eleven  external  salient  points.  But  however  minute  we  may  thus  make  our 
account  of  the  dentition  of  Cuniculus  as  differentiated  from  that  of  either 


ii, 


l^i; 


246 


MONOOltAPUS  OF  NOllTU  AMEUIOAN  KODENTIA. 


ihii 


Mijoilen,  or  Arvkola  ab  large,  it  will  be  better  understood  by  simply  laying  the 
diHereut  skulls  side  by  si<le,  and  looking  at  the  teeth  with  a  pocket-lens. 

Externally,  although  Cunkulus  shares  the  "lemming"  ihape  of  Mi/odes, 
it  is  instantly  diatinguisiiod  by  the  absence  of  external  ears,  the  shortness 
and  dense  furring  of  the  feet,  the  obsolete  pollex  with  rudimentary  nail,  and 
the  prodigious  length  of  the  two  middle  fore  claws,  whose  size  is  often  more 
lliun  doubled  by  the  singular  growth  already  mentioned.  As  to  the  absence 
of  cars,  there  is  indeed  a  rim  or  border  around  the  opening,  but  it  cannot  be 
called  an  auricle. 

We  have  in  America  but  one  species  of  Cunkulus  as  far  as  is  known; 
it  is  identical  with  that  of  Northern  Asia.  Of  the  relationships  of  the  sup- 
posed second  species,  C.  lagurus,  we  can  say  notiiing,  having  seen  no  speci- 
mens; but,  as  alrc.idy  intimated,  we  believe  its  validity  to  be  open  to  question. 


CUNICULUS  TORQUATUS,  (Pall.)  Coues. 

2fH«  htidaonitu,  Pallas,  N.  8p.  Qua<1. Glirinni,  1778, 308,  pL  xxvi,  flgs.  A,  B, C.  (qnotes  FonsTED,  Pbil.  TraOB. 

Ixii,  1772,  379).— Gmklin,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1788,  i:i7. 
Ltmmm  Jtudaonius,  Sabink,  Siippl.  Tiirry,  App.  1824,  185.— Sabine,  Frankliu's  Jonrn.  App.  1825,  661.— 

IIaklan,  Fii.  Ainer.  1825,  546. 
Anioola  hiidsonia,  Uiciiaiidson,  App.  Parry's  2d  Voy.  308. 
Arrivota  (Geori/chue)  hudiionius,  Uichahdso.n,  F.  I!.-A.  i,  1829,  132. 
MyodtD  hudaoniiui,  Waoseh,  Siippl.  Schreber,  iii,  1843,  (i04.  — Miuuk.ndorfp,  Bull.  Acad.  Imp.  8t.-P<Ster.  iii, 

xix. — Wiegraauu'a  Arcbiv,  1845,  Bd.  ii,  34. — Dali.,  Alaska  and  its  Resources,  1870,  577. 
Georychm  hudsoniue,  AUD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  1853,  iii,  81,  pi.  cxix. 
CuiiiciiIiM  kudnoniuii,  Col'es,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874,  196. 

ilug  lorqutttm,  PALLA8,  N.  8p.  Quad.  Glirlum,  1778,  77  and  206,  pi.  xi,  B.— Gm.,  Syst.  Nat.'i,  1788, 136. 
Myodea  torqiiatua,  Kkyseuli.no  &  Blasius,  WirbeltU.  Kurop.  1840,  pp.  vii  and  32. — Middenuokfp,  Slbir. 

Reisc,  ii,  pt.  ii,  1853,  87,  pi.  iv-vii  and  x. — Baud,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  558.— Blackh.  &  Alston., 

P.  Z.  8.  1874,  469. 
AI isothcrmiit  torqiiatiis,  Henskl,  Zeits  Deutsch.  Gool.  Gee.  vii,  1855,  492,  pi.  xxv,  figs.  12, 13. 
Miia  te;ci"8i«|  Pallas,  N.  8p.  Quad.  Gliriuni,  1778, 195. 

Mu»  grcenlandictts,  Traill,  Scoresby's  Greenland,  1823,  416. — Richardson,  App.  Parry's  2d  Voy.  304. 
Anipola  (Gvorychiig)  grxntandiciis,  Ricmaudson,  F.  B.-A.  i,  1829,  134. 
Georychiis  grccnIniuUciii,  Al'D.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  1854,  iii,  315. 
Cuniciiliia  grocnlundkua,  Waglkh,  Isie,  1832,  1220. 
Myodes  granlavilicim,  Wagner,  Suppl.  Sclirober,  iii,  1843,  606.— Gray,  P.  Z,  8.  xvi,  1848,  43,  and  Koe'a 

Narrative,  ISiiO.— Dall,  Alaska  and  its  Resources,  1870, 577. 
Lcmmua  iingiilatuii,  Baer,  Bacr  and  llulmorsen,  Beitriijrc,  iv,  1841,  283. 
Hudson's  Ral  iiud  Ilarc-lailed  Ral,  Pennant,  Arct.  Zool.  i,  178'',  i32,  133;  Quad,  il,  201. 
Ilarc-tailed  Moiue,  IIearnk,  Journ.  387. 
Hudson's  Hay  Lemming,  Ai:cT. 
n'apiakoosecsKk  ("White  Eoar-Mouso"),  Croo  Indians.- lunoffiii/  ("White  Moose"),  CUippowayans. — 

AKingnack  ("  Vhite  Mouse"),  Kiofuiniaux.    (Label  of  No.  7755.) 

DiAGNf^sis  — C.  exaurku'atus,  jwuke  ohsoleto,  unguibus  digitorum  manus 
3"'-4"  maximis,  bi/nucroi.ath,  quasi-dupUcatis ;  2'edibus  fii/siitissimis;  caudi 
peSihus  birviore;  vcslitu  eeativali  supra  castaneo  nigra  et  grisco  ant  luleo  vark- 


MUllID^— AKVICOLlNiE— CUNICULU8  TOUQUATUS. 


247 


ga/tts,  plei unique  slrigd  nigrd  npinali,  et  inlerdum  torque  nuchuli  pallida;  subtus 
ex  albido  ferrugineus;  hyemali  ex  toto  niveiis.  Long.  tot.  4-()  po/l^atpitia  \\, 
caudte  nuda  J,  caudee  comatcB  1,  manus  cum  ungue  longissimo  ^,  unguis  longis- 
siini  hyemalis  i^,  pedis  §. 

Had. — Arctic  America,  Greenland,  and  corresponding  latitudes  in  the 
Old  World. 

With  the  form,  &c.,  typical  of  the  genus  as  above  fully  described. 

Summer. — Taking  an  average  specimen,  the  upper  parts  present  an  inti- 
mate dapple  of  chestnut  or  rusty-red,  black,  gray,  and  luteous,  producing  a 
variegation  known  as  "watered".  On  the  fore  back  and  shoulders,  the  rufous 
color  prevails ;  on  the  lower  back,  rump,  and  haunches,  the  black  and  gray 
grizzle  predominates.  In  general,  there  is  a  pretty  distinct  black  line  along 
the  middle  of  the  back  from  the  muzzle  to  the  tail;  i)ut  this,  though  usually 
recognizable  even  when  not  sharp,  is  often  dissipated  in  the  general  variega- 
tion of  the  upper  parts.  Very  often,  there  is  a  recognizable  grayish-white  or 
luteous-white  collar  across  the  nape,  rendered  a  little  more  evident  by  being 
bordered  both  before  and  behind  by  rufous  more  intense  than  elsewhere.  But 
this  collar  is  frequently  obscure  or  altogether  indistinguishable.  When  thus 
not  recognizable,  an  incomplete  rufous  band  is  still  frequently  present,  arising 
from  the  imperfect  confluence  across  the  occiput  of  two  rufous  spots  that 
mark  the  suuation  of  the  ears.  Underneath,  the  ground-color  is  grayish-plum- 
beous, as  usual ;  next  to  this  comes  a  grayish-white,  and  over  this  is  washed 
a  strong  shade  of  rusty  or  rufous.  The  chin  and  throat  are  the  grayest  or 
palest ;  next  usually  comes  the  lower  belly,  where  the  rusty  wash  is  uniformly 
laid  on ;  then  tiie  breast  and  epigastrium  are  more  heavily  rusty  or  rufous. 
The  feet  and  tail  appear  to  be  uniformly  white  or  wiiitish  at  all  seasons. 
Even  in  summer,  all  the  feet  are  always  densely  clothed,  the  entire  palms  and 
soles  being  furry  like  a  rabbit's,  and  on  top  the  long  hairs  reaching  beyond 
(sometimes  half  an  inch  beyond)  the  ends  of  the  claws. 

Independently  of  the  regular  seasonal  changfs,  the  particular  hue  of  the 
upper  parts  varies  in  a  way  that  defies  descri{*tion.  Taking,  however,  two 
extremes,  of  rich  dark  coloring  and  pale  blen<led  shades,  we  find  that  in  the 
former  case  the  upper  parts  are  dappled  with  uniform  deep  mahogany  color 
and  glossy  black,  these  then  speckled  all  over  with  nearly  pure  white,  the 
spinal  f,tripe  intense  black;  and  the  under  ])arts  are  correspondingly  sharp.  In 
the  other  extreme,  there  is  no  such  sliurp  hue,  the  animal  above  being  a  nearly 


■r 

■  li 


fc 


Y'K 


248 


MONOGRAPIiS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


ilW 


ii 


uniform  ".izzle  of  gray,  black,  and  luteous  or  fulvous,  and  below  muddy-gray, 
rustier  on  the  breast.  It  may  be,  indeed,  tiiat  tliese  differences  are  somewhat 
regular  and  seasonal,  as  well  as  the  change  to  white ;  but  as  few  of  our  speci- 
mens are  marked  for  season,  we  cannot  make  this  out.  As,  however,  several 
of  our  richest-colored  skins  arc  spring  and  early  summer  ones,  we  judge  that, 
with  the  disappearance  in  spring  of  the  white  winter-coat,  the  brightest, 
sharpest  pelage  is  put  on,  the  vividness  of  the  rufous  or  mahogany  attaining 
a  maximum  in  the  breeding- season,  or  rather  a  little  at\erward,  in  midsummer; 
and  that  subsequently  tlie  hues  grow  cooler  and  more  intimately  mixed,  until 
at  length  in  the  fall  the  whitening  becomes  manifest. 

Winter. — In  perfect  dress,  the  animal  is  pure  white  all  over.  In  the  fall, 
the  whitening  seems  to  begin  underneath  and  on  the  sides,  to  progress  then 
over  the  lower  back;  the  heavy  color  of  the  upper  back  and  breast  being  the 
last  to  yield.  Several  specimens  are  white,  with  a  narrow  dorsrl  rea  of  color, 
that  spreads  forward  over  the  upper  back  and  shoulder,  and  underneath  still 
tinges  the  breast;  others  are  curiously  white,  with  lateral  rufous  stripes  that 
nearly  meet  on  the  rump  and  then  curve  round  the  sides  to  the  chest;  others 
are  pure  white,  except  a  sharp  spinal  stripe  of  grayish-black  ;  some  are  white, 
uniformly  tinged  willi  pale  rufous  all  )ver.  But  it  would  be  idle  to  attempt 
an  enumeration  of  all  the  intermediate  stages ;  although,  in  the  midst  of  appa- 
rently interminable  changes,  doubtless  rules  of  very  general  applicability  may 
be  deduced  from  observation  of  a  few  hundred  specimens  accurately  marked 
for  season. 

The  two  middle  fore  claws  attain  their  maximum  of  development  in 
winter.  In  spring  and  early  summer,  these  claws  do  not  appear  very  differ- 
ent from  those  of  Myodes,  though  averaging  larger,  more  bulbous  at  base 
underneath,  with  the  terminal  portion  slenderer,  straighter,  and  sharper.  This 
bulbous  portion  underneath  grows  out  simultaneously  with  increase  in  length 
and  amount  of  curvature  of  tlie  main  portion  of  the  claw,  until  it  equals  or 
even  exceeds  the  length  of  the  latter,  and  is  quite  as  stout,  or  even  stouter, 
being  somewhat  broad  and  pad-like.  At  this  period,  it  runs  the  whole  length 
of  the  claw,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  groove  along  the  sides,  and  by  a 
notch  at  the  end,  botii  of. varying  depth.  The  claw  then  looks  nearly  like 
two  claws,  one  underneath  the  other.  The  pad  would  then  seem  to  gradually 
sc'^r  its  connection  with  the  main  claw  by  progressive  increase  of  the  con- 
striction marked  by  tlie  lateral  groo\u  and  terminal  notch,  as  well  as  by  loos- 


Mi 


MURIDiE— ARVICOLIN^-CUNICULDS  TORQUATUS. 


249 


ening  from  the  base,  when  it  nppcars  like  an  excrescnnco;  it  is  finally  lost. 
Thus  the  process  a|)pcars  to  be  a  periodical  one,  like  tlie  shcflding  of  the 
horns  of  runiina'.its,  and  not  continually  progressive  with  age;  and  would 
seem  to  be  connected  with  the  particularly  fossorial  habits  of  the  quasi-hiber- 
nating animal  that  digs  galleries  under  ground  in  which  to  reside  during  the 
cold  season,  as  compared  with  its  freer  and  more  active  mode  of  life  in 
summer.  At  ihe  period  of  the  maximum  development  of  the  claws,  these 
equal  or  sur|)ass  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  yet  the  hairs  upon  the  dorsum 
of  the  fore  feet  reach  to  or  even  beyond  their  tips.  At  the  same  season,  the 
hairs  upon  the  hind  feet  form  a  fringe  drooping  far  beyond  the  ends  of  the 
claws,  and  the  terminal  pencil  of  hairs  on  the  tail  is  almost  invariably  longer 
than  the  vertebral  portion.  The  winter-coat  is  much  longer  and  thicker  than 
that  of  summer;  the  il'flerence  is  well  shown  in  those  intermediate  speci- 
mens that  are  white  and  woolly,  yet  with  definite  stripes  of  shorter,  thinner, 
colored  hairs. 

Audubon's  plate  of  the  summer  pelage  is  highly  erroneous,  representing 
a  uniformly  rusty-red  animal  instead  of  a  dappled  and  otherwise  variegated 
one.  The  coloration  as  given  is,  in  fact,  exactly  as  in  Myodes  helvolus  (of)ensix). 
whereas  the  two  are  distinguishable  on  sight  by  color  alone.  His  figure  of 
the  winter  pelage  is  very  good,  representing,  however,  an  animal  not  perfectly 
white. 

There  is  no  question  of  the  identity  of  the  American  and  Asiatic  animal. 

In  an  abstract  of  the  present  memoir,  already  published  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Philadelphia  Academy,  we  cited  Forster  as  authority  for  the  name 
Mus  hudsonius,  quoting  at  second  hand,  the  volume  of  the  Philosophical 
Transactions  not  being  conveniently  accessible  at  the  time.  On  turning  to 
the  page  indicated,  we  find  that  Forstjr  gives  no  such  name;  he  merely 
describes  a  mutilated  specimen  from  Churchill  River,  of  "a  small  animal 
called  a  Field  Mouse  "  Pallas  is  the  author  of  the  name  Mus  hudsonius,  at 
date  1778;  but  it  is  "antedated"  by  the  same  author's  Mvs  torquatus, 
described  on  preceding  pages  of  the  same  work.  The  species  will  conse- 
quently stand  as  Cuniculus  torquatus.  Mus  lenensis  Pallas  is  the  same  animal, 
of  same  date.  Grasnlandicus  and  ungulatus  are  later  names  of  nominal 
species. 

The  following  table  of  measurements  of  our  excellent  scries  shows  the 
size  and,  to  a  con8ideral)le  extent,  the  variations  of  the  species,  but  does  not 


I 

!     M 


i-^ 


5-'> 


250 


MONOGltAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


appear  to  call  for  coininciit,  as  the  diflcrences  arc  parallel  with  those  demon- 
stnileil  for  several  species  in  other  parts  of  this  memoir. 

Taiii.k  L\l.—3fe<uuremenla  of  »ixly-righl  (and  Hut  of  other)  ipecimait  of  CUNICULUS  torquatus. 


4jri4 

IHC'i 
•IJOJ 

inri 

4J03 
7753 

77.-iO 

!0:i9 
8;ioo 

I£I6I 
KIN 
8363 
8304 

8380 
8!MJ 
040:1 
0431 

8704 

8033 
8092 

mm 


0331 
0331 

1193) 
8086 
8087 
808.i 
80.^0 
80.1(1 
tOa 
112J1 

iia.'j 

7110 
7117 

8131 


Locality. 


Novi^ii  SnmUa . 


Arctic  Aiuorica 

noiHHlalo,  Labrador. . 
l'\irt(;li>ir.:linl,U.U  . 

do 

do 

*> 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Nuhto,  Alaska 

WiKillyaatux,  Alaska 

Fori  Yukon 

Arctic  America 

Vukoii,  moulli  of  Por- 

ctipino  River. 

do    

do 

IbOck.v  MouDtains,  near 

Poiil's  Klvcr. 
MonntainH  300  miles 

ab3ve  Yukon. 

do 

Mmitli  of  Maokenzie'H 

Kivor. 

do 

Arctic  Coast 

do 


do   

do 

di> 

do 

rtoi. 

do! 

Apdursou  .Ulvcr. 

do 

Tlatroii  Grotmils. 
do 


CoUoctor, 


Museum  8t.  Foters- 

liurg.t 
Alfrml  Newton  t... 


Vf.  Mactavisli 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

W.  H.Dall 

...do 

W.  W.Klrkby 

...do 

J.  Slbblston 


J.  Lookbnrt  — 

...do 

..  do 

...do.; 

It.  Konnioott... 
...do , 

...do 

R.  McFarlane.. 

...do 

...do 

...do , 

...do 


...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do  . 
...do  . 
...do. 
...do. 


0.00 
0.50 
O.SO 
0.55 
0.05 
0.00 
0.50 
0.02 
0..'i8 
0.58 
0.57 
0.00 


I.  SO 

9.00 
00 
1.25 
1.10 
1.08 
1.05 
1.05 
0.90 
1.03 
1.10 


0.53 
0.5: 


.■>,  00  0. 35 
4. 7,-]  0.35 
1. 40  0. 30 
4.230.45 
4. 50,0. 40 
.3.8.V0.30 
1. 730. 45 


Tail  to 
end  of— 


0.50 
0.41' 


.•1.85:0.40 
4. 10  0.  M 
1.00  0.40 
1.00  0.30 
1. 75  a  23 
1. 50  0. 40 


'\0O0.40 


4.00 
3.25 
J.  00 


00  0.30 
50O50 
73!o.33 


7.-,;o., 

35  0. 40 
23  a  30 
730. 40 
73 

.5r0.40 
500. 4:1 
75    . 
330. 2r 
Cll  n.  40 


0.63 

0.73 

95  O  SO 

00  0.  SO 

65  0.4' 

00  0. 71 

9010. 4: 

7o|o.  65 

00  0. 63 

0. 0:1 

0.03 

0.  OS 

OOi 

0.6,: 

0.40 

0.50 

0.50 


0.00 
00 

0.91; 

0.70 
0.00 

1.6: 
j.eo 

0.7; 
.00 

0.60 
1.00 


Btioiarks, 


Summer ;  dry. 


0.80 
3.08 
0.«e 
0.07 
0.65 
0.75 
0.7J 
0.80 
0.73 
0.811 
0.7S 
0.78 
0.77 
3.73 

u.se 
n.oj 
0.63 


so  0. 62 
52  0.  rui 
4.'  0.  CO 

rc  0. 70 


0.68 
1.68 
0.75 
0  58 
0.68 
0.65 


do. 
Orayish.wblto. 

un)  wbitu ;  cluw  0. 15. 
Summor, 

do. 

.*.tcobolie ;  summer. 
Ale. ;  Fob.  3. 1859 1  nearly  wblte. 
Alcobollc ;  July,  18.30. 
Alcoholic ;  winter  ;  wbito. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Alcobollc ;  winter  1 ;  nearly  white, 

Alcobolio ;  winter  I ;  partly  wblto. 

AlcolioUo ;  summer. 

.Summer. 

Summer ;  still  wbitish. 

Wbit«,  with  gray  stripes. 

White, 

Summor;  perfect  pelage, 

June  I  still  rusty-white. 
June;  yonn]{, 
July ;   young. 

September;  a  littlo  whitened. 

October;  pare  white. 
1;  whitening. 

Almost  pure  white. 
Summer ;  normal  pelage. 

T ;  much  whitened. 

Summer ;  normal  polago. 
Winter ;  nearly  whlto. 
Chnn;;lng  pelage. 
Normal  summer. pelage. 
Winter;  perfectly  whlto. 
Will.;  exactly  like  Audubon's  pi. 
Winter ;  nearly  pure  white. 
Wiutor ;  perfectly  snow-wbito. 
(f  ;  Juno  30 ;  perfect  pelage. 
9  :  Juno  26 ;  perfect  pelage. 


*  From  wrist  to  end  of  longest  claw. 

t  Uccclved  I'rom  ;    No.  4.384,  cillpctud  by  If.  71.  M.  S.  Enlorprlso. 

I  LockbHrt  says  :  "  tJlu>ek'i»oucheM  tilled  with  biwIs." 

i  Found  in  the  nest  of  an  ^rcAiliulw  (Ifri'arlansJ, 


MUBID^— ABVICOLIN^— CUNICULUS  TOUQUATUS. 


251 


Table  LXI.— 3ff<Mureiiieii(<  0/  lixly-elgkt  {and  litl  of  other)  ipfcimetit  of  CuNicuLfs  tohquatiis— Cont'd. 


8157* 
8159' 
09^5 
GSSO 
0957 
(1959 
G960 
BIM 

8004 
8097 
8761 


8155 
8098 

eiot 

8104 
8103 
8109 
8100 
9153 
9176 
9«SI6 
99!>7  I 


omo 

0331 
993-] 
9333 
9934 
1030  i 


Locality. 


Barron  Qrounds. 
do 


do 

AndorMD  River.. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Fort  Andemon.. 

do 

, do 


...do. 
...do  . 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do  . 
...do. 
...do. 
....do. 
....do. 
...do  . 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
....do. 
....do  . 
....do. 
...do. 


Collector. 


R.  McFarlsne. 
...do 


...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


....do. 
...do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 

...do. 
..do. 
.)>-.. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
...do. 

...do. 

...do. 
....do. 
....do 
....do. 


0.50  1.05  1.95  4.35 
4. 

4.50 
5.00 
5.00 
4  75 
.195 
35 


Kuae  to— 


0.65 
0. 


4.25 
4.00 
5.00 
:).50 


60  1. 


a35 
40 
0.35 
0.x 
0.40 


Tall  to 
'0(1  of— 


1.35 
0.30 


7. 

900.40 

00  0.30 

95 

75 

50 

75%  4 


0.C9 
0.64 
0.C9 
0.05 


0. 
0. 
0. 
0. 
0. 

"■ 
.  95  0. 

.000. 


X60 
0.68 


0. 
0.08 


0.75 

0. 

0  05 
55  0.70 
94A.63 
53  0. 60 
59  0.60 
58  0.68 
...  0.55 
...  0.57 


0.48 
850.65|o.6J 

65  .. 


350.350. 

aoo.99|o. 

90  0. 30  0. 8a;a  so 

00  a  46  I. 


I.35{1.S5'6. 

409. 


I.30  9L 

...  t 


00....  . 
50|a351, 
950.401. 
ool  ...I. 


a.meo 

...0.65 
000.58 
100.58 

'1 


O.SJ 
0.63 
0.65 
0.7; 
0.66 
0.6S 
0.70 


cf  ;  .Juno  9fi ;  perfect  pelage. 
9  ;  Judo  SO ;  perfect  pebge, 
9  ;  June  36 ;  lM>rfect  pelage, 
ruro  white,  with  dark  spiiml  itrlpo. 
CbfiUKinx  pelago, 

do. 

do. 

do. 

July  4  [  perfect  pelade. 
Julie ;  perfect  pelage. 
Eutlrely  white, 

do. 

May   99 ;  Bummer  pelage   nearly 

perfected. 
Summer ;  perfect  pelage. 
June  6 ;  perfect  pelage. 

1i  nearly  perfect  pelage. 

do. 

do. 

Summer;  perfect  pelage. 

do. 

June  7  {  vary  rich  colors. 

Tonng. 

do. 


Young. 

Winter ;  perfectly  white. 

Summer  pelage. 

do. 

Summer  pelage ;  greatly  atrctch'd, 
Summer  pelage ;  much  atrotchod. 
Summer  pelage. 

do. 

Winter)  almost  white. 


^    I 


•  Contained  5  cmliryos  (VeFar.'aiw). 


Genus  FIBER,  Cuvief. 


0.f,;„ 


<  Cflsfor,  Linn.,  Syat.  Nat.  1, 1706, 78.  _  .y      , 

<  ifM«,  Om,,  8yst.  Nat.  Ij  1788, 125.  •,;■*'  "J  .v.'  "  ••>  - 
X  Ifyooiutor,  Kerr,  "  L.  S.  N.  1792  (type  Mfopotamw  ooyput)."  . ,  ; 
=  Fiber,  Cuv.,  "Lofons,  i,  1800  (typo  Ctulor  tibethiciu)." 

<  Lmmu;  FiscilKli,  8yn.  1829, 289.  '  " ' '  t 
=  Ondatra,  "  LacAi'Sde."— Less.,  Man.  1827,  286  (type  Cattor  nbethiciu). 

Chars. — Largest  of  the  family.  Fortr  arvicoliae,  but  tail  nearly  as  long 
as  body  without  head,  compressed,  nearly  naked,  reticulate.  Hind  feet  set 
obliquely;  soles  naked,  q'lP'M-tubercuk-e ;  toes  incompletely  webbed.  Fore 
arm  bristle-fringed.     Muhlc  hairy,  except  the  nasal  pads.     Ears  small,  with 


•rrafe  ..» 


T 


/ 


252 


M0N001{AI'liS  OF  NOUTII  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


SfW:;:;- 


proininnnt  aiij^ular  iintitrngus.  Whiskers  sliort.  Pelnge  laniiginous,  beset  with 
mimeroiis  long,  glossy  hairs.  Mainiiiit'  six.  Highly  developed  jierina'al  glands. 
13pntition  strictly  arvicoiiiie  in  every  respect  ;*  skull  thoroughly  arvicoline; 
hut  sijuuiiiosuls  greatly  expanded,  with  corresponding  reduction  of  parietals 
and  interparietal;  interorbital  constriction  of  frontal  at  a  maximum;  anterior 
border  of  outer  wall  of  anteorbital  foramen  wholly  underneath  the  rm)t  of 
the  zygoma.  An  angular  ])roces8  of  squamosal  overhanging  orbit  behind; 
zygomatic  spur  of  squamosal  touching  zygomatic  process  of  maxillary;  jugal 
a  mere  splint  applied  internally. 

Fiber  is  a  true  arvicoline,  showing  every  essential  character  of  the  sub- 
family as  distinguished  from  Marina,  and  presenting  no  features  of  more  than 
generic  grade.  Its  cranial  and  dental  characteristics  depart  but  little,  and 
only  in  superficial  respects  of  mere  contour;  while  its  more  considerable 
external  modifications  relate  entirely  to  the  highly  aquatic  habits  of  the 
animal.  In  the  upper  jaw,  the  lirst  molar  has  an  anterior  triangle,  two 
interior  and  two  exterior  triangles,  alternating,  the  first  interior  following  the 
anterior  one.  The  second  molar  has  an  anterior,  an  interior,  and  two  exterior 
triangles,  alternating,  the  first  exterior  following  the  anterior  one.  The  back 
molar  has  an  anterior,  then  an  exterior,  then  an  interior  triangle,  finishing 
with  a  simple  posterior  jj-,  V-i  or  Y'shaped  treffle.  In  the  lower  jaw,  the 
first  molar,  which  is  wider  than,  and  nearly  as  long  as,  the  other  two  together, 
consists  of  an  anterior  treffle,  three  exterior  and  four  interior  triangles,  and  a 
posterior  loop  across  the  tooth ;  but  the  anterior  pair  of  these  lateral  triangles 
do  not  always  close  up,  so  that  they  frequently  resemble  mere  lobes  of  the 
anterior  treffle,  leaving  but  two  exterior  and  three  interior  perfectly  closed 
triangles.  The  middle  molar  consists  of  two  exterior  and  two  interior  alter- 
nating closed  triangles  and  a  posterior  transverse  loop.  The  back  molar 
repeats  the  middle  one,  but  is  still  smaller,  and  the  first  (antero-exterior) 
triangle  may  be  a  mere  spur,  or  obsolete.  The  upper  incisors  describe  an 
almost  perfect  semicircle  in  the  jaw;  their  face  is  plnue,  very  oblique;  they 
are  deeply  beveled  behind  by  attrition  with  the  under  incisors;  these 
traverse  the  lower  jaw  to  the  root  of  the  condylar  process.  The  jaw  is 
massive ;  the  coronoid  is  on  a  level  with,  or  overlaps,  the  condyle ;  the 
descending  process  is  hamular,  as  usual,  and  much  twisted. 

*  Aiulubon  (i.  107)  iioticps  some  siiigulur  orront  antbors  bavo  couiinitt^il  in  deBcribiug  tbe  duntltiou ; 


Illigcr,  GriQltb,  VViegmuuu,  unil  Kuthu  aiwiguiug  tbo  uiulura 


4.j 
4-4" 


' 


MURID^— AKVICOLlNiK— FIBEU. 


253 


The  stout  zygomata  do  not  dip  down  nearly  to  Uic  palatal  plane;  the 
maxillary  plate  su])porting  thcin  in  front  is  large;  beliiiul,  they  curve  up  to 
the  squamosals  with  moderate  angularity.  The  areli  is  expanded  in  the 
middle,  much  as  in  the  Lemmings  and  the  stouter  Arvicolas,  chiefly  by  the 
laminar  character  of  the  jugal  at  this  point;  but  the  jugal  is  a  mere  splint, 
not  forming  by  itself  any  part  of  the  continuity  of  the  arch,  for  the  squamosal 
and  maxillary  spurs  are  absolutely  in  contact.  This  is  a  strong  point  of  Fiber, 
for  in  other  Arvicolines  these  s|)urs,  however  closely  approximated,  do  not 
suturally  unite.  The  parietals  and  interparietal  are  at  a  muiimum  size,  coin- 
cident with  the  encroachment  of  the  highly  developed  squamosals;  behind, 
the  squamosal  vacuities  are  large ;  in  front,  this  bone  protrudes  as  an  angular 
process  into  the  orbital  space,  but  this  is  merely  an  exaggeration  of  the 
smaller  protuberance  of  other  ArvicolincB.  The  constriction  of  the  frontal  in 
the  interorbital  region  is  at  a  maximum,  the  skull  being  here  obviously  nar- 
rower than  the  rostrum.  The  nasals  and  internmxillaries  are  of  about  equal 
lengths;  neither  extend  beyond  the  anterior  root  of  the  zygoma.  In  the 
adult,  the  occipital  bone  shows  no  trace  of  its  elements ;  the  paroccipital 
processes  are  lengthened  spurs ;  the  upper  border  of  the  bone  forms,  with 
the  continuous  squamosal  border,  a  strong  sinuate  crest,  separating  the 
parietal  from  the  occipital  plane.  The  foramen  magnum  is  usually  eraarginate 
superiorly.  The  auditory  bullse  are  not  peculiar.  The  palate  ends  behind 
opposite  the  middle  of  the  last  molar  as  a  doubly  emarginate  shelf,  showing 
a  median  azygos  protuberance  with  a  fossa  on  either  side ;  it  shows  likewise 
other  lateral  fossse  or  canals  along  its  surface.  The  incisive  foramina  are 
relatively  short  and  constricted ;  they  rarely,  if  ever,  reach  to  opposite  the 
molars  behind,  nor  more  than  two-thirds  the  distance  thence  to  the  incisors 
in  front.  The  rostrum  is  tumid  and  obtuse,  the  nazals  fulling  fiir  short  of  a 
perpendicular  tangent  to  the  incisors.  In  all  this,  it  will  be  observed.  Fiber 
shows  slight  specialization  of  ordinary  arvicoline  characters. 

Externally,  however,  the  modifications  are  stronger,  in  face  of  special 
habitus.  The  under  fur  is  even  more  woolly  than  in  the  Lemmings,  and  the 
pelage  is  further  conspicuous  for  the  many  stiff  and  glistening  hairs  with 
which  it  is  beset ;  besides  these,  the  antibrachium  has  a  peculiar  fringe  of  still 
stifTer  bristles.  The  sides  of  the  hands  and  feet  are  likewise  fringed  with 
hairs,  but  the  soles  and  palms  are  perfectly  naked ;  above,  these  members  are 
closely  pilous  with  very  short  adpressed  hairs.     The  palms  have  five  tuber- 


if 


Ill 


I 


254 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOUTH  AMERICAN  UODENTIA. 


;  I 


iiii 


iiiii 


rlcs,  ns  usual;  tlio  solos,  on  tlio  contrary,  only  four — onn  long,  lengthened, 
postero-intcrnai,  and  three  others  at  tlic  bases  of  the  Ist,  2d,  and  4th-5th 
toes.  The  skin  of  tlie  soles  is  not  granular  nor  obviously  reticulate,  though 
it  is  crossed  with  lines  in  tlic  dried  state.  The  Ist  toe  is  but  little  shorter 
than  the  5th,  tlic  claw  of  which  falls  short  of  that  of  the  4th ;  this  last  is 
rather  the  longest,  the  3d  and  2d  decreasing  a  little.  The  rudimentary  thumb 
bears  a  claw ;  the  other  fore  digits  are  subequal  in  length,  and  all  long.  As 
in  many  other  aquatic  mammals,  the  whole  foot  is  set  obliquely  on  the  leg,  go 
that  its  edge  and  not  its  surface  may  be  opposed  to  the  water  in  the  forward 
movement  of  the  member,  and  vice  versd.  The  modification  of  tlie  tail  into 
tiie  8oml)lance  and  for  the  purpose  of  a  rudder  is  the  most  remarkable  fea- 
ture of  the  animal.  This  member  is  strongly  flattened  sideways  in  nearly  all 
its  extent,  permitting  readiest  lateral  flexion  and  but  little  up-and-down  move- 
ment. The  vertical  width  of  the  tail  is  increased  by  a  fringe  of  stiffish  hairs 
above  and  below ;  on  the  sides,  the  skin  is  almost  naked,  and  cut  into  number- 
less scales,  showing  a  disposition  to  form  the  rings  so  conspicuous  in  Mus ; 
but  their  annular  allignment  is  not  perfect,  the  general  arrangement  being 
nearer  a  quincunx.  The  ear  does  not  show  such  development  of  the  anti- 
tragus,  or  other  mechanism  for  excluding  water,  as  might  have  been  antici- 
pated ;  but  it  is  so  small,  so  furry,  and  so  deeply  buried  in  the  general  pelage, 
that  no  additional  contrivance  is  required.  The  eye  is  very  small ;  the  muffle, 
completely  furry  except  on  the  small  nasal  pads,  is  very  obtuse,  with  thick 
fleshy  lips,  not  clefl  at  the  median  septum ;  there  are  fleshy  enlargements  and 
hairy  patches  within,  serving  to  diminish  the  oral  aperture.  The  whiskers 
are  short,  sparse,  and  stiff;  there  are  other  bristles  over  the  eyes  and  under 

the  chin. 

FIBER  ZIBETHICUS,  (L.)  Cuv. 

Huskrat. 

Castor  ziheihicu),  Linn.,  Sygt.  Nat. '.,  17G6,  79,  no.  3  (qnoteo  Brisson,  Kalm,  and  Sarrazin). — Erxl,,  Syst. 
Bug.  Anim.  i,  1777,  444,  no.  il.—hoDD.,  Elencli.  Anim.  i,  1784,  1(56. 

Mm  zibethioua,  Sciiukb.,  Siiug.  iv,  "  1792",  038,  pi.  176.— Gm.,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1788, 125,  no.  2  (qnotes  Sohro- 
bor).— Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.  ii,  1801,  44,  pi.  129  (lower  figure). 

MyocaHlor  iibethiais,  "Kbrr'8  LiunfBUs,  1792". 

Ltmmui  libethicus,  "Fb.  Cuv.,  Diet.  13c.  Nat.  vi,  310,  fig.  — ".— Fiscn.,  Synop.  1829, 289,  no.  1. 

fiber  tibelhicm,  Cuv.,  R.  A.  i,  1817,  192.— Desm.,  Mamm.  ii,  1822,  279;  Encyc.  M6th.  pi.  67,  f.  6;  Nonv. 
Diet,  xxiii,  506.— Sad.,  Frankl.  Jonrn.  659.— Hahlan,  Fn.  Anier.  1825,  132.— Griffith,  Auini. 
Kingfl.  V,  1827,  208.-GODMAN,  Am.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  2d  ed.  1831,  58.— Rich.,  F.  B.  A.  i,  1829, 115 
(describes  black,  white,  and  pied  varieties).— DeKay,  N.  Y.  ZooI.  i,  1842,  75,  pi.  20,  f.  K,  pi. 
32,  f.  3  (skull).— SciiiNZ,  8yn.  ii,  1845,  257.— AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  i,  1849,  108,  pi.  13.— 
Kknnicott,  Agric.  Rep.  U.  8.  Potent  Office  for  1856, 18C>7, 105,  pi.  14.-Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857, 
561.-BuLaER,  P.  Z.  8.  1865,  682  (bobits).- Coueb,  Proo.  Acad.  Nut.  8oi.  Phila.  1874, 190.— 
CovKB  &  Yarrow,  Zool.  Expl.  W.  lOOtb  Merid.  1870,  — ;  and  of  authors  generally. 


II 


MUUIDiE— BIIJLIOOUAIMIICAL  APPENDIX. 


255 


Onilalra  eibelhtcut,  Lesh.,  Mnn.  IKW,  1W«,  no.  703.— Watehii.,  Chorlc»w.  Miig.  iii,  1830,  504. 

Ondatra  americana,  "TlKUKM.,  Zik)1.  i,  4ril". 

t  MhfT  Moyoofentit,  LoiiD,  P.  Z.  8.  18(Kt,  00. 

ifiu«ucHir,  "Bmith'h  VirKiiiiu,  Wia,  'J7". 

Jdukral,  Lawson,  Cor.  17i;i,  120.— HnicK.,  N.  Car.  1737,  ISO.— Bili.inqr,  Canad.  Nat.  and  Oeol.  il,  IRW, 

106  (Imbitx).— Loiii),  ibid,  iii,  I8(i8, 45(ljabita).— Fisii,  Aiii«r.  Nut.T,  1871, 314  (partial  alliiiio). 
Bat  mutqui,  Saiiiiazin,  MtStn.  de  I'Acad.  1725,  33:),  pi.  11,  f.  1,  2.— Ciiaulkv.,  Nuiiv.  Fr.  iii,  1744, 107.— 

Saoard-Thkoo.,  Canad.  771. 
Itat  maiqui  du  Canada,  liliiss.,  R^gne  Anini.  1700, 136,  no.  4. 
Ondatra,  Buff.,  Hist.  Nat.  x,  1,  pi.  1.— "Alkss.,  Quad,  iii,  pi.  114,  f,  1. "— Dmmouuns,  "Diet.  Class. 

iii,  100". 
iluik  Bearer,  Foiibt.,  Pliilos.  Trans.  Ixii,  1772,  375.— Penn.,  Sjn.  Quad.  1771,  250,  uo.  101 ;  Hist.  Quod. 

1781,  no.  252;  Arct.  Zool.  i,  1784,  lOG,  no.  41. 
Zibetliratze,  "  MOi.l.,  Nature,  i,  1773,  Xa  ".  ' 

itiuqiuuk,  IlEAliNE,  Journ.  370.— Uulokr,  P.  Z.  S.  18C5,  052  (liobits). 

IIauitat. — North  America. 
'  -      Having  already  given,  under  head  of  the  genus,  a  sufficient  description 
of  the  only  recognized  species,  we  do  not  consider  it  necessary  to  enter  into 
further  detail  respecting  so  well-known  an  animal,  concerning  which  we  have 
no  new  information  to  offer. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 

[Note.— Besides  the  nnnierons  general  treatises  already  cited  as  bearing  in  dne  part  npon  North 
American  Murida,  the  following  special  works  and  popere  relating  to  the  Murida  at  large  nioy  b«  note<I. 
The  American  literature  of  the  subject  is  believed  to  hove  been  very  fully  indexed ;  otherwise,  the  list 
is  supposed  to  be  far  fVom  complete.  Many  of  the  foreign  titles  are  borrowed  from  Carus  onC  Cngelraaun, 
and  those  which  have  not  been  verifled  by  actual  reference  may  not  prove  to  be  literally  correct.] 


IffSO. .    WunderzeitUDg  von  Mitusen  so  in  Norwegcn  aus  der  Luft  gefalleu 

Bind.    Anno  1670.    Ulssen.    1680.    4to. 
16S3. — Worm,  O.    Historia  animalis  [Myodes]  quod  in  Norvagia  e  uubibns  decidit. 

HafnioB.    1663.    4to.    pp.  66,  pll. 
1694. — Bartholinus,  T.    Maris  Noragici,  Lemmendes  [Myodes  leinmus]  anatome. 

<  HiBtor.  Anatom.  Cent.  2, 1654,  pp.  300-303. 
1003. — Leeuwenhoeck,  A.    On  the  testicles  of  a  Bat,  and  the  animalcules  therein 

contained ;  [etc.].     <  Pbilos.  Trans,  xvii.  1603,  no.  100,  pp.  603,  604. 
1003. — Waller,  R.    Some  observations  on  the  dissection  of  a  Bat    <  Philos.  Trans. 
'^■'  xvii.  1703,  no.  106,  pp.  504-506. 

1000. — Wegner,  G.    Tractatus  de   Battis,  damnoso  truculentoque  inter  mures 

populo,  quo  Neostadium  Ebersvaldense  .  .  .  liberatum  est.  Gcdaui.   1600.  4to. 

pp.  111. 
1000.— Rycaut,  P.    A  relation  of  the  small  creatures  called  Sable-Mice  [Myodcs] 

which  have  lately  come  in  Troops  iuto  Lapland,  about  Thorne,  and  other  Places 

at^jacent  to  the  monntains,  iu  Innumerable  Multitudes.    <  Philos.  Trans,  xxi. 

1690,  no.  251,  pp.  110-112.  ^ 


i 


Ui'i 


i|i!i  ^ 


250 


MONOUHAPU8  OF  NOUTIl  AMERICAN  HODENTIA. 


1714.— Sarrasin,  —    OhMTViition  siir  le  Rnt  d'Aindriqiip.     <TIiHt.  &  M6ni.  Acnd. 

Kc.  I 'hi  is,  1714,  pp.  L'fl,  27. 
1 710. — Linnsus,  C.    Annierkiiiig  ilber  die  Thioro  [Myodes]  von  denen  in  Norwegon 

gcMiigt  wird,  dnsH  Hio  auH  den  Wolkun  konimen.     <  Abhnndl.  d.  Hcbwed.  Akad. 

ii.  171(t,  i)p.  7r>-S2,  niit  Abbild. 
I7'13.— [D6derlein,  J.  A.]    Clitornocbus,  curioBes  Gespriich  vou  Miiusen,  dereu  iio- 

tiliiiubuI)e8cbaffenbciteii,uuter8cbiedeueOattungen,mnncberleiEigcn8cbaften, 

[etc.]    Schwalbnch  uud  Leipzig.    8vo.    1743.    pp.  138. 
1749.— Httgstrbm,  P.    Aunierkung  tiber  die  Tbiere  [Myodes],  die  in  Norwegen 

HUM  den  Wolken  komnien  solleii.    <  Abbaudl.  Scbwed.  Akad.  si.  1740,  pp.  10-:j7. 
1761. — Bergius,  B.    Bcscbreibuugeiuerweiatteu  Maus.    <Abbundl.iJub wed. Akad. 

xxiii.  1701,  pp.  317-322. 
1770.— Jaehrig,  — .     Sur  lea  liats  d'ean  [Arvicola  auipbibiusj.     <Acta  Acad. 

Petrop.  1779,  pp.  00,  07. 
1781. — Pallas,  P.  S.    Uober  die  am  Wolgaatrome  bcinerkteu  Wanderangen  der 

groBsen  Wasseriniiase  (Mus  [Arvicola]  amphibius).     <  Neue  Nord.  Beit.  i.  1781, 

pp.  335-338. 
1788. — StrSin,  H.    Om  Lemenden  (Mus  [Myodes]  norvegicus).     <  Nye  Saminlg. 

Norsk.  Vid.  Selsk.  Skrift.  ii.  1788,  pp.  300-374. 
1 793. — Cotugni,  G.    Ueber  die  ElektricitUt  der  Haasmans.     <  Licbt.- Voigt's  Mag. 

Bd.  viii.  St.  iii.  1793,  pp.  121, 122. 
1799. — Ljungh,  S.  I.    Mus  [Arvicola]  ampbibius  deser.    <  Nova  Acta  Soc.  Upsal. 

V.  1790,  pp.  5-10. 
1 800. — Friske,  O.    Account  of  tbe  resuscitation  of  a  Mouse  found  in  a  torpid  slate, 

enclosed  in  a  fossil  substance.    <  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  ii.  pt.  ii.  1800,  pp.  124, 125. 
180«I. — Mewes,  — .     Einige  Bemerkungen  Uber  die  Oekouomie  der  Feldmause. 

<  Wiedemann's  Arcb.  f.  Zool.  und  Zoot.  Bd.  iv.  St.  2, 1805,  pp.  172-174. 
1800. — Wiedemann,  C.  R.  W.    Anatomiscbe  Bescbreibnng  der  Haru- und  Ge- 

scblechtswerkzeuge  der  mannlicben  Batte.     <  Arcb.  Zool.  u.  Zoot.  v.  1806, 

pp.  1-12. 
1814. — Leach,  W.  E.     [On  Arvicola  xanthoguatba.]     <  Zool.  Miscell.  (Loud.)  i. 

1814,  p.  CO. 
1817. — Rafinesque,  C.  S.    Description  of  seven  new  genera  of  North  American 

quadrupeds  [Myuomes,  etc.].    Amer.  Moutbly  Jonrn.  ii.  1817,  pp.  44-46. 
1818. — Rafinesque,  C.  S.    Further  discoveries  in  Natural  History,  made  during  a 

journey  through  tbe  Western  States  [Musculus  leucopus,  M.  nigricans,  spp. 

nn.].     <  Amer.  Monthly  Mag.  iii.  1818,  pp.  445,  446. 
1 830. — Hartmann,  G.  L.    Beitrage  zur  Naturgescbicbte  der  in  der  Scbweiz  einheim. 

iscben  Miiusearten.     <  Meisuer  Naturw.  Anzeig.  d.  AUg.  Scbweiz.  Ges.  iii. 

Jabrg.  1820,  pp.  37-39. 
183S.— Quix,  C.    Naturbescbreibung  der  Feldmtiuse  und  des  Hamsters,  uebst  Mit- 

teln  zu  ilirer  Vertilgung.    8vo.    Aachen.    1822. 
1833.— Nicati,  C.    Commentatio  de  Muredomestico,  sylvaticoetnrvali.    8vo.  1822. 


MUIUIhi:— BlIlLKKiUArillCAL  Al'IMCNDIX. 


2r)7 


1 1433.— Traill,  T.  S.    [On  Miih  (i,  e.  Mjodcs)  grociilniKlicim  (sp.  ii.),  in  Zool.  App. 

(p.  417)  SforfHb.v'«  Juurn.  Vtiy.  to  tbe  N'orthiTn  Whale  rislii'ij.]     1  vol.    Hvo, 

EdinbnrKli.     WS.i. 
1 89S, — Say,  T.,  iinil  Ord,  G.    A  now  gcnnti  [Neotonin]  of  Miininiiiliiv  prnpoNcd,  inid 

a  UoHuription  of  tliu  species  |N.  tlorldanii]  upon  wliich  it  is  I'oiinded.    <;  <I(iui'ii. 

Acad.  Nat.  »ci.  riiiln.  iv.  1825,  pp.  315-34'J,  pll.  21,  'S2,  figs.  1-4— Zool.  .loniii. 

ii.  181!0,  |)p.  293-21)0. 
1899. — Ord,  G.    An  account  of  a  new  species  of  the  genua  Arvicola  [A.  ripariuHj. 

<  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.  iv.  182ri,  pp.  'M'l,  300. 
l89tS. — Say,  T.,  and  Ord,  G.    Description  of  [Signiodon  hispidusj  a  new  species 

of  Miiiumalin,  whereon  n  genuF,  is  proposed  to  be  founded.     <  Journ.  Acnd. 

Nat.  Sci.  rhila.  iv.  1825,  pp.  352-355,  pi.  22,  figs.  5,  0.— Zool.  Journ.  ii.  1820, 

pp.  200-299. 
1N9S. — Douglas,  S.    An  Account  of  the  unexampled  devastations  committed  by 

Field-Mice  in  the  Forest  of  Deun  in  Oloucestershiro,  and  in  the  New  Forest 

in  Hampshire,  dnriug  the  years  1813  and  1814.     <  Zoological  Journal,  i.  1825, 

pp.  43.3-444. 
1 830. — Harlan,  R.    Description  of  a  new  species  of  North  American  quadruped 

I  Arvicola  ferruglneus].     <  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  x.  1820,  p.  285.— Ann.  of  Philos. 

u.  B.  xii.  1826,  238. 
■  837. — Say,  T.,  and  Ord,  G.    Neue  Siiugethiersippe  [Neotoma,  Sigmodon].    <  Isis, 

XX.  1827,  pp.  1035-1030.     (From  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.) 
1837. — Brants,  A.    Ilet  Geslacht  der  Muizen  [Muridoi]  door  Linnicus  opgcsteld, 

volgeus  de  tegenwoordige  Toestaud  der  Wetenschap  in  Faniilien,  Geslacbteii 

en  Soorten  verdeeld  . . .    Mot  eene  Plaut.    Berlyn.    Oedrukt  ter  Akademischo 

Bookdrukkery.    1827.    8vo.    pp.  xii,  190,  2  1.,  1  pi. 
1838. — Gloger,  C.  W.  L.    Aphorismen  iiber  die  in  Deutschlaud,  besonders  in 

Schlesien  einheimiscfaeu  kleinen  Arteu  der  Gattung  Mus.     <  Isis,  1828,  pp. 

899-912. 
1 838. — Gloger,  C.  W.  L.    Ueber  den  Nestbau  der  Zwerg-Maus,  Mus  miuutus,  Pall. 

[u.  8.  w.].    Bonn.    1828.    4to.    (Aus  dem  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Leop.  xiv.  1.) 
1830. — Le  Conte,  J.    Description  of  a  new  species  [Psammomys  (nee  KUpp)  pine- 

torum]  of  the  order  liodentia.     <  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  llist.  N.  Y.  ii.  1829,  pp.  132, 

133,  pi.  2. 
1 833.— Bennett,  E.  T.    [Mas  longicaudatus,  n.  sp.]     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  ii. 

1832,  p.  2.    (Isis,  1835,  p.  365.) 
1 833.— Bennett,  E.  T.    [On  two  new  species  of  Mus,]     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  n. 

1832,  pp.  121, 122. 
1833. — Macgillivray,  W.    Description  of  a  species  of  Arvicola  [A.  ater]  common 

in  Aberdeenshire.     <  Mem.  Wern.  Soc.  vi.  1832,  pp.  424-429, 
1833. — Harlan,  R.     Description  of  a  new  species  of  quadruped  of   the   genua 

Arvicola  [A.  nuttallij.     <  Monthly  Amer.  Journ.  Oeol.  &  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  i. 

1832,  p.  440. 
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1 833.— Gcoffroy  Saint-Hilaire,  6.   Ati.ilysod'un  iii6moiro:  DocouvcrteUo  kIimi(1»'8 

monotretniqiii'H  clio/.  to  Itat  dVuii  [Arvioolit  ninpbibius],  etc.     <  LMimtitut,  i. 

IS.!, J,  111).  \,  jtp.  L'8,  2!). 
IS30.— Selys-Longchamps,  E.  de.     Essai  inoiiogrii|iliiqno  siir  U>8  Cniii|>ngiiol8 

dcs  tMivirons  de  L:es«  [etc.].    gr.  8\o.    Liego.    isao.    (L'lnstitut,  Iv.  p.  382.) 
1 830.— Waterton,  C.    Nutes  on  the  liLstury  niid  habits  of  the  lirowii  or  Gn-y  Itat 

(Miis  dccuiiisiiiUH).     <;  Lomloii'rt  Mug.  ix.  IS-'JO,  pp.  1-C. 
1837'.~Harlan,  R.     Doscriptioii  of  n  new  species  of  qiiudnipcd  of   tlio  order 

]{odentiii,  iiihnbitiiig  Iho  United  StateH  [Miis  pnUi^tri^t].     <  Am.  Jouru.  Qui. 

x.\i.  1837,  pp.  385,  ,180. 
1  >»37.— Waterhouse,  G.  R.    [(Jhiiracters  of  the  genus  and  two  s|>ceic8  of  lieithro- 

don.]     <  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc.  Ldnd,  v.  18.37,  p.  L'9. 
1 837.— Waterhouse,  G.  R.    [Characters  of  new  siwcies  of  the  genus  Mus.]    <  Proo. 

Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  v.  18;J7,  pp.  15-21,  27-29,  70,  77,  101,  1()5. 
1 838.— Waterhouse,  G,  R.    ClasMillciition  du  groupe  Mus.     <  L'lnstitat,  vi.  1838, 

no.  243,  p.  27U. 
1830. .    Benierkungcn  ilber  Mus  rattus.     <  Froriep's  N.  Nat.  xi.  no.  212, 

183!>,  pp.  337-341. 
1 830.— Waterhouse,  G.  R.    Jliiuse  aus  Siidanierikii.     <  Isis,  1830, .  i..  140-142. 
1830. — Selys-Longchamps,   E.   de.     Cimipagnuls  inedits  [Arvicola*.  spp.  nu.]. 

<  IN'vue  Zoologl(|ue,  183!),  pp.  8,  9. 

1830.— Selys-Longchamps,  E.  de.    I^ludes  do  Microinaninialogie.     Kevuu  dvs 

Miistiraignes,  des  liats  et  des  Onni|)agtiols,  [etc.].    gr.  8vo.    I'uris.    1839. 
1 830.— Rctzius,  A.    ()m  Slagens  byggniid  hos  de  i  Svcrige  lorekoniniaude  Artor 

nf  Sliigtet  Leinnins  Nilsson  [  —  llypuda-us,  IlligerJ.     <  Kongl.  Svensk.  Vet. 

Akad.  Hand!.  1830,  pp.   120-138.     (Miiller's  Arch.  1841,  pp.  403-420  (ilbers. 

von  F,  C.  (Jreplin).— Coinptes  lieudus  Ac.  Sc.  Paris,  xiii,  1841,  pp.  980-988.— 

Isis,  1842,  p.  340.) 
1810.- Martins,  C.     Stir  les  migrations  et  les  moeurs  des  lA>mmus  norvogicus 

Hny.     <  Soc.  Philom.  Extr.  Proems  Verb.  1840,  pp.  80-82.    (L'Institut,  viii. 

1840,  no.  ;JiO,  p.  272.— Kev.  Zool.  1840,  pp.  193-200.— Fror.  N.  Kat.  xviii.  no. 

390,  1841,  pp.  240-248.) 
1 8'10.— Waterhouse,  G.  R.    Diagnosen  der  neuen  Miiuse,  welcho  anf  Darwin's 

Itcise  enfdeckt  wurdeu.     <  Arch.  f.  Nattiig.  vi.  Jahrg.  Dd.  i.  1840,  pt.  174-180, 

281-284. 
1 8 10.— Martins,  C.    Observation  sur  les  migrations  et  les  moeurs  des  I.iemniiug.<«. 

<  Uevuc  Zoi)logi(]ue,  1840. 

1810. — Sundevall,  C.  J.    Tvenno  lor  Sverige  nya  Gnagarcnrter  saint  Fandbyggna- 

den  hos  Arvicohi  och  Myodes.      <  Kongl.  Sveusk.  Vet.  Akad.  Uaudl.  1810, 

pp.  l.'i-30,  pi.    (Isis,  184.'),  pp.  108-115.) 
1811.- Pictet,  F.  J.    Description  d'unc  nouvclle  espece  do  Itat  [Miis  Icucogaster] 

tronvce  aux  environs  de  ticueve.     <  Mem.  de  la  Soc.  do  Phys.  t-t  d'lJist.  Nat. 

ix.  1811,  pp.  151-100,  pi. 


X 


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2;VJ 


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XV.  1842,  pp.  805,  800. 
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Aknd.  llandlgr.  1843,  pp.  0o-74,  pi.  — . 
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<  Ofvers.  K.  Vet.  Akud.  Fiirb.  1844,  p.  33.     (Isis,  1840,  jip.  0^0-001.) 
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Fmli.  184Jj  pp.  34,  35,  82. 
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Nepal.     <  Ann.  Mag.  Nat,  Hist.  sv.  1845,  pp.  206-270. 
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(Arvicola  ratticeprj.     <  M6m.  Acad.  St.  Pi^tersb.  iv.  1845,  pp.  310-334.    (Bull. 

8u.  Acad.  8t.  P^tersb.  ix.  pp.  33-34.— Nuov.  Ann.  delle  Sc.  Nat.  vii.  pp.  202, 

203.) 
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nivalis).  .  <  Ann.  8c.  Nat.  3e.  b6t.  Zool.  viii.  1847,  pp.  103-203. 
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[Arvicola;]  en  Europe.     <  Revue  Zoologique,  1847,  pp.  305-312. 
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Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  iii.  1847,  p.  202. 


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MONOdlJArilS  OF  SOHTU  AMinUCAN  KODENTIA. 


I  ^47.— Abbott,  S.  L.    |()ii  a  "  Singing  Moiiro".]     <  Proc.  Dost.  Soc.  Nut.  IliHt.  ii. 

1847,  i>|).  Ml,  L'(!'-'. 
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))|).  ;ii;(-.tir.. 

1848.— Gambel,  W.     DoBcription  of  two  new  Calirorniii  qnndrniicds  [Mus  ctili- 
fornicus].     <  Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  iv.  1848,  pp.  77-8»'q. 

1848.— Gould,  A.  A.    [On  a  Singing  Mou8P.]     <  I'loc.  Lust.  Hue.  Nat.  Hist.  iii. 

184S,  p.  4. 
1848.— Gray,  J.  E.    OliFcrvutionH  on  M.vodes  liud8onic>ns,  and  otiipr  Bpi'cies  of  (ho 

giMiUH  MyudcH.     <  rroc.  7.i.u\.  Soc.  Lend.  xvi.  1848,  pp.  4.'t,  44. 

1849.— Struve,  —  von.    UtliT  weisso  MiiiiEe.    Frorii'p's  Nat.  3fe  lU'ihe,  ix.  1849, 

pp.  l<.»y-l!)7. 
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forsk.  V.  Mode,  (lt-47)  1849,  pp.  944,  94r.. 
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pagnoJH  et  quelqncs  rcmaiqnes  siir  l'identi(6  du  I'Arvicola  arvalis  et  dii  A.  sub- 

terranens  Sclys.     <  Unll.  Sop.  Imp.  Natnr.  Mosc.  xxiv.  1851,  pp.  549-5.j7. 
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1  8jS9. — Gerbe,  Z.     [Aivieola  Icucurns,  A.  selysii,  spp.  un.]     <  Comptes  Kendns 

Ac.  8c.  Paris,  xxxiv.  1852,  pp.  09,  092. 
1853. — Blasius,  J.  H.     Iteitiiigc  ziir  Kenntniss  der  Gattuug  Arvicola  [u.  s.  w.J. 

<  Hull  Akad.  Miinehpn,  1853,  pp.  257-259.  ,  - 
18S3. — Le  Conte,  J.    Description  of  three  new  species  of  American  Arvicola*,  with 

remarks  on  some  otiier  North  American  Itodents.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci. 
Phila.  vi.  185,5,  pp.  404-41.5. 
1833. — Woodhouse,  S.  W.    Description  of  a  new  species  of  Monse  of  the  genns 
lIcHperomys,  Waterhouse  fU.  texauaj.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vi. 
185;i,  p.  242. 

1 8«S4.— Blasius,  J.  H.  Iteitiiige  zur  Kenntniss  der  Gattang  Arvicola  nnd  der 
deutscben  Fledermiiiise.     <  Lotos,  Jahrg.  iv.  1854,  pp.  83-87,  98-100. 

18tl4.— Burtneister,  H.  Uelier  ^iidnmerikauische  Murinen.  <  Abhand.  Nat. 
Gesellsch.  Halle,  ii.  (Silz.  Ber.)  1854,  pp.  3-9. 

1 8«J4. — Gerbe,  Z.    Desci  iption  d'une  nonvelle  espdcc  dn  genre  Arvicola  [A.  ibericaj. 

<  llvv.  et  iMiig.  de  Zool.  2e  fi'r.  vi.  1854,  pp.  008-013,  pi.  — , 

18ff4.— Gerbe,  Z.  Observations  pour  sprvir  t\  I'bistoire  do  I'Arvicola  incertus  de 
BpIjs.     <  liev.  pt  Mag.  de  Zool.  2e  ser.  vi.  1854,  pp.  359-372,  695-008,  pll. 

1 8ffS. — Dehne,  A.  Mns  miiSf'ulns  L.,  die  Uausniaus  und  ihro  Varietaien.  <  Allg. 
dents,  ntrb.  Zi-it.  n.  F.  Bd.  i.  1855,  p.  174. 

1 8tS«I.— Dehne,   A.    Mus    sylvaticus    L.,    die    Waldmaus   uud    ihre    Vurietiiten. 

<  Allg.  deuts.  ntrh.  Zeit.  n.  F.  i.  1855,  p.  181. 


MURID/E-BIDLIOOKArniCAL  APPENDIX. 


2G1 


tSSS. — Dehne,  A.    Mus  deniimaniiR  Pull.,  dio  Wnixlerratto  uiid  ibro  Vnrictiilcn. 

<  AUg.  doiits.  iitrli.  Zcit.  ii.  F.  lid.  i.  ISTm,  pp.  HJ9-174. 

I  StlS.— Hensel,  P.    [Uubur  Mittollu'riuiia,  ii.  g.,  ii.  h.  w.j    <  Zoitnclir.  Doutacb.  (ieol. 

Oi'sell.  vii.  IrtSS,  pp.  458-.srq. 
I§«KI. — Dawson,  J.  H.    Ou  tbo  Mpecics  of  Merioncs  and  Arvicolos  found  in  Nova 

Hcotiu.    <  Cdnud.  Journ.  iii.  1803,  p.  ;t88.    (Hup.  Urit.  Aiwoc.  1805,  pt.  2,  p.  IIU. — 

New  Pliil.  Journ.  KJinburgb,  iii.  1800,  pp.  1-4.) 
I  tiSiS, — Le  Conte,  J.    Detioription  of  two  new  fi()euios  of  UeRperoinys  [Q.  cognutuH, 

II.  gracilis].     <  P^^oc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  vii.  1803,  p.  441.'. 
1 8S0. — Krauss,  F.    Die  Dnufiratte  in  Stuttgart.     <  Wilrtembcrg  utrw.  Jabrcsb. 

Jubrg.  xii.  1800,  pp.  117,  118. 
18A0.— Gaskoin,  J.  S.    [On  Mus  musculna  var.  nudoplicatus.]     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 

Lond.  sxiv.  1800,  pp.  38-40. 
1 8<I0.— Crisp,  E.  [Ou  a  hairless  Mus  musculus.J  <  Proc.  Zool  Soc.  liond.  1800,  p.  100. 
1890. — Dehne,  A.    Arvicola  neglectus,  Tboinps.     <  Allg,  duutscbe  naturb.  Zeit.- 

n.  F.  ii.  1800,  pp.  222,  223. 
I SS7. — Lister,  J.    On  tbe  flow  of  tbe  lacteal  fluid  in  tbo  mcncntcry  of  tbe  Mouse. 

<  Ib>p.  Brit.  Assoc.  1807,  p.  114. 

1857. — Gould,  J.    On  four  new  siiecies  of  Mus  [etc.]  from  Australia.    <  Proc.  Zool. 

Soc.  Lond.  XXV.  1807,  pp.  241-243.    (Ann.  &  Mag.  Nut.  Hist.  3d  ser.  i.  1808,  pp. 

220-232.) 
I8«I7.— Anon.  [Billings,  E.]    Tbe  Muskrat  (Fiber  zibetbicns).     <Canad.  Nat.  & 

Ueol.  ii.  1807,  pp.  100-111. 
1857.— Kennicott,  R.    [Ou  Muridte  of  Illinois.)    <Proc.  Uost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  vi. 

1837,  p.  183. 
1 897. — Pucheran,  J.    Sur  la  forme  et  la  disposition  des  ongles  dans  qnelqnes  espbcea 

de  la  famille  des  Muridi^s.     <  Soc.  Pbilom.  Extr.  Proems  Verb.  1807,  pp.  20-30. 

(L'Inatitut,  xxr.  1807,  uo.  1200,  pp.  77-70.) 
1 857.— Bishop,  H.  W.    [Ou  a  pair  of  albino  Rats.]     <  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  vi. 

1807,  p.  301. 
1857. — WoUey,  J.    Bemaerkuinger  om  forskjellige  Arter  af  Sliigten  Lemmus  L., 

etc.     <  Fiirb.  Skand.  Naturforsk.  vii.  Mode.  (1800),  1807,  pp.  210-224. 
i858. — Philippi,  R.  A.  nnd  Landbeck,  L.    Bescbreibung  ciuiger  neueu  cbile- 

niscben  Miiuse.     <  Arcb.  f.  Nsitnrg.  xxiv.  1808,  Bd.  i.  pp.  77-8i. 
1803. — Lord,  J.  K.    Notes  on  two  now  species  of  mammals  [Fiber  osoyoosensis, 

Lugomys  minimus].    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1803,  pp.  00-08. 
1804.— Troschel,  F.  H.     [Uober  Murido;.]      <Verb.  nat.  hist.  Prenss.  Bheinl.  a. 

Wcstpb.  xxi.  1804,  HI. 
1804.— Swinhoe,  R.    On  a  new  Rat  [Mus  coningn]  from  Formosa.    <Proc.  Zool. 

Soc.  Lond.  1804,  pp.  180-187. 
1804. — Heuglin,  T.  H.    [Mus  zebra,  sp.  u.,  from  Central  Africa.]    < Nova  Acta 

Acad.  Carol.Leop.  Nut. Cur.  xxiii.  1804,  p.  10. 


Jii 


m 

m 
m 


t,' . 


!    I 


I    ' 


2(52 


MOKOGIlArnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1804. — Malmgren,  A.    [rx>mninf<riifocniiu8,  L.  iiorwcgicu8,iii  rinmurk.]     <  Orvors. 

Sveimk.  Vet.  Acud.  Forli.  18M,  p.  145. 
1  HfKK.— Blyth,  E.    On  Iiulinu  liuts  and  Mice.     <Juuiii.  A8.  Soo.  Deng.  1805,  pp. 

iU'2-VM. 
180«1.— Gunn,  T.  E.    [On  Mu8  <1fcainnnu8,  with  liypertropli}-  of  tlie  skin.]     <  Zool- 
ogist, 1805,  p.  9045.     {Cf.  Ibid.  p.  9708.) 
1 80<S.— Bocage,  J.V.Barboza  du.    Notieinacercados  Arvicolasdcrortntral.    4to. 

18&5.    pp.  1 1.    (C/.  ZiHil.  Ui'c.  ii.  pp.  5  and  41.) 
1 80t1.— Bulger,  G.  E.    Note  on  the  hnliits  of  the  Mucqnneh  [Fil)er  Eibetbicun]  of 

North  America.     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  1805,  |>.  082. 
180<S. — De  L'Isle,  A.    Do  IVxi.stence  d'uno  race  negre  chez  hi  It»t-  ou  do  l'idonlit<^ 

f)|)eciflqi)e  du  Mtis  rattuH  et  du  Mu8  nlesnndrinus.     <;  Ann.  Ijc.  Nnt.  iv.  1805, 

pp.  173-'.'2'i.    (Cf.  Zoul.  Itec.  ii.  pp.  30-41.) 
1 806. — Guyon,  — .    Sur  le  Lt^niming  (Lernmns  uorwegicns).     <  Compt.  Rend.  18C0, 

Sept.  7.    Rev.  &  Mag.  Zool.  ISGO,  pp.  425-132. 
1800. — Peters,  W.    Note  on  a  collection  of  Mice,  made  by  Capt  A.  C  Ueavan  at 

Maubhouui  in  1805.     <Proc.  ZwI.  Soc.  18C<I,  pp.  558,5,59. 
1 807.— Fatio,  V.    Ll'h  Canipagnols  du  Iiii88iu  du  L^man.    Vale  et  Geneve.    1807. 

8vo.    pp.  70,  pll.  col'd  0.     (Cf.  Zool.  Rcc.  iv.  i»p.  29,  .30.) 
1807. — Gray,  J.  E.    Notes  on  the  variegated  or  yellow-tailed  Rat8  of  Australasia 

[Mns  (GymnoiuyH,  g.  n.)  cclebensis,  M.  xunthuia,  Acuntbomys  lencopus,  Echio- 

thrix  (g.  n.)  leucura,  spp.  nn.].     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1807,  pp.  697-000. 
1 807. — Peters,  W.    [Uroniys  niacropus,  g.  sp.  n.]     <  Monatub.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin, 

1807,  p.  313,  pi. 
1 807.— Jeitteles,  — .    [Ueber  Mu8  rattus,  u.  8.  w.]     <  Monatsb.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin, 

1807,  pp.  24-35. 

1 807. — Troschel,  F.  H.    [Ueber  Mu8  rattns  und  alexuudrinas.]     <  Arcb.  f.  Naturg. 

1800,  Bd.  ii.  p.  170. 
1 807.— Martens,  —  von.    [Ueber Mus rattus  nud  akxandriuus.J     <  Zool. Gart.  1807, 

pp.  178-184.  210-221. 
1 867.--Krefrt,  G.    Notes  on  the  MnnimulH  and  Birds  of  Cupe  York,  with  descriptions 

of  two  new  Rodents  of  the  genus  Unpulotis  [II.  caudiiuaculatu,  II.  personataj. 

<Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1807,  i>p.  310-319,  woodcc. 
1807. — Beger,  H.    Zur  vergleichenden  Anatomic  der  Wasserratte  nnd  Feldmans, 

Arvicola  nniphibius  uud  arvalis.     <  Zeilscbr.   ges.  Ntrwiss.  xxx.  1807,  pp. 

145-184. 
1 808.— Murie,  J.    [Mus  rattus  var.  (an  up.  n.  T)  from  Sydney  or  Hongkong.]     <Proc. 

Zool.  Soc.  1808,  pp.  157, 1,58. 
1 868.— Peters,  W.    [Chiropodomys  penicillatus,  g.  sp.  n]     <Monat8b.  Akad.  Wise. 

1808,  p.  448. 

1 808.— Milne-Edwards,  A.    [Sipbnens  related  to  Arvicola,  not  to  Spahix.]    <('omi)t 
Reud.  Ixvili.  1808,  p.  438.    (Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  iii.  1809, 157.) 


:.<»«i 


MURIDiE— BinLIOORAPICAL  AI'PKNDIX. 


2G3 


1808.— Brown,    R.    [MyotloH    grixtilandicus  (Traill)  =  M.    liiulsoiiiiis    (ForHt.)] 

<Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  18(J8,  p.  349. 
1808. — Steenstrup, — .    [OiiMuHisluudiuus.]    <Vi(l.MotIilel.  utrh.  Foreu  i  KJiibcnb. 

for  1807,  1808,  p.  51. 
18fl8>— Lord,  J.  K.    Tbu  Muskrats  as  builders  and  niiiii'ra.     <Cuiiad.  Nat.  &  Geol. 

u.  o.  iii.  1808,  jip.  45-50.    (From  the  "  Intellectual  Observer."; 
1800. — Caton,  J.  D.    Tbo  White-rooted  or  Deer  Mouse  [Ilesperomjs  leucopasj. 

<  Anier.  Nat.  iii.  1809,  pp.  119-121. 

1 809.— Edwards,  W.  H.    A  Singing  Mouse.    <  Anier.  Nat.  iii.  1809,  pp.  651,  653. 
1 800.— Fischer,  J.  von.    [On  breeding  of  gray  aud  white  Mice.]     <  Zool.  Onrt. 

1809,  p.  341. 
1 800. — Fatio,  V.    [Mus  poschiavinus  sp.  n.  T]     <Faune  Suisse,  p.  'M)T,  pi.  7. 
1800.— Cope,   E.  D.    [Arvicola  ciirtata   sp.  u.J     <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiila. 

1809,  p.  2. 
1 870.— Catalogue  of  the  Mammals  of  China  (south  of  tbo  river  Tungtsze)  and  of 

the  island  of  Formosa  [Iii  spp.  of  Mus;  M.  canna,  M.  losea,  M.  uiugpoensis, 

8i)p.  nn.].     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1870,  pp.  015-053. 
1 870. — Peters,  W.    [Neson.ys  (g.  n.  allied  to  Desperoroys)  rufus  sp.  n.]     <  SitKgsb. 

Oes.  nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  1870,  p.  54. 
1871.— Esmark,  — .     [Mus  rattas  iu  Norway.]    <Forb.  Sclsk.  Christian.  1871, 

p.  480. 
1871.— Kolazy, — .    [On  the  habits,  tameuess,  and  proliflcness  of  albino  Mus  rat- 

tus.]     <  Verb.  Zool.-Bot.  Oesell.  Wien,  1871,  pp.  731-  734. 
1871.— Milne-Edwards,  A.    [Melanism  in  Mus  decumanus.J     <Ann.  So.  Nat.  sr. 

1871,  art.  7. 
1871.— Mi!ne-Edwards,  A.    [Various  new  spp.  Muridm.]    <Recherch.  Maramif. 

passim. 

1871. — BuUer,  W.    [Mus  uovai-zclaudio!  sp.  n.]     <  Trans.  New  Zeal.  Inst.  iii.  pp. 

1-4,  pi.  i. 
1871.— Zelebor,  — .    [Mus  palmarum  sp.  n.]     <  Novara,  Stiugelb.  p.  20,  pi.  3. 
1 871. — Landois,  — .    [Cebcr  Mus  miuutus,  Arvicola  umphibius  and  A.  glareolus.] 

<  Zool.  Oart.  1871,  pp.  102-104,  fig. 

1871.— Fish,  W.C.    White  Spotted  Muskrat  [Fiber  zil)etbicns].     <Anier.Natv. 
1871,  p.  314. 

1871. — Lockwood,  S.    A  singing  Hesperomys  [leucopus].     <Amor.  Nat.  v.  1871, 

pp.  701-770. 
1871.— Hiskey,  W.  O.    Singing  Mice.    <  Amer.  Nat.  v.  1871,  pp.  171, 172. 
187-? — SchObl,    J.     Das   aussere   Ohr   der    Miiuse    als    wichtigos    Tastorgan. 

<  Aroh.  Mikr.  Anat.  vii.  pp.  260-208,  Taf.  21-24.    (See  Quart.  Journ.  Micros., 
aud  "Sensitive  Surface  in  Moose's  Em'" (editorial),  Amer.  Nat.  v.  1871,  p.  723.* 


■['4 


204 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


;U!::! 


i:  ,.  ■ 


Ml- 


1879.— Lockwood,  S.    ^lusical  Mice.     <  Populnr  Science  Moutlil^',  i.  1872,  pp. 

32.J-;{L'7. 
I H79.— Coues,  E.    l^lore  nlioiit  Singing  Mice.     <  Amor.  Nut.  vi.  1872,  pp.  S09, 310. 
1873. — Lincecum,  G.     Tiie  Urcgurluus  Rut  of    TesiaH   [Signiotlou  beilandierij. 

<  Ainer.  Nut.  vi.  1872,  pp.  487-489. 

1873. — Lincecum,  G.    Tcxiw  Field  Mouse  [Ocbetodon  «p.  t],     <Aiiier.  Nat.  vl, 

1872,  pp.  772,  773. 
1 S79.— Fischer,  F.  von.     [Calculation  of  pomible  progeny  of  one  pair  ofRats  in  10 

yeaM=48,319,C98,843,030,344,720individual8.)     <Zool.  Cart.  1872,  pp.  125,126. 
1873. — Milne-Edwards,  A.    [.Mua  flavipectuft,  M.  griMeipectus,  M.  ouangtliouiu.', 

M.  coiifucianuH,  M.  chevricri,  M.  pygmu'ua,  Arvicola  inelanngaMtcr,  8pp.  iiu.] 

<Reclierclie8  Mainiuif.  pasHiin.    (Nuuv.  Arch.  Mus.  vii.  Bull.  p.  93.) 
1 873. — Philippi,  R.  A.   [Mus brevicaudatu8,0.t}'niycteru8  uiger,  spp.  uu.]    <Zeit8uli 

ges.  Ntrw.  vi.  1872,  pp.  445,440. 
1873. — Leidy,  J.     [On  a  fungus  parasite  of  Miis  niu^eulus.]    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.  1872,  p.  20. 
1 873. — Hensel,  P.    [Ileapcromys  ratticepa,  IT.  dorsalis,  II.  subte rranens,  Phyllomys 

dasythrix,  spp.  nn.J     <  Abhandl.  Akad.  Deri.  1872,  pp.  30, 42,  44,  and  49. 
1873. — Forsyth-Major,  C.  J.    [Arvicola  gulielmi   Sunlord  =Myodes  torquatus.] 

<  Atti  Soc.  Ital.  XV.  1872,  pp.  111-129. 

1873. — Gray,  J.  E.  [Ncouiya  panamensis,  Ileliomys  jeudei,  Uromys  arvensis,  spp. 
nn.J     <Ann.  Mag.  N.  II.  4  ser.  xii.  pp.  417,  418. 

1 873.— Leche,  W,  [Ou  the  spcciflo  validity  aud  babits  of  Myodes  schisticolor.j 
<Zool.  Gart.  1873,  pp.  C4-00. 

1 873.— Gerbe,  ,Z.  [On  the  babits  of  Arvicola  lebraul.]  <  Rev.  Zool.  1873,  pp. 
llC-121. 

1 87<1. — Lincecum,  G.  Tbc  Wood  Rat  [Neotoma  floridaua].  <  "American  Sports- 
man" of  January  24, 1874, 

1874.— Chase,  A.  W.    On  the  habits  of  the  California  Wood-rat  [Neotoma  sp.]. 

<  Am.  Jouru.  Sci.  vii.  1874,  pp.  73,  74. 

1 874. .  A  curious  fact  in  Natural  History  [respecting  Myodes].  <  "Amer- 
ican Sportsman"  of  Jan.  17, 1874.    (From  "Temple  Bar.") 

1874. — Anon.  On  the  Lemming  [MyoilesfJ.  <  "American  Sportsman"  of  Oct. 
17,  1874. 

1 874.— Blackmore,  H.  P.,  and  Alston,  E.  R,  On  Fossil  Arvicoln.  <  Proc  Zool. 
Soc.  Lond.  1874,  i)p.  400-471,  flgg.  3. 

1874.— Coues,  E.  The  Pine  Mouhc,  Arvicoln  pinetorum.  < "American  Sports- 
man "  of  May  9,  1874,  with  a  flg. 

1 874. — Coues,  E.  Synopsis  of  the  Muridn;  of  North  America.  <  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874,  pp.  17.?-196. 

[  Note.— An  nlmtract  of  the  present  Honogi.-aph.  Beiuueil,  with  additions,  ander  titio  of 
"U.S.  Nortbern  Boundary  Comuiiiwion.  [....  ]  Natural  History.  Mo.  I.  On  tbo  Mnridoe 
[etc.]."    Hvo.  pump.  pp.  S«.     FUiladelpbla.  Itj74.] 

1876.— Coues,  E.    Musical  Mice.     <"The,  Museian  and  Artist"  i.  1870,  no.  3. 


'^ 


U.  B.  GEOLOGICAL  8URVKY  OF  THE  TERHIT0B1E8.  MURIDiE,  PLATE  I. 


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rics.  1-4.  '^tenlainii  llsrMMut  (MM),      rigm.  t-»,  H.    vrrsklDMi  (19114). 


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U.  8.  OEOLOOICAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  TERRITORIES. 


•MURIP*.  PLATE  II. 


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Mt'RID^,  PLATE  in. 


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riM*.  !M40,  H.  BilclilnMi 
ricB.  M-ar.  U.  mtm^m  - 


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MURIDJE.  PLATE  IV. 


48. 


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riSa.  50-38.  A.  loi>ui(eiHri  (BSIIil).  Ktg».  04-97,  A.  snnlhOKDiilliiiii  II3II8). 


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V.  8.  GKOLOOICAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  TERRITORIES. 


MlJRIDyE,  PLATE  V. 


Vlga.  SS-ltl,  Arvleola  aniitcraB  (1869).        FIcs.  aa-SS,  A.  nasleras  («4N). 
ViK*.  a»-«0,  A.  cnrtalna  (IsllMt).  Vlt».  70-73,  A.  ptaetorum  (tItSO). 

Flea.  7«-77,  •jTBBittooijrB  cmtiMrl  (WIS). 


I  M  mmmtmimmmmmmtK^mmimimimmim 


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MONOGllAPHS 


or 


NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


No.  II-LEPORIDil. 


By  J.  A..  ^LLEN". 


866 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


r» 


Pag*. 

Family  LEPORID^ 2(i5 

GkNKRAI.  CON81DKRATI0NS 967 

OROoiurniCAi.  variation S68 

Individual  VARIATION 273 

OKOORArillCAL  DISTRIBUTION 274 

DiBMooRAPiiiCAL  r£sum£ 277 

ClUnACTRVIISTICS  OK  THE  FAMILY 881 

Genua  Lipm 282 

Leput  limidiu • 288 

campettrit 297 

amtrioanuti 304 

americtttiuf 304 

riri/iiiiaNii* 307 

wmhingtoni 309 

bairdi 310 

ighallCHi 327 

lyhaticiu 328 

nuilalli 330 

arhonee 332 

auduboni 333 

trowbridgei 344 

graymni * 347 

bra»Uie>ui» 348 

bramlientu 348 

gabbi 349 

callotli 350 

caUotit 351 

iexianua 351 

californicut 357 

paluttrit 3fl0 

aquaticut 364 

cunicutua 367 

Species  wrongly  attridutkd  to  America '. 369 

Note  ON  THE  NAMES  "Rabbit"  ani     Hark" 309 

Epidemics  amono  North  American  Hares 371 

Extinct  species 373 

Gcnns  Palaolagu* 373 

I'alaolaguH  haydeni 373 

agapetillttt 375 

lurgidua 375 

triplex 375 

Genns  Panolax 370 

J'aiolax  tanclceftdei 376 

Genas  Praotherium 3r0 

Praotherium  palaiinum 377 

260 


It'j  i 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Cahbriooe,  Mass.,  April  S,  J  876. 

Sib:  I  transmit  herewith  fitr  publication  my  report  on  the  North  Amer- 
ican Leporida.  As  but  two  species  of  this  family  occur  south  of  the  United 
States  that  are  not  also  found  north  of  the  United  States  and  Mexican  boundary, 
these  have  also  been  included,  thereby  rendering  the  present  memoir  a  mono- 
graph of  the  Leporida  of  the  New  World. 

The  material  on  which  this  reiM)rt  is  based  is  primarily  that  of  the 
National  Museum,  to  which,  through  the  kindness  of  the  officers  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  I  have  had  the  fullest  access.  This  has  been  supplemented 
by  that  of  the  other  principal  collections  of  this  country,  by  far  the  most 
important  of  which  is  that  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  of  which  also  I  have  been  permitted  the  freest  use. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  mention  in  this  connection  that  a  large  part  of 
the  material  from  the  Trans-Mississippian  portions  of  the  United  States  has 
been  gathered  either  personally  by  yourself  or  under  your  immediate  direction 
and  auspices. 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

J.  A.  ALLEN. 

Dr  F.  V.  Hayden, 

United  States  Geologist,  etc.,  etc.,  Washing/on,  D.  C. 


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Family  LEPORIDJE. 


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The  present  revision  of  the  American  LqmulcB  is  based  upon  the 
material  contained  in  the  National  Museum  at  Washington,  supplemented  by 
that  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge.  Tlie  speci- 
mens in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia 
and  in  the  Museum  of  t!ie  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  have  also 
been  examined.  The  author  has  thus  had  access  not  only  to  the  types  of 
the  species  described  by  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird,  in  his  great  work  on  the  Mam- 
mals of  North  America,  published  in  1857,  but  also  to  nearly  all  the  material 
used  by  him  in  his  excellent  elaboration  of  this  family  in  the  above-named 
work,  together  with  the  vast  amount  of  material  that  has  since  accumulated 
at  tlie  Smithsonian  Institution!  This  includes  not  only  the  collections  made 
by  tlie  different  Government  expeditions  since  1857,  but  also  the  large  col- 
lections made  since  tiiat  date,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, in  Alaska,  the  British  Possessions,  Mexico,  and  Central  America.  By 
far  the  larger  portion  of  the  specimens  examined  from  localities  within  the 
United  States  received  from  any  one  source  have  been  the  collections  made 
either  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  personally  or  under  his  immediate  direction,  and 
especially  during  the  prosecution  of  the  geographical  and  geological  survey 
of  tlie  Territories,  now  in  progress,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Department  of 
the  Interior.  Large  collections  liave  also  been  received  from  the  other 
Government  surveys  of  the  Territories  made  under  the  direction  of  the 
Topographical  Bureau.  The  most  important  collections  from  the  region  north 
of  the  United  States  were  made  by  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Kennicott  and  by 
Mr.  William  H.  Dall,  though  very  large  additions  have  been  received  from 

2fi7 


-7 ^ 


268 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODE.NTIA. 


iiiiii '  I 


?. 


Mr.  B.  R.  Ross,  Mr.  R.  McFnrlane,  niid  otlicr  officers  of  tlie  Hudson's  Buy 
Company.  The  most  important  collections  from  localities  south  of  the  United 
States  arc  those  made  hy  Prof.  F.  Sumichrast  in  Soulheastcrn  Mexico,  by 
Mr.  C.  A.  Scliott  in  Yucatan,  and  by  Prof  W.  M.  Gabb  in  Costa  Rica. 

As  an  indication  of  tiic  amount  of  material  that  lias  been  usetl  in  the 
preparation  of  the  present  memoir,  it  may  be  stated  that  of  Lepus  americnnun 
(including  its  several  varieties),  the  series  of  skulls  alone  numbers  about  one 
hundred  and  fifteen,  which  is  supplemented  by  about  the  same  number  of 
skins ;  of  Lepus  sylcaticus  and  its  varieties,  the  skulls  number  seventy,  and 
the  skins  about  one  hundred  and  fitly,  representing  in  each  case,  of  course, 
a  wide  range  of  localities. 

Among  the  results  reached  by  the  elaboration  of  this  large  amount  of 
material  is  a  better  understanding  of  the  character  and  amount  of  the  varia- 
tion dependent  upon  locality.  These  results,  together  with  the  data  on 
which  they  are  based,  are  presented  with  considerable  detail  in  the  following 
pages. 

I. — OEOOBAPBICAL   VARIATION. 

Since  most  of  the  American  Lcporidte  arc  not  only  mainly  nocturnal  in 
their  habits — living  concealed  in  shaded  places,  as  under  fallen  trees,  thick 
bushes,  or  even  in  burrows  during  the  day — but  also  live  mostly  in  swamps, 
thickets,  or  forests,  they  are  in  a  measure  shielded,  it  would  seem,  from  tiie 
climatic  influences  that  produce  so  marked  an  effect  upon  anitnals  having 
different  habits  and  affecting  more  exposed  situations.  Whether  or  not  these 
conditions  have  a  tendency  to  reduce  the  variation  with  locality  due  to  climatic 
conditions  to  a  minimum,  or  whether  the  species  of  this  group  are  constitu- 
tionally less  susceptible  to  climatic  influences,  we  certainly  find  a  less  degree 
of  geographical  variation  among  the  species  of  the  Leporidce  than  among 
many  other  families  of  mammals.  A  considerable  amount  of  variation, 
resulting  from  conditions  of  environment,  how  ever,  exists  among  them,  and 
conforms  to  the  general  laws  of  geographical  variation  previously  announced 
as  obtaining  among  both  the  mammals  and  birds  of  this  continent. 

Among  the  Leporida,  cases  of  melanism  are  of  rare  occurrence,  less  than 
half  a  dozen  instances  being  as  yet  known  to  me  among  our  native  species. 
Albinism,  in  its  true  sense,  seems  almost  equally  rare,  since  the  regular  assump- 
tion of  a  white  winter  pelage  by  the  northern  species  can  hardly  be  regarded 
as  true  albinism.     Generally  speaking,  too,  the  variation  in  intensity  of  color 


LEl'OHlD.E-GEOailAPllICAL  VARIATION. 


2G9 


with  localil}'  is  often  less  strongly  marked  than  in  mnny  other  groups,  even 
nniung  tlic  Rodents.  I'aUing  as  an  illustration  of  this  point  one  of  our 
widest-ranging  species,  the  little  Wood-IIarc  {Lfpus  sijlmtkm  and  its  several 
varieties),  we  find  tliat  specimens  from  the  Carolinns,  Georgia,  and  Florida 
are,  in  the  average,  not  much  darker  than  those  from  Southern  New  England, 
the  difference  being  generally  too  small  to  give  in  itself  a  positive  clue  to 
♦he  locality,  as  is  so  generally  tiic  case  in  birds,  and  often  in  other  groups  of 
mammals.  Indeed,  specimens  from  the  ]\Iexican  provinces  of  Vera  Cruz  and 
Yucatan  are  in  no  way  positively  distinguishable  from  those  obtained  about 
Washington  or  in  Slassachusetts. 

On  comparing,  however,  specimens  from  the  Atlantic  coast  with  others 
from  the  arid  interior  of  the  continent,  we  find  the  differences  in  color 
resulting  from  the  different  climatic  conditions  of  the  two  regions  are  strongly 
marked,  through  the  greater  pallor  of  those  inhabiting  the  dry  plains  and 
semi-desert  portions  of  the  Great  Central  Plateau.  The  bleaching  effect  of 
an  arid  climate  is  quite  marked  in  specimens  living  as  far  east  as  Eastern 
Nebraska,  while  the  greatest  degree  of  pallor  is  seen  in  those  inhabiting  tho 
Great  Colorado  Desert.  Again,  specimens  from  that  portion  of  the  Pacific 
elope  north  of  California — a  region  of  heavy  rain-fiiU  and  dense  forests — 
present  as  dark  or  even  a  darker  phase  of  coloration  than  those  from  the 
Atlantic  States,  just  as  proves  to  be  the  case  in  the  wide-ranging  species  of 
the  Sciurida  and  MuridcB. 

The  same  regional  phases  of  color-variation  are  also  illustrated  by  the 
Northern  Hare  {Lepus  americanus  ax\A  'vs  varietien),  which  ranges  in  a  similar 
way  across  the  whole  breadth  of  the  continent.  The  increase  in  intensity 
of  color  from  the  north  southward  is  rather  moro  decidedly  marked  than  in 
L.  xj/lvaficus,  in  both  its  summer  and  winter  cond.Vions  of  pelage.  Summer 
specimens  from  New  England  and  the  Middle  States  are  of  a  much  stronger 
ferruginous  tint  than  those  obtained  during  the  same  season  from  the  arctic 
regions.  Winter  specimens  differ  in  the  more  nortiiern  having  the  white 
color  of  the  surface  so  deeply  invading  the  pelage  as  to  wholly  conceftl  the 
brown  under-fur,  while  in  those  from  the  extreme  southern  limit  of  its  range 
the  white  is  a  mere  slight  superficial  wash,  by  which  the  brown  under-fur — 
of  a  stronger  tint  also  than  in  the  northern  specimens — is  only  partly  con- 
cealed, the  white  winter  livery  being  often  but  imperfectly  acquired  at 
southern  localities  where  it  is  always  assumed  for  a  much  shorter  period. 


270 


MONOGllAl'IlS  OF  NOItTH  AMKUICAN  RODENTIA. 


■I.   I 


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The  sninc  tiling  is  also  well  seen  in  the  Arctic  Ilnrc  {Lepus  (i?iii({u.<i),\n  com- 
paring Newroundliind  specimens  with  those  from  the  arctic  coast,  or  those 
of  Ireland  and  the  mountains  of  Central  Europe  with  those  of  Scandinavia. 
Tiio  Northern  Ilare  also  presents  a  somewhat  parallel  variation  to  that  seen 
in  L.  si//c<ificus  in  passing  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  llocky  Mountain 
region.  In  even  arctic  specimens,  there  is  always,  in  the  winter  pelage,  a 
pale  rufous  zone  underlying  the  white  color  of  the  surface,  which  in  turn 
has  still  a  plumbeous  zone  beneath  it.  In  winter  specimens  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  the  white  of  the  surface  often  extends  to  the  very  base  of  tho 
fur,  tiie  rufous  and  plumbeou.s  zones  being  both  undeveloped.  Passing  still 
farllier  westward,  we  meet,  in  the  Columbia  River  region,  a  phase  in  which 
the  summer  pelage  is  even  more  rufous  than  in  specimens  from  the  Atlantic 
coast  under  the  same  parallels.  The  dilference  between  northern  and  southern 
specimens  in  summer  livery  consists  not  so  much  in  the  absolutely  darker 
color  of  the  southern  examples  as  in  the  greater  intensity  of  the  rufous, 
while  the  form  living  in  the  middle  elevated  region  of  the  continent  dilfers 
from  those  of  both  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  in  the  almost  entire  sup- 
pression of  the  rufous  tint  that  forms  the  prevailing  hue  in  the  others. 

The  only  other  species  of  this  llimily  having  a  very  extended  habitat 
arc  the  Lcpus  nquaticug,  which  ranges  from  the  Gulf  States  to  Yucalan  and 
Central  America,  and  the  Lepus  callot is,  found  throughout  the  dry  interior 
from  Southern  Wyoming  and  Nevada  far  down  upon  the  Mexican  plateau. 
In  the  former,  the  variations  in  color  between  specimens  from  the  most 
extreme  points  of  its  range  are  almost  inapjireciabie ;  while,  in  the  latter, 
there  is  a  considerable  increase  of  rufous  to  the  southward. 

In  respect  to  general  size,  the  variation  with  locality  is  not  more  marked 
than  is  that  of  color;  specimens  from  northern  localities  being  generally  not 
much  larger  than  those  from  southern  localities.  I  know,  in  fact,  of  no 
species  of  American  mammals  which  so  nearly  form  an  exception  to  the 
almost  universal  law  of  a  decrease  in  size  with  the  decrease  of  the  latitude 
under  which  they  live  as  do  some  of  the  species  of  the  LeporidtB.  Yet,  in 
the  majority  of  instances,  the  law  is  here  also  borne  out.  Taking  the  skull 
as  the  most  convenient  element  on  which  to  base  a  comparison,  it  is  found 
(see  Table  I)  that  a  series  of  sjiecimens  of  Lfpus  americanus  from  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Massachusetts  averages  larger  even  than  anothci 
series  from  Norway,  Me.;  while  the  latter  averages  larger  than  another  series 


LBPOUIDili-GEOOUArUICAL  VAUlATKiN. 


271 


from  AliiMka  nnd  tlio  noithwestorn  portions  of  Uritisli  Aincricn.  'I'liis 
iiistuncc,  liowovcr,  forms  tlic  only  nctuiil  oxccplion  to  the  general  law  of 
decrease  in  size  southward.  In  nil  the  other  species,  those  from  the  more 
sontiiern  localities  are  the  smaller.  Thus,  Georgia  specimens  of  Lrpus 
sylouticus  are  appreciuhly  smaller  than  th().><c  from  about  Wa.shiiigton  ;  sjM'ci- 
mcns  of  variety  NuttalU  from  West(!rn  Texas  arc  smaller  than  those  of  the 
same  variety  from  I)e(M'  Creek,  Nehraska  ;  sjiecimens  of  L.  culifornkus  from 
Capo  Saint  Lucas  are  also  considerably  smaller  than  tiiost;  from  about  San 
Francisco;  nnd  the  same  is  true  of  specimens  of  L.  Trotibridgri  from  these 
two  localities. 


a 


Tadi.ie  l.—iletx»artmmli  of  tkulh  of  Amtrkan  tpeeUt  and  lai  iciln  of  Lepi'S,  fAoi  ing  variation  in  titt,  wH\ 

localily. 


■ 

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f 

0.33 

II 

0.09 

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J 
1.47 

Locillitf. 

ATerage  lite  of  5  itprclmenii 

0.7t 

1.90 

1.35 

VluliillyofSMiiKraii 

of  Lppuacaliritralona. 

cIko,  C»I. 

Avi-rattOHlwuf  10  i>pet-ini«Di 

I.MI.!* 

0.75 

I.4.' 

0.70 

0.0^ 

l.OS 

1.39 

0.40 

0.34 

0.59 

0.47 

9.90 

1.43 

Ciipo  Saint  Liioaf, 

uf  Lepu«  califurnicna. 

Lower  Callfurula. 

Arrniice ftise  u(  14 ipcclroeua 

I.011.5."i 

C.KI 

i.au 

o.s:. 

a.u 

0.00 

1.93 

0.34 

0.97 

0.38 

0.47 

9.14 

1.43 

Oifora  Count)', 

of  Lepiis  ftmerlcMiiis. 

Uaing. 

Averaee  •lie  of  0  npcclmcDB 

183 

I.W 

0.«I) 

1.31 

O.IIC 

0.0:1 

0.90 

1.30 

0.35 

aso 

0.03 

a  40 

il.9« 

1.33 

Now  York  and  ronii- 

of  I^puR  ameiicjuiiia. 

•.vlvana. 

Areragp  «Ue  of  M  npeclmena 

ao( 

1.52 

O.ffI 

1.91 

O-BC 

0.M 

0.03 

1.94 

0.3:1 

0.90 

ase 

0.43 

11 

1.58 

Alaaka   and  Brlllrili 

of  LepQ.1  amerloamis. 

rouuaioiia. 

L«pus  syWatlous  var.  syl- 

'X8I 

1..4J 

0.7< 

1.91 

0.01 

0.50 

0.00 

1.93 

0.3, 

0.95 

0.S4 

0.44 

1.0: 

1.31 

WaaliliigioD,  D.C. 

vatlctii. 

Do 

iei 

I.3-; 

n.u 

I.W 

0.57 

0.40 

0.01 

•l.M 

0.34 

0.S6 

0.59 

0.43 

1.0. 

1.3« 

Salot.1lnion'aIaIiui(l, 
Oiorsla. 

Arerngealaeof  4  apMimena 

%v> 

i.<() 

l).(» 

).lr 

0.5i 

0.50 

0.00 

1.10 

0.34 

O.SJ 

0.30 

0.37 

1.8 

1.35 

Deer  Creek,  Ntbr. 

of  Lfpna  aylTationa  var. 

NutuUl. 

1 

ATorage  a'xo  of  7  api^clmona 

iM 

1.9 

9.K 

1.01 

0.99 

0.45 

0.81 

1.10 

0.9f 

0.99 

>.        1  0.30 

1.7 

1.94 

Vicinity  of  Browni  ■ 

of  Lepna  aylvatiooa  rar. 

vimTex. 

Nnttalll. 

Average  aiie  of  4  apeolmeDa 

150 

l.» 

\57 

1.11 

0.47  a  49 

0.70 

1.04  'o.9r 

0.91 

0.47 

.33 

1.71 

1.19 

Vlolultj'ofS»nrran. 

of    Lepoa  Trowbridgei. 

1 

olaoo,  Cal. 

Do 

490 

i.n 

l).5!)0.M 

0  43  0.3« 

0.70 

0.89  0.24 

0.18 

0.4i 

0.3A 

1.4) 

1.04 

Cape  Saint  Lucaf, 

Lowei  Gitllfoinin. 

While  in  the  Lepus  sijlvaticus  group,  variety  xylmlicus  shades  imper- 
ceptibly into  variety  Nuttalli  in  passing  from  the  wooded  region  westward 
to  the  treeless  plains,  nnd  while  Iowa  specimens  of  sylvalicus  arc  the  largest 


1.-  -i 


Pllf 


272 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


iH 


received  from  any  locality,  we  find  that  variety  Nuttalll  finally  not  only  difl'ers 
markedly  in  its  paler  color  from  variety  sylcatkus,  but  also  differs  in  being 
smaller;  just  as,  in  most  cases  among  the  mammals,  the  pallid  forms  of  the 
arid  plains  and  deserts  prove  to  be  also  depauperate  varieties  of  their 
brighter-colored  and  more  favored  cr  better-fed  conspecific  allies. 

Geographical  variations  in  the  relative  size  of  the  feet  and  ears  as  com- 
pared with  the  general  size  is  not  so  easily  determined  from  skins  as  is  the 
difference  in  general  size  based  on  the  size  of  the  skull ;  and  the  only  point 
in  this  connection  that  will  be  specially  noticed  is  the  lengthening  of  the 
ears  to  the  southward,  manifested  by  nearly  all  the  species,  the  ears,  in  many 
cases,  actually  increasing  in  length  while  the  general  size  diminishes.  There 
is  also  a  marked  tendency  to  an  enlargement  of  the  ears  in  proportion  to 
the  aridity  of  the  habitat.  Thus,  in  the  L.  sylvalicus  group,  variety  NuttalU 
has  the  ear  generally  quite  appreciably  larger  than  in  variety  sylvalicus,  the 
maximum  size  of  the  ear  being  reached  in  the  Great  Colorado  Desert  in 
variety  arizonte,  which  is  chiefly  distinguishable  from  its  nearest  allies,  varie- 
ties NultaUi  and  Auduboni,  by  the  enlargement  -f  this  member.  L.  callotis, 
L.  californicus,  and  L.  Trowbridgei  also  show  a  very  perceptible  increase  in 
the  size  and  length  of  the  ear  to  the  southward.  In  this  connection,  also, 
attention  may  be  called  to  the  fact  that  all  of  the  long-cared  species  of 
American  Hares  are  found  exclusively  over  the  most  arid  portions  of  the 
continent;  just  as,  in  the  Old  World,  all  of  the  longest-eared  species  are 
found  in  the  arid  portions  of  Asia  and  Africa. 

The  subject  of  geographical  variation  in  size  being  quite  fully  discussed 
in  connection  with  the  detailed  descriptions  of  the  species  and  varieties  given 
beyond,  it  is  not  necessary  to  devote  further  space  to  the  subject  here. 


II. — INDIVIDUAL   VARIATION. 


The  difference  in  size  between  specimens  of  the  same  age  and  sex  from 
the  same  localities  is  often  quite  marked.  The  amount  of  this  difference  is 
sufficiently  indicated  by  the  subjoined  measurements  of  skulls  given  in 
Table  II.  Care  has  been  taken  to  select  only  fully  adult  specimens,  and  ia 
the  table  only  the  maximum  and  minimum  measurements  are  given. 


LErOKIDiE— INDIVIDUAL  VAUIATION. 


273 


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274 


MONOGRAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Under  the  head  of  each  species  will  be  found  detailed  measurements 
r,"  many  specimens  collected  at  identical  localities,  which  further  siiow  tlie 
extent  and  character  of  the  purely  individual  variations  presented  by  the 
different  species.  These  tables  show  that  the  variation  is  not  confined  to 
size,  i)ut  affects  the  relative  size  of  the  different  parts  of  the  body  and  skull. 
Individual  variation  in  the  relative  size  of  the  ear,  the  feet,  etc.,  to  the  general 
size  is  also,  in  many  cases,  quite  noteworthy,  as  will  be  fully  noticed  in  con- 
nection with  the  description  of  the  species  and  varieties.  The  variation, 
both  in  general  size  and  the  relative  size  of  different  parts,  generally  ranges 
from  20  to  upward  of  30  per  cent,  of  the  average  size,  the  difference  between 
the  extremes  being  generally  somewhat  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  the 
series  of  examples  compared. 


■«i!i 


III. OEOGEArillCAL    DISTRIBUTION. 

The  family  Leporidte  has  representatives  tliroughout  the  two  American 
continents,  but  is  by  far  the  most  numerously  represented  in  the  temperate 
parts  of  North  America.  A  single  species  only  {Lepus  timidus)  ranges  to 
the  arctic  coast,  and  is  also  circumpolar  in  its  distribution,  being  found  also 
in  the  boreal  parts  of  Asia  and  Europe.  The  American  representatives  of 
tiiis  species  (forming  variety  arcticus)  differ  but  slightly  from  their  Old 
World  conspecific  allies.  In  America,  this  species  ranges  over  Greenland, 
the  Barren  Grounds,  Labrador,  and  portions  of  Newfoundland,  to  the  south- 
ward its  habitat  meeting,  or  slightly  overlapping,  that  of  L.  a?nericaniis. 
L.  americanus  extends  from  the  Barren  Grounds  southward  to  about  tlic 
isotherm  52°  Fahrenheit.  Tliroughout  most  of  this  vast  region,  it  forms 
the  sole  representative  of  the  family.  To  the  southward,  its  iiabitat  overlaps 
the  ranges  of  L,  campestris  and  L.  sijlvaticus.  Toward  the  southern  border 
of  its  habitat,  it  runs  into  three  recognizable  varieties,  differing,  in  their 
extreme  piiases  of  development,  mainly  in  slight  but  pretty  constant  differ- 
ences of  color,  yet  they  pass  into  each  other  by  almost  imperceptible  grada- 
tions. These  varieties  are  turginianus,  Bairdii,  and  Washingtoni.  Variety 
virginianus  ranges  over  Southern  New  England  and  the  more  elevated  parts 
of  the  Middle  States,  souliiward  to  Virginia,  and  westward  to  Minnesota ; 
variety  Bairdii  occupies  the  dry  interior  region  of  the  northern  portion  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  plateau  ;  while  variety  Washingtoni  occura  throughout 


LEPORID^— GEOGEArniCAL  DISTIUDUTION. 


275 


the  (lamp,  heavily-wooded  region  of  British  Columbia  and  Washington  and 
Oregon  Territories. 

In  the  interior,  we  meet  next  with  Lepns  campestris,  which  ranges  over 
the  treeless  region  from  the  Saskatchewan  Plains  southward  to  about  the 
If.titude  of  Middle  Kansas,  or  mainly  between  the  isotherms  of  36°  and  5G°. 

Each  of  the  three  above-named  species  becomes  more  or  less  white  in 
winter,  and  they  arc  the  only  species  which  thus  change.  The  whiteness  of  the 
winter  pelage  extends  to  the  very  base  of  the  fur  in  the  more  northern  spe- 
cies, but  generally  affects  only  the  more  superficial  portions  in  the  others, 
the  whiteness  decreasing  to  the  southward  in  the  representatives  of  the 
L.  americanus  group  (excepting  var.  Bairdii),  till  in  the  extreme  southern 
portions  of  the  habitat  of  this  species  the  change  occurs  merely  at  the  surface. 
In  L.  campestris,  the  change  is  still  less  complete,  decreasing  similarly  in 
extent  southward,  till  in  the  extreme  southern  portion  of  its  range  the  change 
fails  to  be  universal,  and  rarely  extends  throughout  the  pelage,  being  confin(!il 
mainly  to  a  limited  portion  of  the  dorsal  aspect. 

The  habitat  of  Lepus  sylvatkus  (including  its  several  varieties)  extends 
from  Southern  New  England  on  the  Atlantic  coast  southward  to  Yucatan, 
its  representatives  nowhere  presenting  marked  seasonal  changes  of  color. 
Throughout  this  vast  extent  of  latitude,  it  also  preserves  a  remarkable  con- 
stancy of  characters.  From  the  Atlantic  coast  westward  (south  of  the 
isotherm  of  45°)  to  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Great  Plains,  it  is  represented 
solely  by  variety  syloaticus.  Here  it  passes  by  imperceptil)le  stages  into 
variety  Nuttalli  (=  artemisia  auct.),  which  ranges  thence  westward  nearly 
or  quite  to  the  Pacific  coast  north  of  the  State  of  California.  To  the  south- 
ward of  this  boundary,  it  is  replaced,  on  the  Pacific  slope,  by  its  nearly 
related  variety  Auduboni,  and  over  the  Great  Colorado  Desert  becomes 
modified  into  another  closely-allied  form,  to  which  we  have  given  the  - 
yar.  arizonee.  Variety  iV«//fl//t  ranges  southward  from  the  isotherm  o 
to  the  plains  of  Western  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  and  even  as  far  south  ..o 
the  arid  Mexican  plateau.  Variety  arizonce  seems  confined  to  the  limited 
region  of  the  almost  rainless  deserts  of  Arizona  and  Southern  California,  or 
the  so-called  Sonomn  district.  Variety  Auduboni  occupies  the  Pacific  slope 
from  the  northern  boundary  of  California  southward  to  Cape  Saint  Lucas, 
and  in  the  interior  seems  to  gradually  pass  into  var.  arizorxe. 

The  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  seem  also  to  form  a  l)arricr  to  t!ic  east- 


If 


!;■  I 


'!:''l!i|. 


MONOGRAPnS  OF  NOllTD  AMEKICAN  RODENTIA. 

ward  extension  of  two  other  well-marked  species,  namely,  L.  californicus 

and  L.  Trou-bridgei,  whose  ranges  are  almost  identical  with  tliat  of  L. 
sijlvatkus  var.  Auduboni. 

In  the  interior  we  meet  with  stilj  another  species  {L.  callotis),  whose 
range  extends  from  about  the  latitude  of  Southern  Wyoming  southward 
over  the  arid  interior  far  into  the  Republic  of  Mexico.  In  the  United 
States,  this  species  also  finds  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  a  barrier  to  its 
westward  extension,  they  bounding  its  habitat  in  that  direction.  The  south- 
ern representatives  of  this  species  also  constitute  a  seemingly  well-marked 
variety  (texianus),  diifering  mainly  in  possessing  a  stronger  suffusion  of 
rufous. 

In  the  southeastern  portions  of  the  United  States,  we  ineet  with  two 
specics,which  are  confined  almost  exclusively  to  the  swampy  lowlands.  These 
are  the  L.  jyalustris,  which  ranges  throughout  the  swampy  districts  of  the 
South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  to  Yucatan,  and  the  L.  aquaticus,  which  has 
not  as  yet  been  reported  as  occurring  to  the  eastward  of  Alabama,  but  which 
extends  westward  and  southward  throughout  the  wet  lowlands  of  the  Gulf 
coast  to  Yucatan  and  other  parts  of  Southern  Mexico.  These  species  also 
extend  northward  over  the  lowlands  of  the  Lower  Mississippi,  having  been 
found  as  far  north  as  Southern  Ohio. 

The  Tres  Marias  Islands  afford  still  another  species  (Z.  Graysoni  sp. 
nov.) — possibly  an  insular  form — whose  nearest  affincs  arc  the  members  of 
the  L.  sylvaticus  section  of  the  genus,  though  in  some  respects  it  is  allied 
also  to  the  Swamp-hares. 

Lepus  hrasiliemis  is  the  sole  representative  of  the  Leponda  thus  far 
recognized  as  occurring  in  any  part  of  South  America,  its  range  extending 
from  Patagonia  northward  to  the  Central  American  States.  It  seems,  how- 
ever, to  be  nowhere  abundant. 

The  temperate  portions  of  the  North  American  continent,  or  the  United 
States,  thus  form  the  region  where  the  family  reaches  its  maximum  develop- 
ment. All  the  species  but  three  (one  of  which,  Lepus  Graysoni,  is  prob- 
ably an  insular  form)  are  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  as  are 
also,  with  a  single  exception,  all  of  their  varieties.  The  other  two  species  arc 
Lepus  (ircticus  and  Lepus  brasiliensis — the  one  an  arctic  form,  the  other  trop- 
ical, while  the  variety  is  the  subarctic  race  of  L.  americanus.  One  species 
only  (Zi.  sylvaticus)  is  found  over  a  large  portion  of  the  area  east  of  the  Mis- 


1 


LBPOUIDJi— BlllLlOGIlAPniCAL  liESUMfi. 


277 


sissippi.  Two  {L.  sylvaticus  and  L.  amerkanus)  occur  in  Southern  New- 
England,  over  large  portions  of  the  Middle  States,  and  over  the  northern  jwr- 
tion  of  the  tier  of  States  adjoining  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  contiguous  por- 
tions of  Canada.  Two  {L.  sylvaticus  and  L.  2>alus(iis)  are  found  in  the  lower 
portions  of  the  South  Atlantic  States,  and  three  (L.  sylvaticus,  L.  palustris, 
and  L.  aquaticus)  over  most  of  the  lowlands  of  the  Gulf  States. 

The  great  interior  arid  plateau  is  the  most  prolific  in  species,  four  being 
here  found.  Three  of  these  {L.  sylvaticus  var.  Nuttalli,L.ca??ipeslris,and  L.cal- 
lolis)  range  over  most  of  the  region  between  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Great  Plains 
and  the  Pacific  slope,  and  the  fourth  {L.  americanus  var.  Bairdii)  is  met  with 
throughout  the  wooded  portions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  southward,  at  least, 
to  New  Mexico.  Three  species  {L.  sylvaticus  var.  Auduboni,  L.  californicus, 
and  L.  Trowbridgei)  are  also  found  on  the  Pacific  slope  from  Southern  Ore- 
gon to  the  southern  point  of  Lower  California.  Two  species  (Z..  callotis  var. 
texianus  and  L.  sylvaticus  var.  Nuttalli)  range  over  the  dry  interior  of  Mexico, 
and  three  species  (X.  sylvaticus  var.  sylvaticus,  L.  palustris,  and  L.  aquaticus) 
are  found  in  Eastern  and  Southeastern  Mexico.  These  species  also  probably 
extend  to  the  northern  portions  of  the  Central  American  States,  where  they 
reach  the  habitat  of  L.  brasiliensis,  which  becomes  the  sole  representative 
of  the  family  thence  southward. 


IV. — Bini.IOORAPIIICAL  KfiSUJlfe. 

The  mr.e  important  notices  of  the  American  Lej)orida  are  thosc-enu- 
mcrated  l^elow.  The  synonymy  of  the  species  and  varieties  will  be  found 
more  fully  discussed  later. 

1966.— Linnaeus,  Syst  Nat.,  19th  ed.,  i,  pp.  77, 78.    Tiro  species  are  given,  Ltpv*  l(m<d«>  snd  L  bratili- 

etirit,  tbe  latter  only  as  American. 
1TT9>— Barring^on,  Phil.  Trans.,  Ixii,  11.    "Hudson's  Bay  Quadruped ",  ^^  £.  americontH  var.  ammoaavt. 
■  TT9>— Forater,  Phil.  Trans.,  Ixii,  376.    American  Hare,  =  £,  ani<n'oatiaa  var.  ameriooKM,  with  vngne 

allusions  to  L.  tyltalicHt, 
1777.— Enleben,  Syst.  Keg.  Anim.,  325,  330.    I.  Hmidui  and  L.  ammcanui.    The  latter  is  based  on 

Kdlm's  Hoaae  (Ruise  Kurd,  Am.,  iii,  349),  Barringtou's  "Uudsou'  Bay  Quadruped"  (Phil. 

Trans.,  Ixii,  11),  and  Forster's  "American  Hare  "  (Phil.  Trans.,  Ixii,  376),  and  hence  entirely  on 

unquestiouable  refereucea  to  tbe  X.  americatnit  of  recent  authors,  or  tbe  Northern  Varyiug 

Hare. 
1778.— Pallas,  Nov.  sp.  Glires,  30.    Two  strictly  American  species,- £g>u«  kudtonius  (=£.  amerioaMM) 

and  L.  lapeli  (  =  bnuiUenrit) ;  also  t,  txtriabUit,  =  L.  timidiu. 
1780.- Fabricius,  Faun.  Oroonl,,  p.  26.    Lepat  timidiu,  =  L.  timidtu  var.  artliau. 
1781  and  1784.— Pennant,  Hist.  Quad.,  no.243,and  Arct.Zool.,i,05.   American  Hare  =  JE^.  amerioaaM, 

with  vague  allusions  to  L.  tylvatictit.    (These  editions  I  have  not  seen.) 
178'!.— SchUpf,    Dor  Naturfurschcr,  2U.  Stuck,  Hallo,  1764.    Der  notd-amerlkanisclie  Haase.    An  cz- 

•olleut  deaoription  of  L.  tylniMow.    (See  Baird,  Uam.  N.  Auer.,  pp.  500,  COO.) 


278 


SIONOGKAPIIS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  R01>ENTIA. 


',  pni 


4 


178§.— GmcIin,8y»t.Nivt.,  IfiO-lM.     L.  yariabiliii,:^  L.  fmidut ;  £.Rmeric(inus,  =  £.  a/ncHcanus.Teforrtng 
partlj-  nlso  to  /,.  Hijlrnlinin;  L.  brasilienHla. 

I'J'Oa.— Schrebei,  .SaiiKi't.,  ii,  H81-'J02.     Lepim  miiui,  =  L.  lylvallcua  pins  L.ammcanuii;  L.  variabiUa,= 

L.  limiihia;  L.  variubiliii,^=  L.  timidut;  L.  iapeti,=:L.  bratilieniih, 
1T99.— Pennant,  Arct.  Zool.,  2<1  e<l.,  108-111.    "Varying  Horo",  =  I,.  timidiis;  "American  Harc",  =  J!;. 

(i»iOTt(inii(i  jilns  L.  Ki/lvttlicu).    (The  earlier  editiuns  I  Lave  not  seen.) 
1801.— Shaw,  Gen.  Zoiil.,  ii,  202.    L.  americanua,  =:  L.  americanuf,  primarily,  bat  vaRuoly  inclades  L. 

sulralicii)  and  other  spccicB ;  L.  brasiUenaia. 
1S06.— Lewis,  Barton's  Med.  and  Phys.  Jonrn.,  ii,  159.    L.  variabilia,  =  L.  eampestru. 
I81».— Leach,  Kobn'o  l»t  Voyage,  8vo  od.,  ii,  app.,  151,  170.    L.  arctioua  and  Z.  rjlacialia,—  l.  fimidiu 

var.  aicticua.    (Thia  edition  I  liavo  been  nuablo  to  conBult.) 

1819.— Sabine  (E.),  Ross's  Ist  Voyage,  app.,  zliv.    Lepua 1,  =  L.timidua  \ai.  arctioua. 

I8!itt.— Desmarest,  Main.,  ii,  354.    L.  americanua,  =  L.  aylruticita. 

1883.— Sabine  (J.),  Franklin's  .lourn.  to  Polar  Sea,  C(i4.    L.  glaciaUa,  —  L.  timidua  var.  flrc<icii«;  L. 

americanua,  =  L.  americanua  var.  americanua. 
1834.— Sabine  (E.),  Parry's  Ist  Vny.,  app.,  clxxxvii.    I.  glacialla,  =  L.  timidua  var.  aroticua. 
189S.— Richardson,  Parry's  2d  Voy.,  321.    L.  glaciaUa,=  L.  timidua  vor.  arctioua. 
1833.— Harlan,  Fann.  Amor.,  1U3-198.    Z.  americanua,  =  L.  aghaticua;  L.  glac\alia,=.L.  timidua  yai, 

arclicua ;  Z.  virginianua,  =  L,  americanua  var.  virginianua. 
1836.— Qodman,  Am.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  157-165.    Z.  americanua,  =  L.  aglraticua;  L.  g>aeiaUa,=L.  timidua  var. 

arclicua ;  Varying  llaru  F  composed  apparently  of  Z.  americanua  and  Z.  campeatria. 
1839.- Fischer,  Syu.  Mam.,  '373.    L.gtacialia,  =  L.  IJmidiovar.  arclicua ;  L.  americanus,=^  L.  ayhaticua; 

L.  virginianua,  =  Z.  americanua  var.  virginianua. 
1839.- Richardson,  Faun.  Bor.-Ani.,  217-226.    Z.  americanua;  L.  glacialia,  =  L.  (imtd««  vor.  arclicua i 

L.  virginianua,  =  Z.  campestria. 
1830.— Doughty,  Cab.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  217,  pi.  xix,  Z.  americanua. 

1830.— Wagler,  Nat.  Syst.  Aniphib.,  25.    Z.  caltotia  is  here  first  described.    Ibid.,  Isis,  1831,  511. 
1831.— Wagler,  Isis,  1831,  511.    Z.  callotia. 

1833.— Bennett,  Proc.  Zoi'H.  Soc.  Lond.,  1833,  41.    Z.  nigriaiudalua,  =z  L,  callotia. 
1833.— Ross  (J.  C),  Ross's  3d  Voy.,  app.,xv.    Z.  glacialia,  =  L.  timidua  var.  aroticua. 
1836.— Richardson,  Uack's  Arctic  Laud  Exped.,  496-407.    Z.  americanua  and  Z.  glavialia,  the  latter  =i 

L.  limidua  var.  arclieua. 
1836a— Richardson,  Sixth  Rep.  British  Assoc.,  150.     "L.  mexioanua,  Liobt."  (a  MS.  name)  adopted  for 

Z.  callotia. 
1 836.— Gray,  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  1836, 586.    A  Lfpua  longicaudatua  is  based  on  a  specimen  supposed 

to  Lave  come  from  tbo  Straits  of  Magellan,  but  which  proved  to  be  referable  to  Z.  aaxatilia, 

an  African  species,  the  locality  being  erroneous. 
1839.— Gray,  Cliarlcswortb's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  586.    Z.  Douglaaai  var,  1,  =  Z.  aguaticua;  L.  Douglaaai 

var.  2,  =  Z.  palualria ;  Z.  cali/orniai,  =  Z.  cali/ornioua,  which  is  hero  first  described. 
183Y.— Bachman,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vii,  104,  pis.  xv,  xvi.    Liima  palualria,  desoilbed  bore 

for  the  first  time. 
1837.- Bachman,  Ibid  ,  pp.  282-301,  and  pis.  xxi-xsii.    Z.  glacialia,  =  L.  timidua  vor.  arclicua;  L.  vir- 
ginianua, =  Z.  anuricanua,  primarily,  but  the  syoouymy  includes  references  to  Z.  oampeatria; 
.  L.aqualicwi,  here  first  described;  Z.  amtrieanua,  =  L.  aglvaticut;  Z.  palualria;  L.  Nuttalli,= 

,..  •   , ,  .        Z.8j«(t'a(iai8var.iVu(((iI/i,— based  on  au  immature  specimen  of  what  has  been  currently  known 
'     '      •        as  Z.  artemisia ;  Z.  oampeatria,  here  first  distinctively  named,  and  recognized  as  tbo  Z.  I'ir- 

ginianua  of  Richardson. 
■  83T.— Bachman,  Ibid.,  p.  403.    His  Z.  vArginianua  obangod  to  Z.  americanua,  and  the  name  Z.  aylraHcHt 

bestowed  npou  the  6.  amerioaniM  of  his  former  paiier.    Here  the  Z.  •jitratiou*  receives  ita 
I  first  distinctive  name,  it  having  previously  borne  the  name  Z.  amtricoHiu  (the  oamo  given  It 

by  Desmarest),  whenever  distinguished  from  the  true  L.  americanua,  with  which  it  was  for 

u  loug  time  cuufouuded. 
1838.- Waterbouse,  Proc.  Zuul.  Soc.  Loud.,  vi,  103.    I.  UachmoHi,  —  L,  agkaticuu  var.  Nullnlli, 


I 


LBPOltlD^E— imiLIOGRAPillCAL  KfiSUMfi. 


279 


1839.— Bachman,  Joiirii.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fliila.,  viii,  75-101.  L.  glacialif,  —  L.  timiim  ym.aniicui;  L. 
amtricanug;  L.njhaliciit;  L.nqualUiii;  L.palutlrii;  L.Nutlalli,  =  L.ii!ilraliou\aT.yultalti; 
L.  n\gric3udalu»,  =  h.  vallotia;  L.  californicm  ;  L.  Ilichard»oni,  =  L.  californicuii,  ami  iifterwanl 
HO  rocitgnizcil  by  Bitcbinan ;  L.  Toirtiiendi,  =  L.  lampniris,  and  later  bo  recognized  by  llaoliiiiaii ; 
X.  arteiniaia,  ■=:  L.  sijltativHi  var.  Xultalli ; — thirteen  iioniinal  species,  tlireo  of  wliicb  ( fj.  Aicfi- 
aidmni,  L.  TotoHtendi,  aud  L.  arlemina)  are  hero  first  described. 

Baoliinan's  altove-noticed  papers  arc  classic,  and  mark  au  important  era  of  progress  in 
the  history  of  the  American  Leporidce.  In  these  papers,  L.  paluttrit,  L.  aqyaticuf,  L.  ".Vii((a//i", 
and  L.  "  arleminia  "  are  for  the  first  time  described ;  L,  campetlria  and  L.  eylvaticiu  receive  tboir 
first  distinctive  Dnnios;  and  the  confusion  previously  existiug  between  these  species  and 
L.  americaniu  is  flrst  cleared  up.  Two  uomiual  species  (L.  Tuicniendi  and  L.  Sichardiioni)  arc 
added,  but  are  afterward  rescinded. 

1840< — Emmons,  Rep.  Quad.  Mass.,  56-59.  L.  amerioanu»,  =  L.  sylmliciu;  L.  rirginiaHus,  ::=  L.  ameri- 
oanHt, 

IS'lSi— DeKay,  N.  York  Fnnna,  Mam.,  93-97.  L.  nanu»,  ^ L.  nyhaticiit ;  L,  americaniu.  Also,  as  oxtrn- 
limital  species,  L.  (/Fa«iuFi<,  =  X.  timidiit  var.  arclicu» ;  L.  aqualicus;  L.  i>alu»iri»;  L.  cam- 
palris;  L.  longicaudatui,=:  L.  aaxaliUs,  not  American  ;  X.  nii/ricaudatus,  =  X.  callolis;  X.  cafi- 
fornicm;  X.  Richardto«{,=i  L.  caU/ornicus;  X.  Totnaendi,  =  L.  campegtrit ;  L.  artemisia  m\d 
X.  Hachmani,  =  X,  «ylmltcua  var.  NuUalli.  Fourteen  nominal  species,  which  iucludo  seven 
valid  species  and  one  or  two  valid  varieties. 
Thompson,  Hist,  of  Vermont,  42-48.  X.  vlrgiHlanut,=zL.  americaniu  ;  X.  americanua,  =  L.  tyl- 
vaticut. 
— Gray,  Zoul.  Voy.  Sulphur,  33,  pi.  xiv.    X.  Bennetli,  =  X.  califonicut. 

— Warner,  Sohrelier'B  Siiugot.,  suppl.,  iv,  101-117.  X.  glacialit,  =  X.  timidiii  var.  arc«CB»;  X.  cam- 
patrit ;  L.  amerioaniu ;  X.  calloti»,  with  vars.  ni^rrt'oaiidaftM  aud  ftavigularia,  the  latter  here  first 
descrilied ;  X.  longioaudatut,  =  X.  laxalilii  (not  American,  tbongh  at  this  time  so  supposed) ;  L. 
califomieiu;  X.  Hichardtoni,  =:  X.  californicui ;  X.  JotpnwRdi,  =  X.  campettrii ;  L.  paliutri»  ;  X. 
o^ixXica*;  X.  .ATattoKi,  ^^X.  aylFaliciM  var.  NuUalli;  L,  bratUieiuit ;  L,natiiii,=:L.fglvalicua; 
X.  ariemi»iaoui,  =  L,  tylvalicut  var.  yutlalli.  Fourteen  nominal  species  and  two  varieties. 
Schintz,  Syn.  Ham.,  ii,  285-294.  X.  i^Iarialia,  =  X.  limidut  var.  arcticui ;  X.  £acAffl<iRi,  =  X. 
a^fralicua  var.  yMttatli;  L,  ftormlia,  =  X.  americanvi  var.  ftrf^inianto ;  X.  aqualicut;  X.  ayl- 
valicui ;  L.paluttri*;  L.nigricaudatu«,'=L.oallotif;  L.NiittaUi,=^L.tylvaticu8\M.Nullalli; 
X.  oampealru ;'  X.  longicaudatui,  bab.  " Texas ",  =  X.  iaxatilit,  and  not  American;  X.  rali- 
fomianMi,  =  L.  califumiciit ;  X.  /{etitielli,  =  X.  caHfomicui ;  X.  ificAordaoni,  =  X.  oa{i/ormcu« ; 
X.  Toumtmdi,  =  X.  eampatrit ;  X.  arlemMo',  =:  X.  lylraticut  var.  NuitaHi ;  X.  magellanicui 
(Isl.  Malouin)=  X.  CHnieuhu,  feral ;  X.  braailtenata.  An  indiscriminato  compilation  of  seven- 
teen nominal  speuies. 

■  846-18S4.— Audubon  and  Bachman,  Quad.  Nirtb  Amer.,  i,  25,  93,173,242,287;  ii,  95,  272,  300 ; 
iii,  35,  53, 156,  with  figures,  X.  Joumaendi,  =  X.  campeafrta ;  X.  americanux ;  X.  ayleaficM  ;  X. 
glaciaiiB  =  X.  (imidua  var.  arcUciu  ;  X.  ai;ua/ic«a  ;  X.  arfetntaia,  =  X.  aylrad'cua  var.  NuttalH  ; 
X.  oalfofia;  X.  NutlalH  and  X.  ZtocAfflaNi,  =  X.  aylraltcua  var.  XuttaUi;  L.  oal\fornicu» ;  X. 
texianus  =  L.  callotit  var.  (exianua.  Twelve  nominal  species,  representing  eight  valid  species 
and  two  varieties. 

1848.— Waterhouse,  Nat.  Hist.  Mam.,  ii,  101-145.  L.  glacialit  =:  L.  liMidsa  var.  arofioiia;  X.  ameri- 
caniu; L.  aqualiciu ;  L.  lylvaticiu ;  L.paluttrii;  L.A'ttltalH,  L.l!achiiiani,etnil,.arlemiitii  — 
X.  BylvaUciit  var.  NuUalli;  X.  camjM'afria  (to  which  X.  Toumaetidi  is  proiierly  referred);  X. 
oali/oraiciia  (to  which  X.  liicluirdMHi  and  X.  Bcnnetli  are  properly  referred) ;  "X.  cuniciUaritu 
liicht.",  —  L.  aquatiom;  X.  texiantu,  .=  X.  callolit  var.  terianua;  X.  callofia  (to  which  X.  ntj^- 
eoudafaa,  X.  ^vi^utaria,  and  X.  nwxioitiaa  are  properly  referred) ;  X,  iraatfieiwta.  X.  lotigi- 
caudatut  is  for  the  first  time  formally  eliminated  as  an  American  siiocies.  Total,  thirteen 
nominal  species,  based  on  nine  valid  ones  and  two  or  throe  valid  varieties. 

1888. — Woodhouse,  Sllgrraves's  Expedition  down  the  Znlli  and  Colorado  Rivers,  54, 55,  Notes  on 
X.  lyltalicut,  L.  "  artemitia  ",  and  X.  callotit. 

1899.— Oiebel,  8iingut.,  449  and  450.  X.  amcricanua,  X.  campetlrit,  X.  callotit,  and  X.  ftraai/ienaia 
deaoribod. 

ISAA.— Baird,  Pru«.  Aoad.  Nat  8oi.  Pblla.,  1865,  333.  X.  IVaahingtoni  (=  X.  amrrioaaua  var,  Ifatkiiig- 
toni)  and  X.  Tivwbridgei,  both  huro  duKsribed  for  the  first  time. 


1849.-' 


1844, 
1844. 


1849.- 


li> 


MV  '-i 


4 


•  '  I 


280  MONOORAniS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA, 

1897>— Eai^'d,  Mnni.  N.  Amcr.,  572-C17.  I,  glacialit,  =  L.  (Imidua  vnr.  arcllcm  ;  L.  amnicanut  ;  L. 
IVaHhinftloiii,  -^  L.  amrricnnus  var.  tVaahingtoni ;  t.  vamjHHtris ;  L,  taJtotis ,'  L.  valifomicm ; 
t.  Hi/lvalwiia,  i-^  L.  ni/lraticui  var.  tylralioui ;  L.  arleniria  and  L.  ISaihrnatil,  =^  L.  sylcalicut  vnr. 
liuUaUi;  L.  Judubooi  (here  flrst  deBcribod),  =  L,  fylealicHa  var.  Jiidntoni;  L,  Trowhridgei ; 
L,  aqualicttt;  L,  imlutlria.  Tbirtcon  opecies  nre  bore  recognized,  which  in  this  mnnogrnph 
are  regarded  as  representing  eight  valid  species  and  four  valid  varieties,  one  name  only 
(£.  Jlachmani)  being  here  reduced  to  n  synonym.  L.  ftaviguturii  Wnguor  and  L.  texianm 
WaterliouBO  are  doubtfully  referred  to  L.  callolii ;  L.  teiianiu  Audubon  und  Baobmau  is 
regarded  as  a  species  probably  distinct  from  the  L.  texinnm  Waterbouso,  but  is  mentioned 
as  a  species  which  his  materials  did  not  allow  him  "  to  discuss  or  describe  ".  L.  NHtlalU  is 
diiubtfuUy  referred  to  L.  artnuiiia.  He  states  that  he  strongly  suspects  the  siieoimen  on 
which  L.  SMalli  was  based  to  bo  an  immature  example  of  L.  artemhla,  and  points  out  thn 
fact  that,  in  case  it  proves  to  be  so,  the  name  Xutlalli  must  take  precedence  over  nrlemMa. 
The  L.  cunIcn/oii'ms  of  Lichtenstein  (Waterhoaso),  based  on  Mexican  specimens,  he  properly 
suggests  way  prove  to  be  L,  aquatlout,  as  is  undoubtedly  the  cose.  No  mention  is  made  of 
the  L.  longicaiidat¥ii  of  former  anthers,  which  Watcrbonse  bad  previously  shown  was  African, 
and  not  referable  to  any  American  species.  The  synonymy  of  the  suliject  is  Judiciously  and 
exhaustively  treated,  and  in  no  case  do  any  of  the  collocations  seem  to  require  changing. 
Kurtbermore,.  in  this  monographic  essay,  the  species  are  for  the  first  time  subgenerically 
divided ;  no  names  are,  huwover,  afllxed  to  his  very  natural  subdivisions,  which  are  very  prop- 
erly treated  as  merely  sections  rather  than  as  groups  of  a  technically  subgenerio  value,  Baird'a 
tn-atmcnt  of  the  subject  forms  as  great  an  advance  over  onr  previous  knowledge  of  the 
group  as  did  Itachuian's  articles  twenty  years  before,  and  murks  a  second  grand  e|H>ch  in  the 
literature  of  the  North  American  Lrporidce.  Finally,  Gaird's  work  thus  far  greatly  surpasses 
in  accuracy  and  thoronghness  any  treatment  of  the  Leporidw  of  any  part  of  the  world. 

1837.— Newberry  and  Baird,  Zool.  of  Lieut.  Williamson's  Rep.  upon  Expl.  for  a  U.  E.  Route  from  the 
SnoranioMto  Valley  to  the  Columbia  River  (Paoilio  K.  R.  Expl.  ond  Surveys,  etc.,  vi,  pt.  iv, 
no.  'i,  pp.  ()3-(J6).  Field-notes  by  Dr.  Newberry ;  identifications  by  Professor  liaird ; 
synonymy  and  diagnoses  from  Daird's  Oen.  Rep.  Mam.  N.  Amer.  The  species  mentioned  aru 
L.  campetlrit,  L.  cali/onicus,  L,  "artemiria",  L.  "Anduboni",  and  L.  Troicbridgei. 

18S9.— Baird,  Zoiil.  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Hound.  Survey,  45-48.  L.  eatlolii  (described  in  detail),  and  L. 
californiciit,  L.  njhaiicut,  L.  artemiiia,  and  L.  liachmani  (the  two  latter  ^=:  L,  lylcaticua  var. 
yiittalli)  mentioned  by  nnmo  merely,  with  field-notes  by  the  collectors. 

1 830.— Kennerly,  Zoiil.  of  Lieut.  Whipi)le's  Route,  near  the  3r>th  Parallel  (Pacific  E.  R.  Expl.  and 
Surveys,  etc.,  x,  pt.  vi,  no.  2, 16, 17).  Field-notes  by  Dr.  Kennerly,  with  diagnoses  extracted 
from  Professor  Uaird's  Oen.  Rep.  Mam.  N.  Anier.  The  following  species  are  meutiouud  : — 
L,  callolit,  L.  "artemisia",  L.  "  Atiduboni",  and  L,  Trowbridgfi, 

1860.— Cooper,  Zoiil.  of  Gov.  Stevens's  Route  near  the  47tb  and  4'Jlb  Parallels  (Pacific  R.  R.  Ro|)8. 
xii,  pt.  iii,  no.  2,  87).  Field-notes  and  measurements  by  Dr.  Cooper,  with  diagnoses  of  the 
B|)ecics  from  Baird's  Oen.  Rep.  Mam.  N.  Amer.  The  species  mentioned  nre  L. "  n'oahingtoni ", 
and  L.  Troicbridgei. 

I860.— Suckley,  Ibid.,  pp.  I0;i-105.  Fieldnotes  by  Dr.  Suckley  and  diagnoses  from  Baird's  Gen.  Rep. 
Mam.  N.  Amer.  The  species  enumerated  are  L,  "  IfMhingloni",  L.  campetlri»,  L.  Qalifnrniem, 
"t L.  callolii"  (=  L.  callolii),  and  //.  "artemitia". 

I860.— Suckley  and  Oibbs,  Ibid.,  pp.  130-133.  Chiefly  Hold-notes  on  L.  "  Waihinglmi",  L.  campcttrii, 
"t  L.  callolit "  (=  L.  calloiit),  L.  californicui,  and  L.  artemisia. 

1861.— Maximilian,  Wiegni.  Arch.,  IBUl,  i,  143-145.  Habits  and  distribution  of  L.  ttmericaniu,  L.  ij/l- 
raliciit,  and  //.  eampettriii. 

1861.— Ross,  Cauad.  Nat.  and  Oeul.,  vi,  436.    Notice  of  L.  americanvt. 

1869.— Hayden,  Tranit.  Amer.  Fbilos.  8oc.  Pbila.,  xii,14d.  Notes  ou  £.  campatrw,  X.  tylvaticm,  and 
L.  "  arlemiiia  ". 

186T.— Coues,  Am<;r.  Nat.,  i,  531-535;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  36.  Habits  and  distribution  of  L. 
callolie  and  L.  "arleminia"  in  Arizona. 

186T.— Oray,  Ann.  aud  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  xx,  331-285.  Divides  the  genns  Leptiit  into  seven  so- 
called  genera,  raising  several  of  Uaird's  sections  (sec  Mam.  N.  Amer.,  &74,  575)  to  generin 
rank.  His  seven  genera  nre  (1)  Ilgdrolagiis  (=  Uaird's  section  F),  (2)  SylvilagHf  (=  Baird's 
section  D),  (3)  Eulagot,  (4)  Lepun  {—  Baird's  sections  A  and  E),  (5)  Tapeli,  (6)  t'unioulKS 
>  (=  Uaird's  section  C),  ond(7)  CajjroIoi/iM.  The  American  species  recognized  arc  as  follows : — 
(1)  Uydrulagnt  a^ualiem  (=  L.  aiiuiUioun),  to  wbicb  he  properly  refers  his  L.  Duuglaui  vur.  I ; 


LEPOBID^-BIBLIOGItAPniCAL  KfiSUME. 


281 


(2)  Ilyirolagm  palustrit  (=  T,.  pal>uM»),  to  which  he  proporly  refers  hix  L.  Douglaul  vnr.  2  J 
(^\)  Sjihilagut  nanu»  (=L.  tyhaticut);  (4)  SyMlagut  Artemisia  ami  (fl)  Syleilaijiit  nachmanni 
[»te]  (4  and  5=  /,.  iglvalicvt  vnr.  Nultalti) ;  (6)  iepiM  Brc«c««  (=  £.  timidua  var.  orcdcin) ;  (7) 
r^put  americanui;  (8)  Z«pii»  frtuAingitoiii  (=i.  amcHoanua  var.  n'oc/ifniyfoiiO  ;  (9)  Lepwt  cam- 
palrii;  (10)  Upu>  calMii  [»ic!],  includiDj;  the  synoDyms  nsnnlly  rerorre<l  to  L.  caltotit;  (II) 
l.epua  caV/ornicui  (properly  inolmliiig  his  own  L.  Bennelti  with  its  other  synonyms) ;  (12)  tL. 
longioaudalut,  " Magellan's  Straits",  altbongh  he  provionaly  refers  " L.  Imgicaudatm  Gray  "  to 
L.  tazatil\t(\);  (13)  Tapeti  branUieiitit.  Under  Cuniculiu  fodiera  {=Ltpu»  cunicu/m  Linn.), 
he  proporly  places  the  "  L.  mageUaniaui  Less.",  based  on  feral  specimens  of  this  s{>ocies  from 
the  Falkland  Islands. 

1 808.— Abbott,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  759.    L.  lylvaticui  in  New  Jersey.  ' 

1868.— Cooper,  Amor.  Nat.,  ii,  Kje.  Notes  on  the  hahiU  and  distribution  of  L.  Towniendi  (=£.  cam- 
petlrit)  and  L.  ••  arlemitia". 

I868.-Brown,  Proo.  Zool.  8oo.  Lond.,  1868,  351.    Notes  on  L.  amtricanut. 

1869.— Allen,  Proo.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiii,  194.    L.  tylvaticm  in  Iowa. 

1869.— Allen,  Ball.  Mas.  Comp  Zool,,  i,  839.    Sylmlagiu  nanut  (=i.  tglvaticiu)  in  Massochnsetts. 

1869.— Cooper,  Amer.  Nat.,  iii,  470.  Distribution  of  L.  callotit  and  L.  calt/vrnicua  in  the  Colorado 
Valley. 

1869.— Coues,  Proc.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiii,  86.    Biographical  account  of  £.  j)aIua(H«. 

1869.— Frantzius,  Wiegm.  Arch.,  1869,  i,  236.    L.  hroMilieniiit  in  Costa  Rica. 

1869.— Hayden,  Amer.  Nat.,  iii,  115.    Lepuii  Bairdii  (=L.  amtricanut  var.  Bairdii)  described. 

1869.— Welch,  Proc.  Zuol.  Soo.  Lond.,  1869,  228.    Seasonal  changes  of  color  in  L.  americanut. 

1871.— Allen,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  ii,  184.    L.  fyltaticiu  and  L.  palutlrit  in  Florida. 

18T3.— Oilpin,  Proc.  and  Trans.  Nov.  Sco.  Inst.  Nat.  8ci.,  iii,  46,    Notice  of  L,  amerivanua. 

18Til.— Kensel,  Abbandl.  d.  phys.  Klasse  d.  kouigl.  Akad.  d.  Wissensoh.  zu  Berlin,  1872,  62.  L.  bra- 
ai/ienaia  in  Southern  Brazil. 

18T3.— Lincecum,  Amer.  Nat.,  771.    Distribution  and  habits  of  L.  aquatio*$. 

18*8.— Merriam,  Hayden's  U.  8.  Geol.  Survey,  6th  Ann.  Rop.,  666-668.  "L.  callutiit"  (=£.  campetlria), 
collected  at  Ogden,  Utah,  and  a  biographical  notice  of  L.  "  Bairdii ". 

1874.— Allen,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  vi,  52,  58,  61,  66.  Notes  on  the  distribution  of  L.  callotit,  L.  campeilrit, 
L.  tylvatioui  var.  "artemtaia",  and  L.  americaniti  var.  fiairdii. 

187S.— Allen,  Proc.  Bost.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  430-436.  A  general  synopsis  of  the  American  Lrporida, 
with  an  analysis  of  the  species  and  varieties,  based  on  tho  collections  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  and  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zuology,  Three  primary  divisions  of  the  genus 
Lepiu  are  recognized,  with  two  subordinate  divisions  under  each.  The  speoiflo  and  sub- 
specifio  characters  are  briefly  indicated,  together  with  the  principal  synonyms  and  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  each  variety,  Tho  species  and  varieties  recognized  are  as  follows : — 
(1)  L.  timidut  var.  arclicHa;  (2)  L.  campetlris;  (3)  L.  americanut,  with  varieties  (a)  amerjoanua, 
(b)  v<r<;<ii<<iiiHa,  (c)  n'oaAisjtoiii,  (d)  Bairdii ;  (4)  Lepui  tyhaticut,  with  varieties  (a)  tyhalicui, 
(b)  NuttalU,  (c)  ^udu6osi;  (5)  L.  TrowMdgei ;  (6)  L.  bratilientit ;  (7)  L.  oallolit ;  (8)  £.  oati- 
fomicut ;  (9)  L.  palutlrit.  No  really  new  form  is  here  added,  and  only  one  of  those  given  by 
Baird  in  1857  {L.  Backmani)  is  canceled.  The  two  additions  made  to  those  given  by  Bainl 
are  thu  L,  Bairdii  described  by  Dr.  Hayden  in  18fi9,  and  a  variety  through  the  division  of 
the  //.  americaiiHt  of  Baird's  work  into  two  varieties.  Tho  chief  differenco  between  tho 
results  here  reached  and  those  given  by  Baird  consists  in  the  reduction  of  several  of  tho 
formerly  so-called  species  to  subspecies,  in  consequence  of  the  increased  amount  of  material 
at  command  having  shown  them  to  be  iutorgroding  forms. 

v.-  -CHAEACTEKI8TIC8    OF    THE    FAMILY    AND    SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    SPECIES    AND 

VARIETIES. 


Excluding  the  genus  Lagomys,  formerly  associated  with  the  Hares,  but 
of  late  very  properly  regarded  as  the  type  of  a  distinct  family,  the  Leporidee 
constitute  one  of  the  most  natural  and  best-defined  groups  among  mammals. 
The  Lagomyula  are  decidedly  their  nearest  allies,  but  differ  in  important 


m 


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I 


I'm  i' 


i   1 


282 


MONOORAPUS  OF  NOUTH  AMEIUCAN  KODBNTIA. 


external  and  osteological  cliaracters,  tliougli  presenting  many  features  of 
general  resemblance.  No  subdivisions  of  tlie  family  can  apparently  be  made 
having  a  liigher  than  generic  value,  the  species  being,  in  fact,  apparently  all 
strictly  coiigeneric. 

The  most  obvious  external  distinguishing  characters  of  the  Hares  are 
their  lengthened  hind  limbs,  their  large,  sometimes  very  large,  ears,  and 
short,  sometimes  rudimentary,  bushy,  erect  tail ;  most  of  the  species  have  a 
thick  coat  of  very  sod  loose  fur.  Tlie  skull  presents  also  distinguishing 
features,  namely,  the  large,  deep,  flattened  rami  of  the  lower  jaw ;  the  per- 
tbratcd  or  reticulated  condition  of  the  facial  surface  of  tlie  maxilla;  the  large 
size  of  the  orbits,  in  which  the  foramina  are  confluent ;  the  large  size  of  the 
anterior  palatine  foramina,  and  the  reduction  of  the  palate  to  a  mere  bridge 
between  the  premolars ;  the  large  size,  in  short,  of  all  the  openings  of  the 
skull ;  the  possession  of  more  than  the  usual  number  of  teeth,  including  both 
molars  and  incisors.     The  dental  formula  is  as  follows : — 


T  2-2    p,  0-0 


^•&^^S=1^=2«- 


Tlie  molars  are  rootless.  Lagomys  shares  witli  Lcpus  the  possession 
of  several  of  these  cranial  characters,  but  they  are  much  less  developed. 

In  respect  to  the  general  skeleton,  besides  the  elongated  hind  legs  and 
feet,  the  Hares  have  the  acromion-process  of  the  scapula  provided  with  a 
spine  (metacromion)  directed  posteriorly  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the 
scapula.  The  vertebral  processes  are  generally  long  and  slender,  the  thoracic 
vertebrae  being  provided  with  "  remarkably  long,  single,  compressed,  median 
liypajiophyscs",  not  usually  present  in  the  other  Itodentia. 

Genus  LEPUS  Liun. 

Lepm  LiSN.,  8}Ht.  Nat. 

llijirolaijuH  UiUY,  Ann.  &■  Mug.  Nat.  lIiBt.,  3(1  Bcr.,  xx,  SSI,  1807. 
Hi/lcilagus  Guay,  ibid,,  'iil. 
fMagoH  GiiAY,  ibid.,  222. 
Lfput  Gray,  iIiid.,2SS. 
Taped  Gbay,  ibid.,  824. 
C'unic'iiiua  Gray  {nee  Wagler),  ibid.,  225. 

Onjotoiagna  Lilueooiio,  Fnnua  Bfvcr  Sveriges  och  NorgcB,  417, 1873.    Typo  L.  cuMcuUt  Linn.;  hcnoe 
=  Cunioithii  Grny. 

The  characters  of  the  genus  have  been  sufficiently  indicated  in  the 
preceding  description  of  the  family. 


;  I 


LEPOUIU-di— ANALYSES  OP  SPECIES  AND  FAMILIES.  283 

Analtjsis  of  tlie  species  and  varieties. 

I.  Skull  much  arched  abuve ;  breutl'h  one  half  tlic  length ;  ponlorbitnl  pro- 
cesses distinct,  not  soldered  with  tlie  skull ;  nusalw  of  medium 
length,  their  length  equal  to  about  four-fifths  of  tiie  widtii  of  tiie 
skull. 

A.  Ilind  feet  longer  than  iho  head.  Size  large.  Pustorbital  processes 
divergent,  not  in  contact  with  the  skull  posteriorly.  Pelage 
white  in  winter. 

a.  Size  large.     Nasals  about  as  wide  in  front  as  behind. 

1.  Ears  rather  shorter  than  the  head.     Pelage  dusky  yellowish-gray 

in  summer,  pure  white  to  the  roots  in  winter.  Tail  short,  black 
above  in  summer.     Size  very  large timidus  var.  articus. 

2.  Ears  much  longer  than  the  head.     Pelage  pale  yellowish-gray  in 

summer;  in  winter,  white  at  the  surface  and  base  and  reddish 
in  the  middle.  Tail  long,  white  on  both  surfaces.  Size 
smaller camjwstris. 

b.  Size  medium.     Nasals  considerably  narrower  in  front  than  behind. 

3.  Ears  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  head americanus. 

3a.  Pelage  in  summer  pale  cinnamon-brown ;  in  winter,  white  at 
the  surface  and  plumbeous  at  base,  with  a  narrmo  middle  band 
of  reddish-brown var.  americanus. 

5b.  Pelage  in  summer  cinnamon-brown ;  in  winter,  white  at  the 
surface  and  plumbeous  at  base,  with  a  broad  middle  band  of 
reddish-brown,  which  shows  through  the  white  of  the  surface, 
the  white  being  often  a  mere  surface-wasli.  Fully  as  large,  or 
rather  larger,  than  var.  americanus. .  '. var.  virginianus. 

3c.  Pelage  redder  in  summer  and  whiter  in  winter  than  in  the  last, 
and  size  smaller var.  Washingtoni. 

3d.  Size  of  the  last,  with  the  pelage  more  dusky  and  with  generally 
little  or  no  rufous  in  summer,  and  in  winter  nearly  or  wholly 
pure  white  to  the  base,  the  middle  reddish  band  being  com- 
monly almost  obsolete  . . « v . y -vwu* i.;» ... i var.  Bairdii. 


284  MONOOUAPnS  of  KOUTU  AMEUICAN  llODENTIA. 

li.  niiul  feet  not  longer  tlinn  tlie  liend.  Size  small.  Poslorbitul  proceHPes 
convergent,  frequently  (in  old  opeeiniens)  in  contact  with  the 
sUiill  postc  •iorly,  but  only  rnrely  nnchylosed  with  it.  I'clngo 
never  wliitc. 

4.  Gray  above,  varied  with  black,  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  liglit 

yellowish-brown  ;  under  parts  white sylvaticun. 

4a.  Above  yellowish-brown,  with  a  tinge  of  reddish,  var.  sylvaticus. 
Ah.  Paler,  rather  smaller,  with  slightly  larger  ears,  and  rather  stouter 

lower  jaw    , var.  Nuttalli. 

Ac.  Color  nearly  as  in  vor.  sylvaticus;  ears  rather  longer  and  more 

distinctly  black-tipped var.  Auduboni, 

Ad.  Like  var.  Nuttalli,  but   paler,  and  with  considerably  longer 

cars var.  arizonie. 

5.  Smaller  than  sylvaticus,  with  the  postorbital  process  scarcely  touching 

the  skull  jwatcriorly.    Colors  generally  more  finely  blended,  and 

darker.    Tail  very  short,  almost  rudimentary Trowbridgei. 

G.  Above  gray,  varied  with  black  and  pale  yellow.  Size  of  Trow- 
bridgei, with  Ihe  colors  and  sparsely-clolhed  feet  ui  palustris. 
Tail  very  short,  yellowish-brown  below brasiliensis. 

7.  Size  of  sylcaticus,  with  the  coloration  much  as  in  brasiliensis.    Tail 

white  below.  Feet  sparsely  haired,  as  in  L.  palustris. .  Graysoni. 
II.  Skull  less  convex  above ;  breadth  considerably  less  than  half  the  length  ; 
lengtli  of  nasals  more  than  four-fifths  the  width  of  the  skull. 
Ears  and  hind  feet  longer  than  the  head.  Postorbital  processes 
convergent,  touching  the  cranium  behind.  Pelage  never  white. 
Tail  long,  black  above,  this  color  extending  forward  on  the 
rump. 

A.  Lower  jaw  large,  massive. 

8.  Above  pale  yellowish-gray,  varied  with  black ;  below  white,  more 

or  less  tinged  with  fulvous callotli. 

'   '  8o.  Pale  yellowish-gray  above,  varied  with  black;   below  white, 

I   '  tinged  with  fulvous var.  callotis. 

'  '  '■  ■        86.  More  suffused  with  pale  rufous  throughout,  with  rather  longer 

ears var.  texensis. 

B.  Lower  jaw  disproportionably  small,  relatively  smaller  Ihan  that  of  any 

other  Anierican  species  of  Lepus. 

9.  Somewhat  smaller  ihawcalbtis,  and  more  rufous  above.  .cal{/brnicus. 


LEPORIDiE— CRANIAL  CUARACTEU9. 


285 


III.  Postorbital  process  ancbylosed  with  the  skull.    Hind  foot  short.    Pchigc 
never  white. 

A.  Width  of  the  skull  half  of  the  length. 

10.  Size  medium.     Tail  long paluslm. 

B.  Width  of  the  skull  considerably  lees  than  half  the  length. 

11.  Size  large.    T-U  short aquaticus. 

Tadlb  lll.—SKowing  tkt  ratio  of  the  width  and  other  meaiurem(nlto/  the  ikuU  to  the  length. 


1 

1 

Spcolo. 

* 

1 

\ 

i 

\ 

1 

5 

1 

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u 

■9  n 

1 

! 

i 

i 

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i 

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Lxpnatlmldui  vir.aroticua 

0.M 

a  43 

o.aa 

a9s 

0.33 

0.44 

0.19 

0.10 

0.73 

0,90 

Varluus  localitica. 

Lepiu amerlcanut  var. 
tmoricMnua. 

0.90 

a  41 

a  SI 

a  IS 

0.30 

0.40 

0.10 

0.19 

a  71 

0.47 

New  York  and  Penn- 
Bylranla. 

14 

do 

0.10 

0  41 

0.91 

018 

0.31 

0.41 

0.19 

0.19 

070 

a  47 

Oxford  Count;.  Mains. 

911 

do 

0.9O 

0.40 

0.99 

018 

0.33 

0.41 

0.19 

019 

0.70 

a  47 

BrlUab  roaaaaalona. 

Lapaa  amarloanua  var. 

0.90 

0.3B 

0.91 

0.18 

a30 

0.40 

0.19 

0.14 

0.68 

a  47 

Waahlngton  Territory. 

WaablDctooL 

1 

Lapua  UniidQa 

a49 

0.49 

0.84 

0  94 

0.39 

a  49 

0.18 

0.14 

067 

0.46 

Bavaria. 

Lopna  Tariabtlta 

0.91 

0.38 

0.99 

0.91 

a39 

0.44 

a  IS 

o.t« 

a79 

0  98 

Sweden. 

0.40 

0.47 

0. 18 

0.17 

0  31 

0.44 

0. 17 

0. 14 

0  00 

0  47 

Upton,  Oirord  Connly, 
Maine  (domcatic). 

Lapua  cAllotIa 

0.49 

0.49 

a  91 

a90 

0.39 

0  49 

0.17 

0.14 

0  711 

a  47 

Varlona  localltlea. 

n 

Lcpaa  oaliroroioua 

0.4T 

0.41 

U.S1 

0.18 

0.39 

0.41 

0.17 

0.14 

0.08 

0.38 

California    and  I,ower 

Caltfornla. 

do 

0.40 

0.41 

0.99 

0.90 

0.38 

0.41 

0.10 

0.14 

0.08 

0.39 

Vicinity  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, CaL 

10 

do 

0.49 

0.41 

0.90 

0.  in 

0.31 

0.39 

a  10 

0.14 

0.60 

0.39 

Cape  San  Lnoaa,  Lower 
Califunita. 

19 

Lapoa  caiupcatrla 

aso 

a  48 

a  84 

0.93 

0.33 

0.49 

a  10 

0.19 

0  68 

0.49 

Varioua  lootllUes. 

as 

Lepoa  aylTatlooa  var.  ayl- 
vatloua. 

A90 

0.43 

0.81 

0.17 

a38 

0.43 

0.10 

0.19 

aeo 

a  46 

....do. 

do 

0.90 

0.43 

0.99 

a  18 

0.39 

0.43 

0.  IS 

0.10 

O.CB 

0.46 

Waahington,  D.  0. 

do 

0.49 

a  43 

0.91 

017 

0.39 

0.43 

0.18 

0.19 

0.69 

0.46 

Ueorgia. 

IS 

Lopna  ayWatlona  rar.  arte- 
mlaia. 

O.SO 

0.43 

0.90 

a  18 

0.33 

0.43 

0.1S 

0.14 

0  79 

0.49 

Varioua  localitica. 

do 

ago 

0.4a 

0.90 

0.18 

0.39 

0.43 

0.18 

0.14 

0  70 

0.40 

Tcxaa. 

do 

0.91 

0.43 

0.90 

0.18 

0.33 

0  49 

0.18 

0.14 

0.70 

0.4S 

Deer  Creek,  Nebraaka. 

10 

Lepna  Trowbridgai 

a90 

0.43 

0.10 

0.16 

0.31 

0.40 

0.18 

P.  14 

0.6S 

0.49 

Varlona  localitica. 

do 

U.91 

0.44 

0.10 

0.17 

0.39 

0.49 

O.IS 

a  14 

0.69 

0.49 

Vicinity  of  Son  Fran- 
oiaco,  Cal, 

do 

0.91 

U.41 

U.li) 

0.17 

0.31 

0.39 

0.18 

a  16 

a69 

0.49 

Capo  Sau  Lucaa,  Lower 
California. 

11 

0  91 

0.40 

0  18 

C  90 

0  31 

0  49 

0.90 

ft.  19 

0  74 

0.  90 

Gourf^lA. 

Lupua  aquaticoa 

0.4A 

0.43 

0.1" 

I.  18 

0.39 

0  44 

0  IS 

0  13 

0.73 

0  48 

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MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


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288  MONOGRAPHS  OP  KORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

LEPUS  TIMIDUS  Linn. 

Polar  Hare. 

Vsr.  TIMIDUS.      '      ■ 

lepus  limiiaa  Linn,,  Syst.  Nat.,  lOtli  ed.,  i,  1758,  57;  12th  ed.,  176C,  — ;  Faun.  8ueo.,iW  ed.,  1761,  9  'Keo 
L.  (imtJus  Omkun,  Syat.  Nat.,  1788,  i,  160,  and  moat  subseqaent  authors,  which  U  L. 
eunpmta  Pallas,  Nov.  Sp.  Olires,  1778,  30.)— Erxleben,  Syat.  Keg.  Anim.,  1777,  389.— TiiCN- 
BERG,  Beakr.  p&  Svenake  Djr.,  1798,  38.— Retzius,  Faun.  Sueo.,  i,  1800,  31.— L'  lljeboro, 
Kongl.  Vetenak.  Akad.  i  Stookh.  Hand!.,  1850  [1851],  26 ;  Fauna  ofver  Sveriges  och  Norges 
Ryggrads^ur,  1873,  418.—"  Holhorbn,  Skandin.  Diigg.,  1865,  -.WO." 

Lefua  timidua  var.  p.  Jenyns,  Brit.  Vert.  An.,  1835,  35. 

Lepud  rariabilii  Pallas,  Nov.  Sp.  Glirea,  1778,  1,  30;  Zoog.  Koaso-Aaiat.,  i,  1811,  145.— Zimmkrhann, 
Geog.  Oeaoh.,  ii,  1780,  235.— Omelin,  Syat.  Nat.,  i,  1788, 161.— Schreber,  Stiuget.,  iv,  1792, 
8a5,  pi.  coxxxv,  A,  B.— SHAW,  Gen.  Zool.,  ii,  1801,  SOI.— Desuarest,  Mammal.,  1820,  349.— 
Flemhino,  Bri^.  An.,  1828,  22.- Fischer,  Syn.  Ham.,  1829,  372.— Nilsson,  Skand.  Fann., 
1832,  22.- Keysbrlino  &  Blasius,  Wirbelth.  Europa'e,  1840,  31.— Waonbr,  Schreber'a 
SUugot.,  auppl.,  iv,  1844,  79.— Bell,  Brit.  Qnad.,  1847,  343.— Wateriiouse,  Nat.  Hiat.  Mam., 
ii,  1848,  51.— HiDDENDORF,  Bull.  Acad.  Pfitersb.,  iz,  1851,  226.— Oikdel,  Saoget.,  1856,  446.— 
ScilRENCK,  Reiaen  in  Amnrland,  1858. 

Lepiia  albua  Brisson,  Reg.  An.,  1756, 139.— Jenyns,  Brit.  Vert  Anim,,  1835,  35. 

L<pun  borealia  Nilsson,  Vet.  Akad.  6fvora.,  1847,  133;  Skand.  Faun.,  1847,  440. 

Lepiia  canencem  Nilsson,  Vet.  Akad.  dfvora.,  1847, 133 ;  Skand.  F^kan.,  1847,  429. 

Lepiu  hibernicm  Bell,  Brit.  Quad,,  1837,  341.— Thompson,  Trans.  Roy.  Irish  Acad.,  zviii,  ill,  1838,  — . 

Var.  ARCTICC8. 

Lepiia  timidua  Fadricius,  Faun,  Groenl,,  25,  1780. 

Lqim  arcticua  Leach,  Roaa'a  Voyage,  8vo.  ed.  ii,  1819,  app.,  151. — Gray,  Ann.  and  Hag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  sor., 
XX,  1867,  224. 

Lepua  glacialia  Leacii,  Rosa's  Voyage,  8vo.  ed.  ii,  1819,  app.,  iv,  170.— Sabine,  Narr.  Franklin's  Jonmey,  1823, 
app,,  664 ;  Parry'a  First  Voy:»ge,  auppl,,  1824, 187.— Richardson,  Parry'a  Second  Voyage, 
1825,  app,,  337;  Faun.  Bor,-Am.,  i,  1829,  221;  Back's  Arct,  Land  Exped.,  1836,  app.,  497.— 
Harlan,  Faun.  Am.,  1825, 194.— Godman,  Am.  Nat.  Hiat.,  ii,  1826, 162.— H.  SMrrii,  Griffith's 
Cuvicr'a  An.  King.,  v,  1827,  265.— Fischer,  Synop.  Mam.,  1829,  373.— J.  C.  Ross,  Rosa's 
Second  Voyage,  1825,  app.,  xv;  Ross'a  Third  Voyage,  1826,  app.,  93. — Uachman,  Jonrn. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vii,  1837,  285,  pi.  xxi ;  viii,  1839, 76.— Wagner,  Schreber'a  Siinget.,  iv, 
pi.  ccxxxv,  D ;  Snppl.  Schreber'a  SUugot.,  iv,  1844, 101.— Watehuouse,  Nat.  Hist.  Ham.,  ii, 
1848,  102.— AuD.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,  i,  1849,  242,  pi.  xxxii.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am., 
1857,  577,  pi,  Ivi,  flg,  1  (aknll).— Hurbay,  Geog,  Diatr.Mam.,  1666, 253.— Bbown,  Proo.  ZoCI. 
Soc.  Lond.,  1868,  351. 

Winter  pelage  pure  white,  except  the  tips  of  the  ears,  which  are  black. 
The  whiteness  extends  to  the  base  of  the  fur.  Summer  pelage  above  light 
yellow-brownish  gray,  varied  with  black;  below  white,  washed  with  plum- 
beous, daikest  on  the  breast.  Ears  black,  varied  with  yellowish-gray  at  the 
base,  and  bordered  posteriorly  with  white.  Rump  and  upper  surface  of  the 
tail  sooty-plutnbeous.  Under  fur  whitish  at  base,  succeeded  by  a  faint  tinge 
of  fulvous.  Hairs  black,  with  a  subterminal  broad  bar  of  yellowish-gray, 
and  tipped  with  black.  Ears  rather  shorter  tlian  the  head ;  hind  feet  much 
longer  than  the  head.  Length,  22  to  2G  inches;  hind  foot,  6  inches;  ear, 
4  inches ;  weight,  7  to  1 1  pounds. 


i  i: 


LEPORID.33— LEPUS  TIMIDU8. 


289 


I  am  unable  to  find  any  characters,  either  in  the  skulls  or  skins,  by 
which  L.  "  glacialis "  auct.  can  be  distinguished  from  the  L.  "  variabilis " 
auct.  (=  L.  timidus  Linn.,  1766),  and  I  find  that  a  similar  difficulty  has  been 
encountered  by  other  authors.  Brown  says,  "  It  is  difficult  (indeed  almost 
impossible)  to  give  characters  whereby  this  species  can  be  separated  from 
the  Lepus  variabilis  of  Europe  when  the  former  is  in  its  summer  dress  ;  and 
the  skull  presents  equal  difficulties.  I  have,  however,  preferred  io  look  upon 
it  as  nominally  distinct,  though  I  really  believe  that  it  is  only  a  climatic 
variety  of  L.  variabilis,  Pallas."  *  Lilljeborg  also  quotes  Blasius  as  finding  no 
difference  of  importance  between  L  '^glacialis"  and  L.  variabilii,  either  in 
skins  or  skulls-f 

The  earlier  writers  considered  them  identical,  and  in  their  accounts  of 
L.  varicl'lis  usually  spoke  of  it  as  inhabiting  Greenland  and  the  arctic  por- 
tions of  America  as  well  as  the  northern  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

The  American  animal  wds  first  regarded  as  specifically  distinct  from  tlie 
European  by  Dr.  Leach,  in  1819,  when  he  distinguisiied  the  Amnricin  form 
first  as  L.  arcticus,  and  later  in  the  same  work  as  L.  glacialis.  His  specimens 
were  from  the  shores  of  Baffin's  Bay  In  1824,  Captain  Sabine  (Appendix  to 
Captain  Parry's  First  Voyage)  gave  a  detailed  enumeration  of  its  supposed 
distinctive  characters,  he  believing  the  American  tbrm  to  be  the  larger,  with 
proportionally  longer  ears,  and  the  incisors  more  curved  than  in  the  European. 
These  alleged  differences,  however,  are  such  as  disappear  in  the  comparison 
of  large  series  oF  each,  being  either  simply  individual  peculiarities  or  differ- 
ences due  to  the  latitude  of  the  lociility.  In  accordance  wiv.  1i;c  well  estab- 
lished law  of  variation  in  size  <vith  local Ity  (viz.,  decrease  in  size  with 
decrease  of  latitude),  specimens  from  the  far  north  are  couftiderably  larger 
than  those  from  more  southern  localities  fience  American  specimens  from 
the  arctic  regions  are  much  larger  than  specimens  from  the  Scottish  High- 
lands or  from  Southern  Scandinavia,  as  well  as  much  larger  than  Newfound- 
land specimens.  On  the  other  hand,  specimens  from  Lapland  are  as  large  as 
those  from  Greenland  and  the  arctic  shores  of  America,  while  the  Scottish 
and  Scandinavian  specimens  scarcely  differ  in  size  from  those  from  New- 
foundland and  the  shores  of  the  Great  Slave  Lake. 

The  actual  differences  between  the  European  and  American  forms, 
judging  from  tlie  limited  material  before  me,  seem,  as  already  stated,  to  be 


■  Brown  (R.),  Proo.  Zo«l.  Goc.  Luud.,  1S68,   3D1. 
19  M 


tFauD.  Sver.  oob  Norgea,  i,  438. 


'H:'i; 


• 


;:  11 


■  I 
•  ( 


m 


ji: 


iiii 


^  ilil 


1 1 


b'i  ; 


290 


MOKOGRAPHS  OF  KORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


by  no  means  very  tangible,  consisting  mainly  in  slight  differences  in  the  color 
of  the  summer  pelage,  the  American  form  being  rather  darker  and  less 
fulvous.  The  ears  also  appear  to  be  rather  longer.  The  specimens  before 
me  arc  too  few  to  render  it  safe  to  predicate  that  these  differences  are  con- 
stant and  distinctive ;  but  as  they  accord  with  the  general  law  of  the  darker 
tints  of  the  closely-allied  American  representatives  of  European  forms,  the 
L.  "  g/acialis"  of  authors  may  be  provisionally  regarded  as  a  varietal  form  of 
L.  timidus* 

As  is  the  case  in  tiie  Ermines  and  other  animals  that  assume  a  white 
livery  in  winter,  the  change  is  more  complete  in  the  extreme  northern  repre- 
sentatives of  the  species  than  in  the  extreme  southern  ones.  In  Newfound- 
land, Ireland.t  the  Scottish  Highlands,  and  in  Southern  Scandinavia,  the 
change  is  often  incomplete.  Although  authors  almost  universally  describe 
the  winter  pelage  as  white  to  the  base,  it  is  well  known  that  the  Lepus  /liber- 
nicuH  Bell  was  based  on  specimens  from  Ireland  that  remained  brown  in 
winter,  and  Nilsson's  variety  canescem  (L.  variabilis  var.  canescens  Nilss.)  of 
Sweden  was  based  merely  on  southern  specimens,  in  which  the  change  to 
white  in  winter  is  only  partial.  In  the  Scottish  and  Scandinavian  specimens 
before  me,  I  observe  the  following  stages  of  gradation  in  respect  to  the 
winter  pelage.  In  only  one  or  two  is  the  whiteness  of  the  under  fur  of  that 
snowy  purity  seen  in  the  specimens  from  Greenland,  Labrador,  and 
Arctic  America,  there  being  in  nearly  all  a  faint  shade  of  brown.  In  some, 
it  is  so  pale  as  to  be  scarcely  appreciable ;  in  others,  quite  strong.  In  the 
latter,  a  few  black  hairs  are  intermixed  in  the  dorsal  surface,  which  in  some 
cases  form  quite  a  strongly-marked  grayish  area  on  the  middle  of  the  back. 
The  specimens  alluded  to  above  vary  as  follows : — 

No.  1737  (Coll.  M.  C.  Z.),  Sweden. — Pelage  pure  white  to  its  base; 
front  of  ears  pale  grayish-brown. 

No.  1776  (M.  C.  Z.),  Sweden. — White,  with  a  slight  mixture  of  long 
black  hairs  on  the  back,  and  a  faint  brownish  tinge  below  the  surface;  front 
of  ears  reddish-brown. 

No.  1777  (M.  C.  Z),  Sweden. — A  few  black  hairs  in  tiie  dorsal  surface, 
most  numerous  on  the  middle  of  the  back,  where  they  form  a  large  grayish 

*  A8  shown  by  tUu  above-cited  synouyinB,  the  name  timidut  of  LiuuoiUB  has  priority  over  variaWii 
of  Piillas. 

t "  The  Irish  Hare  only  occasionally  becomes  white  in  winter".— (Watkhhouse,  Nat.  Hist.  Ham., 
ii.64.) 


LEPOllIDJB— LEPUS  TIMIDUS. 


291 


area.  Fur  below  the  surface  faintly  shaded  with  brown  ;  ears  pale  brown 
in  front,  washed  with  whitish. 

No.  409  (Coll.  S.  I.),  Sweden  (Helsingland),  January  29, 1847,  9  (name 
on  label  "  Lepus  variabilis  Pall.,  var.  borealia  Nilss."). — White,  with  a  few 
black  hairs  intormixed,  and  a  faint  shade  of  brown  below  the  surface. 

No.  772  (S.  I.),  north  of  Scotland,  January,  1855. — Middle  portion  of 
the  under-fur  slightly  tinged  with  yellowish-brown.  Anterior  surface  of  ears 
yellowish  gray-brown. 

No.  ?77  (8.  I.),  north  of  Scotland,  January,  1S55. — Middle  portion  of 
fur  of  upper  parts  strongly  tinged  with  yellowish-brown.  Many  black  hairs 
in  the  dorsal  surface,  giving  a  rather  strong  dusky-grayish  tint  to  the  whole 
dorsal  area,  including  the  top  of  the  head.  Anterior  face  of  ears  black, 
washed  with  yellowish-brown.  Many  reddish-brown  and  dusky  hairs  on  the 
feet,  especially  on  the  fore  feet. 

No.  411  (S.  I.),  Sweden,  March,  1846,  ad.  i  (name  on  label  "  Lejjus 
variabilis  Pall,  var.  canescens  Nilss."). — General  color  of  the  upper  surface 
reddish-gray ;  under  fur  plumbeous  at  base,  then  pale  yellowish-brown. 
Hairs  white,  many  of  them  black-tipped. 

In  Nos.  1587  and  6181  (S.  I.),  winter  specimens  from  Newfoundland, 
1030  (S.  I.),  from  Greenland,  and  6»61  and  G962  (S.  I.),  from  Fort  Rae, 
north  shore  of  Great  Slave  Lake,  the  fur  is  pure  white  to  the  base.  The 
black  spot  at  the  tip  of  the  ear  varies  greatly  in  extent  in  different  speci- 
mens, in  some  being  reduced  almost  to  obsolescence. 

While  at  southern  localities  the  winter  pelage  is  more  or  less  mixed 
with  brown,  on  the  other  hand  the  animal  frequently  remains  permanently 
white  at  extreme  northern  localities,  as  in  Greenland  (Fabricius)  and  Siberia 
(Gmelin).  Sabine  states,  "  In  some  of  the  full-grown  specimens  killed 
[on  Melville  Island]  in  the  height  of  summer,  the  hair  of  the  back  and  sides 
was  of  a  grayish-brown  towards  the  points,  but  the  mass  of  the  fur  still 
remained  white."*  A  specimen  before  me  (No.  3284,  Coll.  S.  I.),  from 
Arekamchichi  Island,  Bering's  Straits,  presents  exactly  this  appearance, 
although  evidently  an  adult  summer  specimen. 

In  young  specimens,  apparently  but  a  few  weeks  old,  the  under  fur  is 
plumbeous  at  base,  then  pale  grayish-fulvons.  The  hairs  are  subterminally 
tinged  with  whitish  and  narrowly   tipped  with  black.      A  specimeii  from 

•Parry's  [First]  VoyuKe,  Buppl.,  137. 


I  i 


tf 


;>':s 


If, 


292 


MONOGKAPUS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


Arctic  America  (No.  4583,  S.  I.)  is  intermediate  in  color  between  two  others 
(Nos.  1779,  M.  C.  Z.,  and  410,  S.  I.),  from  Sweden,  except  that  in  the 
former  tlie  feet  are  white,  and  in  the  latter  of  the  same  color  as  the  body. 

The  subjoined  tables  of  measurements,  taken  partly  from  specimens  and 
partly  compiled  from  authors,  indicate  a  considerable  range  of  both  individual 
and  geographical  variation.  The  three  skulls  of  L.  timidus  are  from  the 
extreme  southern  limit  of  the  habitat  of  the  species  in  Europe  (excepting 
the  mountains  of  Central  Europe),  and  correspond  both  in  size  and  projwr- 
tions  with  the  skull  of  L.  arcticus  from  Newfoundland,  the  southern  limit  of 
the  habitat  of  the  latter.  The  Fort  Anderson  specimen  is  also  but  slightly 
larger  than  the  one  from  Newfoundland.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Greenland, 
Melville  Island,  and  Plover  Bay  specimens  are  very  much  larger,  while 
the  Yukon  River  specimens  are  intermediate,  as  are  the  geographical 
positions  of  the  localities,  tiic  whole  together  forming  an  intergrading  series. 
Between  the  largest  (from  Melville  Island),  with  a  length  of  4.30  and  a 
width  of  2.08,  and  the  smallest  (from  Newfoundland  and  Fort  Rae),  with 
a  length  of  3.55  and  a  width  of  1.75,  the  difference  is  very  considerable, 
and,  without  the  intermediate  specimens,  might  be  regarded  as  indicating 
specific  distinction. 

The  table  of  measurements  of  the  animal  are  not  wholly  satisfactory, 
probably  having  all  been  made  from  skins;  but  doubtless  furnish  trustworthy 
data  for  the  comparison  of  the  two  forms,  the  character  of  the  material  being 
the  same  for  each.  The  variation  in  size  in  var.  timidus  ranges  from  17  to 
25.50  inches  for  the  length  of  the  body,  and  in  var.  arcticus  from  22  to  26 
inches.  The  single  Lapland  specimen  of  var.  timidus  corresponds  very  nearly 
in  size  with  the  Greenland,  Baffin's  Bay,  Labrador,  and  Bering's  Straits 
specimens  of  var.  arcticus,  while  the  Swedish  and  Scottish  specimens  are  very 
near  the  size  of  the  Newfoundland  specimens.  The  ear  appears  to  average 
rather  larger  in  the  var.  arcticus  series,  but  in  no  other  respect  are  there  any 
essential  differences  in  proportions. 

The  L  timidus  var.  arcticus  differs  but  little  in  its  general  proportions 
from  L.  americanus,  but  it  is  at  once  readily  distinguishable  by  its  much 
larger  size.  It  also  differs  in  the  color  of  its  winter  pelage,  that  of  L.  ame- 
ricanus being  plumbeous  at  liasc,  then  yellowish-brown,  with  only  the  surface 
white,  while  in  glacialis  tlie  pelage  is  white  to  the  base.  It  further  differs 
from  L.  americanus  in  the  proportions  of  the  skull  and  in  the  form  of  the 


LBPORID^— LEPUS  TIMIDUS. 


293 


nasal  bones,  which  are  about  as  wide  anteriorly  as  posteriorly,  while  in  L. 
americanus  they  are  considerably  narrowed  anteriorly.  Wliile  it  is  about  the 
size  of  L.  cmnpestrus,  it  is  distinguished  from  that  species  by  its  much  shorter 
ears  and  tail  and  shorter  limbs,  its  very  different  color  in  summer,  and  in 
the  much  greater  whiteness  of  its  winter  coat,  the  winter  pelage  of  L.  cam- 
pestris  being  brown  beneath  the  surface,  with  usually  a  broad  grayish-brown 
area  on  the  middle  of  the  back.  From  all  the  other  American  species  it  is 
'too  distinct  to  require  comparison  with  them. 

Geogbaphical  distribution. — The  L.  timidus  (var.  timidus)  presents 
the  rather  unusual  phenomenon  among  mammals  of  being  found  at  isolated 
localities  distant  from  its  main  range,  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the  occur- 
rence of  arctic  species  in  alpine  regions  far  to  the  southward  of  the  soutliern 
limit  of  the  habitat  of  the  same  species  in  the  lowlands ;  a  law,  however, 
ofVen  illustrated  in  the  distribution  of  plants,  birds,  and  insects.  The  var. 
timidus  hence  occurs  in  Ireland  and  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  extending  as 
far  south  as  Cumberland  ;  in  the  Swiss,  Bavarian,  and  Tyrolese  Alps ;  and  in 
the  Pyrenean  and  Caucasian  Mountains  ;  in  the  lower  lands  in  Sweden  and 
Norway;  throughout  Middle  and  Northern  European  Russia,  Siberia,  and 
thence  northward  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Sea.  The  var.  arcticus  occurs 
as  far  southward  as  Newfoundland,  where  it  reaches  its  southern  limit  of  dis- 
tribution on  the  Atlantic  coast  It  is  found  in  Labrador,  and  occurs  in  the 
interior  as  far  south  as  Fort  Churchill  on  the  western  shore  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
the  northern  shore  of  Great  Slave  Lake,  and  the  Upper  Yukon  Valley,  and 
inhabi  s  the  Barren  Grounds  northward  to  the  Arctic  coast.  Although 
supposed  by  Dr.  Bach  man  to  occur  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Northern  Maine,  I 
can  find  no  evidence  that  such  is  the  case.  Its  absence  from  Nova  Scotia, 
on  the  contrary,  is  well  authenticated.  It  hence  meets,  and  to  some  extent 
overlaps,  the  habitat  of  L.  americanus.  According  to  Dr.  Richardson  and 
other  northern  explorers,  it  does  not  frequent  the  thick  woods,  but  is  often 
seen  near  the  thin  clumps  of  spruce-fir  that  border  the  Barren  Grounds,  the 
L.  americanus  being,  on  the  contrary,  a  woodland  species. 


4 

^1 


294 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


Table  VI.— J/ea»urCTBeii(»  of  skuUa  of  Lepus  timidus  rar.  timidus. 


'  I  ■  !■ 


ill 

I   I    -^ 

')■  ''i 

'    i*  ;■  '»'.' 

r't 

w 

1 
1 

s 

a 

1 

i| 

1 

i 
^1 

.a 

M 

o 

::::: 

Lockliv. 

1 

1 

s 

1 

t 

s 

1 

•a 

1.35 
1.33 
1.3'i 

■3 
3 

i 
i 

1 

0.71 
0.73 
0.73 

1  iS 

li 

1.13 
1.06 
1.10 

1  = 

If 
il 

O.  J! 

1 
1 

a 

Is 

|1 

1 

It 

b 

1 

1 

fit 

,3 

■ft 

I 

i 

Bemarka. 

LoDdoD  market 

...do 

Sveden 

rf 

3.M 
3.43 
3.43 

1.80 
1.15 

0.«3 
0.<3 
0.«7 

..  do. 

1.90 

0.41 

0.33 

0.57 

3:  .10 

1.80 

Table  VU.—Meaturementa  of  tkullt  of  Lepus  timiduh  car.  arcticus. 


Jiii! 


a 

i 

i 

i 
■s 

■^ 

£ 

•2 

2 

a 

1^ 

.J 

i 

a 

li 

1 

t 
i 

i 

ft 

7 

LoMlity. 

1 
1 

i 

1 

1 

8 
,1 

} 

1 

* 

i 
1 

1 

3  i 

il 

1 

II 

1 

a  ^ 

1 

1 

■s 

i 

Reinarki. 

H 

a 

0 

tn 

!5 

>^ 

u 

p 

p 

p 

«= 

p 

7130 

3.06 
1.03 
L87 
3:08 
105 

Le3 

1.48 
1.33 
L66 

L63 
L67 
1.36 
1.75 
1.68 

0.90 
0.86 
0.79 
0.04 
O.S' 

LOO 

1.37 
1.37 
1.13 
1.43 
L35 

1.79 

1.71 

L4e 

1.78 

i.es 

0.75 
0.73 
a  67 
0.75 
0.60 

:i  n  1. 71 

3  03  1.80 
3.601.70 
3.31  L83 
3  93  3L13 

From  Wati>rboDBe. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do, 

do 

do 

MclTlUe  IsUi.'l 

3.87 
3.33 
4.30 
4.30 

0.55 

0.83 

Plover  B«y,  Norlheaat- 

em  Siberia. 

7S18 

Nulalo,  Tukon  Biver. . . . 

4.05 

100 

1.70 

0.86 

0.80 

1.33 

i.eo 

0.58 

0.35 

0.73 

0.63 

A  95 

3.00 

8643 
gi30 

4.00 
185 

3.03 
3.00 

L57 

0.83 

0.88 

1.35 
L84 

i.et 

1.60 

3.83305 

do 

0.4« 

0.33 

0.75 

0.03 

6123 

do 

3.90 

.... 

...  I0.73 

1.36 

1.67 

0.3O 

0.35 

O.TJ 

0.60 



7303 

FortRae 

3.85 

L83 



....0.75 
L60  0.eO 

0.80 

1.30 

L67 

0.50 

0.33 

0.70 

0.63 

O.Oi' 



6315 

Fort  Ande'^rn 

1.60 

L75 

0.84 

LI8 

L55 

0.47 

a37 

0.70 

a33 

3.6(^ 

LOS 

8!in 

3.55 

L80 

.... 

1. 43'o.  DO 

0.. 

LIS 

L40 

0.45 

0.35 

a7a 

0.57 

i  SOL  70 

1 

1 


LEPORID.a!— LEPU8  TIMIDU8. 


295 


Table  WllL—Utamrtmrntt  of  Lepuh  timidus  var.  timidus. 


4oe 


1131 

in« 
im 

409 
410 


Locality. 


LapUnd.. 
Inland... 
Bootlaid  . 
....do.... 
...  do.... 
....do.,.. 

...do 

...do...., 
Sweden  .. 
...do.... 
....do.  (I). 
...do.  (t). 
...  do.... 
...do...., 
...  do.... 
...do.... 


From  tip  of  noae  to— 


a.  03 

9.10 


0.83 

a.  00 
mo 

2.03 


a.  13 

S.8S 


lis 

3.IN 


4.80 
4.00 
4.11 
4.33 
4.0O 
4.10 
4.00 


4.  CO 
4.93 


9&S0 
83.00 
93.30 
91.13 
9a  00 
98.00 
19.00 
11.00 
31.00 
81.30 
90  00 
9a  00 
94.00 
l&OO 
83.00 
30.00 


Tail  to  end 
of- 


aoo 

9.00 


1.13 


1.15 

i.eo 


4.93 
LOO 


4.33 
3.30 
3.30 
3.80 
4.  SO 

aso 


3.30 

aso 
aso 
a  13 


LeUKth  of— 


aoo 

3l73 
a  15 

lis 


aoo 
aoo 
aoo 

3.13 
8.13 

:<.io 

8.60 


n 


aoo 

6.00 
6.33 
a33 

aoo 

3.83 
5.50 
3.50 
6.30 

aso 
a63 

560 

aoo 

3.60 
&40 

as5 


m 


a  40 
aao 

3.50 

aso 
a  61 

4.00 

a4o 
a  40 

4.83 
4.50 

aso 

a  IS 

4.00 

aso 

4.00 
4.10 


Remarka. 


From  Waterhoaae. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

From  Rlcbardaou. 

From  .Waterbonae. 


!■.  "  TarUbiUa  Tar.  boivalla." 
L.  "variabllia  var.  eaneaoeoa.* 


Table  lX,—Mt<u»rement>  qf  Lepus  timidus  var.  arcticus. 


^■m 


1 

Locality. 

From  tip  of  noM  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

LeoKtb  of— 

1  ;i 

Remarka. 

s 

1 

1 

g 

k 

1 

1 
1 

Hind  hot. 
Haigbt  of  < 

1030 
3984 

3.30 

...... 

aoo 

35.00 

3a  00 
3a  00 

3a  00 
aaoo 
saoo 

99.50 

8a  ?3 

94.33 
39.50 
MOO 
9a  00 

8a  oo 
3a  00 

9.00 

3.30 

3.15 

&60    a63 
ai3     4.93 
ass     4.93 

aso     413 
aoo     4.33 

aoo   4.00 

aso  !4.so 

al3     4.95 
S.50     4.30 
MS     4.00 
&00     4.00 
aoo     4.15 

a40   aos 

aso  :4.90 

1 

FromBatrd. 
From  Wateibonae. 

From  And.  and  Bach. 

From  Watwhonaa. 

do. 

do. 

From  Watetbonae. 

From  Boird. 
do. 

Ankamjhlohi     laljuid,     Be- 

rtog'aStrtlta. 
I^brador 

k.40 

4.30 

4.50 
135 

4.11 

aso 
4.  so 

1.80 
MS 

3.00 

a6o 

aso 
aoo 

3.50 

aso 

4.00 

a35 

a  13 

aoo 

3.80 
3.15 

9.90 

do           

do              

Bmt  I^ke.  British  Americft 

«g<i 

«069 

Ftort  Buk.  QKftt  SIato  Lake 

do    .                   

4.50 

1.50 
1.15 

aso 
aoo 

4.00 

3181 
333 
Ugt 

N«  vfoundluid 

4.08 
4.50 

do                     

3.50 
3.30 

do    .                   

do 

aoo 

1.00 

4.00 

a  10 

MONOGBAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Taolk  X:—LI»t  of  tpeoimem  of  LK?ua  tiuidus  tar.  TiMiDi'a. 


•1737 
•1776 
•1777 
•ir(9 
408 

409 
410 

411 
771 
778 
1048 


Locality. 


Earope  (Swodenf) 

Sweden 

...do  

...  do.(/) 

...  do 


...do. 
...do. 


....do 

Scottish  Higbluda 

...do  

SwedeD 


WbKii 
collected. 


June  1,1840 


Jul.  99,1817 
Summer.  ... 


Har.  -,  1848 
Jan.  — ,  less 
Jan.  — ,  18SS 


From  whom  received. 


L.  Agauls 

William  Scblmper.... 

do 

do 

Kongl.  STenaka  Akad.. 


do. 
.do. 


.do  . 


SirWIIIUni  Jardlns. 
do 


Skin.. 
Skin  . 
Skin. 
Skin  . 
Skin. 


Skin. 
Skin. 

Skin  . 
Skin. 
Skin  . 
Skull 


Remarka. 


L.  "  variabilia  Fall.  var.  bora- 

alia  Nila." 

do. 

L. ' '  Tariabllls  Pall.  Tar.  eanaa' 

cens  Nllar' 
do. 


*  Fnim  tbo  Uuienm  of  Conparatlre  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Hati. 


Tadlk  X\.—Litt  of  fpeciment  of  I.EPUS  timidl'8  tar,  ahcticuh. 


1 

i 

s 

<S8 

.     Locality. 

When  collected. 

From  whom    re. 
ceived. 

Collected  by. 

■s 

e 

1 

6120 
6123 
7218 
864S 
7203 
0S19 
7130 
2277 
1030 
0961 

6962 
SI8I 
3S3 
1587 
13S« 

Yukon  

SknIL 
SknII. 
SknlL 
SkoIL 
SknII. 
BkulL 
SknlL 
Skull. 
Skin. 
Skin. 

Skin. 
Skin. 
Skin. 
Rkin. 
8kia 

.do 

.... 

ILKeonicoM 

W.H.Dan 

B.  B.Koaa 

RKennieott 

W.B.  DaU 

Fort  Rae 

...do 

W.H.Dall 

J.  it.  Sknea 

W.H.Dall 

Winter 

Darren  Grounds  north  of  Fort  Bao,  Ore  at 
Slave  Lake, 
do 

Wlnter,18S» 

...  do 

B.B.Eosa 

....io  

L.  Clarke 

do 

Winter,  len 

J.E.Wlllla 

J.  O.  Ben. 

do     

Winter 

....do   

J.G.BoU 

do 

J.  U.  Sknea 

J.  Oowne* 

o 

do  

Brit' 


ffl'kS!      I; 


LEPORID^— LBPD8  CAMPBSTRia. 


297 


LEPUS  CAMPESTRIS  Bachman. 
Prairie  Hare. 

Lepiu  vartabilli  Lkwis,  Burton's  Hed.  and  Pbys.  Jonrn.,  ii,  1800, 159.— Godman,  Am.  Nat.  Hist.,  il,  1836, 169. 

£<piia  t'ir;iiii<iNua  vsr.f  HAnLAN,  Faoo.  Aiuer.,  ltS5,  310. 

Zqiiu  virginianti$  RiciiAni>BON,  Faun.  Bor.-Am.,  I,  1H29,  2!24.— PniNCK  Maximilian,  Reifw  in  doa  innere 
Nord-Amer.,  i,  1H39,  508. 

Z^pM  campmtrit  Baciiman,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vli,  1837, 349 ;  viii,  1R39, 80.— WATKRnousE,  Nat. 
Hist.  Mani.,  ii,  1848,  137.— Oiedkl,  SUnRet.,  1865,  449.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1867,  585,  pi. 
Ivi,  fig.  2  (sknll).— Nbwberry,  Paoifio  H.  R.  Ex.  and  Sarv.,  vi,  iv,  1867, 63.- Coofkr,  Pucifio 
R.  R.  Ex.  and  8urr.,  xii,  iii,  1800, 104.— Sucki.ey,  Puciflo  R.  R.  Ex.  and  Rnrv.,  xii,  iii,  1800, 
131.— Maximiuan,  Wiegm.  Arch.,  1861,  Bd.  i,  145.— Hayden,  Trans.  Am.  Pbil.  Hoc.  Pbila.,  xii, 
1802, 148.— Oray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hiat.,  3d  series,  xx,  1867, 284.— Allen,  Bull.  Essex  Insti- 
tute, vi,  1874,  52,  58,  61,  66. 

Leptu  TbWHtendi  Baobman,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Pbila.,  viii,  1839,  90,  pi.  ii ;  Towoaond's  Narrative, 
1839,  335.— AUD.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,  i,  1849,  25,  pi.  iii.-CooPER,  Am.  Nat.,  ii,  1668,516. 

In  winter,  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellowish-brown  on  the  middle 
of  the  back ;  top  of  the  head  and  anterior  surface  of  the  ears  pale  yellowish- 
brown,  varying  to  whitish;  ears  tipped  with  black.  Under  fur  white  at  the 
base,  passing  through  pale  yellowish-brown  to  deep  reddish-brown.  The 
hairs  of  the  back  white  at  the  tip,  with  a  subterminal  band  of  brown,  varying 
in  different  specimens  from  yellowish-brown  to  dark  reddish-fuscous. 

In  summer,  entire  upper  parts,  breast,  anterior  surface  of  the  ears,  and 
the  legs  pale  yellowish-gray,  this  color  gradually  passing  into  white  on  the 
sides.  Fur  of  the  under  parts,  excepting  the  breast,  pure  white  to  the  roots. 
Nape  and  lower  two-thirds  of  the  ears  white ;  upper  third  of  the  ears  brown- 
ish-black. Fringes  of  the  ears  creamy-brown,  bordered  with  white.  Sides 
and  ends  of  the  muzzle  yellowish-brown.  Tail  white  on  both  surfaces,  with 
occasionally  a  faint,  median,  ashy  line  above.  Occasionally,  a  small  oval  spot 
of  white  on  the  middle  of  the  forehead.  The  under  fur  of  the  upper  surface 
in  summer  varies  in  different  specimens  from  whitish-gray  to  grayish-plumbe- 
ous at  base,  then  pale  fulvous,  passing  into  black.  The  hairs  are  generally 
black  at  the  extreme  tip,  with  a  broad  subterminal  bar  of  pale  yellowish-gray ; 
below,  the  black  bar  passes  gradually  into  whitish  at  the  base.  A  few  hairs 
entirely  black  are  generally  intermixed.  The  tail  is  very  long,  equaling  the 
length  of  the  head.  Ears  very  long,  about  one-fourth  longer  than  the  head. 
Hind  feet  rather  longer  than  the  ears.  Length  of  the  body,  19  tu  23  inches ; 
of  the  tarsus,  5.50  to  6  inches;  of  the  ear,  4.'75  to  nearly  6  inches. 

Of  some  fifteen  specimens  before  me  in  winter  pelage,  not  more  than  one 
in  five  has  the  whole  dorsal  surface  pure  white.  The  reddish-brown  subter- 
minal zone  shows  through  the  white  tips  of  the  hairs  more  or  less  in  nearly  all 


!t) 


f . 


ni 


298 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NOUTII  AMEUIUAN  RODEDTIA. 


tlic  spccimciiH,  wliile  tlicro  is  generully  a  vvell-mnrked  brownish  nren  on  tlic  mid- 
dle of  tlin  Imcit,  wiiicli  varies  in  tint  from  pale  yellowish-brown  to  dark  reddish- 
brown  and  even  reddish-fuscous.  Generally,  the  upper  surface  of  the  head  and 
the  anterior  surface  of  the  ears  are  but  little  lighter-colored  than  in  summer; 
but  tiicrc  is  in  some  a  broad  band  running  from  the  base  of  the  ears  to  the 
nose,  on  each  side  of  the  head,  more  or  less  nearly  pure  white,  and  occasion- 
ally the  whole  upper  surface  of  the  head  is  yellowish-white.  From  the  dates 
on  the  labels,  this  species  appears  to  assume  its  winter  dress  in  November, 
as  I  have  observed  it  to  do  in  Southwestern  Wyoming;  but  in  Northwestern 
Kansas  I  found  that  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  individuals  observed 
retained  nearly  their  summer  colors  in  midwinter;  they  then  have  a  much 
fuller,  softer  coat  than  in  summer,  and  the  general  color  of  the  upper  surface, 
the  sides  of  the  body,  and  the  limbs  is  much  more  strongly  suffused  with 
fulvous  than  in  summer  specimens.  'J'he  under  fur  is  also  very  thick  and 
silky,  and  pure  white,  instead  of  being  more  or  less  plumbeous,  as  in  summer. 
In  the  specimens  from  more  northern  localities,  every  degree  of  whiteness  is 
presented,  from  those  that  arc  scarcely  lighter  than  in  summer  to  those  which 
have  a  uniforndy  nearly  pure  white  surlace. 

In  summer,  tiic  color  of  the  dorsal  surface  varies  considerably  in  respect 
to  the  intensity  of  the  yellowish  suffusion ;  in  some,  it  is  so  faint  as  to  be 
scarcely  appreciable,  while  in  others  it  presents  a  pale  golden  hue.  In  several 
specimens  from  Ogden,  Utah,  and  in  one  from  Fort  Crook,  California,  this 
suffusion  partakes  of  a  faint  reddish  tint,  and  there  is  a  more  decided  grayish 
line  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  tail  than  in  those  from  the  plains  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

Several  very  young  specimens  from  the  valley  of  the  Yellowstone  do  not 
differ  essentially  in  color  from  the  adult. 

This  species  was  first  described  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  in  1814,  in  the 
history  of  their  expedition  across  the  continent  (vol.  ii,  p.  178),  but  they 
omitted  to  give  it  a  distinctive  name.  Harlan,  in  1825,  copied  their  descrip- 
tion, indicating  the  species,  however,  merely  as  " Lepus  virginianus,  van?"; 
thus  partially  confounding  it  with  his  Lepus  virginianus  (=:  L.  americanus 
auct),  or  the  White  Hare  of  the  Eastern  States.  Dr.  Richardson,  while 
recognizing  it  as  distinct  from  the  L.  americanus,  identified  it  with  Harlan's 
Lepus  virginianus,  he  not  only  redescribing  it  from  a  "mutilated  winter  skin", 
but  also  quoting  Lewis  and  Clarke's  description.     In  1837,  Dr.  Bachman 


LBPORIDiE— LEPU8  CAMPESTRI8. 


299 


gave  it  the  name  of  Lfpm  rampestm,  quoting  the  descriptions  both  of  Ri(;ii- 
nnUon  and  Lewis  luid  Clarke,  after  having  previously  partially  confounded 
it  with  Harlan's  L.  virginianus.  Two  years  later,  Dr.  Baehman  redeserihod 
it  under  the  name  of  Lepus  Townsendi,  from  a  specimen  brought  by  Townscnd 
fnmi  the  Walla-Walla,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Columbia  River,  supposing 
it  to  be  a  species  that  never  became  white.  Later,  however  (in  Audubon 
and  Bachman's  Quadrupeds  t»f  North  America,  vol.  i,  p.  30),  he  doubted  its 
distinctness  from  the  L.  catnpestris,  having  subseque-itly  been  assured  tliat  it 
did  assume  a  white  dress  in  winter.  Professor  Baird,  in  1857,  with  speci- 
mens tiefore  him  from  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Union,  in  both  states  of  pelage, 
whence  some  of  Audubon  and  Bachman's  specimens  were  obtained,  unhesi- 
tatingly regarded  L.  Townsendi  as  a  synonym  of  L.  campesirus.  From  the 
labels  on  the  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  how- 
ever, he  seems  to  have  later  changed  his  opinion,  retaining  the  name  of  L. 
Totensendi  for  the  long-legged,  long-eared  Prairie  Hare  of  Richardson,  and 
restricting  the  name  campcstrli  to  the  representatives  of  L.  americanus 
received  from  the  fur  countries,  as  will  be  further  noticed  under  the  head  of 
that  species.  Professor  Baird  now,  however,  agrees  with  the  writer  that  this 
later  identification  of  L.  campestris  is  erroneous. 

The  history  of  L.  cumpestris  was  more  or  less  confounded  by  Harlan 
with  that  of  L.  americanus,  and  later  l)y  Baehman,  who  first  described  it 
under  the  name  of  L.  virginianus,  while  God  man  confounded  both  this 
species  and  the  L.  americanus  with  the  L.  "variabilis"  of  the  Old  World. 
To  Dr.  Richardson  belongs  the  credit  of  first  recognizing  the  subject  of  the 
present  article  as  a  species  distinct  from  L.  americanus,  and  to  which  later 
Baehman  gave  the  name  of  L.  campestris. 

Lepus  campestris  is  at  once  distinguishable  from  the  other  species  of 
varying  Hares  by  the  great  length  of  its  ears  and  tail,  and  by  the  latter  being 
always  white  on  both  surfaces.  It  is  of  about  the  size  of  L.  timidus,  and 
is  hence  much  larger  than  L.  americanus,  and  rarely  assumes  so  white  a  tint 
in  winter  as  these  two  more  northern  species.  From  the  other  American 
long-tailed,  long-eared,  and  long-limbed  Hares  {L,  callotis  and  L.  califomicus), 
it  differs  in  general  color,  in  the  white  upper  surface  of  the  tail,  and  in 
changing  to  white  in  winter.  It  also  differs  notably  in  the  proportions  of  the 
skull,  as  already  noticed. 

Geoorapiiical   distribution. — The  most  eastern  locality  whence  this 


uf.i 

I 

'it  II 
■A 


H 


300 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


species  has  been  received  is  J'oit  Riley,  Kansas.  Further  north,  it  extends 
eastward  to  the  Missouri  River  and  westward  nearly  to  the  Pacific  coast. 
Lewis  and  Clarke  observed  it  on  the  plains  of  the  Columbia,  where,  according 
to  Nuttall  (as  quoted  by  Bachman),  it  is  abundant.  Tovvnsend  obtained 
specimens  on  the  Walla-Walla,  and  Dr.  George  Suckley  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon*  and  on  the  plains  of  the  Columbia  east 
of  the  Cascades.  Dr.  Suckley  also  speaks  of  it  as  occurring  on  the  sage- 
plains  north  of  Fort  Boist'.f  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper  speaks  of  it  as  'common  south 
of  the  Columbia  and  Snake  Rivers,  but  rare  of  late  years  to  tije  northward 
of  these  rivers  %  A  single  specimen  in  the  collection  of  thj  !:■  .nithsonian 
Institution,  from  Fort  Crook,  California,  indicates  its  occurrence  i;*  Northern 
California.  1  found  it  abundant  in  Salt  Lake  Valley,  Utah,  and  throughout 
Southern  Wyoming  and  Northern  Kansas  eastward  to  within  two  hundred 
miles  of  the  Missouri  River.  To  the  northward,  it  extends  to  tht  plains  of 
the  Saskatchewan,  where,  according  to  Richardson,  it  is  abundant.  Dr.  Coues 
brought  in  specimens  collected  along  the  forty-ninth  parallel,  where  he  found  it 
common.§  Its  limit  to  the  southward  is  not  so  well  known,  but  no  specimens 
have  been  received  from  south  of  Middle  Kansas  and  the  .Great  Salt  Lake 
Basin ;  south  of  these  points,  it  is  wholly  replaced  by  the  L.  callolis  var. 
iexianus,  whose  range  somewhat  overlaps  that  of  L.  campestris.  It  is  emi- 
nently a  species  of  the  great  sage-plains,  and  its  main  range  seems  to  be 
from  Middle  Kansas  northward  to  the  plains  of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  from 
the  eastern  edge  of  the  great  plains  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mount- 
ains. 

*  PftOiflo  H.  R.  Rep.  &  Kxpl.,  xii,  pt.  ii,  p.  IA\. 

t  Faciflo  R.  R.  Rep.  &.  Expl.,  xii,  pt.  ii,  pp.  104, 131. 

t  Am.  Nat.,  ii,  036. 

$  Dr.  Cones  has  published  a  mooograpbio  sketch  of  tliirt  speciep.  ioadvertently  overlooked  in  pro- 
pariDg  the  bibliographical  r^umd  of  the  subject  which  has  been  gi  /en  on  a  preceding  page.  See  Boll. 
Essex  Inst.,  vii,  1875,  p.  73  tt  itq. 


LEPOBID.T!— LEPUS  0AMPESTRI8. 


301 


Tadlk  XII. 

—Ueasuremenlt 

of  skulh  of  Lei'US  campestkis. 

i 

1 

t 

•a 

3 

II 

"a 

i|s 

a 

u 

■^ 

ll 
II 

t 

4i 

B 

a 

3 

11 

Locollty. 

i 

t 

1 

1 
1 

* 
1 

II 

• 

i 

h 

'A 

If 

.28 

0.71 

i 

i 

971 

68 

Fort  UnloD 

1.83 

0.90 

1.00 

0.87 

0.94 

1.18 

1.69 

0.45 

0.30 

0.55 

9.60 

1.89 

vn 

.  ..do 

I.BO 

0.75 

1.55 

0.75 

0.84 

1.90 

1.50 

0  46 

0.36 

0.63 

0.55 

9.50 

1.65 

IMS 

Fort  Kearney 

3.05 

1.76 

0.80 

1.58 

0.89 

1.18 

\,M 

0.4R 

0.35 

0  68 

0.S4 

1995 
SS98 

933 
1900 

Fort  Pierre,  Nebr 
Fort  Riley,  Kaoa 

3  37 
395 

1.79 
1.65 

0.75 
0.80 

1.37 
1.30 

0.78 
0.79 

0.80 
0.06 

1.18 
1.00 

1.38 
1.39 

0.45 
0.40 

0.33 
0.36 

0.63 
0.66 

0.48 
0.55 

9.95 

1.60 

aso8 

Upper  ML'ioarl... 

3.05 

1. 60 

0.75 

0.77 

1.14 

l.M 

0.40 

0.35 

0.67 

0.50 

9.49 

1.60 

3349 

3938 

Fort  Lttrnmie 

3  73 

1.85 

0.77 

I.CO 

0.87 

0.00 

1.95 

1.57 

0.47 

0.40 

0.68 

0.57 

3.59 

1.06 

4130 

3133 

Pl»tte  Klver 

3I>0 

I.S4 

0.75 

1.65 

0.85 

0.89 

1.93 

1.50 

0.45 

0.37 

0.70 

0.00 



4944 

Deer  Creek,  Nobr. 

3  47 

1.79 

:68 

1.33 

a  70 

0. 80     1. 10 

1.45 

0.45 

0.33 

0.00 

0.56 

3.40 

l.S« 

4345 

4935 

....do 

335 

1.75 

0.   6 

1.37 

0.76 

0.70 

1.05 

1.49 

0.43 

0.34 

0.63 

0.03 

9.« 

I.CO 

4947 

...do 

91 5S 

1.76 

0  83 

1.50 

aeo 

0.84 

1.15 

1.50 

0.43 

0.37 

0.65 

0.53 

3.40 

1. 00 

4948 

4944 

...do 

3  40 

1.70 

0.65 

1.45 

a  70 

a  78 

1.19 

1.45 

0.45 

a33 

0.58 

0..15 

3.95 

1.58 

4949 

4946 

...do 

338 

1.75 

0.75 

1.33 

0.75 

0.74 

1.05 

1.39 

0.44 

0.35 

0.67 

0.55 

9.30 

1.00 

4951 

4950 

...do 

3  43 

1,73 

0.63 

1.46 

a  67 

1.10 

1.45 

0.47 

0..14 

0.65 

0.50 

9.40 

1.60 

4959 

•-<•'• 

365 

1.78 

0.63 

1.69 

0.80 

0.88 

1.18 

1.53 

0.45 

0.49 

0.70 

0.50 

137 

1.75 

Table  XIII 

. — iIfc<i«iireMeii(< 

of  LxrUH  CAMPESTIII8 

1 

B 

0 

% 

1 

a 

t 

Locality. 

i 

From  tip  of  noee  to— 

Tail  to  end 
of- 

Length  of— 

i 

"S 

1 

n 

Remarks. 

^ 

1 

d 

t 

> 

1 

1 

•0 

.9 

n 

85 

3850 

98r>6 

9855. 

9853 

9854 

9858 

9857 

9763 

8765 
9764 

1798 

1799 
1730 
1748 
1681 
1680 
1683 
1079 
1585 

1415 
1385 

Calombla   River,  Oregon 

Territory. 
Poroy,    Ciirbon    Connty, 

Wyoming  Territory. 
do 

aoo 

350 

3  40 
395 
399 
3.60 
330 
350 
340 

4.30 

380 
4.00 
385 
380 
355 
390 
3  80 
4.03 

3  75 
3  90 

91.00 

99.00 

99.50 
91.00 
90.93 
10.75 
90.00 
10.75 
90.00 
10.90 

91.00 
30.00 
91.00 
33.95 
«3  00 
93.00 
90.30 
11.00 
91.90 

91.00 
39.50 
89.50 
31.50 
31.90 
89.00 

laoo 

395 

5.50 

100 

880 
860 
885 
880 
890 
100 
880 
867 

3.35 
110 
850 
100 





3.43 

aoo 

5.50 
5.60 
5.75 
5.00 
5.65 
5.70 
5.65 
.1.00 

5.35 
6.00 
5.75 
6.0O 
5.35 
3.55 
5.55 
5.50 
5.45 

3.00 

5.50 

365 
3.93 
4.80 
5.00 
5.00 
5.40 
5.93 
5.93 

From  Baird. 

Meuureil  freeli. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

d 
d 

9 
d 

9.95 

3.35 

9.35 
9.70 
9.35 
9.  SO 
9.50 
9.50 

9.10 

393 
9.50 
310 
8.V) 
800 
8  75 
830 
395 

300 
300 
8.V) 
395 
830 
175 
3  00 
195 
119 

100 
ISO 
130 
4.00 
100 
173 
3.00 

0.0C 
3. 00 
3.50 
4.73 
4.50 
5.00 
4.93 
4.90 

100 
4.30 
4.96 
4.30 
4.93 
5.50 
5.30 
5.30 
4.75 

4.30 

do 

ilo 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Fort  Fred  Steele,  Wyom. 
lug  Territory. 

do  

5.85 
.\95 
5.0O 
4.00 
4.33 

do. 

From  Dalrd. 
do. 

Skiu. 

do. 

do. 

9.00 
9L9S 

. 

9.00 

4.17 

4.50 
158 

5.00 
4.50 
4.ii« 
4.49 

1794 
69 

1899 
456 

do  

Fort  Union,  Uppef  Mlawmri 
CRche  l>  Pondre  Creek  .. . 

Brtdger'aPnu 

WalU-Wnllu 

9 
d 

4.75 
330 

3.93 

From  Bacbman. 

From   And.  and 

Bach. 
do. 

Ueaaured  fmb, 
do. 

d 

9 
9 

d 

'•9 

do 

4939 
4940 
4949 
494S 
M98 
19016 

64 

Tlecr  Creek,  Nebrukn 

do 

9:50 
9.75 
9LS0 
9.  .10 

3.00 

^9S 

4.50 
4.M 

^oo 

4.50 

883 

100 

57 

50 

91 

4369 

do 

.do      

do. 

do. 

3.75 
7.00 

875 

9.75 

100 

do. 

do. 

Three  Buttee 

9 

1.93 

4.00 

302 


MONOGRArHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODEDTIA. 


■s 


i 


I 


P 


S  _  _ 

3  "5  "S 


a   s   a   a 


I  n 


I 

"3 

J 

h3 


•Mt  paB  xag 


'joqoina  IV^|8^o 


■a 

1 


eoeoooQol 


"§   "O  "O  3  •«  3 


•^1 


o    o   o    o    a 

■t)    "O    "O    "CI    "C 


00     t)5     <S     00     00     CS     00 

S  :^  2  2  s  s"  Si" 


s  M  s  a  'J  -g 
lllll 

h  ct4  gn  h  n 


^  d  ^  fe 


6    a 
« 

"  a 


IS 

a  '^ 


II     |||i|||ig§|is 


a' a' 


&S  z  s 


V  -'  er  «r 


8uipao<ii9jjo3      :^<*s9iiH«9    :9    :w    :« 


§  iliiil  liiii 


fH 


If  f 


,.  l.-)l 


LBPORlDiE— LEPUS  CAMPESTRIS. 


303 


Ai 

;, 

-, 

-!^^H 

1 

fflH 

! 

'mi'' 

B 

i 

304  MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AafERICAN  RODENTIA. 

LEPUS  AMERICANUS., 

Var.  AMERICANUS. 

Norttaern  Varying  Bare. 

Lejms  americanus  Erxleuen,  Syst.  Refr.  Auini.,  1777, 330  (bused  wholly  on  references  to  the  Hudson's  Bay 
specimous).— Gmglin,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1786, 162.— Shaw,  Gen.  Zoul.  Ham.,  ii,  1801, 202.— DESilAK- 
K8T,  Mamnialogie,  182-<!,  351  (in  part  only).— Babinb  (J.),  Franklin's  First  Jonrn.,  1824,  upp., 
664.— RiciiAitDSO.v,  App.  Parry's  Second  Voyage,  1825,  324 ;  Fann.  Bor.-Am.,  i,  1829, 217  (syn. 
in  part  only) ;  Back's  Arct.  Land  Exped.,  1836,  app.,  496.— Fischer,  Syn.  Mam.,  1829,  376 
(mixed  \?itb  L,  «y{iia(iti(«).— Bacuman,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vii,  1837,  403;  viii, 
1839,  76  (iu  part  only).- DeKay,  New  York  Zool.,  i,  1842, 9r>  (in  part  only).— Waonkh,  Suppl. 
Scbrcber's  Siingot.,  iv,  1844,  104  (in  part  only). — Wateuiiouse,  Nat.  Hist.  Mam.,  ii,  1848, 108 
(iu  part  only).— AUD.  &  Bach.,  Qnad.  N.  Am.,  i,  1849,  93  (in  part  only).— Oiebel,  Situget., 
1855,  449.— Baikd,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1857,  579  (in  part  only).— Orav,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Uist., 
3d  series,  xx,  1867,  224  (in  part).— Maximiuan,  Wiegm.  Arch.,  1861,  i,  142.— Russ,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo!.,  vi,  1807,  436.— Welch,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  1869,  288  (seasonal  changee  of 
color).- OiLPi.v,  Proc.  and  Trans.  Nov.  8co.  lust.  Nat.  Sci.,  iii,  1878,  40. 

Leput  hudBonim  Pallas,  Nov.  Sp.  Glires,  1778,  30,— Bodd.£KT,  Flench.  Anim.,  i,  1784,  99. — Zihmermanm, 
Pennant's  Arktiscbe  Zool.,  i,  1787,  96. 

Lrpiis  iiaiiuii  Schkf.dki),  Siiuget.,  ii,  1792,  881,  pi.  ccxxxiv,  B  (mixed  with  L.  eyhaticus), 

Lepun  campeslris  Baiiid,  MSS.  in  part  (labels  and  record-books.  Smiths.  Inst.).— Uayden,  Am.  Nat.,  ill, 
1860, 115.— Dall,  Alaska  and  its  Resources,  577. 

LepuB  tariabitia  var.  Godman,  Am.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  1826, 169  (in  part  only). 

Lepua  borealU  Sciiintz,  Synop.,  ii,  1845,  886. 

American  Hare,  Foustkh,  Pbil.  Trans.,  Ixii,  1772,  376.— Pennant,  Hist.  Quad.,  1781,  no.  S4;5 ;  Arct.  Zool., 
i,  1784,  95. 

Var.  viROiNiANUs. 

Southern  Varying  Hare. 

lepuB  americaniia  Baciiman,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vii,  1837,403;  viii,  1839, 76  (iu  part  only).— 
■  ,  DeKay,  New  York  Zool.,  i,  1842,  95,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  8  (in  part  only).— Waoneu,  Suppl.  Scbrc- 
ber's Siiuget.,  1844,  iv,  104  (in  part  only).— AuD.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,  i,  1849,  73,  i>l.  xi, 
xii  (in  part  only).— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1857,  579  (iu  part  only).— Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nut.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  xx,  1867,  284  (in  part  only).— Allen,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoul.,  i,  1869, 
837.— Hall,  Con.  Nnt.  and  Gcol.,  vi,  1861,  300. 

Leput  virginianuB  Harlan,  Faun.  Am.,  \»2!i,  196.— Fischer,  Synapsis,  370,  1829.- Douoiity,  Doughty's 
Cab.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1830,  217,  pi.  xix.— Baciiman,  Journ.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  vii,  1837,  301 
(mainly ;  somewhat  mixed  with  L,  campeBlriB). — Emmons,  Quad.  Mass.,  1840, 58.— Trompson, 
Nat.  Hist.  Vermont,  1842,  48. 

*  Var.  WA8HIK0T0NI. 

Weitem  Varying  Hare, 

Lqfut  vsathinfitoni  Baird,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vii,  1655,  333,  pi.  xv  (animal);  Mara.  N.  Am.,  1857, 
583.— Cooper,  Pucifio  R.  R.  Ex.  and  Sarv.,  xii,  iii,  1860,87.— Suckley,  Pacilio  R.  R.  Ex.  and 
Surv.,  xii,  iii,  1860,  103.— Suckley  &  Gibds,  PaciBc  R.  R.  Ex.  and  Snrv.,  xii,  iii,  1860, 130.— 
Gray,  Aun.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  xx,  1867,  284. 

Leput  americaKut  var.  uHtthitigtoni  Au.en,  Proc.  Bust.  Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  434. 

,  Var.  bairdi. 

Rooky  Mountain  Varying  Hare, 
Leput  bairii  Hayoen,  Amer,  Nat.,  iii,  1869,  115.— Merriam,  U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.,  Sixth  Ann.  Rep,,  1873, 667. 
Leput  americanut  var.  (airdi  Aixen,  Bull.  Essex.  Inst,,  vi,  1874,  61,  66;  Proc,  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii, 
1875,  434. 

Var.   AMERICANUS. 

Northern  Varying  Hare. 
In  winter,  white,  except  the  extreme  tips  of  the  ears,  which  are  nar- 
rowly bordered  with  black.     Under-fur  plumbeous  at  base,  passing  into  rather 


LEPORIDiE— LEPUS  AMERICANUS. 


305 


strong  brownish-red  iipically.  Hairs  white  for  about  liie  terminal  third,  then 
brownisli-red,  with  the  basal  third  i)lunibeous.  In  specimens  from  rather 
southern  localities,  the  brown  ollen  shows  through  the  white  outer  surface, 
particularly  on  the  sides  of  the  body. 

In  summer,  above  and  outer  surface  of  the  limbs  pale  yellowish-brown, 
varied  with  black,  resulting  in  a  general  tint  of  dark  utnber-brown.  Tail 
sooty  above,  grayish-white  below.  Lower  surface  of  the  body,  from  the 
breast  posteriorly,  white;  breast,  and  neck  in  front,  yellowish-brown ;  chin 
and  throat  white.  Anterior  surface  of  ears  yellowish-brown,  mixed  with 
black  ;  apical  fourth  of  the  anterior  border  black  ;  posterior  border  white  or 
yellowish-white.  Under-fur  of  the  dorsal  region  plumbeous  for  the  basal 
half,  shading  gradually  into  pale  yellowish-brown.  Hairs  generally  broadly 
tipped  with  l)lack,  the  black  tip  succeeded  by  a  broad  l)ar  of  pale  brown ; 
below  this  to  the  roots  black,  shading  more  or  less  into  plumbeous. 

Length  of  body,  15  to  20  inches;  length  of  ear  about  3  inches;  of 
tarsus  about  6.25.  Ear  about  three-fourths  the  length  uf  the  head;  head 
about  four-fifths  the  length  of  the  tarsus.     Average  weight  about  5J  pounds. 

In  winter  specimens,  the  whiteness  of  tfie  surface  invades  the  pelage 
much  more  deeply  than  in  var.  virginianus,  wholly  concealing  the  subjacent 
brownish  zone,  the  ears  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  head  being  also  pure 
white.  The  pelage  is  also  much  thicker  and  longer,  and  the  ears  are  far  more 
heavily  clothed.  The  brown  zone  of  the  under-fur  varies  in  different  speci- 
mens from  light  fulvous-brown  to  deep  reddish-brown. 

Summer  specimens  vary  chiefly  in  respect  to  the  intensity  of  the  yellow- 
ish-brown tint  intermi.xed  witii  the  black,  which  ranges  from  yellowish-gray  to 
pale  rufous.  The  relative  length  of  the  black  tips  to  the  hairs  of  the  dorsal 
surface  also  varies  the  general  tint,  which  is  often  of  a  very  dark  umber- 
brown,  quite  different  from  the  bright-cinnamon  tint  of  summer  specimens 
of  var.  virginianus. 

Among  the  specimens  of  var.  americanus  is  a  single  example  of  melanism, 
a  mutilated  skin  (No.  6268)  labeled  as  follows:  "Lepus  americanus,  Rainy 
Lake,  H.  B.  T."  It  is  apparently  a  winter  skin,  the  pelage  being  very  long 
and  full.  The  color  is  dull  plumbeous-black  throughout,  there  being  a  slight 
grayish  cast  to  the  surface  of  the  pelage,  particularly  on  the  head,  breast,  and 
back.  Although  instances  of  melanism  appear  to  be  comparatively  frequent 
in  Lepus  europeeus,  they  are  very  rare  among  the  American  Lejwridee. 
20  M 


\m 


w 


306 


MOXOGRAPUS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


The  general  mcasuretneiits  of  the  different  varieties  of  Lepus  americanus 
have  been  necessarily  taken  almost  wholly  from  skins,  and  in  part  by  differ- 
ent observers.  They  are  hence  less  satisfactory  than  they  would  have  beeo 
could  they  have  been  made  from  fresh  specimens  and  by  a  single  person.* 
They  arc  in  the  main,  however,  borne  out  by  the  measurements  of  the  skulls. 
The  material,  bein^  similar  in  all  cases,  affords  doubtless  a  tolerably  fair 
means  of  determining  the  individual  range  of  variation  and  the  amount  of 
variation  with  locality.  Contrary  to  what  usually  happens,  there  is  in  this 
species  apparently  no  increase  in  size  to  the  northward,  some  of  the  largest 
specimens  being  from  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Massachusetts,  and 
belong  to  var.  vtrginianus.  The  specimens  from  Maine  (see  measurements 
of  the  skulls)  scarcely  differ  from  those  from  the  Fur  Countries,  and  the  speci- 
mens from  the  Wind  River  Mountains  (var.  bairdi)  fully  equal  those  from 
the  most  northern  points. 

In  Table  XV,  the  specimens  are  chiefly  from  very  northern  localities, 
and  all  in  winter  jjelage.  The  average  length  of  the  body  is  IG  inches,  vary- 
ing from  15.25  to  17.10;  length  of  hind  foot  5.10,  varying  from  4.70  to  5.25; 
length  of  ear  2.70,  varying  froln  2.25  to  d.OO.  Hence  the  average  length  of 
the  body  is  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  less  than  in  the  Massacimsetts  series 
(bce  below),  while  the  difference  in  the  hind  foot  and  ear  is  less  than  one 
and  a  half  tenths  of  an  inch.  The  difference  in  length  Is  more  apparent  than 
real,  as  the  skins  from  Arctic  America  had  never  been  filled,  and  are  hence 
more  contracted  by  drying  than  the  others.  The  trifling  difference  in  the 
size  of  other  parts  corresponds  very  nearly  with  that  indicated  by  the 
skulls.  According  to  Dr.  Gilpin,  Nova  Scotia  specimens  range  in  length  from 
17.00  to  20.70  inches,  and  a  specimen  from  the  Fur  Countries,  of  which  Dr. 
Eichardson  gives  measurements,  had  a  length  of  19.00  inches. 

In  Table  XVI  are  given  measurements  of  twenty-six  skulls,  mainly  from 
the  Mackenzie  River  district.  Of  these,  the  average  length  is  3.04  inches, 
the  extremes  being  2.30  and  2.87 ;  the  average  breadth  is  1.52  inches,  the 
extremes  being  1.G7  and  1.45.  The  difference  between  the  average  of  tliis 
series  and  that  of  another  series  of  fourteen  specimens  from  Oxford  County, 

*  lu  aU  tbu  oriKiuul  uieaHurementii  given  in  thin  paper,  the  dimeDsioui)  uro  tbo  diataoces  in  a 
straigbt  line  between  tbc  exireialties  of  tbo  parts  nieaHured,  and  are  bence  less  tban  if  measured  over 
tbe  convexities  of  tbe  xarfoce,  a»  ia  often  done.  Tbe  belgbt  of  tbe  ear  is  taken  b;  measuring  from  tbe 
inner  boae  of  tbe  ear  to  the  tip,  instead  of  either  from  tbe  anterior  or  poiterior  base,  and  is  benco  ratber 
less  than  it  would  be  by  eitber  of  tbe  otiiei  methods. 


I 


LEPOBID^— LEPU8  AMERICANUS  VAB.  VIRGINIANUS. 


307 


Maine,  belonging  to  var.  virginianus  (see  Tabic  XIX),  is  practically  nothing, 
being  less  than  five  one-liundredths  of  an  inch  ! 

A  more  detailed  comparison  ot  var.  nmericanus  with  var.  virginianus,  and 
also  with  vars.  Imirdi  and  washing/oni,  will  be  given  later,  with  also  gen- 
eral remarks  on  the  synonymy  of  the  several  forms.  .  « 

Var.  VIRGINIANUS. 
Southern   Varying  Hare 

Similar  in  size  and  proportions  to  var.  americanus.  Winter  pelage  with 
the  white  color  of  the  surface  extending  less  deeply,  and  the  ears,  head,  and 
feet  more  or  less  varied  with  brown.  In  summer,  more  rufous,  the  color 
being  rich  reddish-brown  or  cinnamon-brown,  instead  of  dark  umber  or 
sepia-brown.  Winter  pelage  worn  for  a  shorter  time,  and  the  seasonal  change 
of  color  less  complete. 

Winter  specimens  vary  greatly  in  respect  to  the  depth  of  the  whiteness 
of  the  upper  surface.  Some  are  pure  white  throughout,  except  the  black 
edging  of  the  tips  of  the  ears,  the  whiteness  extending  so  deeply  as  to  wholly 
conceal  the  subjacent  zone  of  brown.  In  others,  the  brown  is  visible  through 
the  surface,  or  is  exposed  by  the  slightest  disarrangement  of  the  pelage,  and 
the  ears  remain  more  or  less  brownish,  sometimes  having  but  little  more 
white  than  in  summer.  The  upper  surface  of  the  head  and  the  feet  are  also 
often  reddish-brown.  Occasionally,  midwinter  specimens  are  sometimes  met 
with  in  which  the  colors  of  the  summer  pelage  still  predominate  throughout. 
The  assumption  of  the  white  pelage  is  not  only  less  complete  in  var.  virgini- 
anus than  in  var.  americanus,  but,  as  previously  stated,  the  change  begins 
later,  and  the  winter  livery  is  retained  for  a  much  shorter  time.  In  Massa- 
chusetts, New  York,  and  Northern  Pennsylvania,  the  change  rarely  begins 
before  the  middle  or  last  of  November,  and,  occupying  several  weeks,  is  i.ot 
completed  till  after  the  middle  of  December.  In  Nova  Scotia,  according  to 
Dr.  Gilpin,*  specimens  in  the  earliest  stages  of  change  are  generally  not  met 
with  before  the  end  of  November ;  while,  in  New  Brunswick,  according  to 
Dr.  Welch,t  the  first  stages  of  the  change  may  be  detected  early  in  October, 
and  by  the  first  week  of  December  the  ciuingc  is  there  fully  completed.  In 
the  northern  districts  of  the  Fur  Countries,  according  to  Dr.  Richardson,J  the 
white  winter  pelage  is  assumed  in  October.     At  the  southward,  the  winter 

*  Proo.  aud  Trans.  Nova  Sootia  Inst.  Nat.  Sol.,  vol.  iii,  i,  p.  63. 
t  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lond.,  1859. 
t  Faun.  Bor.-Am.,  i,  SIS.  p.  2S8. 


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[:      i! 


308 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


dress  is  worn  for  only  about  four  months,  the  vernal  change  beginning  in 
March ;  in  the  middle  districts,  about  five  months,  and  in  the  higher  latitudes 
about  six,  wiiere  the  winter  dress,  according  to  Dr.  Richardson,  is  worn  till 
the  end  of  April. 

Summer  specimens  of  var.  virginianiis  from  Massachusetts,  New  York, 
and  Pennsylvania  vary  considerably  in  color  through  the  varying  intensity 
of  the  brown  tints  of  the  upper  surface  and  tiie  relative  length  of  the  l)lack 
tips  of  the  hairs.  In  some,  the  black  tips  are  short  and  inconspicuous;  in 
others,  so  long  as  to  strongly  vary  the  general  color  with  black.  The  brown 
varies  from  pale  yelloWisli-brown  to  dark  reddish-brown,  the  brown  tint  of 
the  under  fur  also  similarly  varying  in  intensity.  The  base  of  th-.  under-fur 
varies  from  grayish  to  dark  plumbeous. 

The  exact  ranges  of  varieties  americanus  and  virginianus  cannot  now  be 
well  determined,  and,  as  in  the  case  of  other  intergruding  geographical  forms, 
can  probably  never  be  absolutely  defined.  According  to  Dr.  Gilpin,  tlie 
Nova  Scotia  type  seems  clearly  referable  to  the  northern  form  (var.  ameri- 
canus). He  describes  the  dorsal  surface  as  being  "sepia-brown,  with  a  yellow 
wash",  and  observes  that  they  present  none  of  the  bright  reddish  or  cinna- 
mon-brown mentioned  by  Professor  Baird  as  characterizing  more  southern 
specimens.  Dr.  Gilpin's  description  hence  corresponds  very  nearly  with 
specimens  from  the  Red  River  district,  and  from  Fort  Kae,  Great  Slave  Lake, 
and  hence  with  Dr.  Richardson's  description. 

In  Table  XVII,  the  first  fourteen  specimens,  all  from  Massachusetts 
(Coll.  M.  C.  Z.),  and  all  in  winter  pelage,  vary  in  length  of  Tandy  from  14  to 
20  inches;  in  length  of  hind  foot,  frr)m  4.65  to  5.50:  in  lengtii  of  ear,  from 
2.40  to  3.60:  tlie  average  being,  length,  17.37;  bind  foot,  5.24;  ear,  2.83. 
Fifteen  other  specimens  (Coll.  S.  I.),*  seven  of  which  are  also  from  Massa- 
chusetts, and  the  others  from  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  range  in  length 
from  16  to  21  inches;  hind  foot,  4.57  to  5.68 ;  ear,  3.00  to  3.60:  averaging, 
length,  18.82;  hind  foot,  5.24;  ear,  3.32.  In  length,  the  latter  series  exceeds 
the  former  by  about  one  and  a  half  inches,  while  the  hind  feet  are  equal ; 
the  difference  in  the  length  of  the  ear  is  nearly  half  an  inch,  one-half  of 
which,  at  least,  is  due  to  the  different  way  in  which  the  measurements  of  the 
ear  in  the  two  series  were  taken,  as  shown  by  a  rcmeasurement  of  some 
of  the  specimens  of  tlie  latter  series. 

In   Table   XVIII   are   presented   the  measurements  of  twenty-three 

*  Mpmuirements  copied  from  Ilnird'N  Mninni.  N.  Am. 


LEPORIDJi;— LEPU8  AMEKICANU8  VAR.  WASHINGTON!. 


301) 


skulls,  from  numerous  localities.  Fourteen  are  from  Oxford  County,  Maine, 
and  average  3.07  in  length  (the  extremes  3.30  and  2.80)  and  1.55  in  breadth 
(extremes  1.62  and  1.40).  Six  other  specimens,  from  difleront  localities  in 
Massachusetts,  New  York,  and  Pcnn.sylvania,  are  the  largest  of  tiie  series, 
but  they  are  all  very  old  skulls,  and  are  doubtless  larger  than  the  average  for 
the  localities  which  they  represent,  being  collected  by  different  individuals, 
and  more  likely  than  otherwise  were  saved  from  being  regarded  as  "extra 
fine"  specimens.  They  average  3.23  inches  in  length  (extremes  3.35  and 
3.10),  and  1.60  in  breadth  (extremes  1.62  and  1.52). 

As  previously  remarked  under  the  head  of  var.  amer'icanus,  there  is 
practically  no  difference  in  size  or  proportions  between  tlie  series  of  skulls 
from  Maine  and  the  fur  countries. 

Var.  WASHINGTONI. 

Western  Varying  Hare. 

Rather  smaller  than  var.  virginianuti  (of  which  it  is  the  exact  western 
geographical  representative),  with  the  summer  pelage  of  a  somewhat  stronger 
reddish  tint;  probably  white  in  winter,  except  in  the  very  mild  region  al)out 
Puget's  Sound,  where  they  have  been  observed  to  retain  their  summer  pelage 
the  whole  year.* 

The  differ  ices  between  this  form  and  var.  mrginianus  are  by  no  means 
well  marked.  i  color,  the  tints  of  the  summer  pelage  are  perhaj)s  rather 
stronger  in  the  western  form;  but  even  the  original  specimens  described  by 
Professor  Baird  can  be  matched  by  specimens  from  Massachusetts.  Both 
the  skins  and  the  skulls  indicate  a  slightly  smaller  size  for  var.  washingtoni; 
but  unfortunately  one  only  of  the  skulls  is  full  grown  (this  is  the  largest  of 
the  series),  the  sutures  of  the  others  being  still  open,  and  their  general 
appearance  is  that  of  specimens  but  a  few  months  old.  The  range  of  var. 
washingtoni  to  the  northward  and  eastward  is  by  no  means  well  known; 
neither  are  its  relations  with  L.  bairdi  Hayden.  A  series  of  specimens,  in 
winter  pelage,  collected  by  Dr.  Kennerly  (Nos.  5881-6,  Coll.  S.  I.)  during 
the  Northwestern  Boun<lary  Survey,  are  remarkable  for  their  whiteness,  the 
basal  plumbeous  zone  being  lighter-colored  and  much  reduced  in  extent,  as 
compared  with  var.  americanus ;  the  subterminal  fulvous-brown  zone  is  of 
a  more  or  less  pale  delicate  salmon  color,  in  some  specimens  nearly  or  quite 
obsolete,  leaving  the  whole  pelage  of  a  snowy  whiteness  to  the  base,  as  in  L. 
timidus  var.  ardicus.     The  beautiful  snowy  whiteness  of  these  specimens  is  in 

*  See  Snckley,  Fnviflc  R.  R.  Rep.,  xii,  iii,  130. 


ii 


T 


310 


MONOGKAl'IlS  OF  NOUTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


•li^'"''? 


vIe 


11 


marked  contrast  with  the  mixed  white  and  brown  winter  pelageof  spf  cimcns 
from  tiie  Eastern  States:  and  even  the  specimens  from  the  highest  i  thern 
localities,  though  pure  whife  at  the  surface,  are  fulvous  and  then  plumbeous 
beneath.  These  specimens  agree,  however,  in  this  character  with  winter 
specimens  from  Fort  Bridger  Fort  Benton,  and  the  Bitter  Root  Valley, 
which,  from  the  locality,  I  have  referred  to  var.  hairdi,  and  are  in  no  way 
distinguishable  from  them.  I  have  also  included  specimens  from  "Koko- 
youkuk,  R.  Am.'',  in  changing  pelage,  in  this  series,  which  they  seem  to 
approach  quite  strongly. 

The  skins  of  var.  washingtoni  vary  in  length  of  body  from  15.25  to 
18.50  inches,  eight  specimens  giving  an  average  of  16.63,  or  about  one  inch  less 
than  the  average  of  var.  virginianus,  and  half  an  inch  more  than  specimens 
from  the  northern  districts  of  the  fur  countries,  or  var.  americanus.  The  ear 
fully  equals,  and  the  hind  foot  scarcely  falls  short,  of  the  length  of  the  same 
parts  in  var.  virginianus  from  Massachusetts.  The  single  fully  adult  skull 
fully  equals  the  average  of  eastern  examples.  The  measurements  given  in 
Table  XIX  are  taken  wholly  from  the  skins,  many  of  which  are  unfilled  and 
evidently  much  shrunken.  The  measurements  of  the  skulls  (Table  XX),  as 
before  stated,  are  mainly  from  more  or  less  immature  specimens.  The  pro- 
portions are  not  essentially  different  from  those  of  eastern  specimens  of  cor- 
responding age,  and  the  ears  and  tarsi  are  fully  equal  to  these  parts  in  var. 
virginianus,  instead  of  being  shorter,  as  has  been  supposed. 

'     '  Var.  BAiRDi. 
Rocky  Mountain  Varying  Hare. 

Size  and  proportions  same  as  those  of  the  other  varieties  of  americanus. 
Winter  pelage  sometimes  wholly  snowy-white  to  the  base,  as  in  the  Arctic 
Hare;  generally  with  the  outer  white  zone  extending  much  deeper  than  in 
any  other  form  of  americanus,  with  the  middle  zone  much  paler,  varying  from 
a  faint  shade  of  fulvous  to  a  delicate  salmon  tint,  and  the  basal  plumbeous 
zone  greatly  reduced  in  extent,  and  lighter-colored.  In  summer,  above  pale 
grayish-brown  and  black,  the  black  being  often  the  prevailing  tint;  under-fur 
whitish,  sometimes  almost  pure  white,  with  the  middle  brown  zone  of  tiie 
other  forms  obsolete;  under  parts  (excepting  the  pectoral  region)  and  the  feet 
pure  white;  general  color  of  the  ears  black,  washed  more  or  less  with  whit- 
ish, and  with  a  very  broad  conspicuous  white  border. 

In  different  specimens,  the  color  of  the  dorsal  aspect  in  summer  varies 


LErORIDiE— LEPUS  AMERICANUS  VAK.  BAIUDI. 


311 


from  pnlc  yellovvish-grny  to  yellowish-brown,  varied  wifii  l)!ack.  The  imirs 
hnv<;  a  very  long  black  tip,  with  u  narrow  subteriniiial  bar  of  yellowish- 
brown,  of  varying  intensity;  thence  to  the  base  black.  The  effect  of  tiie 
long  black  tips  is  to  give  a  i  'uch  greater  prevalence  of  black  over  the  other 
tints  than  is  seen  in  the  other  forms  of  a}iiericanu.i,  imparting  a  general  sooty 
tint  to  the  whole  upper  surface.  In  gome  specimens,  tiie  black  is  (piite  the 
prevailing  tint,  especially  over  the  rump,  which  region,  in  some  specimens, 
is  wholly  black,  varied  with  white  by  the  white  under  fur  showing  through 
the  surface  color.  The  feet  are  wholly  wiiite,  and  there  are  generally  a 
few  white  hairs  on  the  back — traces,  doubtless,  of  the  winter  pelage.  Tiie 
anterior  part  of  the  body  above  and  tiie  head  are  more  or  less  rufous,  this 
tint  ')eing  most  developed  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  head.  The  white 
under-fur  (varying  in  different  specimens  from  white  to  grayish-white)  always 
shows  through  the  surliicecolor  more  or  less.and  is  conspicuous  on  the  slightest 
disarrangement  of  the  pelage.  In  one  specimen  only  (No.  11099,  from  Lewis 
Lake,  Wyoming  Territory)  is  there  a  very  decided  trace  of  the  yellowish 
zone  that  terminates  the  under-fur  in  the  other  forms  of  Lepus  americanus. 

Typical  examples  in  summer  pelage  of  this  peculiarly  interesting  form 
give  the  impression  of  its  being  thoroughly  distinct  from  any  other  form  of 
americanus;  but  comparison  of  a  series  of  specimens  from  the  original  locality 
of  L.  hahdi  with  others  from  the  Red  River  district  reveals  a  decided  tendency 
to  intergradation  between  these  forms.  The  most  prominent  distinctive  fea- 
tures of  var.  baiidi  in  summer  pelage  are  its  pure  white  under-fur,  the  long 
black  tips  of  the  hairs,  and  the  white  feet,  and  in  winter  the  tendency  of 
the  pelage  to  become  pure  white  to  the  base.  Some  of  the  summer  speci- 
mens from  the  Red  River  district  and  from  Fort  Rao  (northern  shore  of 
Great  Slave  Lake)  also  have  white  feet,  and  the  pale  yellowish-gray  of  the 
back  is  also  strongly  varied  with  black,  and  tiie  under-fur  is  simply  dusky, 
without  the  fulvous  termination.  Again,  occasional  specimens  of  hairdi' 
have  the  fulvous  apical  zone  of  the  under-fur  slightly  developed.  Var. 
hairdi,  in  its  blackish-gray  dorsal  surface  and  white  under-fur,  bears  a  strong 
resemblance  to  summer  specimens  of  L.  Hmidus  var.  arcticus,  from  the  Arctic 
coast;  but  the  great  disparity  in  size  and  the  differences  in  the  skulls  forbid 
the  supposition  of  any  very  close  aflRnity  between  them. 

The  few  measurements  obtainable  from  tiie  considerable  series  of  skins 
before  me  (mostly  in  a  very  bad  state)  are  presented  in  the  following  fable. 
The  length  varies  from  15.50  to  18.00  inches,  but  on  one  or  two  of  the 


"l^i- 


m- 


312 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


labels  the  collector  Ims  written  "Length  19  in."  The  length  of  the  cars  and 
hind  feet  fully  equal  the  dimensions  of  these  parts  in  the  largest  specimens 
of  \ar.-virgininnuit,  and  indicate  var.  hairdi  as  perhaps  the  largest  form  of 
the  grouj).  The  ears  also  appear  relatively  longer  than  in  any  otlier  form. 
The  skulls  of  whicli  measurements  are  given  are  limited  to  two  specimens, 
both  immature,  they  still  retaining  the  last  temporary  molar.* 

This  variety  a]))iear8  to  he  strictly  an  alpine  form,  inhabiting  the  snowy 
summits  of  the  higher  portions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  specimens  in 
summer  pelage  are,  with  one  exception,  all  from  the  Wind  River  Mountains 
and  otiier  ranges  near  the;  head  of  the  Yellowstone  River,  one  being  from  the 
mountains  of  Colorado.  Others,  in  winter  pelage,  are  from  the  mountains 
west  of  Fort  Benton,  and  from  the  Bitte.  Root  Mountains  near  Fort  Bridger, 
one  also  coming  from  as  far  south  as  Cantonment  Burgwyn,  New  Mexico. 
I  was  intormed  by  hunters  and  mountaineers,  wliile  west  in  1871,  of  the 
occurrence  of  a  white  iiare  with  very  large  broad  feet  in  the  Snowy  Range  of 
Colorado,  in  the  Medicine  Bow  Mountains  of  Wyoming  Territory,  and  in  the 
Wasatch  Mountains  of  Utah,  whicli  I  doubt  not  is  referable  to  this  variety. 
The  hunters  spoke  of  it  as  being  peculiar  to  the  snowy  region,  and  as  very 
difTerent  from  the  white  Hare  of  (he  plains  (L^pus  campextris),  or  from  any 
otlier  species  with  which  they  were  occjuaiuted,  in  the  great  breadth  oi  its 
heavily-furred  feet. 

Taulk  W .—Mea»ureneni»  of  LK.i'ua  amkkicanus  var.  amkkicanus. 


1 

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*  Several  otbor  skulls  ciiiuo  to  band  later,  but  I  flud  tbnt,  tbiungb  inadvertouce,  no  luviisurenieuts 
of  tbeni  were  tiikuu  bufure  (boy  DKnin  piiased  out.  of  my  bands. 


LEPORlDiR— LKI'US  AMERICANU8  VAR.  AMKRICANU8. 


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a  a  a 

3  3  8 

d  d  d 


*q)8aa[  'aaiioq  {ViUX 


s  s  m 

^  U  ^ 


Si  i; 


»  a  3  n 


s  s  a  a 

^  ^  J  -i 


a  g)  s 

m'  ^  ^ 


ttlQ-it^  uaiii&iaq  oaDinsia 


p  a  P 

d  d  d 


d  d 


t-  ts  3  3  e 
d   d   d    d   d 


S  3 

d   d 


lb  to  S3  (3  Ifs  u^ 

d   d   d   d   d   d 


R  3 
d  d 


8  S  P 
^  d  ^ 


'qip|iil)Ki)U<uo 


8  S!  R  3 


3   (e 

-I   ^ 


3  9  «  3  a  3 


«  3 
.4  » 


3^83 
-  -I  ^  -i 


O     10     M^     O     S 


-qiSnai  i»iox 


^■X9B 


■atiiB  JO  jaqmna  3fa((  jodsAUoo 


ass 

ci  ri  r< 


3  S 


cl   ri 


3  S  8  a 

ri   »!   ri   rf 


3  s  3  a  s  3  s 

ri   9i   c«  d  ri   rl   o< 


i4  ^  ^ 


I 


3 


B 


li     II 


314 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOETH  AMERICAN  EODENTIA. 


Table  XVII.— £<>(  of  apecimrat  of  Lepus  americanus  car,  ahericanus.* 


Ji-I' 


1 

a 
o 

li 

o 

6006 

8998 
8999 
6965 

6966 
6967 
C968 

1490 

8108 
9001 
75S7 
-556 
7559 
7560 
7561 
7562 

4430 
4431 
4432 
4433 
4434 
4435 
4436 
4437 
4423 
,'i076 
696) 

a 

d 
n 

■J 

1 

a 

a 
a 

1 

■Q 

i 
g 

H 

Locality. 

When  col- 
lected. 

From  whom  re. 
celved. 

Colledtedby- 

Nature  of  ape- 
cimen. 

Remarks. 

7579 
7580 

6109 
0110 
0113 
6112 
6529 
6111 
6240 
6341 
6242 
6943 

584 

587 
580 
1012 

1047 
1048 
1025 

a 

NnUto,  Alaska... 
do         

Jan.  27, 1667 

Jan.  27,1867 
Jan.  27, 1867 
Nov.  18, 1860 

Mar,  15, 1861 
Mar.  16, 1861 
Jon.  —,1661 

Intern.  Tel.  Ex- 
pod. 
....do 

W.U.Dall.... 
...do 

Skin  and  ekull. 
do  . 

! 

<s 

do   . 

....do 

....do 

Skin 

TukoD  R.,  Dioath 
of  ForcnpiDe. 
do 

B.  Keanloot». . . . 
....do 

R.  Kennicott.. 
....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do...  

do 

....do  

....do 

do 

...do 

....,lo 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Skull   .. 

do 

....do 

....do 

do 

i 

do 

,..,do 

...do 

do 

Very  young. 

Very  young. 
Very  yuunff. 

do 

....do 

..  do 

do 

261 

<s 

Fort  Yukon 

Peol  Klver 

Jan.  80, 1862 

J.  Lookhart — 

J.  Lookhart.. 
0.  Gandet . . . 

...do 

do 

9 
9 

OJ 

do 

.  do 

do 

do 

..  do 

do 

do 

.  do 

do 

do 

..  do 

do 

Fort  Andorson  . . 
do 

Mar.  -,  18G4 

R.  McFarlane  .. 
...  do  

R,  McFarlane . 
..do   

Skin 

6253 
6254 

7554 

7563 
7564 
71)65 
4314 
4321 
4325 
4326 
4327 

4316 

4331 
4315 
4312 

377 
7,13 
528 
527 
529 
530 
531 
532 
5,13 
534 
535 

Skull 

do 

....do 

do  

....do 

Skin 

,...do 

June  20, 1862 

...do.....' 

R.  Kennicott... 
....do 

...do 

....do 

R.  Kennicott.. 
....do 

....do 

....do  

....do 

....do 

...  .do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

.•...do 

....do 

....do 

...  do 

....do 

....do 

Skull 

...  do  

....do 

....do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

....do 

....do  

...  do    

Fort  Llard 

do 

11 
12 
13 
t4 

3;i2 

329 
309 
346 
338 
321 
314 
331 

. .  do  .  . 

....do 

..do 

'..  do    

..  do    . 

....do  

....do 

do 

....do 

...,do 

...do   

do    .    . 

...  do 

...do 

..do 

..  do    . 

? 

..    do 

...  do 

..  do 

Skin  and  skull. 

Skin 

..do.. 

....do    . 

....do 

do 

...do   . 

...do 

do 

? 

....do    .. 

...do 

....do  

do    

...do    . 

do 

do 

do    ... 

9 

...do 

...do 

...do  

do 

Skin  and  sknll 
do 

...do    ,.  . 

.do .      ... 

..  do    . 

do   

do   

A.  McKfUilo.. 
L.CIaiUo  Jr  .. 

do    . 

....do 

Foi  t  Rao  . . 

Summor 

B.  R.  Rosa 

L.  Clarke,  Jr  .   . 

Skin 

do  .  . 

6114 
1115 
1116 

1399 

o 

...do 

La  Pierru's  IIoubo 
...do 

Skull 

.    do 

...do 

....do 

*  All  tlio  akulU  uf  tbU  Hat  had  bu»u  labeled  At  tlio  SiuitliBoulau  iDBlltutlon  L.  campittrit. 


LEPOEID^— LEPDS  AMEEICANUS  VAB.  AMEllICAKUS. 


315 


Tahi.e  XVII. — List  of  speoimetia  of  Lefus  amkkicanus  tar.  amemcanus— Continuort. 


■s 
Ji 

e 
1 

1^ 

a 

g 

11 

1 

a 

a 

1 

9 

3 

Locality. 

When  col- 
lected. 

From  whom  re- 
ceived. 

CoUectod  by— 

Nature  of  epe- 
cimen. 

Romarka. 

4444 
4441 

444;i 
44U 
4445 
4433 
4440 
4447 
4448 

_ 


4101 

0'.i68 

4437 
4438 
3434 
44;!;l 
4430 
4439 
3Mt 
3003 
3903 
3015 
3913 
40» 

4393 
4317 
4:119 
43jO 
4311 
4328 
4389 
4330 

4333 

4334 

43190 

-500 

7507 

7508 

7569 

7570 

7571 

7573 

7573 

7174 

757.1 

7570 

7.161 

7583 

7683 

7585 

7580 

7587 

7.'i8e 

7589 

7.'iU0 

7.WI 

7593 

7.193 

7.194 

279 
978 
277 
270 
973 
271 

? 

Fort  Simpson 

....(1-j 

Deo.    0,1800 
Deo.    0,1800 
Deo.    0,1800 
Not.   8,1860 
Not.   8,1800 
Not.   8,1800 

RKennioott.... 
....do 

B.  Kennicott. . 
...do  

...do 

Black. 

...do 

..  ilo          .      ... 

do 

..do    ... 

Skin  and  aknll. 
...do 

.  do 

do 

..  do  .  . 

do 

do 

..  do 

Skull 

Skill  .tndiikull. 
...  do  . 

rf 

...do 

....do  

...do 

..do 

do 

.  do  ... . 

984 
5 
07 
08 
70 
530 
537 
538 
539 
540 
541 
543 
543 
544 
545 
546 
710 
735 
724 
709 
760 
-05 
767 
768 
7-3 
770 
771 
774 
773 

J 

....do 

Doc.    0,1800 
Mar.  — ,  1800 

....do 

B.B.ROU 

RKonoicott.... 
do 

....do 

A.  McEenzie . 

R.  Kennicott. . 
...do 

....do 

Skin .. 

.  do 

..  do 

Skin  and  ukuU 
...  do  ... 

...  do  . 

...do 

do  .  .. 

...do  

...  do     .. 

...do 

do    .. 

...do 

Skull 

..  do 

do          ..  . 

....do  

....do    . 

...do 

.do 

...do 

....do 

....do    .. 

do 

...do 

do 

do 

do 

....do  

....Ho 

..  do 

.  do 

...do 

....do 

..  do 

..  do 

...do 

do 

.    do 

.    do 

...  do 

....do  .. 

do 

....•lo 

do 

....do 

....do 

.  do 

....do 

do 

...do 

....do  

...do 

...  do 

....do 

...do 

....do  

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

..,.do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....dn 

....do  

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do  

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do ' 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do  

....do 

...do 

do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do  

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do  

...do 

...do  

....do 

....do 

..:.do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

Moose     Factory, 

H.  B.  T. 
R>iny     Lake, 

H.  11.  T. 

J.  McKen^ie... 

Wm.  MaotRTieh 

B.  Konnioott. . . 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...  .do 

J.  McKonzie.. 

Wd  .Mnctavisli 

R  Eounloott . . 

...do 

...do 

Skin 

....do  

•• 
00 

9 
? 
0 
9 
0 

Summer  — 

.Tuly  37, 

July  97, 

July  37, 

July  27, 

July  87, 

....do 

Morthy  Portagu. . . 
....do  .  . 

....do 

....do 

4333 
4333 

90 
03 
95 

....do     . 

....do 

...do 

Sklnandakull 

Skin 

Skin  and  aknll 
Skin 

....do     . 

...  do 

....do 

..  do    

..  do 

Selkirk  Settlement 
.    do 

...do 

<{ 

..  do    

....do 

...do  

..  do 

..  do     

....do 

...  do 

do 

..  do    

...do 

..  do 

do 

do    

....do 

.  ..do 

Rod  Illvcr  Bottle- 
mont. 

do     

....do  

...  do 

w 


m 


(I       1 


816 


MONOGRArnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tablb  XVIII.— lfeiuur«mcn(ao/LEPUs  americanus  rar.  viiioinianus. 


1 

Locality. 

M 

From  tip  of  noeo  to — 

Toll  to  cud 
of- 

Length  of— 

i 

"3 
1 

Nature  of  apeclmen. 

6 

1 

d 

.J 

^ 
W 

1 

s, 

1 

a 

a 

SCO? 
1507 
1M3 

J 

i.eo 

1.75 
1.75 
1.80 
1.75 
1.85 
1.75 
1.75 
1.70 
5 
1.75 
1.50 
l.no 
r.50 

3.40 
3.35 
3.30 

aso 

J.  10 
3.45 
3.85 
3.80 
3.80 
3.15 
3.85 
3.00 
3.30 
3.00 

4.80 
4.15 
4.85 
4,l!0 
4.10 
4.00 
4.80 
4.80 
4.15 
3.H 
.185 
3.75 
3.fO 
4.00 
3.75 

3.15 
3.22 

4.00 

80.00 
17.50 
17.75 
17.50 
17.50 
17.50 
17.00 
17.00 
10.73 
10.75 
16.00 
13.25 
14.75 
14.00 
21.00 
SO.  00 
18.  .50 
18.  M 
17.50 
17.50 
17.00 
21.00 
10.50 

moo 

18.00 
8100 
19.00 
16.00 
19.50 
80.00 

1.40 
1.40 

8.50 
2.30 

2.35 
855 
8  85 
855 
8  45 
8  40 
833 
833 
8  00 
820 
8  43 
815 
835 
8  5U 
885 
8  41 
8  38 
841 

5  35 
5.45 
5,10 
5.50 
5.30 
515 
5.35 
3.50 
5.50 
5.15 
5.10 
4.65 
5.00 
5.20 
5.15 
5.10 
4.85 
5.20 
4.57 
4.98 
5.46 
5.30 
5.38 
5.63 
5.68 
5.50 

4.84 
5.50 
6.50 

883 
8  80 
3.00 
300 
890 
890 

Skin. 
....do. 
....do. 

...do. 
....do. 
...do. 

..  do. 

do 

do 

1514 

do                       

1.53 
0.85 
0.85 

830 
800 
1.60 

1516 

ISIT 

ISIB 

1511 

1515 

1510 

ISM 

1519 

1500 

1508 

1073 

1430 

1074 

959 

1075 

1076 

060 

5SS 

551 

849 

481 

67 

66 

317 

316 

850 

do 

do 

do  

do 

do 

do    

880 
8  95 
8  75 
8  40 
8  40 
300 
860 
3.35 

...  do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

Skin.    From  Bolrd. 
do 

1.40 

2.30 

do     

1.00 
0.85 
0.90 

815 
1.00 
815 

do 

do 

do 

Hlddloborongh,  Mqbh 

do          .             



do 

do 

do 

do 

l.ai 

883 

3.13 
3.15 
316 
3  05 
330 
360 
3.40 
300 
3.38 
3  40 
3  40 
3  43 
358 
300 

..do. 
...do, 
...do. 
...do. 

...do. 
...da 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

..  do. 

Freali.  From  Baird. 

...do. 

Skin.    From  Baird. 

do 

9 
? 

2.00 

3.50 

do 

do    

1.33 

1.15 
1.00 

1.33 
1.58 
1.50 

892 

885 
1.75 

1.75 
8  42 
885 

855 

8.18 
850 

do   

•'CO 
4.37 
4.18 
3.85 
3.  .10 
4.00 

4.00 

3.00 
3.17 
3.33 

do 

do 

New  York  Stnte 

1.58 
l.CO 

ip 

\* 

r 

fr 

,1: 


LEPOBIDiE— LEPUS  AMERICANOS  VAK.  VIRGINIANUS. 


317 


Table  XlX.—MeaturemmU  of  skuUt  of  Lepus  amkkicanus  tar.  vinoiNiAKUs. 


s 

s 

i 

1 

a 

^ 

? 

s 

» 

^ 

3 

a 

I 

£  2 

al 

.a 

2 

a 

JS 

1 
1 

1 

s 

0 

a 

1 

a 

s 
a 

Locality. 

i 

0 

1 
1 

f 

1 

.It 

i 

i 

s 

s  . 

«H       C 

11 

1 

3 
a  "3 

a 

1  * 

M 

1 

■a 

It 

Remarks. 

g, 

■a 

s 

tc 

s 

2 

J 

2 

•-  i 

■"  fe 

JB 

a  fe 

1 

■  ft 

A 

a 

Si 

u   <s 

b  r3 

b  b 

b 

u 

rt 

! 

H 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

11 

II 

1 

IS 

It 

1 

% 

o 

H 

o 

0.70 

1.S3 

■A 
0.05 

0.64 

LOO 

a 

0.37 

0.30 

b 

b 

J 

SOO'I 

960 

Micldloboro',  Mass. 

J 

3.13 

1,GU 

1.85 

0,65 

0. 48  3. 35  L  47 

8003 

950 

....do 

tf 

3.84 

1.58 

0.-0 

1.38 

0.68 

0.70 

0.97 

1.87 

0.40 

0,98 

0.58 

0. 50  3. 85  L  50 

1836 

310 

New  York 

3.10 

1.55 

0.64 

1.85 

o.6i: 

0.5f 

0.94 

1.30 

0.36 

0.87 

0.57 

0. 50  3. 30  L  50 

1837 

317 

...do 

i.75 

1.40 

0.6.1 

I.  OF 

0.65 

0.50 

0.85 

1.18 

0.31 

0.85 

0.48 

0.45jl.09]l.38 

(Tin mature;  iiu' 
J    laraj. 

1C73 

531 

...do 

3.30 

1.63 

0.7li 

1,31 

0.7(i 

O.Or 

1.00 

1.  35 

0.37 

0.30 

0.63 

0. 53,3. 30  L  55 

3<J10 

....do 

3.35 

1.60 

0.66 

1.40 

0.05 

0;54 

1.00 

1.  X> 

0.34 

0.35 

0.58 

0. 47  8. 33  L  60 

1C05 

"k\ 

....do 

3.8.') 

1.67 

0.70 

\.3i 

0.06 

0.6'J 
D,5l 

I.OJ 

1, 38 

0.35 

0.89 

0.60 

0..-W8.35'l60 

308 

Upton,    Oxford 

3.  o:'i.  I>3 

O.5.- 

1.  St; 

0.00 

0.  95 

1.27 

0.35 

0.S5 

0.55 

0. 45  3. 17  L  45 

County,  Mo. 

308 

...do 

d 

3.051.50 

0.  (i'. 

i.a:. 

0.07 

0.50 

0.93 

L83   0.38 

0.33 

0.53 

0,43  8.101.37 

30.1 

...do 

<f 

3.301,00 

0.61 

1.4.i 

0.74 

0.68 

a.  a 

l.CO 

L  87  0,38 

0.37 

0.60 

0. 50  3.  45|l  63 

30* 

....do 

8.90).  50 

o.y, 

i.ao 

0.C8 

0.0;i 

L -J)  0.33 

0.35 

0.55 

0.47 

8.031.37 

307 

....do 

3.  101. 55 

0.8r 

i.r, 

0.70 

r 

a  SI 

1.04 

L  83  0.88 

0.35 

0.57 

0.50 

3.38^.43 

308 

...do 

....3.I0|l53 

0.(iO 

L85 

0.5r 

0.98 

1.81  0.38 

0.87 

0.60 

0.47 

3. 13' L  43 

310 

...do .... 

....8. 80  MO 

0.5,^ 

1.  ih 

O.CO 

0.50 

0.fl7 

L'JO  '0.88 

0.36 

0.58 

a  40 

3. 03  L  S3 

311 

...do 

9    3.101.58 

0.65 

La4 

0.65 

0.60 

0.95 

Las.  0.88 

0.88 

P.  63 

0.45 

iI5L47 

318 

...do 

9 

3.0.'.  1.57 

o.r. 

1.31 

0.6-; 

0.50 

0.93 

1.85 

0.30 

0.37 

H57 

0.45 

3. 10  L  40 

313 

...do 

9 

3.1o'l.55 

0.61 

1.30 

0.6.'. 

0.68 

0.98 

1.35 

0.38 

0.37 

1.58 

0.50 

•111L43 

319 

...do 

9 

3.1ll|l.55 

0.7a 

1.84 

0.05 

o.ivi 

1.00 

1.33 

O.W 

0.88 

0.60 

0.58 

3.S''L45 

380 

..  do 

3.801.08 

0.70 

1.85 

0.65 

0,  ,53 

L03 

L33 

0.37 

0.30 

0.58 

0.54  3.30|L60 

3^1 

...do 

(f   1051.5)' 

0.65 

1.30 

0.il5 

0.54 

0.98 

1.30 

0.35 

0.35 

0.57 

U.47  3.0s'l43 

304 

....do 

J    3.081.55 

a  65 

LSI8 

0.65 

0,50 

1.00 

1.30 

0.30 

0.34 

0.58 

0.47  8.03'l.50 

318 


T^sl?- 


Ill'  .S* 


'I 


I. 


MONOGRArHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tadle  W.—Litt  oftpecimena  o/Lwve  amehicanus  var.  vikoinianus. 


1 

a 

•s 

a 

a 
a 

n 

IS 

1 

a 

■a 

a 
'u 

u 

o 

m 

Loenllty. 

■Wbcn  col- 
lected. 

From  wLom    ro. 
coived. 

Collected  by— 

Natnreofapeci. 
men. 

•150« 
•1507 
•1508 
•1500 
•1510 
•1511 
•1512 
•1513 
•1514 
•1516 
•1516 
•1517 
•1518 
•1519 
•S607 
•2625 
•3534 
•2533 

1503 
250 

1440 

Jor.-> 

1070 
059 
060 

8143 

8144 
259 
11067 
551 
316 
481 

B63 
849 
1569 
157« 

317 
66 

1175 

Winter 

...do    

LAsaaali 

Skin. 
do 

do 

...  do 

.  .do          .           .    ... 

....do    

....do   

....do. 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

;;;.:d° ::.;:: 

....do  

....do  

...do 

do 

....do  

....do 

....do 

do          

....do 

....do 

...do. 

do                   

....do  

....do  

....do. 

do 

...do 

....do 

....do. 



do 

....do   .... 

....do 

...do 

do 

Fall 

....do 

...  do. 

do  . 

..  do    . 

....do 

..  do 

do 

Winter 

...do 

...da 

do 

Fall 

....do 

...da 

do 

...da 

do 

Fall 

...do 

...da 

175 

9 

do 

....do  

....do  

....da 

do  

Summer 

...do 

L.  Agaaaii 

...do. 

o 

...da 

Skin  and  aknIL 
Skin. 
...da 

1202 

Quebec,  Canada 

Middleborongb,  Moss 

do 

AuR.  — ,  1853 
Mar.    7,1856 
Nov.  30, 1655 
Nov.  83, 1855 
Oct  33,1655 
Oct   17,1855 
Summer 

...do 

8.F.Baird 

J.W.  P.  Jenka.... 
...do 

8.F.Baird 

J.W.P.Jonka.... 
....do 

2003 
2004 

•• 

<s 

do 

...do 

....do  

....da 

do           ... 

...do 

...do 

Skin  and  akull. 
....do. 

...do 

...do 

Boaton  Society  of 

Natural  Uiatory. 

...do 

Skin, 
....do. 

....do        

Winter 

....do  

...  .do. 

J.G.Bell 

Market 

...do. 

1670 
1336 
12f0 
1605 
1015 
1906 
2399 
240O 
3910 
3827 

ia:n 

069 
970 

9 

Essex  Conntv,  N.  T 

....do 

8.  F.  Baird 

....do  

Skin  and  aknlL 
....do. 

do 

Dec.    1, 1854 
Feb.    3,1655 
Feb.    2,1855 
Oct     6, 1855 
Sept   6, 1855 

Winter 

...  do  

...do 

....do  

do         

..  do 

...  do  

....do. 

do 

Skin  and  akull. 
....do. 

09 

do 

S.F.B»ird 

...do 

S.E.  Halo 

..  do    

do 

..do   

do 

...da 

do 

do   

...  do. 

....do    .. 

ar.Dalrd 

.  do   

Skull. 
...  .do. 

do 

...do     . 

do   

Northern  PunDsylwmla 

do 

Dec.  — ,  1854 
Winter,  1653. 
.  do    . 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do 

do   .. 

Skin  and  akulL 
...do. 

dp 

do' 

SknIL 
Skin. 

AIIef;hAny  Coanty,  Md 

Winter 

Dr.  J.  L.M.Coroas 

Dr.  J.  L.  M.  Comaa 

*  HpocimcDfl  from  Museum  of  Couiparatlvo  Zoology,  Cambridgo,  UaM. 


LEPOBIDiE— LEPUa  AMERIOANUS  VAE.  WASHINGTON!.        319 


'W 


Table  XXl.—MeasuremenIt  of  Lepds  amkricands  vor.  washinotoni. 


1 

1 

5 

Locullty. 

From  tip  of  nose 
to— 

Tall  toend 
of- 

LeDgthof.— 

i 

"S 

1 

n 

Katnro  of  speoi* 
men. 

i 

St 

t 

1 

1 

1 

1 

-a 

a 

5 

580 
S808 

31)3 
SSSI 
5888 
5884 
5886 
a<87 
38U 
3817 

Stcnocoom,  Wash 

3.43 

l&SO 

laoo 

16.00 
17.35 
10.35 
16.00 

aea 

I.SO 

4.43 
4.30 
4.13 
5.  SO 
5.00 
4.75 
5.00 
5.35 
4.50 
4.80 

3.35 

SkiD.  ITomDalrO. 
do 

do 

Shoalwalor  Buy,  Wash , 

1.75 

3.00 

0.84 

1.75 

1.00 
350 
350 
2.33 
3  40 
3  30 
3.35 
3  30 

....do. 

3.10 
3.15 
3.0O 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

do 

..   do 

.    do     

.do       

do 

3.05 
3.00 
300 

....do. 
....do. 
....do. 

Cbiloweyacb  Depot,  Wash     

15.35 
16.35 

.    do    ...             

m 


Table  XXII.— Jfco«ureni«n(»  of  tknXU  of  Lepus  amehicanus  lar.  washinotoni." 


3408 
6864 
6865 
6HI6 


Locality. 


Stellaooom,  Waab 

WashiDgton  Territory 

, do 

do , 

Cblloweynck  Depot,  Waah 


3.00 
110 


0.651.  l.-i  0.65 


3  80  L  40  0.60  1.13 
0.65t.3'.i 
0. 05  1.  15 


I' 


o.co 

0.64 
0.58 
0.58 
0.65 


0  53 
0..% 
0.53 
0.60 
0.53 
0.60 


E 
% 

h 


o.no 

0.81 
0.95 
0.87 
0  85 
0.03 


LI8 
1.10 
1.30 
1.34 
LIS 
1.S5 


0.37 
0.38 
O.SC 
0.36 
0.3S 
0.36 


£ 
•9  E 

g.fi 

B.  e 
U 

0.33 
0.S3 
0.S6 
0.S6 
0.25 
0.25 


E 

a  . 
a.S 

if 

IP 


0.53 
0.50 
0.55 
0.55 
0.53 
0.60 


t 


0.40 
0.40 
0.45 
0.43 
0.45 
0.43 


300 
1.06 
300 
3.03 
1.93 
3.03 


L43 
1.37 
1.37 
1.35 
1.37 
1.38 


*  No.  3667  ia  the  only  agod  apeoimou  in  tbo  aeriea ;  in  tbe  otbera,  tbe  suturea  are  atiU  qaito  open. 


320 


MONOGUAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


M  V. ! 


'^9 

"'M 

I 

1 

w 

|il 

fln 

wk 

1 

i 

\  4 

1 

LEPOBID^.— LEPUS  AMERICANCS  VAR.  BAIRDI. 


321 


Table  XXlV.—ileaturcmcnta  of  Lefus  ameiucanus  tar.  baikdi. 


s 

Locmlity. 

^ 

From  tip  of  nose  to— 

Tidl  to  end 
of- 

Lrngth  of— 

e 

1 

Nature  of  ep«oi. 
meo. 

k 

1 

a 

> 

i 

1 
1 

1 

•s 

4SI3 
4363 
4304 
11303 
11008 
30».1 
3903 

4no 

Wind  Btver  MotintilDa 

....  do      

d 

1.43 
1.15 

3.81 
3.  so 

17.50 
18.00 

3.50 
3.  CO 
3.70 
3.35 

5.35 
5.40 
3.50 
3.53 
3.75 
5.75 
4.90 
4.00 

3.20 
3.60 
2.05 
3.  CO 
3.33 
2.93 
3.00 
3.33 

Frcab. 
....do. 

Skin. 

do. 

....do. 

...do 
...do. 
...do. 

.    ..do   

1.60 

3.00 

3.60 

IT.  35 

1.45 

3.25 

Fort  Cridger 

17.15 
16.00 
15.50 

a.  00 
3.83 
3.40 

..  ..do       

Weat  of  Fort  Bontou  

Table  XXV. — iteaaurementa  o/  ttmlla  of  harxsa  amkricaniis  tar.  bairdi. 


Looality. 


Uodloine  Dow  Mount- 
atns. 


Dlttor  Root  Valley... 


I00.e4«.50  0.86 


n 
If 

a   u 

II 


|i 
il 

W    H 

■"  a 

U 


a33  0.!I8 


LIS  a 33  0.'.I4 


a 

Q 

Sri 


itemarks. 


Immature;  lost  tem- 
porary molar  atill  in 
place.  Skull  mark- 
ed L,  amtricanut. 

...  do. 


21  H 


I 


M: 


< 


''I 


'   t 


t 

1 

M  [^ 

1 

• 

^l 


^  :| 

1^ 

1 

I 

1 

322 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


i 

.8 


3 
I 


s 
a 


% 

» 


I 


i 


■2 
I 

■M 

o 


^g.l 


^    "O   ^    ^    ?3 


I. 

u  1  ^ 


ia 


^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 


"aiiifi^liiiiiitiiiii*^''' 


f^3 


^  Q 


—  jojoq 
-oma  SoTpaoaBoxioo 


II 

a    *? 


o    o   o    o    o 


!•§>§. 


I 

•d 


s  "  S  a  S 

s  i  a  3  3 


XSxZdS%aj&SGSDSoaoS} 


ef  of  V  V  rt"  n"  -•'  w 

o    o    «    «    e    fi 


r  r  r  r 


■nqnmu-snSoiitVQ      ; 


;$§iiiililiii!ii|i 


ill 


LEPORID^— LEPUS  AMEBICANU8  ET  VARS. 


323 


General  remarhs  on  Lepus  americanus  and  Us  varieties. 


Lepus  americanus  dift'ers  from  the  otlier  Varying  Ilnres  in  its  mucli 
eninller  size  and  reliitively  shorter  ears,  as  well  as  in  the  size  and  proportions 
of  the  skull.  Aside  from  its  wliite  winter  pelage,  it  also  differs  much  from 
all  the  other  Hares  of  this  continent  in  color,  proportions,  and  in  cranial  char- 
acters, and  from  most  of  them,  moreover,  in  size. 

Of  its  four  geographical  varieties  (americanus,  virginianus,  washing/otii, 
and  bairdi),  var.  bairdi  seems  to  be  the  most  strongly  marked.  Var.  ame- 
ricanus is  the  northern  form,  with  a  softer  and  longer  winter  pelage,  more 
heavily-clothed  ears  and  feet,  with  the  white  of  the  surface  invading  the 
pelage  to  a  considerable  depth,  and  with  a  duskier,  duller-tinted  summer 
pelage.  By  gradual  stages,  however,  it  shades  into  var.  virginianus,  its  south- 
ern representative  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  which  has  the  whiteness  of  the 
winter  pelage  restricted  to  the  surface,  only  partially  concealing  the  color  of 
the  under  fur,  and  in  which  the  summer  pelage  is  of  a  brigiiter  or  redder 
tint..  Var.  toashingtoni  is  the  southern  Pacific  coast  form,  known  at  pres- 
ent only  from  the  region  about  Puget's  Sound.  In  summer  pelage,  it  is  rather 
more  rufous  even  than  var.  virginianus,  but  by  no  differences  as  yet  discov- 
ered is  it  always  distinguishable  from  the  latter  form.  Like  mrginianus,  it 
is  a  southern  representative  of  americanus,  with  which  it  insensibly  inter- 
grades.  Var.  bairdi  occupies  an  intermediate  geographical  position,  and 
may  be  regarded  as  an  alpine  form.  Its  distinguishing  features  are  in  the 
summer  pelage  the  prevalence  of  black,  the  white  under-fur,  and  white  feet, 
and  in  winter  the  tendency  to  an  entire  whiteness  of  the  under-fur.  It  shows, 
however,  decided  intergradations  with  the  northern  form,  as  well  as  with  the 
two  southern  forms,  with  which  it  essentially  agrees  in  size  and  proportions. 
So  far  as  at  present  known,  there  is  no  very  marked  variation  in  size  with 
locality  throughout  the  wide  region  inhabited  by  the  varieties  of  L.  ame- 
ricanus. 

Geographical  Distribution. — Lepus  americanus,  in  some  of  its  forms, 
occupies  the  wooded  portion  of  the  whole  northern  half  of  the  continent, 
extending  southward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  as  far,  at  least,  as  New  Mexico ; 
its  southern  limit  of  distribution  coinciding  very  nearly,  apparently,  with  the 
isotherm  of  50°.  On  the  Pacific  coast,  the  species  is  represented  in  var. 
toashingtoni  as  far  south  as  the  head  of  the  Willamette  River ;  in  the  interior, 


n 


324 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


I'll  li-tf^i'i 


Uirougli  vnr.  hairdi,  it  extends  througliout  the  higlier  parts  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  soutli,  at  least  to  Cantonment  Burgwyn,  New  Mexico;  to  the 
eastward  of  tiic  Missouri  River,  as  var.  virginianus,  it  occurs  in  Minnesota, 
and  thence  eastward  tliroughout  tlie  northern  parts  at  least  of  nearly  all  the 
northern  tier  of  States,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  southward,  at  least  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Connecticut.  Its  limit  in  the  Eastern 
States  hence  nearly  coincides  with  that  of  the  Alleghanian  fauna.  To  the 
northward,  it  ranges  to  the  limit  of  trees,  extending  even  to  the  very  borders 
of  tlie  Arctic  Barren  Grounds. 

The  range  of  the  several  varieties  is  not  so  easily  indicated.  Var.  ame- 
ricanus  seems  to  remain  well-defined  as  that  type  southward  to  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Nova  Scotia  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  as  far  as  the  Red  River 
Settlements  in  the  interior.  Var.  Jrtzjv/i,  occupying  the  higher  parts  of  the  Rocky' 
Mountains,  separates  tlie  two  southern  forms,  virginianus  and  .washingtoni, 
and  doubtless  extends  a  long  way  northward  into  the  habitat  of  var.  ameri- 
canus.  Var.  americanus  is  the  form  received  from  Southern  Alaska,  but  its 
southern  limit  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  not  as  yet  known.  Var.  washingtoni, 
however,  has  been  received  from  as  high  as  about  latitude  55°.  So  far  as 
our  present  knowledge  goes,  we  may  define  the  habitat  of  var.  virginianus  as 
occupying  the  Atlantic  coast-region  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Connecticut;  the 
whole  of  the  higher  parts  of  the  Apalachian  Highlands  as  far  south  as 
Virginia,  and  probably  to  North  Carolina;  in  the  interior,  the  northern  half 
of  the  northern  tier  of  States,  and  the  southern  half  of  the  Canadas,  west- 
ward to  the  highlands  bordering  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  where 
here  and  in  Northern  Minnesota  it  doubtless  gradually  merges  into  variety 
americanus. 

Synonymy. — ^We  find  allusions  to  the  Lepus  americanus  auct.  in  the 
writings  of  several  of  the  early  authors,  among  whom  is  Kalm,  who  refers 
to  it  briefly  in  his  Travels  (vol.  iii,  p.  59,  English  ed.),  and  supposed  it  to  be 
identical  with  the  Varying  Hare  of  Europe.  The  first  specimens  reached 
England  in  1771,  and  were  described  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  (vol. 
Ixii,  p.  4)  by  Daines  Barrington  in  1772  under  the  name  of  the  "Hudson's 
Bay  Quadruped".  In  the  same  volume,  it  is  again  more  fully  described  by 
J.  R.  Forster,  who  gives  also  some  account  of  its  habits,  but,  in  so  doing, 
quotes  Kalm's  reference  to  quite  a  different  species  (the  L.  sylvaticus  Bach.) 
inhabiting  New  Jersey.     Pennant,  in  his  History  of  Quadrupeds  (in  1784), 


LEPORID^— LEPUS  AMERICANUS. 


325 


while  qiiile  ncciirntcly  describing  tlic  aiiimnl,  confounds  it  with  other  spocicfi; 
for,  in  spcniting  of  its  distribution  and  hal)its,  lie  quotes  not  only  Kalm's  refer- 
ence to  the  L.  sylvnticus,  but  also  Liivvson's  account  of  the  Habbit  of  Carolina. 
Erxleben,  in  1777,  based  his  L.  americanus on  Kalm  (his  reference  to  the  Hare 
of  Hudson's  Hay,  not  the  southern  Gray  Rabbit),  Harrington,  and  Forster,  and 
his  diagnosis  is  in  every  respect  applicable  to  this  species,  and  to  this  alone. 
Gmelin's  account  is  abridged  from  tluit  of  Erxleben,  he  citing  the  same 
authors.  Shaw,  and  some  other  later  writers,  continued  to  confound  it  with 
other  species,  giving  as  its  habitat  the  whole  of  North  America.  Pallas,  in 
1778,  described  it  under  the  name  of  Lepus  hudsonius,  and  Schreber,  in  1792, 
as  Lepus  nanus.  While  Schreber' s  diagnosis  refers  exclusively  to  L.  ameri- 
canus,  he  blended  its  general  history  with  that  of  L.  sylvalicus.  Desmarest, 
in  1822,  rather  increased  the  confusion  already  existing  by  giving  u  descrip- 
tion referring  mainly  to  L.  sylvaticus  under  the  name  of  L.  americanus.  In 
his  references,  he  cites  not  only  Erxleben  and  Pallas,  whose  descriptions  refer 
exclusively  to  L.  americanus,  but  also  Schoepf,  whose  description  of  "Der 
Nord-Amerikanische  Haase"  as  exclusively  refers  to  L.  sylvaticus,  while  he 
gives  its  habitat  as  including  not  only  the  region  west  of  Hudson's  Bay,  but 
also  the  Carolinas,  Florida,  Louisiana,  California,  and  Mexico.  From  this 
time,  however,  till  1842,  the  name  americanus  was  often  applied,  even  by 
American  writers,  to  the  L.  sylvalicus,  it  being  thus  used  by  Harlan  in  1825, 
and  later  by  Fischer,  Audubon,  Emmons,  Thompson,  and  others.  Harlan 
still  further  increased  the  confusion  by  redescribing  the  L.  americanus  under 
the  name  of  L.  virginianus,  supposing  it  to  be  a  new  species ;  while  Dr. 
Godman,  in  1826,  considered  it  as  identical  with  the  L.  variabilis  of  Europe. 
The  mistakes  of  Desmarest  and  Harlan  were  repeated  even  by  Dr.  Bachman 
in  his  first  paper  on  the  American  Hares,  published  in  1837.  In  the  mean 
time,  however,  Dr.  Richardson  (in  1829)  had  re-instated  Erxleben's  name  of 
L.  americanus,  and  Dr.  Bachman,  in  a  supplemental  note  to  his  paper,  recti- 
fied his  former  error.  In  1839,  in  a  second  paper  on  the  American  Hares, 
Dr.  Bachman  refers  to  this  species  under  its  proper  name;  and,  in  1849,  in 
the  first  volume  of  the  Quadrupeds  of  North  America,  fully  elucidates  its 
synonymy,  giving  Erxleben's  description  in  full.  Since  the  date  of  Dr.  Bach- 
man's  second  paper,  the  species  has  been  generally  recognized  by  its  proper 
designation.  I  find,  however,  that  all  the  skulls  of  this  species,  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  from  the  Hudsoa's  Bay  Territories,  are  marked 


■i  M 


4  i 

IM    li    i 

wl 

1 

pi 

f 

■)■:, 


326 


MONOGUAl'US  OF  NOUTU  AMERICA  UODENTIA. 


L.  " ciniijiestris".  Some  of  thom,  however,  henr  the  pnitiully-crased  nnme  L. 
^'amoiannis"  of  a  ])iior  (lotcrniiiintion.  The  skins,  however,  of  those  same 
KpL'ciiiicns,  are  still  labeled  L.  ^'ameriranuii"  or  L.  ^'americanun!"  whenever  ii 
specific  name  is  added,  some  l)eing  lulxilcd  simply  ^^Lepus".  The  L.  '*cam- 
jtestris"  of  Ilajdcn,  referred  to  in  his  dc8crij>tion  of  L.  haiidi,  belongs  to 
this  northern  form,  as  docs  also  the  L.  "campestris  Bachman"  of  Dnll,  given 
in  his  nominal  list  of  the  Mammals  of  Alaska,  as  shown  by  his  specimens  still 
in  the  collection  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Respecting  this  application  of  the  name  camjtentri^,  Professor  Bnird 
writes  nie  (under  date  of  March  31, 1874)  that  he  was  "still  not  convinced  that 
the  Lepits  virginianus  of  Richardson  refers  to  the  Townsend's  Hares  of  the 
Upp(;r  Missouri.  The  specimens  described  by  Richardson",  he  continues, 
"arc  of  course  too  imperfect  to  permit  any  satisfactory  description  ;  and  the 
dimensions  given  are  probably  too  large.  It  is  entirely  out  of  the  question 
for  Richardson  to  have  overlooked  the  occurrence  of  the  northern  variety  of 
Lepus  americanus,  as  it  is  found  everywhere,  from  Fort  Garry  northward,  is 
very  common  on  the  Saskatchewan,  and  constitutes  a  large  portion  of  the  food 
of  the  Indians  in  the  regions  traversed  by  him.  It  is  particularly  abundant 
about  latitude  55°.  In  the  many  collections  that  we  have  had  from  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Territory,  you  will  note  the  entire  absence  of  any  Hares  resembling 
the  fownsendi.  If  my  supposition  be  correct,  then,  if  you  give  a  name  to 
the  grayish  northern  form  of  the  American  Hare,  that  should  be  cainpestris, 
and  Townsend's  name  be  retained  for  the  big  Missouri  River  species." 

As  already  noticed  under  the  head  of  Lepus  campestris,  I  consider  Rich- 
ardson's L.  virginianus  (subsequently  named  campestris  by  Bachman)  to  refer 
beyond  question  to  the  long-limbed,  long-eared,  and  long-tailed  Townsend 
Hares  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  and  can  see  no  reason  for  presuming  the  meas- 
urements given  as  "probably  too  large".  Bachman  certainly  understood  his 
name  to  apply  to  a  long-eared,  long-tailed  Hare  so  like  what  he  later  named 
L.  fotonsendi  that  he  repeatedly  states  his  conviction  that  they  would  prove 
to  be  the  same,  he  having  been  at  first  erroneously  informed  that  the  L. 
townsendi  never  became  white.  As  to  Richardson  overlooking  "the  north- 
ern form  of  Lepus  americanus",  he  certainly  did  not  do  so,  as  he  has  described 
it  in  detail  under  that  name,  and  especially  refers  to  its  importance  to  the 
Indians  as  an  article  of  food,  and  their  method  of  capturing  this  animal. 
Furthermore,  he  distinguishes  the  L.  virginianus  as  a  prairie  species,  while 


LBPORIDiE— LEPU8  8YLVATICUS. 


327 


his  L.  americanus  is  not  found  in  such  jtlaccs,  but  inhabits  thick  woods.  Ho 
Bays  particularly  that  "on  the  barren  grounds  to  the  eastward  of  tiie  Copper- 
mine, and  on  the  extensive  plains  or  prairies  through  which  tlie  Missouri  and 
Saskatchewan  flow,  it  is  replaced  by  other  and  larger  species" — respectively 
his  L.  glacutlis  and  L.  virginianus.  Furthermore,  his  description  of  the 
summer  pelage  of  his  L.  americanus  corresponds  perfectly  with  the  specimens 
in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  from  the  Red  River  district  northward  to  the 
Yukon.  Several  points  in  his  description  of  L.  virginianus,  aside  from  its 
size,  as  the  color  of  the  under  fur  of  the  back,  are  wholly  inapplicable  to  the 
L.  americanus,  but  strictly  accord  with  the  characters  of  the  Townsend's 
Hares.* 

The  differences,  as  already  noticed,  between  the  northern  and  southern 
forms  of  L.  americanus  are  quite  appreciable,  and,  in  giving  them  varietal 
designations,  it  becomes  necessary  to  restrict  the  name  at^ericanus  to  the 
northern  form,  the  earlier  descriptions  of  americanus  being  based  solely  on 
specimens  from  Hudson's  Bay,  while  Harlan's  name  of  virginianus  is  alone 
applicable  to  the  southern  form,  his  description  being  based  on  Virginian 
specimens.  As  already  noticed,  the  Nova  Scotia  and  Red  River  specimens 
belong  to  the  northern  type,  the  southern  form  being  mainly  if  not  wholly 
restricted  to  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Missouri 
River. 

Lepus  waahingtoni  was  first  described  by  Professor  Baird  in  1855,  and 
Lfpvs  hairdi  by  Dr.  Hayden  in  1869,  and  neither  of  them  have  been  con- 
founded with  either  of  the  other  varieties  of  Lepus  americanus  or  with  any 
other  species. 

LEPUS  SYLVATICUS  Buchmau. 

Var.  8vi,VATicus. 


Wood  Hare;  "Or»r  Babbit";  "Wood  Rabbit." 

Lepiu  ncMUi  Schrkber,  SSnget.,  iv,  1793, 881  (In  part  only).— DeKay,  New  York  Zool.,  i,  1848, 93,  pi.  xxvii, 

fig.  1.— Waqner,  Sappl.  SobrebeT'd  Siiuget.,  iv,  1843, 114. 
SuMlagut  naniu  Orat,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  xx,  1867,  221.— Allen,  Ball.  Hns.  Comp.  Zodl.,  1, 

1869, 239. 
Leput  amerioaniu  Desmarest,  Mammalogie,  ii,  1822,  351.— Harlan,  Faun.  Amer.,  1825,  193. — Avdubon, 

Birds  of  Amer.,  pi.  51.— Fischer,  S;nop.  Ham.,  1839,  376  (in  port  only).— Bacuhan,  Joarn. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vii,  1837,  320,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  3,  4  (ear  and  foot).— Emmoks,  Qnad.  Maaa., 

1840, 56.— Tuuhpsun,  Nat.  Hist.  Vermont,  1842,  48. 

*  Since  the  above  was  written.  Professor  Baird  has  conceded  tbe  inapplicability  of  the  name  L. 
oampaMt  to  the  smaller  short-eared  Varying  Haro  of  British  North  America. 


m 


328 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  KOBTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


if 


i. 


!;■:; 


/.(■jiun  gytealicuii  Dacmman,  Joiirn.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbilu.,  vii,  18:17, 40;);  Tiii,  1839,  78.— Watkruouse,  Nat. 
Hint.  Mam.,  ii,  IHlf,  110. — Aid.  &  Uacii.,  Qiiuil.  N.  Am.,  i.  1849,  17:1,  pi.  xxii.— Woodhoi'kk, 
Sit(;rcftvi»'»  Col.  alio  Ziilii  Uivdr  Exp.,  IBTia,  55  (Eastern  Tcxhb  ami  luilian  Territory).— Max- 
imilian, Wii'gm.  Arch.,  IhOl,  i,  144.— Baiiid,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1H57,  597,  pi.  viii,  flg.  1  (Bkuli); 
V.  H.  anil  Mex.  HouihI.  Siirv.,  ii,  1859,  ii,  47  (liidiauola,  Texas).— Hayden,  Trans.  Am.  I'liil. 
Soe.  riiila.,  xii,  180;),  148.— Aiibott,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  1808,  759.— Allkn,  Proc. 
IJobI.  g.)c.  Nat.  Illst.,  xiii,  lWi9,194;  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zoiil.,  ii,  1871, 184. 

Lepus  hachmcni  WATKltllousK,  Proc.  Zoiil.  8oc.  Lond.,  vi,  18;t8,  103 ;  Nat.  Hist.  Mam.,  ii,  1846,  124.- Bach- 
mam,  J<mrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  viii,  1839,  9C. — AUD.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,  iii,  1853, 35, 
pi.  eviii  (liased  on  WaterhoiiBo's  epeciiueus).- Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1857,  60C;  U.  8.  aud  Mex, 
Bound.  Survey,  ii,  1859,  ii,  48  (BrowuBVille,  Texas). 

ISj/lvitagui  bacJimani  Gray,  Aun.  and  Mag.  Nal^  K<st.,  3d  series,  xx,  1807,  S!33. 

.  '    -  '/i- 
Var.  kuttalli. 

Sage  Hare. 

XepiM  nuttalU  Baciiman,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vii,  1837,  345,  pi.  xxii;  viii,  1839,  79;  TowDBend's 
Narrative,  .839,  329  (based  on  an  immature  specimen). — Add.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,  ii, 
1851,  ;iOO,  pi.  xciv.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  18^7, 604, 617. 

Lrput  Hijhalicm  var.  nuttatli  Ali.gn,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., xvii,  1875, 334. 

Lepua  ariemiHia  Baciiman,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila,,  viii,  1839,  94  ;  Townseud's  Narrative,  1839,  329. — 
Watkruoitse,  Nat.  Hist.  Mam.,  ii,  1848, 126.- AVD.  &  Bach.,  Quad.  N.  Am.,  1851,  ii,  272,  pi. 
Ixxxviii. — WooDiioi'SE,  Sitgrcaves's  Col.  and  ZuOi  River  Exp.,  1853,  55. — Baird,  Mam.  N. 
Am.,  1857,  002;  U.  8.  aud  Mex.  Bound.  Survey,  ii,  1859,  ii,48,  pi,  xxv,  fig.  2  (skull).— NEVf- 
BEIIRY,  Pacilic  R.  R.  Ex.  and  Surv.,  vi,  iv,  1857,  65. — Kennerly,  ibid.,  x,  vi,  1859,  16. — 
SucKLKV,  ibid.,  xii,  iii,  1800,  105.— Buckley  &,  Giubs,  ibid.,  132.— Hayden,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.  Pbila.,  xii,  1803,  148.— CouES,  Am.  Nat.,  i,  l'-.67,  534;  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  1867, 
136. 

iS^Ii'ifai7iia  arfrmiafa  Gkay',  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  sen,  XX  222.  .,  •     . 

Lepm  arkmiriacui  Wagner,  Buppl.  Scbreber's  Siiuget.,  iv,  1844,  li... 

,1       ■  t  .  ■     ■     i'-     ^'; 

Var.  AUDUBONi. 

Audubon's  Hare.  i 

Lcpui  eudutovi  Baird,  Mam.  N.Am.,  1857,  608,  pi.  xiii  (animal);  pi.  Iviil,  flg.  S  (sknll).— Newbbrrt, 
Pacific  R.  K.  Ex.  &  Surv.,  vi,  iv,  1857,  65.— Kennerly,  Pacific  R.  R.  Kx.  &  Surv.,  x,  vi,  1859, 
17  (markets  of  San  Francisco).- Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  xx,  1867, 224. 

Zepua  tykalicut  var.  niidubont  Allen,  Proc.  Best.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  434. 


Var.  SYLVATTCUS. 

Wood  Hare. 


■■,-ii.(^ '.■.•.»-■'■  ■■:■ 


Above  pale  yellowisli-brown,  varied  with  black;  sides  and  rump  grayer; 
nape  and  limbs  yellowish-rusty,  tUding  into  whitish  on  the  anterior  surface  of 
the  hind  legs;  head  above  less  varied  with  black  than  tiie  back;  beneath 
white,  except  the  breast,  which  is  pale  yellowish-'  jwn.  "^'le  hairs  of  the 
upper  surface  have  very  long  sliining  black  tips,  succeeded  fr'<t  by  a  broad 
bar  of  pale  yellowish- brown,  then  by  a  rather  narrower  zoi'e  n"  black,  and 
thence  to  the  ba.se  giayish-plunibeous.  Under-fur  dark  plumbeous,  nearl3 
black,  oilen  tipped  with  pale  brown.  Length  (ti])  of  ose  to  tail),  13.50  to 
17.00  inches;  of  hind  foot,  .S.IO  to  4.20;  of  :  ur,  2.10  to  3.00;  ear  about  two- 
tliirds  tl     length  t)f  tlie  head;  licad  n  little  short'^r  than  the  hind  foot. 


1 


LErOKIDiE— LEPU8  SYLVATICUS. 


329 


Specimens  from  the  same  locality  diflbr  in  color  mainly  in  tlie  amount 
of  black  presented  l»y  the  dorsal  surface,  this  depending  upon  the  relative 
length  of  the  black  tips  of  the  hairs.  There  is  a  slight  variation  also  in 
respect  to  the  intensity  of  the  brown  of  the  subterminal  bar.  The  variation 
in  color  with  the  season  is  not  very  marked,  consisting  in  winter  specimens 
being  somewhat  grayer  than  summer  specimens.  Southern  specimens  are 
but  little  more  strongly  colored  than  northern  ones,  the  rufous  being  of  a 
rather  stronger  tint  and  the  black  more  prevalent.  Those  from  the  States 
immediately  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  begin  to  be  lighter  than  those  from 
the  Atlantic  slope.  Further  westward,  the  paleness  gradually  increases  till 
we  reach  the  pale  form  of  the  arid  plains.  Specimens  from  northern  locali- 
ties, both  on  the  Atlantic  slope  and  in  the  interior,  are  sometimes  wholly 
without  the  brownish  termination  of  the  under-fur,  or  it  is  only  faintly 
developed,  and  confined  mainly  to  the  sides.  Here  it  is  generally,  however, 
quite  strong,  and  is  frequently  quite  appreciable  on  the  middle  of  the  dorsal 
region.  The  came  variation  in  this  respect  is  seen  both  in  Massachusetts  and 
western  specimens;  Iowa  examples  being  not  distinguishable  in  this  respect 
from  New  England  ones.  To  the  southward,  however,  the  brownish  termi- 
nal band  of  the  under-fur  becomes  more  uniformly  traceable,  being  generally 
present  in  specimens  from  about  Washington,  but  much  stronger  in  those 
from  South  Carolina  and  Florida,  in  which  it  generally  forms  a  strong  broad 
bar,  though  sometimes  obsolete. 

The  geographical  variation  in  color  is  mainly  as  already  noticed,  namely, 
.in  increasing  paleness  from  the  Mississippi  westward  toward  the  Plains, 
where  variety  sylvaticus  passes  by  insensible  steps  into  variety  nuttalli 
(zz  artemisia  auct.).  The  specimens  from  Eastern  Nebraska  and  Eiistern 
Dakota  can,  in  general,  hardly  be  referable  to  the  one  form  rather  than  to  the 
other.  At  the  southward,  the  colors  become  slightly  mor  intense,  but  the 
difference  is  by  no  means  striking.  The  variation  in  s'  with  locality  is 
quite  appreciable,  as  shown  in  Tables  XXVII  and  XXVIIl,  the  '  gest  speci- 
mens being  from  the  north.  Washington  specimens  are  somewhat  larger  than 
those  from  South  Carolina  and  Florida, while  those  from  Massachusetts  are  again 
rather  larger  than  those  from  Washington ;  those  from  Wisconsin  and  Iowa  are 
fully  as  large  as  New  England  specimens,  and  very  much  larger  than  Texas  ones. 
Passing  further  south,  however,  we  find,  contrary  to  what  wodld  be  antici- 
pated, tl-  it  specimens  from  Southern  Mexir     arc  fully  as  large  as  those  from 


■  i% 


■  iMf   '7 


\m^, 


i 

:'  1 

1     = 

i 

J^ 

330 


MONOGRArnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


tlie  noil  hern  parts  of  tlie  United  States,  and  more  closely  resemble  them 
than  do  tlie  specimens  from  Georgia  and  Florida.  A  series  of  twenty-one 
sjx'cimcns  from  Southeastern  Mexico  and  Yucatan  (Orizaba,  Tehuantepec, 
and  Mirador,  Mexico,  and  T.terida,  Yucatan)  presents  but  slight  differences 
from  those  from  the  Atlantic  States.  The  difference  consists  chiefly  in  the 
rufous  tinge  being  ratiier  stronger  in  the  Mexican  specimens,  which  is  seen 
especially  in  the  brighter  color  of  the  legs  and  feet.  Yet  specimens  from 
Tehuantepec  and  Orizaba  can  be  almost  exactly  matciied  by  specimens  from 
the  vicinity  of  Washington.  The  Mexican  specimens  are  fully  as  large  as 
specimens  from  the  Atlantic  States ;  the  seven  skulls  from  Tehuantepec  (all 
of  which  are,  however,  very  old  specimens),  of  whieh  measurements  are  given 
ill  Tabic  XXVII.T,  average  rather  larger  than  those  from  the  United  State 
Specimens  No.  136  (from  ilississippi)  and  No.  11439  (from  Merida,  Yucatan) 
arc  as  near  in  color  in  every  respect  as  two  specimens  from  the  same  locality 
can  be  expected  to  be.  A  specimen  from  the  plains  of  Chihuahua  is  smaller 
and  rather  paler,  more  nearly  approaching  variety  nuttalli  than  variety 
syivaticus. 

Southern  specimens  generally  have  the  ears  less  covered  than  northern 
ones,  the  feet  less  heavily  furred,  and  the  general  pelage  harsher  and  less  full. 
Southern  specimens  also  show  a  tendency  to  decidedly  longer  ears  than 
northern  ones.  On  the  whole,  however,  this  species  presents  much  more 
than  the  average  stability  of  character. 

In  the  following  tables,  the  measurements  pertaining  to  the  general  size 
have  been  taken  from  Professor  Baird,  my  own  material  being  essentially  the 
same  as  his;  the  measurements  of  the  skulls  are,  however,  all  original.  ' 

Var.  NUTTALLI. 

Sage  Hare. 

Variety  nuttalli  differs  from  var.  sijlvaticus  mainly  in  its  paler  tints  and 
rather  smaller  size;  proportions  the  same.  Above  yellowish-gray  or  brownish- 
white,  varied  with  black ;  sides  of  body  and  rump  whitish.  Hairs  with  long 
black  tips,  as  in  var.  si/lmticus,  but  with  the  subterminal  zone  pale  yellowish- 
wiiite.  Under-fur  grayish-plumbeous  at  base,  passing  into  yellowish-brown 
apically.     Posterior  part  of  the  back  and  the  rump  mixed  black  and  white. 

As  compared  with  variety  syivaticus,  this  form  seems  distinguishable 
mainly  by  ur  tints.     Specimens  from  the  plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri 


LEPORID^E— LErUS  SYLVATICUS  VAR.  NUTTALLI. 


331 


fli 


nre  scarcely  smaller  than  those  from  Iowa  or  the  Eastern  States,  while  the 
proportions  seem  to  be  absolutely  the  same. 

This  form  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  much  smaller  than  L.  sylvaticus, 
but  the  large  number  of  specimens  before  me  indicates  but  a  siiglit  average 
difference  in  size,  var.  nutlalli  being  ratlier  the  smaller,  with  a  very  dec!<1t;!i 
decrease  in  size  to  the  southward.  Specimens  from  the  northward  have  a 
fuller  and  softer  pelage  and  more  heavily-clothed  ears  and  feet  than  var. 
sylvaticus  anywhere  presents.  In  those  from  along  the  eastern  edge  of  the 
plains,  the  tints  are  brighter  than  in  those  from  further  westward ;  specimens 
from  along  the  Missouri,  from  about  Fort  Leavenworth  to  above  Fort  Randall, 
being  so  nearly  intermediate  between  the  typical  nuttalli  and  sylvaticus  that 
the  majority  of  them  may  be  as  well  referred  to  the  one  form  as  to  the  other, 
while  there  may  occur  occasionally  typical  examples  of  each.  The  lightest 
specimens  appear  to  be  those  from  Western  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Nevada,  and 
Utah ;  Arizona  specimens  passing  gradually  into  variety  arizonce.  Winter 
specimens  are  rather  lighter  than  summer  ones.  In  some  of  the  former,  the 
subterminal  zone  of  the  hairs  presents  but  a  faint  trace  of  yellowish,  while  the 
sides  and  hinder  part  of  the  back  are  of  a  delicate  gray,  from  the  intimate 
blending  of  the  black  and  white  hairs.  Through  the  excessive  paleness  or 
almost  total  obsolescence  of  the  yellowish-brown  tint  so  conspicuous  in  var. 
sylvaticus,  the  black  tips  of  the  hairs  are  more  conspicuous,  standing  out  in 
stronger  relief  against  the  nearly  white  ground-color,  and  thus  sometimes 
give  the  effect  of  a  greater  amount  of  blackness. 

The  average  length  of  the  body  in  a  series  of  nineteen  specimens  from 
various  localities  is  13.75  inches,  with  the  extremes  ranging  from  12.00  to 
16.00 ;  of  hind  foot,  3.41  inches,  with  the  extremes  ranging  from  3.00  to  4.25. 
The  average  length  of  fifteen  specimens  from  the  Atlantic  slope  is  15.35; 
of  twenty  specimens  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Missouri  Kiver  (from  various 
localities  between  Fort  Randall  and  Fort  Leaven wortii),  is  15.50.  Variety 
nuttalli  hence  averages  about  one  and  a  half  inches  shorter  than  var.  sylvati- 
cus, or  about  12  per  cent,  smaller.  The  measurements  of  the  skulls  indicate 
about  the  same  proportionate  difference  in  size. 

There  are  in  the  collection  a  consi:icrable  number  of  specimens  collected 
in  the  vicini*y  of  Brownsville  and  Mutamorns,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Grande.  These  include  Baird's  types  of  his  L.  ^'backmani"  (=hachmani 
Waterhousr),  which  I  at  first  referred  to  variety  nuttalli,  I  it  now  believe  to 


0^ 


1 

1 

'  1  ;i  i 

^' 

,;   ■  t 

■  ■^"  ■ 


lilf   |H 


332 


MONOGUAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


come  ill  more  naturnlly  with  the  variety  sylvatkus  series.  Tliey  agree  in 
their  small  size  with  other  Texas  specimens,  but,  though  rather  paler  than 
average  sylvaticus,  do  not  j)resent  the  degree  of  pallor  tiiat  characterizes  the 
specimens  from  the  plains  further  westward. 

Var.  ARIZONA. 
Desert  Hare. 

Rather  smaller  than  variety  mUtalli,  and  paler,  presenting  the  extreme 
phase  of  diflferentiation  in  respect  to  pallor  of  coloration.  The  specimen  on 
which  this  variety  is  primarily  based  was  collected  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues  at 
"lieal's  Springs,  fifty  miles  west  of  Fort  Whipple,  Arizona,  September  8, 
1865".  On  the  back  of  the  label  is  written,  in  Dr.  Coues's  handwriting, 
"The  common  'cotton-tail' of  the  Territory — new  species?? — arlemixia ? " ; 
indicating  that  he  recognized  it  as  something  different  from  the  common 
so-called  Artemisia  Rabbit  of  the  plains.  The  color  above  is  a  very  pale, 
faded,  yellowisii-gray,  very  slightly  mixed  with  black.  The  nape-patch  is 
pale  yellowish-fulvous,  and  the  usual  reddish  parts  of  the  legs  and  feet  are 
pale  yellowish-brown.  The  most  important  character,  however,  is  the  great 
size  of  the  ears,  which  give  it  at  first  sight  almost  the  appearance  of  a  young 
"Jack"  Rabbit.  The  ears  are  fully  a  third  longer,  and  proportionally  broader, 
than  in  specimens  of  the  typical  Sage  Hare  (var.  nuttalli)  from  the  arid 
plains  of  Utaii,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  neighboring  regions  northward. 
Other  specimens,  from  Camp  Grant  (sixty  miles  east  of  Tucson),  Arizona, 
collected  in  February,  1867,  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer,  agree  with  Dr.  Coues's  speci- 
men in  the  great  length  of  the  ears,  but  in  color  do  not  differ  materially  from 
the  ordinary  form  of  var.  nuttalli. 

Its  habitat  seems  to  be  the  deserts  of  Arizona,  and  its  chief  characteristic 
the  great  length  and  size  of  the  ears. 

Var.  AUDUBONi.         . 
AuduhoiCs  Hare.  ,  .  ■        , 

About  the  size  of  variety  sylvaticus,  or  a  little  less,  with  rather  longer 
*ars,  and  nearly  the  coloration  of  L.  troxobridgei.  The  coloration  of  the. 
original  si)ecimens  from  near  San  Francisco  and  San  Diego,  Cal.,  presents 
much  the  same  peculiar  phase  in  respect  to  the  dorsal  suiiacc  as  that  of 


LEPORIDjE-LKPUS  sylvatious. 


33;{ 


L.  frowbridgci,  namely,  a  finely-niixcd  palo  yellowish-brown  and  black. 
The  lower  parts,  however,  are  white,  instea<l  of  pluniboous-gray,  and  the 
color  above  is  ratlier  lighter  tlian  in  L.  twwhridgei.  It  is  easily  distinguished 
from  the  latter,  not  only  by  the  different  color  of  the  lower  parts,  but  by  its 
longer  tail.  While  merely  the  darker  Pacific-coast  phase  of  the  L.  sylvaticus 
group,  it  finds  its  closest  resemblance  in  external  features  in  the  L.  trow- 
bridgei.  To  the  eastward,  it  merges  into  variety  nuttalli  of  the  interior 
deserts;  and  to  the  southeastward,  into  the  very  light,  very  large-eared 
phase  of  the  sylvaticus  group  which  I  called  variety  anzonce.. 


Table  XXXII. — MeamremenU  o/Lepus  sylvaticus  far.  sylvaticus. 


1 

a 

a 
a 

U 

LocnUty. 

1 

From  tip  of  nose 

to- 

Tail  to  cud 
of- 

•s 

! 

i 
t 

1 
1^ 

t 

R 
Q 

1 

Remarks. 

li 

i 

^ 

i 

1 

I 

957 
958 
304 
305 
306 
465 
466 
906 
1890 
1S9S 
1857 
244 
136 
2304 
2970 
188 
1394 
1143 
1137 
1138 
1130 
1140 
1141 
1143 
1141 
1145 
1146 
1IJ7 
1148 
I13.-i0 
11349 
717 
1402 
1493 
1494 

Middleborongh,  Hwu 

3.50 
3.00 
a25 
3.  .10 
170 
3.90 

ass 

3. 3D 
3.  .TO 
3.15 
107 
3.60 
3.40 
3.00 
11.00 
180 
2.05 
175 
ICO 
180 
150 
160 
140 
195 
175 
180 
150 
130 
138 
l.TO 
125 
2.60 
105 
100 
110 

1&2S 
15.00 
1&75 
15.50 
16  00 
16.50 
14.25 
15.00 
14.50 
14. 5U 
1150 
16.00 
15.50 
14.50 
15.50 
17.00 
15.00 
18.50 
16. -"O 
If  jO 
Id.  40 
16.60 
16.00 
16.50 
16.45 
16.50 
16.00 
15.50 
14.50 
15.(10 
1150 
14.00 
11 5u 
1100 
11 OO 

1.53 
1.20 
2.  CO 
1.60 

3.48 
3.01 
2.75 
2.40 

160 
130 
156 
170 
168 
180 
135 
160 
150 
175 
145 
165 
160 
133 
130 
4.90 
195 
4.12 
180 
180 
190 
190 
192 
llj5 

no 

ISO 
170 
170 
185 

3.35 
2.20 
2.93 
100 
2.30 
2.70 
2.32 
2.60 
3.60 
3.55 
2.65 
3.55 
3.50 
2.40 

Skin.. 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..Jo... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do   .. 

From  Prof.  Baird. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do 

Wasbington,  D.  0 

do 

do 

do   

1.63 
1.60 
1.45 
1.3S 
1.40 
L90 

3.43 

aoo 

8.35 
2.15 
2. 25 
LOO 

do   

..  .  do 

do   

do   

Society  mil,  N.C 

Sclma,  Ala 

.... 

WashiogtAD,  Uias 

.  do  . . . 

..  do. 

Prairie  Mer  Itottge,  La 

1.70 

2.40 

..do  ... 

....do. 

.  do... 

....do. 

Raclno,  Wla 

WiecoDiin 

1.70 
1.50 
1.45 
1.34 
1.60 
1.50 
1.60 
1.48 
1.50 
1.45 
L50 
1.50 
1.23 
1.45 

1.40 

2.50 
2.45 
2.85 
2.34 
2.30 
3.40 
3.30 
2.28 
2.35 
2.20 

2.30 
2.00 
2.25 
100 
2.50 
3.05 

8.67 
2.10 
2.35 
2.15 
2.25 
2.13 
2.20 
2.90 
2.33 
2.30 
2.25 
2.30 

..do... 
..do  ... 

do. 

....do. 

..do... 
.  do  . 

do. 

..  .do. 

,  ...  do    

...      do 

do   . 

..  .do. 

do 

..do   .. 

..  .do. 

do 

..do  ... 

do. 

do 

..do  ... 

do. 

do 

..do  ... 

do. 

do 

..do... 

do. 

do 

..do... 

do. 

do 

..do  ... 

do. 

do 

..do  .. 

do. 

2.30 

-do  ... 

Freeh 
..do  ... 

Skin.. 
..do  ... 

....do. 

From  Dr.  Cooes. 
do. 

From  Prof.  Balrd. 
do. 

Fort  Randall,  Dak 

1.88 
1.75 

a25 

3.00 

do 

F  rtLoavcnworlb.Kain.... 
do 

160 

9.  no 

do 

1.45 

3.10 

J  90 
155 

3.40 
».£0 

..do  ... 

do. 

do 

..do... 

...do 

i, 


334 


MONOCniAPIIS  OF  NORTH  AMKKICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tahi-e  XXXIII.— ,l/i'a»«ifm«n(»  »/  tkulh  of  Lki'is  svlvaiii-'us  var.  sylvatioos. 


l'^ 


Ul 


urn 

755 
3857 
3255 
13024 
4758 
4631 
1330 
1S37 
1331 
1953 
SCOO 
9191 
3093 
8407 
3457 
3458 
3007 
3(Xie 
3009 
685 
3850 
506U 
7404 
7496 
7497 
7499 
3316 
3134 
8663 
8664 
8967 
13863 
13868 
13864 
13470 
1193 
8089 
1533 
1317 
1818 
ISIB 


1300 
1808 


3100 
3105 


834 

9875 


I^tcallty. 


MiilcUeboroagb,  MaM . 

Carlislo,  Pa 

....  do  


.ilo  . 


.do. 
.do. 


do. 


WnihiDgton,  D.C. 

do , 

do - 


do. 
.do  . 


.do. 


do. 

do. 

Gcorgin.. 
do. 


.do. 
.do  . 
.do. 


Teiaa 

do 

do 

do 


Saint  Looie,  Mo 

Prairie  Mer  Ronge,  La. . 
Tehaantepeo,  Mexico... 
do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


do 

do 

Brownsvlllp,  Tox . 


MaUmoraji,  Tox . 

do 

do 

do 


3.7IJ 

3.7M. 

3.631. 

3.831, 

3.88 

3.01 

3.84 

3.85 

8.77 

3.  CO 

3.85 

360 

3.85 

4.90 

8.80 

3.80 

2.60 

3.97 

3.80 

3.80 

9.88 

3.55 

9.00 

8.65 

9.78 

9.8: 

8.78 
3.10 
3.80 
3.83 
3.75 
3.74 
3.05 
8  93 
195 
3.08 
9.65 
3.80 
3.68 
3.58 
8.67 
3.43 


0.63 
0.70 
0.65 
0.72 
0,75 
0.85 
0.71 
0.8ri 
0.6.'; 
O.K- 
0,70 
0.70 
0.70 
0.7S 
0.65 
0.74 
0.74 
0.7.I 
0.74 
0.63 
0,72 

o.e.r 

0.76 
0.73 
0.70 
0.71) 
0.70 
0,74 

0.6t 
0.7i 
0.7S 
0.83 
0.8C 
0,80 
0.78 
0.6:! 
0.67 
0.6.- 
0,6.' 
0.71 

0.6-: 


J     J 


a'VO.  52  0. 

..  p,  .mL. 

000.  .13  0, 


„l- 


,.L 


TJ'Zl 


46 
30;o.  65iO.  52 
SO 
54 
50 


350. 67,0, 

37|o.6HO. 

top.  040. 
80  0. 570. 
320. 560. 
850. 05:o. 
050.5s'o. 
3.'i  0.  Sf'o, 
la'n  ui'/i 


0. 5,1 0. 

0. 6o:o. 


0. 540. 
32  0.62  0. 
0.54., 
0. 570. 
0. 60  0. 


0.50  0, 
0. 55  0. 


p.  VijO. 

37J0. 6:<|0. 

85  0. 570. 

330.60  0. 

40  0, 57  b. 

360.000, 

350. 56p. 

150. 57  0, 

aop.  550. 

360.670. 

8.10.600. 

320, 660. 
,40  0.63  0. 
,  120. 47.0. 
.  30  0. 53  a 
,0?'«.4-p, 
,060.  .50  0. 


.  10  0. 55 

.9,?'a4i- 

I 


-I 

a  (. 

■•"  4. 

*.s 
a 


0.84 
0.90 
0.79 
0.9( 
0.96 
1.0( 
0.8' 

o.g( 

0.OO 
0,92 
0.90 
0.75 
0.90 
0.9(1 

o.h; 

0.93 
0.86 
0.96 
0,92 
0,87 
95 
0,  7t 
0,94 
0.83 
0,95 
0.93 
0.88 
0.07 

0.95 
0,86 
0,85 
1.03 
0,00 
0.95 
1.0« 
0.85 
0.90 
0.9(1 
0.8. 
0.8J 
0.73 


ii 


V* 


T 

09  0.31' 
86  0.3:1 
86!o.  8'. 
3 1 10.31, 
800.31 
.80  0.34 


0.86 
0.37 
0.38 
0.8(3 

as9 

0.31 
0.3-1 
0.3:! 
0.3f 
0.31 
0.30 
0.35 
0.» 
a  31 


0.55  0, 

0.52 

0,50 

0.53 

0.55 

0.00 


0.30 
0.37 

33,0.30 

20 


0.30 


0.» 
0.3B 
0.85 
0:33 
0.8« 


35  0.56 

36  0.55 


0.54 

0.55 

0.55 

0,47 

0.52 

0.05 

0,55 

0.58  0. 

0.50 

0.53 

0.55 

0,53 

0.51 

O.SO 

0.56 

0.47 

0,57 

0.5:1 

0,55  0, 

0.5rO 

0. 52  0. 

0.55  0. 

0, 36  0,  52  0. 

0.34  0,48  0. 


0.48 
85  0,  52 
83  0.  51 

O..^ 
33  0. 50  0. 
97  0, 52  0. 

0.5OO. 

0.  48  0. 

0.52 

0. 47  0, 


1.751. 

3.0o'l, 

3.05 

303 

1.90 

300 

1.07 


1.95 
1.81 
3  00 
1.98 
1,0.') 
1.90 
t.80 
3  02 
1.93 
1.94 
1.90 
1.72 
308 
1.78 
300 
1. 


1.95 
1.88 
1.87 
317 
300 
310 
312 
1.90 
1.97 
1.90 

1.76 
1.70 


Very  old. 
..do. 
..  do. 
...do. 


Very  old. 


Very  old. 


Very  old. 
...do. 

Very  old. 

Very  old. 

do. 

do. 


Very  old. 
Very  old. 


r  Marked    L. 
I    "  baohmaoL*' 

Very  old. 
Very  old. 


'at 


LErOKID^E— LKPUS  SYLVATICUH. 


335 


Table  XXXIV.— Z,jal  o/ ajjaimeMi  uf  Lkpi's  sylvatici'S  rar.  avLVATicug. 


1 
i 

a 
S^  d 

a 

1 

a 

1 

ai 

1 

1 

Locnllty. 

c 

From  wliom  receivtsd. 

Collectrd  by— 

i 

■s 
e 

1 

'A 

'1447 
•1533 
•IU4 
8141 
8143 
958 
959 

noes 

11069 
4011 

305 
306 

90« 
10«D 
485 
4M 
40IS 
1389 
1390 
1391 

5144 
l«7 
1SS8 

•3894 
•3883 
•3440 
•S447 
•3445 
138 
3305 
1997 

343 

L.Agaaaia 

L.  Agaaais 

Skin, 
do 

do    

....do 

.,  do 

do 

...do   ... 

. . .  do  . . 

do 

do    

Boat,  Soo.  Nat  Hiat 
...  do    . 

do 

.    do    

do 

Middleboroogh  Mass 

J.W.P.Jenke 

....do 

J.W.P.Jenke 

....do 

...do. 

Skin  and  aknil. 
Skin, 
do 

3003 

do 

Now  York 

J.  a.  Bell 

J.G.  Boll 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

....do  

....do 

...do. 

4799 
6034 
4831 
635 
785 
3955 
3398 
3957 
1397 
1930 
1931 
1959 

Carlisle.  Pa 

Prof.S.  F.BaW.... 
do  .. 

Prof.  8.  F.  Balrd.... 
do   

Skull, 
do 

.  ..    do  

do 

...  do.. 

do 

do 

do 

do  .. 

do     . 

do 

do 

...  do   .... 

do 

do. 

.,  ,,  do 

. .  do  . .    . 

do   .... 

do 

....    do 

..    do 

do   ... 

do. 

do 

....do 

....do   

...do. 

Skin  and  akull. 
...do. 

WublDgton,  D.  C 

do 

...do 

S.O.Brown 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do 

Skull. 

Skin  and  skull. 

Skin. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

...do 

....do 

do 

....do 

...  do 

do 

Jan.    8,1865 
Jan.  31,1865 

....do 

Prof.  8.  F.  Baird.... 
....do 

do 

....do 

do 

...  do 

....do 

...do. 

9090 
9091 
9093 
3407 
1934 

do 

Feb.  — ,  1856 
Tan.  -,1808 
Jan.  —,1858 

...do 

....do 

Skin  and  BknII. 
...do. 

do 

...do 

....do 

do 

...do 

....do 

...do. 

do 

....do 

....do    

SknII. 
...do. 

do 

....do 

....do 

do 

....do  

....do  

Skin. 

Skin  and  akull. 
Skin. 
Skull. 
...do. 

9087 

Society  Hill,  8.C 

U.A.CarUa&Sona. 
...do 

U.  A.Cortia&Sona. 
...  do 

..  ..  do 

9457 
9458 
3907 
3908 
3909 

do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

do 

do 

....do   

...do. 

do 

do 

....do   

...do. 

do     

...  do  

....do 

...do. 

Florida .... 



O.J.  Majnard 

C.  J.  Haynard 

...  do   

Skin. 
.    do. 

9 

0 

9 

.  .     do     ...  . 



do 

.    do   

....do   

..  do. 

do 

....do   

..  do. 

do 

.  do    

,.    do      

..  do. 

Col.  aL.C'.W»ile» 
J.  Fairie    . 

Col.  B.  L.  C.  Wailea. 

...do. 

Skin  and  skull. 

Skin. 

SknII. 
...do. 

3134 

7497 
7498 
t«» 
7900 
ISM 

Prairie  Mer  Rouge,  La 
Indianolo,  Tex 

13 

Fob.  14,1855 

G.  Lincejtini 

....do 

Q.  Liucecnm 

....do  

do 

do 

....do 

....do  

...do. 

13 

do 

...  do 

...do   

..do. 

Capt.  Van  VUet 

Capt.  Van  Vliet 

Skin. 

#4 


*  Specimens  from  Miiaeum  of  CoinparAtivc  Zoillog}  ,  Oanibridfco,  Hras. 


m 


:w 


1 

1 

^ 

1 

1 

m 

i 

i 

loH 

H 1 

9-  ' 

B! 

f 

w 

i! 

:     '•««(? 

W' 

380 


MONOOHAPnS  OF  NORXn  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Taulk  XXXIV.— /i«<  of  iptcimena  of  Lki'ls  sylvaticuh  rar.  svlvaticuh— Coutiiiiicd. 


1 

s 

i':. 

•at 

9061 
3100 
717 
3IS3 
141X1 
1401 
1304 

m 

1138 
1140 
1141 
1143 
1145 

lue 

1796 
14»3 
1400 

1660 
SW 

7709 
113S0 
11340 

eos4 

6663 
8067 
13470 
1386S 
13e63 
13804 

790S 
8118 

ssei 

8S63 
8964 
8S6S 
6356 
8609 
11435 
11436 
lUIS 
11439 
11443 

h 

o 

1103 
7736 
3316 

1 

s 

a 

a 

i 
1 
1 

Locullly. 

When  collected. 

From  wbom  received. 

(.'ollcclod  by- 

Capt.  Van  Vliet 

G.  Llncecuni 

Lieut.  D.  F.  Brown 

Copt  Van  Vllet... 

(I.  LInceoum 

W.  S.  Wood 

Skin. 

Skin  and  akull. 
do. 

Saint  Loull,  Mo 

Ft.  LoAvenworlli,  Kontt 
(Id 

May  — ,  1857 
Jan.  90, 1C55 
.Toly    5,1857 
Apr.  91, 1857 

J 

Skin. 

...do. 

do. 

Wm.  M.McOraw   . 
Lieut.  Q.  K.  Warren. 
...do 

Dr.  J.  O.Cooper.... 
W.  8.  Wood 

do 

do 

....do 

do. 

S831 
8089 

818 

Missouri 

J.O.  Bell 

Dr.  E  Palmer 

Dr.P.  B.Hoy 

W.  E.  Moore 

•In 

J.  G.  Bell  

Skin  and  akull. 
.  do. 

Fort  Cobb,  Ind.T.     . 

Dr.  E.  Palmer 

Kaolne,  Wis 

Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy 

Rkln. 
...do. 

Ft.  Dia  Molnea,  Iowa 
do         

Autumn, 1855 
..  do   .... 

....do    

do 

do   . 

...do 

do 

.  do   .... 

.  do    

...  do   

do 

do 

do  . 

.  do     .... 

....do   

do. 

do 

do 

do    

...  do-  

do 

3094 
2510 

do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

Skall. 

Skin  and  akall. 
Skin. 
...do. 

Slonx  City,  lown 

Lower  Miaaonri  Jliver 
80  mllca  nboYoConnoll 

BlnOk. 
Fort  Pierre  Dak 

Oct  98,1856 
,1850 

Lleiit.  0.  K.  Warren 
do   .  . 

Dr.  F.V.  Hoyden.. 
...  do 

....do 

....do 

.  do   . 

do     

do. 

0 

do    

...do. 

Republican  Fork,  Knna 
Fort  Randall,  Dak... 
do 

May  95, 1864 
Jan.     9, 1879 
Jan.     9,1879 
Aug.  31, 1868 
Oct.   27,1868 
Not.  21, 1888 

Dr.  E.  Couea 

...  do 

do 

0373 
9378 
9431 

3679 

S680 

5 

!2 

30 

....do 

...do. 

...do 

....do  

...do. 

Tebnantepeo,  Mexico . 
do 

F.  Sumlchrnst 

...do 

F.  Sumlohraat 

....do 

Skin  and  aknU. 
...do. 

do 

...do 

...  do 

...do. 

do 

..  do 

....do 

Skull. 
...do. 

9506 

1 

a 

3 

do 

.  do   

....do 

do   

.  do   

....do  ..  

...do. 

do   

..do 

...do 

..  do. 

do 

May  — ,  1860 

do    

....do 

Skin. 
..do. 

Oriuiba  Mexico 

M  Botterif 

M.  Botlerit 

do 

do    

....do 

do. 

do   

do      .  . 

...do 

..do. 

0 
0 
0 

....    do   

do   

...do 

do. 

do 

do     ... 

...do   

..do. 

do   

do    . 

....do 

do. 

Dr.  C.  Sartoriua 

J.  8.  Llarrequi 

do     

Dr.  C.  Sartoriua  ... 

Dr.  A.Sohott 

....do 

...do. 

953 
174 
960 
973 
173 

9 
9 

do   

do 

do        . 

.  do 

do 

....do 

....do 

do   

do 

do 

? 

do 

jo 

....do 

- ;.  .,,,.«';  .i<; 


LEI'OKID^— LEPU8  SYLVATICUS  VAH.  NUTTALLl. 


337 


'I'aiii.k  XXXV.— i/ra>«n3meii(«  0/  Lktuh  bylvatioub  var.  Nuri  ai.i.i. 


i 

B 
a 
a 

3 
5 

M 
009 

Ota 
two 

■•TOO 

as7 

3HB 
373 
314 
17S3 
IVU 

use 

315 

1 

E 

B 
C3 

"3 
a 

i 





ICOS 
1C78 
17M 
CSS 
C07 
000 

I.<H'iillty. 

From  tip  of  noao  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

Lt^Dgth  of- 

s 

"s 

& 

i 
1 

i 

1 

Hi'nmrkM. 

1 
1.33 



9.49 

e. 
1 

-: 

s 

k 

i 

& 

1 

1 

1 

n 

Coliiiiiblu  ItlvtT,  Ortv 

piiii  TiiTiripii-. 
F(irt  D.illiH,   Orpgon 

'IViillury. 

9.  to 
9.75 

13.  (U 

15.00 

19.00 

15.00 

* 

14.  '.'5 
13.00 
14.85 
10.00 
13.95 
13.75 
19.  CO 
1:1  50 
11.50 
18.00 
15.95 

i5.ro 

10.00 
14.00 
18.10 

a  85 

8.  1.', 

Hklu.. 
..do  .. 

Krtini  Hnirtl. 
....do. 

• 

9.00 
l.CO 

1.95 
l..'iO 
8.00 
9.50 
9.00 
1.00 

1.95 
1.00 

8.50 
9.50 

8.00 


aoo 

8.00 
8.00 



9.00 

1.58 

9.10 

9.05 
I.FO 
1.00 
1.85 
1.75 
1.75 

3.99 

4.85 

3.85 
3.  75 
3.75 
3.r5 
3.0!l 
3.35 
3.  .15 
3.10 

:i.oo 

3.98 
3. 80 
3.  OB 
3.95 
S.09 
3.13 

9.30 

3.35 
3.85 

9.40 
8.1:0 
9.33 

9.57 
8.70 

9.45 

..do  ... 

Pcrc> ,  ■Wyoming  Tor- 

ritiiry. 
do 

i.eo 

I.M 
1. 7.-1 
1.60 
1.00 
1.85 
1.70 

1.85 
1.49 

:i.oo 
s.e.'i 

9.50 
9.80 

8.43 
9.49 

;ilo 

3.85 
9.8.-I 
3.10 
3.10 
3.17 

a.  85 

5.90 
9.75 

9.e:i 
9.e8 

3.00 
9.00 

3.t;o 

9.35 
9.05 

FruHh 

..do  ... 
..do    .. 
..do... 
..do    . 
do... 
..do  ... 
Skin.. 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do  ... 

From  Bairtl. 
do.             ) 

..  do. 
...  do. 

..  do. 
...do. 

.lo 

do 

Park  County,  Colorado 
do 

do 

Yt-llowatono  Rlrer . . . 

do 

Llano  Eetueado  . . .  .^ . 

1.00 
1.30 
1.83 

1.70 
9.01 
8.08 

do 

dn 

1.95 



9.75 

..do... 
..do... 
..do... 

...do. 
...do. 
....do.            j 

SanAnlonlotoElPaH) 

'-*  '0 


m: 


Tablk  XXWl.—Meaauremeiitt  of  akiiUa  of  hEVva  sylvaticus  var.  .vuitalli. 


i 

f. 

1 

|l 

i 

1 

i 

A 

£ 

1  s 

^ 

j:   ^ 

a 

h 

1 

• 

1 

1 

.0 

.2 

s 

1 

.0 
if 

%  1 

t 

a 

3 

.d 

^ 

i' 

Locality. 

i 

5 
1 

A 

i 

C 

n  f 

n  ^, 

■5 

1 

i 

* 

i 

5 

^ 

M 

9 

s 

■^ 

~  li 

-1 

^     B 

•2. 

•S. 

1 

•a 

1 

1 

1 

1 

S.a 

s  3! 

1.^ 

% 

1 

P^ 

I 

1.36 

0 

H 

0 

R 

^ 

>5 

•A 
0.50 

1.17 

0.33 

b 

1= 

u 

4950 

Doer  Creok,  Wyoming  .  .T. 

9.75 

1.37 

0.70 

1.29 

0.53 

0.90 

0.85 

0.47 

0.37 

1.63 

4850 

do 

3.80 

1.45 

0.68 

1.88 

t'.53 

0.50 

0.01 

1.15 

0.37 

0.85 

o.,-* 

0.38 

1.98 

1.40 

4900 

do 

3.80 

1.37 

0.70 

1.23 

0.50 

0.50 

0.93 

l.lil 

0.37 

0.90 

0.50 

0.37 

1.84 

1.49 

4901 

do 

8.67 

1.40 

0.67 

1.10 

0.53 

0.50 

0.85 

M.15 

0.30 

0,85 

0.55 

0.37 

1.8.^ 

1.23 

68r2 

Wyoming  Territory 

3.58 

1.31 

0.55 

1.08 

0.5:1 

0.46 

0.88 

1.10 

0.30 

0.25 

0..'i9 

0.88 

1.77 

1.17 

1833 
1938 

Western  TexnB   

9.50 
9.55 

1.90 
1.35 

0.66 
0.60 

1.05 
1.12 

0.49 
0.   7 

0.40 
0.44 

0.80 
0.88 

1.18 
1.10 

0.98 

o.:i2 

0.21 
0.94 

0.44 
0.47 

0  31 
0.40 

1.75 
1.60 

1.28 
1.30 

do 

1987 

do 

3,50 

1.30 

0,70 

1,06 

0.j9 

0.50 

0.77 

1.05 

0.87 

0  39 

0.45 

0.35 

1.80 

1.96 

■*!  T 


22  M 


338 


MONOOKAPIIS  OF  NOUTII  AMEUICAN  KODBNTIA. 


Tahi.k  XXXVII.— i(«(  of  »pmmin/i  «/  Lbi-us  hyi.vatici's  rar.  nuttau.i, 


"■im 


r  ^     -i; 


1 

a 

i 

a 

It 

i 

a 
4139 

1 

■a 

3 

Locality. 

When 
collected. 

Prom  whom  received. 

•3 

1 

13011 

333 

H94 

1008 
17!I8 
1800 

Frcni'JiiiiHli'H  11.,  Mont. 

MlnMiuri  It,  lOliujIlos 

rtliovc  Fort  Uiiliiu. 

July    4, 1874 
Aug.  17,  lc5:i 

A.CamplH^ll 

Gov.  I.  I.Steviiw.... 

LleutO.K.Worren. 
...do 

Dr.  E.  Cimca 

Dr.  Gwi.Suokley... 

Dr.  F.V.  llayden.. 
...do 

Skin. 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 

• 

... 

Orf 

Koi-t  IJuloii,  Mout 

do 

July  14,1850 
July  19,1b50 
Aug.  8,1830 

...do 

....do 

...do. 

...do 

.  .  do 

...do. 

91 

o 

...do 

do 

...do. 

9(154 
9009 
•9751 
9753 
97.VI 
9734 
9755 
9708 
97.".0 
9769 
9757 
9758 
97.'i9 
9700 
9770 
97111 
9763 
9763 
9764 
9703 
0700 
9707 
SIflOl 
0M5 
9000 
90O:i 
!27.'m 
I37.V.I 
(3757 
t3750 
1 37.55 
t3753 
13848 
43849 
t3850 
13831 
t2S,53 
13760 
I4.V> 
113:17 

4356 
43.59 
4300 
4301 



...do 

do 

Skull. 
...do. 

ilo 

...do 

do 

do 

do 

...  do. 

48 

387 
490 
500 
030 
679 
083 
707 
714 
710 
731 
738 
770 
830 
808 
834 
838 
838 
865 
806 
867 
881 

0 

do 

...do 

do 

. .  do. 

CaiupCftrlln,  Wyo... 

Big  Sniidy,  Wyo 

Groen  Kiver,  Wyo  . . . 
Fort  Ilrldgir,  Wyo  .. 
IIcnry'H  Fork,  Wj-o.. 

Oreou  Jilver,  Wyo 

lio 

Aug.   3,  1870 
Sept   7,1870 
Sept  11, 1870 
Sept.  37, 1870 
Oct.      3,  1870 
Oct.      7, 1870 
Oct.      7, 1870 
Oct.     0, 1870 
Oct.    10,  1870 
Oct    10.1870 
Oct.    10,1870 
Oct    11,1970 
Oct    15,1870 
Oct    13,  1870 
Oct   90,1870 
Oct.   93,1870 
Oct   83,1870 
Oct   33,1870 
Oct   35,1870 
Oct.   85,  1870 
Oct.   3.5,1870 
Aug.  84, 1870 
Aug.  — ,  1869 
Aug.  18, 1969 
Aug.  18, 1869 
July  10, 1809 
July  39,  1871 
July  90, 1871 
July  10, 1871 
July  10,1871 
July  39, 1871 
Aug.   9,1871 
Nov.  10, 1871 
Dee.  10, 1871 
Nov.  10. 1871 
Nov.  15. 1871 
Nov.    1,1871 
Sept  33, 1871 
Apr.  15, 18,55 
Sept  30. 1873 

Dr.  F.  V.  n«ydon.... 

...do 

...  do    

n.U.Bchtnldt 

do   

Sklu. 
...do. 

do 

...do. 

...do   

do 

...do. 

..do 

..do     

...do 

do 

...do. 
..  do. 

...do 

do 

...do. 

do 

...do     

do 

.  .do. 

do 

..do     ... 

do 

...do. 

do 

..  do 

...do 

.do 

....do , 

...do 

do   

..  do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

... 

Bitter  Creek,  Wyo... 
Nortli  Platte,  Wyo... 
Pine  Oroye,  Wyo  .... 

do 

do    

.  do   

do 

...do. 

do 

do 

...do. 

...do 

...do 

.  do 

...do 

do         

...do. 
...do. 

do          

...do. 

Pops  Creek,  Wyo 

Kiick  Creek,  Wyo 

do 

..  .do 

..do 

do 

...do '... 

...do 

do           

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do    

do 

do            

...do. 

North  Platte,  Wyo. . . 
Colorado  Territory  — 

Don  Carlos,  Colo 

do 

.  do 

do    

...do. 

do 

...do. 

do    

do     

...do. 

do 

d«        

...do. 

1009 
1010 
658 
697 
60O 
551 
1665 
1746 
1666 
1078 
1016 
1533 

0 

Idaho  City,  Colo 

South  Park,  Colo 

do    -. 

do 

do         

...do. 

Kooky  MtEiped.... 
do 

...do. 

do          

...do. 

o 

9 

do 

do     .... 

do          

...do. 

do    

Bear  Creek,  Colo 

Cheyenue,  Wyo 

Perry,  Wyo  . .  -. 

do 

do            

...do. 

..  do       

do    

...do. 

do       .    .. 

do 

...do. 

....do 

Allen  &.  Bennett.... 
.do    

...do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

..  do 

...do. 

J 

do 

do       

....do 

...do. 

do 

do       

...do 

...do. 

.... 

Ogden.Dtah 

Fort  Bridger,  triah  .. 
Beaver,  Utlh 

.  do     

...do 

...do. 

W.  M.  McGraw 

Lieut  0.  M.  Wheelel 

..do. 

308 

H.W.IIeUBhaw 

...do. 

•L.  "nuttuUl." 


t  SpcoimuD  fruui  Uiueum  uf  Cumporntiva  Zoology,  Cambridgo,  M.iis9. 


LICromDiE— LEPUH  8YLVATICU8  VAIJ.  NUTTALLl. 


Taiilk  XXXVII,— X^al  0^  tpeeimftiii  of  LKPtm  Rri.VATictTH  rar.  MinTAi.u— Cnntlniiol. 


339 


1 

I'd 
1^ 

Kin 
iiTin 

1  I7ii8 

IITSO 
11730 
11731 

i 
h 

1 

c 
s 

1 

£ 

.303 
94SI 

ai 

9,V) 
803 
9114 
918 
101 
331 
803 
008 

1 

M 

A 

<f 

0 

9 
9 
9 
o 
9 

0 

L.iinlliy. 

Wl 

eiilU'ctt'd, 

From  whiiln  rrcrlvi'il. 

Coliiclcd  hy- 

1 

Cnmp9(l 

Clarentw  King 

limit.  0.  M.  Whoeh-r 
...do    

II.  Itldgway 

ll.W.IIenahaw.... 
...  dii 

...do. 
..do, 
..  do. 

1 
nkull. 

VurtOnrland.Colo.... 

dn 

do 

June  4,1873 
June  !•.  ISTJ 
Juno   5, 1873 
Juno   7,  IBTJ 
Juni!   7,1873 
Juno   3, 1873 
Juno  90, 1873 
June  19, 1873 
Oct.    -,1873 
OqU     5, 1873 
Jnly  14,1873 
July  14, 1873 
Sept.  14, 1873 

....do    

...  do 

do 

do 

..do 

...do   

do. 

...do 

...  do 

do. 

do 

do 

....do   

...do 

...do. 
do. 

....do 

...do 

tl73S 

iiero 

II87V 
118811 
11881 
11883 
33!i.'> 
45U4 

32114 
17-JO 
373 

33SS 
;3I4 
313 
3IS 

1436 
14M 
8378 
8571) 
8817 
8818 
887 
888 
8fl 
4010 

Rio  QraDdi\  Culo 

Southern  Artunna 

do 

Ft.  WiniiRto,  N.  Mei. 
do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 
do. 

...  do  

...do   

do. 

87 
435 

...do 

...  do 

.    do. 

do 

...  do  

Lieut  J.C.Ivea... 
Di.  W.  W.  Audoiaou 

Cnptniu  Brown 

CapLJ.  Pope 

...do 

. .  do 

..  do. 

Molwve  Vnlley 

.r.  11.  Miilhauson 

Dr.  W.  W.  Audoraon 

...do, 
...do. 

...do. 

Cnntonmuut  Ilurgwyn, 

N.  Mex. 
Ft.UuM<tohuaotU,N.M 
Pecoi.  Kivcr,  N.  Mei.. 
Between  PecotandRlo 

Grande. 

• 

111 

July  IB,  1855 

Dr.  U.  H.  11.  Kennerly 
..do 

..do. 
...do. 

Capt.  .1.  Pope 

...do  

...do. 
...do. 

1457 

dn 

Rklnnnd 
Sliiu. 
Skull. 
Skin. 
.    do. 

San  Antonio,  Tex.... 

Lieut.  Whipple  .... 
do 

Lieut.  Whipple 

.    do 

1833 

do 

PcooB,  Tex 

Capt.  J.  Pope 

ilo 

Capt.  J.  I'ojw 

..do       

do    

...... 

199 
140 
408 
974 

09 

0 

<f 
... 

May  14, 18«6 
May  1.M8G6 
Aug.  25,  IBM 
June20,ie«A 
Oct.    10,18.14 
Oct.    10,1854 

Dr.  H.  a  Butcher  . . . 
..  do    

Dr.  H.  B.  Butcher  . . . 
...  do  

...do. 
..  do. 

do 

do 

...do    

...do 

...do. 

do 

Plalnaof  ChiUunhun.. 
do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

J.  Potta 

...do. 

...do 

...  do 

...do. 

Columbia  Elver 

J.  K.  Towniend . . . 
U.  S.  Eipl.  Expert... 

J.  K.  Towneend  — 
Dr.W.Stln.pson... 

...do. 
...do. 

t  Labeled //."  bocAmani ". 
Tablb  XXXVllL— Measurements  of  skulls  of  IjKrus  svlvaticus  rar.  Arizona, 


1 

a 

Locality. 

i 

1 

a 

i 

1 

£ 

5 
€ 

E 

h 

-  -3 

g  a. 

1  t 

■a 
1 

■s 

g 

i 

li 

-■3 

Is 

a 

t 

i 

s   . 
1 

1 

1 

f 

i 

U. 

'  •§ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Is 

S  p. 

I 

ll 

II 

ll 

% 
1 

O 

H 

O 

n 

^ 

!B    ' 

^ 

P 

fc> 

p 

u 

p 

p 

8895 

Camp  Qrant,  Arizona 

8.58 

1.38 

0.07 

1.00 

0.50 

0.40 

0.81 

1.07 

0.30 

0.93 

0.40 

0.30 

1.78 

1.84 

m 

!  'Si 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


ut  l&i   12.2 
2.0 


lU 

lU 


us. 


M 


[25  ,|U   |,.6 

< 

6"     

► 

"  ^ 


'/ 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREiT 

WiBSTIR.N.Y.  MStO 

(716)  •73-4503 


«^    ^\  ^r\\ 


4^ 

r 


;V 


^ 


H  "■     .! 


:     U:,A 


•i- 


340 


MONOGUArUB  OF  KOBTU  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


Taiiu;  XXXIX.— Ail/ of  min-imenii of  I.i:ris  «Yi.v.»TitiH  r«r.  aiii/,o.\,i:. 


fr!l.-i 
H-Ofi 


Limllly. 


Fmui  ffltfim  rooi'h'pd. 


I>fnlr»  S|irlni;«.  Arl« SefU   8,  l*'i    Dr.  K.  (.'oiii'H 

t'uiliptiriilit,  Arlx Fvb.  10, 1HJ7  i  Dr.  K.  I'uliuul- 

do '  Fi'li.  ao,  IMJi du 

do Mir.  10,  IH07  j do 

do '  M«r.  10, 1P07  !  do    

KvmviUe,  C«l Oet.  — ,  IBT.'l  |  I.t.  O.  U.  Wbcelsr. , 


Cidlpeto<lli)  — 


Dr.  K.  Court Skin. 

l)r.  I£.  PiUiuui- do. 

do do. 

do  — do. 

—  do    do. 

II.  W.  Ili'uabaw !  .do. 

I 


a 

•A 


Taiii.k  XL.— J/«iiKrmi<'n(<  of  Lki'UH  syi.v.\ticu«  ror.  avucimini. 


L 


§  • 

5*  o 


li  |i 


Locality. 


309     

ItKI  I  WOU 

I9M    

ISM    


PrfNiiliii,  Cul 

S«n  Frmidiwo,  Col . 
Sun  UWgn,  Ciil  . . . . 
do 


From  tip  of 
now  to — 


.TOO  H.SO 

3.<J0  :  13.00 

3.a:il  14.  M 

I  11.00 


Tail  tofnd 
ff- 


3.  IS 
8.00 


3.17 
3.  OS 


Xlpmarka. 


Taolb  XLl.—lM  of  KiMximeni  of  Lepvs  sylvaticus  ror.  al-duoomi. 


1 

S 

o 

30» 
IIIU 
4105 

4cn 

ISOI 
ISM 

ISM 

saga 

3074 

a 

s 
a 

H 

S  " 

l» 

M 

904S 
4il05 

1 

& 

Q 

m 

M 

lAKnlity. 

i 

From  whom  locelred. 

Cullcotnl  by- 

^ 
f, 

Prfwldlo  Cal 

LirutW.  P.  Trowbridge 
LleuLaS.WUIiamaan.. 
J  Foil  Iter 

Urnt  Trowbridge 
Dr.  J.  a  Newberry 

J.FBilner 

...  do   

Skin. 

Skull  and  akin. 

..da 

Skin. 

...  do. 

....do. 

San  Franoiaoo  Gal 

Fort  Crook  Cal 

May  34,  IBM) 

do    

do     

Sun  Dingo,  Cal 

do    

Feb.  IO,l&-« 
Deo.  a«,  18S3 
Deo.  88, 1833 

Dr.  J.  F.  Hammond 

do    

Dr.  J.  F.  nonimond 
...  do     

9 
J 

do 

do 

J,  Xantna  , 

...do 

J,  Xantna 

...do. 
....do. 

M4 

Fort  Trjon,  Cal  ... . 

CaiMiSt,l.uoaa,Cal 

do    

....do 

....do. 

General  remarks  on  Lepus  sylvaticus  and  its  varieties. 

Synonymy. — The  first  clear  and  careful  rlcscription  of  the  little  Wood 
Hare  of  the  eastern  portions  of  the  United  States  was  published  by  Schoepf 
in  1784.*     He  gave  it,  however,  no  scientific  name,  calling  it  simply  "  Der 


'  Dor  Natarfuncber,  tW  StUok,  Ualle,  1784. 
pp.  5iW,  UUO. 


Sou  Prof.  Boird'a  tioualatiun  in  bii  Hoiii.  N.  Amer., 


LBPOEIDiE— LEPU8  SYLVATICOa. 


341 


Nord-Amcrikani^che  Hanse".  His  description  is  detailed  and  precise,  uiid  is 
unmixed  with  allusions  to  any  other  species.  Yet  6choepi''8  description  was 
later  almost  universally  cited  among  the  references  to  L.  americanus.  'I'lio 
L.  americanug,  however,  of  Erxleben,  and  the  L.  hudsonius  of  Pallas,  as 
previously  shown,  refer  exclusively  to  the  smnllcr  Varying  Hare  of  Iliidson's 
Bay,  which  for  many  years  was  the  oidy  species  of  Hare  supposed  to  iiihah'.t 
North  America  south  of  the  Arctic  regions.  Consequenfly,  the  L.  amerkanns 
of  most  authors  previous  to  about  the  year  1840  included  more  or  less  vague 
allusions  to  L.  sylvaticus.  Dcsmarest,  however,  in  1820,  mailo  the  confusion 
complete  l)y  describing  (from  Schoeprs  account)  L.  sylvaticus  under  the  name 
L.  americanus,  although  quoting  references  also  to  the  Northern  Varying  Hare, 
and  extending  its  habitat  to  embrace  the  region  west  of  Hudson's  Bay,  ns 
well  as  the  more  southern  pyrts  of  the  continent.  His  name  was  adopted 
by  Harlan  and  other  American  authors  for  this  species;  even  Dr.  Bachman, 
in  1837,  in  his  first  article  on  the  Hares,  fell  into  the  same  error.  He 
promptly,  however,  corrected  the  mistake,  and  adopted  for  the  species,  really 
up  to  this  time  without  a  scientific  designation,  the  very  appropriate  specific 
name  of  L.  sylvaticus.  In  his  second  article  on  the  American  Lrporida, 
published  in  1839,  he  brought  the  name  more  prominently  forward,  since 
which  time  it  has  been  in  very  general  use. 

The  only  other  rival  name  is  nanus  of  Schreber,  which  even  some 
recent  authors  have  still  used  in  place  of  sylvaticus.  Such  a  practice  is, 
however,  wholly  unwarranted,  as  most  clearly  and  exhaustively  shown  V)y 
Bachman  in  his  later  account  of  the  species  in  Audubon  and  Bachman's 
North  American  Quadrupeds  (vol.  i,  pp.  179-188,  1849).  Schreber's 
description  was  compiled  from  previous  authors,  and  in  almost  every  detail 
applies  to  L.  americanus,  and  scarcely  in  any  particular  to  L  sylvaticus. 
His  account  of  its  habits  and  distribution  includes  both  those  of  L.  americanus 
and  L.  sylvaticus,  he  giving  its  habitat  as  extending  from  Hudson's  \\i\y  to 
Florida.  His  figure,  however.  Professor  Baird  believes  to  be  clearly  that  of 
L.  sylvaticus,  but  it  bears  really  so  little  resemblance  to  either  that  it  may  be 
safely  ignored.  Schreber's  account  is  evidently  drawn  in  part  from  Schoepf, 
but  largely  also  from  Forster,  Pennant,  and  Kalm. 

T"  -3  Hare  from  the  plains  of  the  Columbia,  described  by  Dr.  Bachman 
in  1837  us  Lepus  nuttalli,  and  regarded  as  "the  most  diminutive  of  any 
species  of  true  Hare  yet  discovered  ",  was  undoubtedly  but  un  immature  speci- 


WM 


»«ww 


;••^l 


342 


MONOOUAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICAN  KODBNTIA. 


men  of  the  western  variety  of  iii/lvatku.s,  as  strongly  conjectured  to  be  the 
case  by  Professor  Baird,  and  for  which  belief  he  has  given  amphi  reapcnt' 
U|>  to  the  present  tinic,  no  adult  Hare  of  this  small  size  has  yet  been  Tuund 
anywiiero,  notwithi'tanding  tlie  testimony  of  Townsend  that  it  "  was  doubt- 
less an  adult  animal".  He  says  the  hunters,  who  knew  it  well,  assured  him 
it  never  grew  any  larger,  but  it  seems  probable  that  ^hese  hunter.«  may  have 
had  in  mind  the  Little  Ciiief  Hare  {Lagomys  princeps).  A  Hare  so  abundant 
us  tills  is  represented  to  be  is  not  likely  to  have  escaped  the  observation  of 
the  numerous  naturalists  and  collectors  who  h  ive  since  passed  over  the  same 
region. 

The  Lepus  bachmani  was  described  by  Waterhouse  in  1838  from  an 
immature  specimen  procured  somewhere  in  the  "southwestern  portions  of 
North  America,  supposed  to  be  between  California  and  Texas  ",*  or  '  perhaps 
Oaliforniu",+  and  redescribed  from  the  same  specimen  in  1839  by  Dr.  Bach- 
man.  In  the  Quadrupeds  of  North  America,  it  is  mentioncf^  as  "  describe«l 
from  a  specimen  sent  by  Douglass  from  the  western  shores  of  America  "4  •  It 
is  here  sjioken  of  as  abundant  in  Texas,  its  habitat  being  regarded  as  embrac- 
ing "  a  great  portion  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  California  ",  and  as  "  probably 
extending  south  through  great  part  of  Mexico''  and  northeast  to  "about 
the  headwaters  of  the  Red  River  or  Arkansas  ".|  Professor  Baird  beliQ,vcs 
that  the  real  locality  of  Waterhouse's  and  Bachman's  first  specimen  (the 
(me  sent  by  Douglass)  was  Texas,  although  he  was  at  first,  on  the  ground 
of  locality,  inclined  to  identify  it  with  what  he  afterward  described  as  Lepus 
audulnmi.  The  two  specimens  referred  by  Professor  Baird  to  L.  "  bachmani" 
are  from  Brownsville,  Texas,  and  are  still  in  the  collection  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution.  * 

The  Lepus  artemisia  was  <le8cribed  by  Dr.  Bach^nan  in  1839  from  n 
specimen  brought  from  Fort  Walla- Walla  by  Mr.  Townsend,  who  speaks  of 
it  as  common  there.  It  seems  to  have  been  recognized  only  from  thij 
locality  (ill  1853,  when  Dr.  Woodhouse  referred  specimens  to  it  from  the 
Zufli  and  Colorado  Rivers.  In  1857,  Professor  Baird  referred  to  it  speci- 
mens from  Oregon,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas ;  and  the  name  has 
since  l)oen  generally  used  for  the  designation  of  the  small  Gray  Hare  of  the 
plains  and  Rocky  Mountain  region  generally. 

*  Bochiuau,  Juuru.  Acud.  Nat.  8ci.  Phils.,  viii,  1)7. 

t  Wntcrhunitx,  Mmii.,  ii,  1W4. 
.  t  And.  aud  Kacli ,  Vuod.  N.  Aiiier.,  iii,  :IT.  * 


U!  i' 


LEPOBID^— LBPUS  8YLVATI0US  ET  VAR8. 


343 


Lepus  nuttalli  and  L.  artemma  were  thus  described  from  specimens 
obtained  from  the  same  locality,  and  the  former  was  undoubtedly  based  on  a 
young  specimen  of  tlie  form  so  currently  known  of  late  years  as  L.  artemma. 
The  locality  of  the  original  specimens  of  L.  bachmani  is  conjectural,  and 
may  have  been  either  California  or  Texas,  though  probably  f  lie  latter.  Later, 
the  name  was  applied  by  Audubon  and  Bachman  to  the  small  Gray  Hare 
of  the  Texas  plains,  which  is  undoubtedly  the  same  as  the  L.  artemhia, 
described  a  year  later,  although  the  specimens  so  designated  by  Professor 
Baird  more  nearly  approach  var.  sylvaticus.  As  noticed  by  Professor  Baird, 
the  name  nuttalli  has  a  priority  of  two  years  over  artemisia  and  of  one  year 
over  bachmani,  the  latter  also  preceding  artemisia  by  one  year.  Hence  it 
unfortunately  happens  that,  according  to  the  strict  rule  of  priority,  the  name 
artemisia,  which  has  become  familiar  as  the  appellation  of  the  "Sage  Rai)bit" 
of  the  plains,  must  give  way  to  the  less  familiar  one  of  nuttalli,  the  original 
type  of  which  was  only  an  immature  specimen  of  this  now  well-known 
species. 

Geookaphical  distbibution. — Lepus  sylvaticus  (including  its  several 
varieties)  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  southern  half  of  the  continent.  In 
the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States,  its  northern  limit  coincides  nearly  with 
the  northern  limit  of 'the  AUeghanian  fauna,  or  with  the  isotherm  of  45°. 
This  isotherm  seems  also  to  form  its  northern  limit  in  the  interior,  or  west  of 
the  Mississippi  River.  West  of  this  point,  it  seems  not  to  have  been  met 
with  to  the  northward  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 
Variety  sylvaticus  extends  from  Southern  Maine  southward,  tliroughout  the 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi  to  Florida  and  the  Gulf  coast,  excepting  per- 
haps the  more  elevated  portion  of  the  Apalachian  highlands.  It  also  occurs 
throughout  the  States  adjoining  the  Mississippi,  as  far  westward  even  as  the 
eastern  portions  of  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory,  and  also 
throughout  Eastern  Texas  and  thence  southward  to  Yucatan.  In  Middle 
Kansas,  or  near  the  ninety-eighth  meridian,  it  already  begins  to  assume  the 
characters  of  variety  nuttalli,  which  ranges  thence  westward  to  Oregon  and 
the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  southward  from  near  the  forty-ninth  parallel 
into  the  highlands  of  Mexico.  Over  the  drier  portions  of  Arizona  and  the 
adjoining  Country,  it  passes  into  variety  arizona,  and  on  the  Pacific  slope  is 
represented  by  vuioty  auduboni.  Variety  auduboni  extends  along  the  Pacific 
coast  from  Northern  California  to  San  Diego,  in  Southern  California  passing 


344 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


tit  '* 


\m\ 


ii\ ' 


into  variety  arizona.  Tlie  latter  is  as  yot  known  only  from  Wostorn 
Arizoiin,  but  will  doubtless  be  found  to  extend  over  the  western  parts  of 
Southern  California  and  southward  into  Western  Mexico,  or  over  a  large  i»art 
of  the  so-called  Sonoran  district. 

LEPUS  TROWBRIDGEI. 
TrowbrldKC**  Harr. 

Lepui  trowbrulgei  Haikd,  Proc.  Acnd.  Nat.  8oi.  PhHu.,  vH,  1866,  IKKI;  Main.  N.  Am.,  1867,  fllO,  pi.  xiv, 
(auiiiial).— Nrwbkhky,  Puciflo  K.  K.  Kx.  &  Siirv.,  vi,  iv,  1867,  66.— Kknmekly,  ibid.,  x,  vi, 
1869,  17.— too|)er,  ibid.,  xii,  iii,  18C0,  87.— Oray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hiat.,  3d  Mr.,  xx,  18C7, 
■.U4.— Ali.kn,  Pruc.  Uu8t.  Soc.  Nat.  Hiat.,  xvii,  1876,  434. 

Smallest  of  the  North  American  Leporida.  Tail  very  short,  almoft 
rudimentary.  Postorbita!  process  scarcely  in  contact  with  the  skull  posteri- 
orly. Ears,  head,  and  bind  feet  about  equal  in  length.  Above  yellowish- 
brown,  varied  with  dark  brown;  sides, throat, and  chest  paler;  beneath  dusky 
gray,  varying  to  whitish;  back  of  neck  rufous.  Colors  generally  darker 
above  and  more  finely  blended  than  in  any  of  the  varieties  of  L.  sylvaticus. 
The  dark  long  hairs  of  the  back  appear  to  be  generally  blackish-brown,  but 
in  some  specimens  they  are  decidedly  black.         '    .••;  • '    '  •   '     •     ■  '    •' 

The  specimens  before  me  are  the  same  as  those  described  by  Professor 
liaird  in  1857,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  additional  •ones  from  Fort  Tejon, 
and  I  find  little  to  add  to  his  account.  As  Professor  Baird  observes,  there  is 
considerable  variation  in  respect  to  the  length  of  the  ears  in  diflerent  speci- 
mens' and  also  in  color,  some  specimens  being  decidedly  whitish  below 
instead  of  plumbeous-gray,  and  with  the  long  dark  hairs  above  decidedly 
black  in  some  cases  instead  of  blackish-brown. 

Its  nearest  ally  is  the  Lepus  sylvaticus  var.  auduhoni,  but  this  form 
rather  exceeds  it  in  size,  has  the  ears  distinctly  edged  and  tipped  with  black- 
ish instead  of  being  uniformly  gray,  is  whiter  below  and  of  a  more  yellowish- 
gray  above,  with  the  longer  black  hairs  more  strongly  in  contrast  with  the 
general  color.  The  variations  in  general  color,  however,  in  different  individ- 
uals, resjiectively,  of  the  two  forms  rather  overlap,  so  that  general  color  is 
not  alone  distinctively  diagnostic.  The  shorter  tail  and  (apparently)  relatively 
shorter  hind  feet  of  L.  trowbridgei  are  the  more  especially  characteristic 
features.  Both  forms  occur  together  on  the  Pacific  slope;  but  L.  sylvaticus 
variety  auduboni  ranges  also  to  the  desert  plains  of  Southern  Nevada  and 
Arizona,  where  it  insensibly  blends  with  variety  nutltUli  of  the  middle  region 
of  the  continent. 


*•,■ ! 


LKPORIDiB— LEPU8  TROWBBIDOEI. 


345 


The  variations  in  size  in  Lfpux  troxehridgei  ore  well  indicated  in  the 
Ruhjoined  tables  of  mcasuiemeiits  of  (he  skullti  and  external  dimensions.  The 
extremes  in  a  scries  uf  ten  skulls  ure:  length,  2.28  and  2.55;  width,  1.15  and 
1.32;  nasol  hones  (length),  0.90  and  1.17;  lower  jaw  (length),  1.42  and  1.73. 
The  length  of  the  ear  varies  in  diflerent  specimens  from  2.28  to  3.05,  the 
av(;rnge  being  about  2.50  to  2.75.  In  specimens  from  the  most  southern 
localities,  the  ear  averages  considerably  longer  than  in  those  from  the  north- 
ward, although  the  size  of  the  animal,  as  indicated  by  measurements  of  the 
skull,  is  smaller  at  the  southwanl.  Thus  the  average  length  of  four  skulls 
from  localiticF  near  San  Francisco  is  2..^jO  and  the  breadth  1.28;  while  the 
average  length  of  the  skull  in  four  specimens  from  Cape  Saint  Ludas  is  2.29, 
and  of  the  breadth  1.17. 

The  habitat  of  Ltpus  trowhridgei,  as  indicated  by  the  specimens  in  the 
present  collection,  seems  to  be  restricted  to  the  region  east  of  the  Cascade 
range  of  mountains,  and  to  extend  along  the  coast  from  Fort  Crook  to  Cape 
Saint  Lucas. 

Lepus  trowhridgei  was  first  described  by  Professor  Baird  in  1855,  and 
redescribed  by  him  under  the  same  name  in  1857,  by  which  appellation  it 
has  fortunately  been  always  known.  Very  few  original  references  have  been 
made  to  the  species  aside  from  those  in  the  various  reports  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad  surveys  and  explorations. 

Tablb  XLII.— Jlf«Miimii«tt(<  o/  L.  trowdridori. 


310 

ail 

318 

nil 

*S8S 


LocnlUy. 


Sui  maotaoo  or  lloiiteray,  C«l 
do 


1183 

vn 
isao 
isn 

3S3II 


San  Ftmooliico,  Cul . . 
do 


do 

do 

Bodrg*.  Ctl  

SuiM  Cl*n,  Ciil . 

PdUIiiiiui,  €■! 

do 

SuDltca,  Cal... 

do 

do 

Fort  Ti-Jon,  C»l   . 


From  Up  of  iitinH  to— 


l.« 
i.as 
l.M 
l.«l 
i.a 

l.M 
1.90 
1.93 


LM 
1.41 


I.3S 


8.98 
3.49 
9.08 
S.W 
8.15 

8.10 
8.  US 
8<W 


9.93 
8. 4.1 


869 
9.8.^ 


9.68 
8.90 
9.8S 
9.80 
.85 

9l1S 
9.19 
3L03 
3.90 
9L98 
889 
810 
8.00 
8.98 


13.00 
1111 
11.00 
19.30 
111  9.-1 

13.15 
14.00 
14.90 
l.t.00 


10.99 
19.00 
19.00 


Tail  to  end 
of- 


Leugth  of— 


0.49 
0.90 
0.49 


0.90 

aio 


I 


1.86 
084 

i.eo 

l.Bri 
1.90 


1.39 
1.45 

1.90 
1.50 
1.59 


1.90 
1.40 


8. 19  I  9. 3S 

9.08  I 

9.15     853 
9.15     9.55 


865 
9.80 
9.89 


9.30 
9.69 
'X98 
9.63 
9.18 
868 


J., 


■  Speelnona  ttma  Mnaeum  of  ComparatlTo  ZoSlogj:.  Cambridga,  Man 


I  9.10 
3.00 
3.05 
8,50 


Remarka 


From  Baird. 
..  do. 
..  di>. 

From  a  aklD. 
From  a  ipeclmou  iu 

aloulwl. 
...do. 


From  a  akiu. 

...do. 

...da 

.    do 

..  do. 

..  du. 

..do. 

...do. 


Uii 


MONOOKAPIIS  OF  NORTH  AMKKICAN  RODENTIA. 


Taulk  \LUl.—ili»iiinaumU  of  AM*  of  L«Pti8  tkuwbiiiimiki. 


I  ■  1 


I 
iiai 

IHI9 


Lonllty. 


Xttf 

xw 

timta 

3(01 

4tBI 

4i40 

VM 

4144 

Kurt  Cniok,  Cal   ..     a.  55 
Hod  Krauclico,  CnI  j  2. 45 

-""' 

....do I 

Flirt  Ti-J(iD,Cal...     US! 

...ito    

Capti  8t.  Luc«0,  L. 
(.•«I.  I 

....ilo j  8.30 

....do ,  8.37 

...  iio aan 


i.ie 


o.iii    o.m  i  0.4.% 

MS  ,  0.57     O.SW  I  0.43 

1. 90  i  0.  es    0.  in    0.  <'j 


0.44 
0  30 
0.44 
0.44 
0.44 


I 
I 

L 


0.'.S 
0.1.< 
0.»3 

am 
aTT 

....   I  0.11 
0.  38    a  M 


0.  40  0. 10 
a  36  I  0. 14 
0.  40  :  0.  Ill 


1 

i 

1 

\ 
% 

(f    1 

1 1 

a  j: 

1  . 

II 

\\ 

1.01  0.30 
1.0.1  I  a  39 
1.01  I  a94 
i.on  '  o.'» 

I.C3  j  0.81  I  0.83 
0.»1  '  ...     I   ... 
0.MI    0.33  j  o.ie 


0.41 

0.81 

0.4(1 

0.9'J 

0.41 

0.91 

O.II-) 

a03 


0.45 

0.4.% 
0.40 


O.X\  I 

0.3S  j 

I  0.34  ^ 

I  0. 3.%  ' 

.0.30 

0.3.-. 

I  0.31 


0  93 

0.90 


0  90     0.94     0.  Ill 


0.  £0  '  0.  49  '  0. 34 
0.  IH  0.  45  ,  0. 31 
0. 49     0. 35 


1 

^ 

i 

J 

1.70 

1.15 

1.73 

1.19 

1.70 

I.OtI 

1.07 

l.OU 

1.5J 

1.04 

1.48 

1.03 

l.5» 

1.04 

1.39 

1.05 

Taiiuc  XLIV.— £u(  u/qiedM«iia  (/I.iCPUg  TROWBailKiiei. 


.'S 

e 

'1^ 

1 

r 

1811 

1*19 

1 

A 

1 

I/icallt.v. 

I 

From  whom  reoelTed.          Collected  bj*— 

i 

1 

hi.  W.  P.  Trowbridge 

do 

LtW.  P.Trowbridiic. 
do    

Sknll. 
...  do. 

1 

do    

1  'iei 

do 

Mua.Coap.Zo(il 

dp 

A.  Agaaaia 

Alcohol  ic. 
....do. 

\ 

do 

• 

do   

•    105 

do 

Lt  W.  P.  Trowbridga 
do 

Lt  W.  P.  Trowbridge 
do 

Skin. 
....do. 

100 

do 

101 

do 

do 

do   

...do. 
...do. 

,  1171 

do 

Liautanautwmianiaou 
Lt.  W.P.Trowbridge 
do 

1 

im 

1835 

do 

Lt  W.  P.  Trowbridge 
do 

BkiiU. 

Skin  and  aknll. 

Skin. 
....do. 

1    310 

Sao  Franolaooor  Hon- 

teny.  Cal. 
do 

311 

do 

do 

319 

do 

do 

COB 

do 

T.A.Subo 

Or.  J.  O.  Cooper 

B.Samnelii 

...do. 

...do. 

do 

111)3 

Santa  Clara,  Cal  

Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper 

9014 

3599 
3508 
4991 
4840 
4941 
4844 

9 
? 

8915 

do 

do 

...    do   

....do. 

1900 
!  1509 

San  Diego,  Cal 

do 

Mar.  -,  1890 
Feb.  19, 18M 
Fub.  81, 1850 

Or.J.  F.  Hammnod.. 
do             .  .. 

Dr.J.  F.  Uaumoad.. 
do 

...do. 
do. 

1503 

do 

do 

do 

....do. 

311:11 

Fort  Tpjon,  Cal  

J  Xantua    

J  Xantna 

8Un  and  aknll. 
.  do. 

3030 

do 

do'            .    .. 

do 

'  • 

Capv  Saint  Lucaa.  Cal 

do 

do 

do   

BkoU. 
...da 

1 

do 

do 

«o 

do 

...  do 

do 

....do. 

do 

.  do 

do 

....do 

5018 

I--"" 

SanJi»i.CHl 

Santa  Baibani.Ciil    .. 

May  -,  1850 
Apr.  — ,  1899 
Jani)  90,  1819 

do 

do 

Skin. 
...do. 
..  do. 

SHU 

[ do 

j  Lt.O.  M.Wberler.... 

do 

11.  W.  Hnnthnw 

•  Spw  tiiii'Dit  I'liMu  tbe  Muw-utu  of  Ciunpiir.ittvf  Z<rfi  ifjiy,  Ciimhtiil^t',  Miiat* 


LEl'OltlD^— LEPUS  GKAYSONI. 


347 


LEPU8  GRAYSONI,  nov.  sp.  • 

Grayion's  Hare. 

General  color  above  pole  rufoim  or  dull  cinnamon-brown,  varied  with 
)>lackigh-brown;  below  whitish.  Upper  surface  of  the  head  fcrruglncous, 
finely  mixed  with  black,  fading  anteriorly  to  paler  rufous;  sides  of  muzzle 
yellowish-brown;  sides  of  the  head  pale  fulvous-brown,  below  and  beiiind 
the  eye  sparsely  varied  with  black,  a  narrow  pale  ring  around  the  eye,  not 
more  conspicuous  than  in  L.  sylvaticus ;  nape  rufous.  Ears  covered  wit}i  very 
short  hair,  looking  nearly  naked,  yellowish-brown  mixed  with  black  anteri- 
orly, at  the  base  passing  into  blackish-brown,  varied  with  yellowish-brown 
toward  the  tip;  anterior  margin  whitish-edged  till  near  the  tip,  where  it  is 
margined  with  blackish;  posterior  surface  of  the  ears  lighter  and  nearly  naked. 
Dorsal  region  nearly  uniformly  pale  reddish  or  cinnamon-brown,  varied  with 
blackish-brown,  becoming  paler  and  with  fewer  blackish  hairs  on  the  sides  of 
the  body  and  over  the  rump.  Tail  above  blackish-brown,  shading  into  the 
color  of  the  rump;  while  below.  Chin  and  sides  of  the  lower  jaw  nearly 
white,  passing  into  brown  on  the  throat,  f^ore  ueck  uniform  reddish-brown. 
Middle  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  body  from  between  the  fore  legs  to  the 
tail  whitish.  Outer  surface  of  limbs  reddish-brown;  inner  surihce  whitish; 
upper  surface  of  hind  feet  varied  with  pale  rufous  and  whitish.  Size  and 
proportions  same  as  in  average  specimens  of  Z.  sylvaticus.  Feet  small;  nails 
naked. 

This  species  is  based  mainly  on  a  specimen  collected  at  the  Tres  Marias 
Islands  by  the  late  Col.  A.  J.  Grayson.  It  is  of  about  the  size  of  Lepus 
sylvaticus,  but  differs  in  many  important  features  from  any  of  the  varieties  of 
the  L.  sylvaticus  group.  The  form  of  the  postorbital  processes  shows  that  in 
this  respect  its  affinities  are  with  this  group  rather  than  with  the  Aquatic  Hares 
(Z.  palustris  and  L.  aquaticus),  although  its  feet  are  small  and  as  sparsely 
haired  as  in  L.  palustris.  In  general  color  and  in  some  other  features,  it 
somewhat  resembles  L.  brasiliensis,  but  is  in  other  respects  quite  different. 
It  has  a  tail  as  short  as  L.  trowbridgei. 

A  second  specimen,  from  Talamanca,  Costa  Rica,  collected  by  J.  Carmiol, 
is  also  referred  to  this  species.  It  agrees  with  the  Trefi  Marias  specimen  in 
size,  proportions,  and  ail  essential  particulars,  but  it  is  somewhat  paler-colored. 
The  pelage  is  rather  harsher,  and  is  evidently  much  vfotn,  so  that  the  paler 
color  may  be  in  part  due  to  fading,  or  to  seasonal  difference. 


348 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOUTH  AMRKIOAN  RODENTIA. 


• 

Tablr  XLV.— J/tnnMrrmni/fi/  Lrpitr  nnAVMiNi. 

II 

1 

LociUily. 

1 
FnimtlpofpoMto— 

Tall  lo  rail 
of- 

Leiitftb  of— 

i 
1 

a.  40 

ftM 

CullMlot  by— 

1 

J        ^ 

1 

1 

t 

1 

1 

1.00 

1 

1.90 
1.19 

1 
3.40 

'       (OIH 

133     TrM  Marlu  laUuiU     . 
Tuliuiiitiic*,  CmIii  Rln 

;     i.«3 
1  1«5 

■J.  00 
S.M 

3.U 
3.99 

14.  SO 

I.W 

A.  .T.  Urnjwia. 
J.  Carniliil. 

LEPUS  BRAS1L1EN8IS  Linn. 
BrailllH  Hare;  Tspell. 

Leptu  brtuUintU  Bribsor,  Reg.  Aiiim.,  17r>C,  141.— LiMNiSUs,  Syiit.  Not.,  12th  e<l.,  1, 17fin,7H.— Enxi.RnRN 
SjHt.  Itog.  Anim.,  1777,:i:«i.— Gmkun,  8.v»t.  Nat.,  1,  17HH,  lfi4.— HcHliEliKl',  SUiiKet.,  Iv,  1792, 
»02.— Shaw,  Ocn.  ZoOI.,  il,  leOl,  208.— Azaha,  ParaKoay,  ii,  IMUI,  57.— Ukmmaiikht,  Mam- 
mnloKio,  1822,  Xil.— Maximilian,  IWitriigu  i.  NntnrK.  UruH.,  11,  IMW,  4.'iO.— Fihc-iikii,  8yiioi>. 
Mam.,  1821),  375.— TsCHUDi,  Fanoa  Poriiann,  i,  1844,  198.— Waonkh,  Sclirelwr'H  SaiiK«t.| 
Buppl.,  iv,  1844,  no.— Watkkiiouhk,  Nut.  Hist.  Mara.,  ii,  1848, 141.-0ir.nKL,  HiiiiKet.,  1855, 
4.'jO.— Frantzuis,  Wicgni.  Arch.,  1R>9,  I,  270  (C<i"tu  Rica).— 1Ikn8KL,  Alihnml.  <1.  phya. 
Klssae  <].  kunigl.  Aliad.  (I.  WiMenachafinn  zii  Bttrlin,  1872,  m  (Southum  Hraiil).— Allkn, 
Pruc.  Dost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  4:I5. 

Lfput  taptti  Pallas,  Nov.  8p.  Olirca,  1778,  RU.— Zimmkhmann,  Geograph.  Oeaoh.,  ii,  1780,  334. 

Tapeti  brMiUennU  Orav,  Auu.  and  Mug.  Nut.  Hist.,  'M  iter.,  xx,  1867,  ^. 

"  Taptli  hnuUienribwi,  Makcoravr,  Brazil,  22:1." 

About  the  size  of  Lepus  syhaticus,  or  a  little  smaller;  cars  rather  longer 
than  in  that  species,  and  the  tail  shorter.  Fur  rather  short  and  harsh;  feet 
rather  sparsely  clothed,  above  yellowish-brown,  varied  with  bhick,  not  very 
diiferent  in  coloration  from  Lepus  palustris;  sides  of  the  nose,  orbital  ring, 
throat,  and  abdomen  white ;  legs  and  nape-patch  bright  rufous,  the  latter 
whitish  on  the  inner  side.     Tail  brown  above,  rufous  yellow  below. 

Of  this  species  I  have  very  few  specimens,  and  am  hence  unable  to  give 
much  original  information  respecting  it.  Its  reputed  range  extends  through- 
out the  greater  part  of  South  America,  from  Paraguay  northward  to  Central 
America.  With  such  a  wide  range,  it  would  be  surprising  if  it  preserved 
everywhere  uniform  characters. 

Waterhouse  refers  to  two  specimens  from  Bolivia,  one  of  which,  "an 
extremely  young  specimen,"  diflTers  from  the  other  in  being  blacker,  and  in 
having  the  rufous  of  the  limbs,  nape-patch,  etc.,  of  a  brighter  tint;  in  other 
words,  having  the  colors  much  more  intense.  A  half  grown  and  rather 
faded  specimen  in  the  present  collection  from  "Vermeto",  Paraguay  (the  only 
one  I  have  from  South  America),  is  not  very  appreciably  different  in  color 
from  ordinary  specimens  of  L.  palustris,  though  ratlier  paler.  The  ears, 
however,  are  longer,  and  the  tail  shorter,  the  latter  rufous -y.Uow  below 
instead  of  white.     A  specimen   from   Chiriqui  ami  two  others  rrom  Costa 


LEPOUID^— LEPUS  liUASILlENBIB  VAU.  GAKBI. 


349 


llica  (one  uf  them  quite  immature)  are  mucli  more  yellow  above  tliaii  llio 
Pumim  specimen,  the  gencrnl  color  above  being  yellowiBli-rufouH  mixed 
with  black.  The  ears  are  also  fully  one-fourth  shorter  than  in  the  Parana 
Hpecimen,  and  considerably  shorter  than  the  meiAurements  given  by  Water- 
house.  The  ditFercnces  are  so  striking  that  at  first  I  was  inclined  to  regard 
the  Costa  liican  specimens  us  specifically  distinct  from  the  South  American 
L.  brasUknm,  and  I  propose  fiimlly  to  treat  them  us  varietally  distinct,  under 
the  subspecific  designation  of  gabbi,  which  may  be  characterized  as  follows ; 

LEPUS  BRASILIENSI8  var.   GABBI. 
Central  Aaerlran  Hare. 

Size  of  Lepus  trotobridgei ;  ears  very  short;  tail  rudimentary.  AI)ovo 
pale  cinnamon-brown,  strongly  varied  with  blackish.  Whole  upper  surface 
of  the  head  bright  yellowish-ferruginous  mixed  with  black.  Nape  i»alc 
rufous.  A  conspicuous,  large,  whitish  spot  below  and  behind  the  nostril, 
bordered  by  yellowish-brown,  which  latter  color  extends  over  the  sides  of 
the  head,  where  it  is  varied  with  black.  Chin  and  space  over  the  rami  of 
the  lower  jaw  white.  Fore  neck  pale  yellowish-brown;  rest  of  lower  parts 
white.  Ears  anteriorly  varied  with  pale  rufous  and  black,  with  a  narrow 
whitish  border;  ears  nearly  naked  posteriorly.  Limbs  strongly  rufous 
externally,  inside  much  paler  and  more  or  less  varied  with  white.  Tail 
like  the  back  above,  yellowish- brown  below. 

The  most  striking  peculiarity  of  athis  form  is  the  shortness  of  the  cars, 
which  are  much  shorter  than  in  any  other  species  of  Lepus  with  which  I  am 
acquainted.  In  sizcy-  it  seems  to  be,  fully  as  small  as  L.  trowhridgei.  The 
specimens  are  all  more  or  less  mutilated,  so  that  the  character  of  the  tail 
cannot  be  well  determined.  The  Lepus  brasUiensis  of  von  Frantzius,  from 
Costa  Rica,  doubtless  refers  to  this  variety. 

Table  XLVI.— Jtf«aMtre«i«ii(f  (/  Lbpus  biusiuembib  ((iioiiMHi>;  var.  oabbu). 


8IW 
II9TI 


Locality. 


BoIItU 

P»»» 

Vsnneto,  Pkngniy 

Cbtriqal,  Central  Amerlw . 
Ttluunm,  Cott*  Klo* 


Frodj  tip  or  uose  to— 


1.30 
LW 


ftSO 
AM 
*.30 

*.ea 


13.00 
1&00 


Leugtb  iif~ 


1.30 
l.3J 


a.  00 
3.00 
«.-7J 
9.00 
a.  89 


1.00 

a.  00 

3.03 
1.03 
1.43 


Kuniarkt. 


From  Wfttorhouso. 
do. 


350 


MONOOUA1M18  OF  NOltXn  AMERICAN  IIODENTIA. 


Taiilk  XLVU.—McamremeHli  nf  akulh  q/'LKPUi*  iiiiahilikmbih. 


Locality. 


IMlTla. . 
Vura — 


S.U 

a.  60 


I.  S3 


o.(n    i.oa  I  o.ao 
0.68   aii7  I  a.so 


Ml- 
111  i 

1*1 


o.n> 

0.90 


I.M 
I.M 


Prom  WntfrhuuM. 
do. 


Tablk  XLVIII.— £(<(  o/tjwcimm*  i^Lkpus  dkahilirnhih  (IncfwdiKf  rar.  OAnuil). 


I 

O 

I 


MS) 

ei40 

11371 
1137!) 


LlllI4Ut;. 


'*  Venneto  ",  Puragtuy 

Chlrlqnl,  Contnl  Amoiioa., 

Taltnunca,  Cotta  Rica 

do , 


FitMu  wbum  received. 


Capt.  T.  J.  Page  . 

FraLBIeki 

W.M.Oabb 

do 


m 


LEPUS  CALLOTIS  Wngler. 

Var.  CALL0TI8. 
Mexican  Hare «  Southern  Jackass  Hare. 

Lrput  calhlit  Waolkr,  Nnt.  8;gt.  Amphib.,  1830,  35 ;  Inia,  1631,  Gil.— Waonkr,  Schrebflr'R  SHnget,,  Iv, 
pi.  ccxxxiii  K ;  Suppl.,  iv,  1844,  106.— Watkriiousk,  Mat.  Iliat.  Uani.,  ii,  1848,  138.— AUD. 
&  Bach.,  Quod.  N.  Amer.,  ii,  1851,  §5,  pi.  Ixiii.— Woodiiouhe,  Sitgreavea'a  Col.  and 
Zuni  River  Exped.,  1853,  55.— Oikbkl,  Siioget.,  1855, 44U.— Baird,  Mam.  M.  Amur.,  1857, 590, 
pi.  Ivii,  fig.  1,  hIiuII  (in  part  only) ;  U.  8.  and  Mex.  Bound.  Survey,  ii,  ii,  1859,  45,  pt,  xxv, 
fig.  1  (Hkull).— SAC88URK,  Rev.  et.  Hog.  Zool.,  1660,  56  (Province  of  Miohoaoan).— Oray, 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Mat.  Hist.,  3d  aer.,  xx,  1667,li84  (iu  part  only).— Allen,  Proc.  Boat.  Boo.  Nat. 
Iilat,,  xvii,  1875,  435  (in  port  only). 

Lepui  nigricaudalut  Bknnett,  Proc.  Zool.  Boc.  Lend.,  i,  1833,  41.— Bachmam,  Jonm.  Aoad.  Nat.  Boi. 
Pljlla.,  viii,  1839]  84. 

"TA^ua  t»exica»m  LiCllT.,"  Riciiardhon,  Sixth  Rep.  Britiah  Aaa.  (1836),  1637, 150, 168. 

Lepui  callolia  var.  »igricaudalu§  Waonkii,  Suppl.  Scbrebur'a  Hiinget.,  iv,  1644, 107 

LrpuH  calhtu  \aT.  flangularu  Waonek,  Suppl.  ScbreboHg  SSuget.,  iv,  1844, 107. 

Lepiu  Itxianut  AuD.  Sc  Bach.,  Qnad.  N.  Amer.,  iii,  1853, 156,  p).  czzxiii. 

Var.  TEXiANus. 

Northern  Jackau  Hare. 

Lepiu  lexianiu  Watbrhouse,  Nat.  Hiat.  Mam.,  ii,  136, 1848  (not  of  And.  and  Baob.). 

Lqftu  callotit  Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amer.,  590, 1857  (in  part  only).— Kbnneklt,  Pacific  R.  R.  Expl.  and  Sar- 
veya,  x,  vi,  16,  1859  (Fort  Conrad,  N.  K.).— SucKLET,  Pacific  R.  R.  Expl.  and  Surreya,  xii, 
iii,  104,  1860  (Bois<  River,  Oregon ).—Sucklky  &  Oibbs,  ibid.,  131.~CouE8,  Am.  Nak,  i, 
631,  1667  (Arizona);  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1667,  136.— Cooper,  Am.  Nat.,  111,470, 
1660  (Colorado  Valley).— Hkrriam,  Haydon'a  U.  8.  Oeol.  Survey,  Sixth  Ann.  Rep.,  666, 1873 
(OgdoD,  Utah),— AuJC.'f,  Bull.  Eaaez  loatitute,  vi,  62,  66,  1874  (Wyoming  wad  Salt  Lalw 
Valley).  ■ 


LEPORID^— LBPU8  CALLOTIB  EX  VAB. 


861 


Var.   TEXIANU8. 

Northern  Jackwm  Hare. 

Ahovo  pale  ashy-gray,  somctimcH  tinged  with  brownisli  mid  mixed  willi 
block.  Bcluw  wbito,  or  nearly  white  on  the  middle  of  tlic  holly,  pasHing 
into  grayish-whito  or  very  pale  brownish-white  on  the  sides,  Die  inside  ol 
the  limbs,  and  on  the  breast,  where  it  is  more  strongly  brownish.  Throat 
lighter,  nearly  white  Orbital  ring  white,  varying  to  yellowish-white.  Ears 
more  or  less  broadly  tipped  with  black,  yellowish-brown  (externally), 
mixed  with  black  on  the  anterior  half,  whitish  on  the  posterior  half,  passing 
into  white  at  the  base;  fringe  of  the  bordcrK  yollowish-white.  IVil  black 
above,  the  black  extending  forword  upon  the  rump,  very  much  as  in  i  .  call- 
fornicux ;  sides  and  below  gray. 

This  species  presents  considerable  variations  in  color,  and  in  the  fullnoss 
and  soilness  of  the  fur,  with  the  season.  The  above  description  applies  more 
e6i)ecially  to  fall  and  winter  specimens,  in  which  the  pelage  is  very  full,  long, 
8"  '  soft,  and  in  which  the  feet  arc  well  clothed.  In  summer  specimens,  the 
fur  of  the  body  is  shorter,  and  the  feet  and  legs  are  more  sparsely  clothed. 
The  brownish  tint  of  the  bock  is  perhaps  rather  stronger,  and  the  limbs  are 
of  a  more  decided  gray ;  the  lower  surface,  except  the  breast,  is  generally 
pure  white.  One  of  the  most  marked  seasonal  differences  in  color,  however, 
consists  in  the  color  of  the  nape-patch,  which  in  winter  specimens  differs  but 
little  in  tint  from  the  general  color  of  the  upper  surface,  and  over  which  the 
fur  is  long  and  soft,  gray  externally,  and  black  at  the  base.  In  summer 
specimens,  the  fur  of  the  nape-patch  is  short  and  generally  intense  black, 
owing,  in  part  at  least,  to  the  shedding  or  wearing-off  of  the  longer  gray 
outer  covering  of  winter. 

Specimens  collected  at  the  same  season  vary  in  respect  to  the  amount  of 
black  in  the  dorsal  surface  and  in  the  strength  of  the  pale  fulvous  shade. 

Var.  cALLOTis. 
Mexican  Hare ;  Southern  Jackass  Hare. 

Slightly  smaller  than  van  texianus,  with  the  black  on  the  tips  of  the  ears 
nearly  o/r  quite  obsolete,  being  replaced  with  pale  yellowish  or  pure  white. 
Above  more  or  less  strongly  yellowish-brown,  mixed  with  black;  lower 
surface,  including  the  limbs  and  sides  of  the  rump,  white,  usually  finely 


IP 


ii 


ilii 


352 


MONOGKAPII8  OF  NOKTU  AMEKIOAN  KODE^fTlA. 


mixed  with  black,  especially  on  tlie  limbs ;   breast  pale  yellowish,  varying 
to  bright  fulvous. 

A  specimen  from  Tehuantepec  (No.  1)430),  collected  December  3,  is  the 
most  highly-colored  of  any  in  the  collection,  and  agrees  perfectly  with  Wag- 
ner's description  of  his  \i\ncty  Jlavigularis.  In  this,  the  color  above  is  briglit 
yellowisli-brown,  strongly  variegated  with  black.  The  neck  in  front  and  tlie 
breast  arc  strongly  yellowish-brown,  which  color  extends  forward  on  either 
side  of  the  throat  and  along  the  sides  of  the  body.  Tlie  rest  of  the  lower 
parts  are  pure  white  ;  the  legs  are  of  a  pure,  rather  dark,  gray,  which  color, 
rather  more  mixed  with  black,  extends  over  the  thighs  and  the  sides  of  the 
rump.  The  fur  is  everywhere  very  short  and  rather  harsh,  as  compared  with 
winter  specimens  of  var.  texianus;  the  pelage  of  the  legs  is  especially  short, 
so  that  these  parts  look  very  small  and  slender. 

Summer  specimens  from  Southern  Texas  (Nos.  252,  241,  134,  etc.) 
present  the  same  general  features  of  short,  rather  harsh,  pelage,  very  scantily- 
clothed  legs  and  feet,  and  brighter  and  purer  colors ;  but  the  fulvous  tint, 
especially  over  the  fore  neck  and  breast,  is  of  a  much  more  brownish  cast 
A  specimen  from  Orizaba,  Mexico,  quite  closely  resembles,  in  the  color  of 
the  dorsal  surface,  the  specimens  from  Texas,  but  the  brownish  tint  of  the 
breast  and  sides  of  the  body  is  nearly  obsolete,  the  whole  lower  surface 
of  the  body  being  almost  uniformly  pure  white.  A  striking  feature  in  this 
specimen,  remarkable  for  the  general  lightness  of  its  colors,  is  the  terminal 
white  patch  on  the  ears. 

Considering  the  varidties  in  their  co-specific  relationship,  we  find  that 
the  Texan  and  Mexican  specimens  are  much  more  strongly  colored,  especially 
i';  respect  to  the  fulvous  tint,  than  specimens  of  the  more  northern  type, 
vhile  the  palest  specimens  come  from  Arizona  and  Utah.  A  specimen  from 
Boisd  River,  Oregon,  is  varied  with  black  and  grey  above,  with  only  a  very 
faint  tinge  of  brownish  on  the  limbs,  sides,  and  breast. 

The  black  at  the  tip  of  the  ear  varies  from  a  patch  nn  inch  or  more  in 
length  to  a  narrow  terminal  bordering,  and  is  so/netimes  wholly  obsolete. 
It  is  narrower  in  Texas  specimens  than  in  those  from  Arizona  and  Utah, 
existing  in  some  of  the  former  only  as  a  very  narrow  border,  while  in  the 
specimens  from  Mexico  it  is  wholly  absent,  being  replaced  in  one  by  white 
and  in  the  other  by  fulvous. 

The  extremes  in  respect  to  variation  in  color,  as  indicated  in  the  varietal 
diagnoses,  present  very  wide  difierciices,  but  there  are  so  many  interveninj 


LEPORID^— LEPUS  CALLOUS  ET.  VAR. 


353 


stages  that  the  passage  from  the  one  to  the  other  is  by  very  gradual  steps.  Thus 
the  general  aspect  above  of  specimens  from  Utah  is  grav'sh-white,  with  the 
faintest  tinge  of  brownish,  strongly  mixed  with  black,  with  a  black  spot  at 
the  tip  of  the  car  an  inch  or  more  in  length.  The  specimens  from  Texas 
and  Orizaba,  on  the  other  hand,  are  strongly  washed  above  with  fulvous,  with 
the  black  ear-spot  greatly  reduced  or  wholly  obsolete.  In  the  Tehuantepec 
specimen,  the  fulvous  culminates  in  a  quite  intense  yellowish-brown. 

The  general  size  varies,  as  usual,  very  considerably  in  different  individ- 
uals. Taking  the  size  of  the  skull  as  the  most  convenient  standard  of  com- 
parison, we  find  the  extremes  of  variation  in  a  series  of  eight  adult  specimens 
to  be,  length,  3.37  to  4.08 ;  width,  1.63  to  1.82.  The  ears  vary  in  length  in 
different  specimens  from  4.50  to  6.00,  the  largest-eared  examples  coming 
generally  from  the  most  southern  localities. 

General  remarks. 

Synonymy. — The  variations  in  color  already  described  have  given  rise  to 
several  synonyms.  The  species  was  first  described  by  Wagler  in  1830,  from 
specimens  collected  in  Mexico,  under  the  name  Lepus  callotis.  In  1833, 
Mr.  Bennett  redescribed  it  from  specimens  said  to  have  come  from  "Cali- 
fornia", but  which  doubtless  came  from  Western  Mexico,  under  the  name 
Lepus  nigricaudatus.  In  1836,  Richardson  referred  undoubtedly  to  this 
species,  under  what  seems  to  have  been  a  MS.  name  of  Lichtenstein's  in  the 
Berlin  Museum,  as  "Lepus  mexicanus  Licht.''*  Wagner,  in  1844,  redescribed 
the  species  from  Mexican  specimens,  recognizing  three  varieties  from  Mexico, 
viz,  var.  I.  L.  callotis ;  var.  II.  L.  nigricaudatus ;  var.  III.  L.  Jlavigularis, 
all  based  on  specimens  from  Mexico.  The  differences  consist  in  variations 
of  color,  the  variety  named  Jlavigularis  apparently  closely  resembling  the 
above-described  example  from  Tehuantepec.  In  1848,  Waterhouse  described 
a  specimen,  from  an  unknown  locality,  with  black  tips  to  the  ears,  as  presuma- 
bly the  Lepus  texianus  of  Audubon  and  Bachman,  on  the  i  lentification  of  the 
specimen  by  Mr.  J.W.Audubon.  In  1863,  Audubon  and  Bachman  described 
a  Lepus  texianus  as  tlie  common  "Jackass  Rabbit''  of  Texas,  but  without  any 
allusion  to  Waterhouse's  provisional  description  of  a  species  under  the  same 
name.    Audubon  and  Bachman  do  not  mention  the  ears  as  having  black  tips, 

*  Respecting  thia  uame,  Waterhoase  obaerves :  "  The  brief  note  relating  to  the  L.  mexicanvii  of  the 
Berlin  MuBenm,  ftimiahed  me  by  Dr.  Bnohmnn,  deaoribee  that  animal  m  having  the  back  of  the  neck 
black;  the  white  of  the  nnder  parts  of  the  body  extending  high  upon  the  flanks,  and,  indeed,  in  all 
other  respects  agreeing  with  the  characters  of  L.  calloUi."    Xat.  H'ut.  Mam.,  il,  141. 

23  H 


ill: 


354 


MONOGKAPnS  OF  NOHTil  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


litii!' 


but  refer  to  one  specimen  as  having  the  margin  of  the  ear  brown.  These 
and  other  slight  discrepancies  are  noted  by  Baird,  who,  in  1857,  doubtfully 
referred  the  Lcpus  (exianus  of  Waterhouse  to  L.  cal/otis,  but  lert  the  L.  tcxi- 
anus  of  Audubon  and  Bachinan  in  his  list  of  those  his  material  did  not  allow 
him  to  satisfactorily  discuss. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  in  the  descriptions  accompanying  the  above-cited 
names  the  black  spot  at  the  tip  of  the  ear,  which  is  so  constant  in  specimens 
from  the  United  States,  is  not  mentioned  except  in  Waterhouse's  description 
of  his  "Lcpus  texianuti?'\  and  that  the  other  features  of  coloration  apply 
strictly  to  the  Mexican  specimens,  and  in  less  degree  to  those  from  Texas, 
but  not  at  all  to  specimens  from  (he  Territories  of  Arizona,  Nevada,  Utah, 
Oregon,  and  Wyoming.  Professor  Baird  very  distinctly  referred  to  the  differ- 
ei!ces  presented  by  specimens  from  the  northward  as  compared  with  those 
from  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  thought  it  possible  the  form  from  the  more 
northern  localities  in  the  United  States  might  prove  to  be  a  distinct  species, 
at  the  same  time  calling  attention  to  the  complete  gradation  by  easy  stages 
from  the  one  extreme  to  the  other.  Although  this  gradation  is  unquestionable 
the  constancy  of  the  very  considerable  differences  between  the  northern  and 
southern  forms  seems  to  warrant  their  ditlercntiation  as  geographical  races. 
Waterhouse's  description  clearly  refers  to  the  northern  type,  which  he 
describes  as  having  the  fur  "long  and  sof^,  the  general  hue  of  the  animal 
pale,  inclining  to  ashy-gray,  but  strongly  mottled  with  black  and  brownish- 
white",  "the  ears  with  a  large  black  patch  at  the  apex  externally",  etc.,  and 
hence  his  name,  notwitlistanding  its  unfortunate  geographical  allusion,  is 
unquestionably  applicable  to  the  northern  type,  while  Texas  specimens,  espe- 
cially those  from  near  the  Mexican  border,  present  an  intermediate  phase 
more  strongly  resembling  the  southern  than  the  northern  type. 

Lepus  callolis  finds  its  nearest  ally  in  L.  californicus,  but  diifers  from  it 
80  considerably  in  color  and  in  other  respects  (as  will  be  pointed  out  imder 
the  head  of  L.  californicus)  as  to  be  readily  distinguishable  from  it.  From 
L.  campestris,  which  agrees  with  it  quite  nearly  in  size,  and  also  resembles 
it  consideral)ly  in  color,  it  is  easily  separable,  as  already  shown  in  the  discus- 
sion of  that  species ;  L.  campestris  differing  from  L.  callolis  in  its  shorter  cars, 
in  wanting  the  black  on  the  tail,  and  in  becoming  white  in  winter. 

Geogbapiiical  distribution. — The  habitat  of  Lejms  calloliis  var.  texianus 
may  be  given  as  exiending  from  Southeastern  Oregon  southward  to  Mexico, 
and  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  eastward  to  near  the  eastern  border 


Vw^v 


LEPOKlDiE— LEPU8  CALLOTI8  ET  VAB. 


355 


of  the  plains  oust  of  tlie  Rocky  Mountains.  Dr.  Cooper  gives  its  western 
limit  in  latitude  35°  as  the  Colorado  River.  I  liiivc  observed  it  on  the  plains 
of  Western  Nebraska  and  Middle  Kansas;  and  there  are  specimens  in  the 
collection  from  as  far  east  as  Austin,  Texas.  It  does  not  appear  to  overlap 
the  range  of  Lepus  californicus,  but  extends  over  the  southern  half  of  the 
range  oi  Lepus  campestris.  Toward  the  Mexican  border,  especially  in  Texas, 
it  begins  to  very  generally  take  on  the  distinctive  features  of  variety  callotis. 
The  habitat  oi  Lepus  callotis  \a.r.  callotis  extends  from  about  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  United  States  far  southward  into  Mexico,  there  being  speci- 
mens in  the  collection  from  Orizaba  and  Tehuantepec;  and  De  Saussure 
mentions  it  as  being  common  in  the  province  of  "Mechoacan'',  in  about  lati- 
tude 19.°. 

Tadlb  XHTL—MeaittremeMa  of  Lkpus  callotis. 


1 
i 

From  lip  of  nose 
to— 

Tail  to  eod 
of- 

Irf>Dgth  of—  1 

1 

i 

Locality. 

>4 

1 

A 

S 

1 

£ 
1 

1 

i 

s 

1 

Remarka. 

4M 

Bott6  River,  Oregoo  Ter.. 

J 

93.50 

1  70 

140 

4  90 

From  Italid. 

999 

4.08 

19.75 

J.  35 

3.S5 

9. 17 

4  58 

5.07 

do 

134 
IXi 

Eagle  I 
do 

>aiifl,  T«t L 

.183 
4.89 

4.00 
4.80 

10.50 
84.50 

9.17 
9.93 

4.  .18 
4.58 

4.30 
.1.07 

...do. 
..  do. 

... 

1.75 

3.83 

9S3 

4.00 

SI.  73 

4.  no 

...do. 

901 

West  or  San  Anlonio,  Tex 

4.17 

4.5.1 

SO.  .10 

1.08 

4.08 

9.05 

4..'«t 

ilOO 

...do. 

wee 

tTSl 

im 

340 

LUnoI 
Pocoal 

do 

FortCt 

{atttcadOiTex 

a30 

S.00 
4.60 
4.4S 

10.00 
24.00 

aaoo 

17.  so 

2.05 
9.38 
9  90 

4.05 
.1.05 
4.88 

5.99 
5.03 
5.93 
3.03 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

liver  

9 

Tablk  L.— il/wuNreweiite  of  ek»Ut  of  Li 

ru8  CALLOTIS  (.inclndiiig  vara,  trxianus  and  calix)ti8). 

i 

i 

1 

1 

a 

1. 

«i 

i 

3l 

1 

i 

fi 

1 

i 
i 

Locality. 

j 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

11 

i"5 

C  a 

•S  B 

1 
a 

•si 
if 

ll 

II 

i 
1 

i 

I 

o 

o 

H 

O 

^ 

m 

^ 

« 

l.3i 

1  ,17 

ts' 

u 

0.63 

0.55 

7(30 

3.03 

l.M 

noo 

L77 

0.80 

0.80 

9.05 

1.30 

MIS 

...do 

3.70 

1.73 

aeo 

L90 

0.83 

0.70 

1.19 

1.43 

0.37 

0.33 

0.63 

0.09 

9.00 

1.69 

T«30Ml 

...do 

408 

1.7S 

0.87 

LOO 

0.88 

0.86 

1.37 

1.77 

0..34 

0.34 

0.75 

034 

9.98 

L99 

74M 

...do 

3.tn 

i.ea 

0.87 

L75 

0.87 

1.98 

1.00 

0.49 

0.3S 

0.70 

0.57 

>11I8 

XaglePaaa,Tei.. 

3.37 

1.S3 

am 

I.SO 

a  67 

1.10 

1,37 

0.60 

0.47 

9.90 

11774 
WS3 

4.05 
3.M 

L70 

Leo 

0.90 

Loa 

1.70 

0.80 
0.8S 

0.74 
0.80 

1.30 
1.15 

L88 
1.07 

0.50 
0.40 

0.35 
0.34 

ao5 

0.07 

0.37 
0.99 

9.83 
9.70 

L99 
1.90 

TelinaDtepee,Hei 

MM 

»430 

-■>o 

3.07 

LS) 

0.94 

L75 

0.87 

a84 

1.93 

L7U 

0.38 

a35 

0.07 

0.55 

9.85 

L88 

IMO 

FL  Conrad,  N.H. 

3.80 

L75 

0.73 

L65 

0.80 

0.74 

L94 

LOO 

0.40 

0.35 

0.60 

0.50 

9.50 

1.60 

•  I 

tat 

her 

yo 

»"« 

•  uipiriiPin'iimt 


356 


MONOGlfAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  LI. — LM  of  fpeciment  of  Lupus  callotih  {iucludipg  ran.  texianus  and  callotis). 


•s 

1 

1 

a 
a  a 

r- 

i 

h 

1 

B 

a 

1 

a 

M 

Locality. 

Wlien 
collected. 

From  whom  reoeiTDd. 

Collected  by— 

Nature  of  apec- 
imen. 

4S4 

as 

3M4 
0316 

97 
38 

hoM  Rlrar,  Oregon  T. 
do 

Sept.  97, 1854 
Sept -.1654 

Gov.  I.  L  Stoveaa. . . . 
...  do 

Dr.  George  Snckley 
....do  

Skin. 
...do. 

C.S.  McCarthy 

...do. 

36 
1376 
389 
1068 
14e8 
748 
701 

893 

9 

J 
9 

d 

V 

Camp  96 

Clarence  King 

Mna  Comp.  ZoJik)gy 
Lient.  O.M.Wheeler 

Dr.  E.  Couea 

..do 

....do    

Robert  Rldgway... 
Allen  Jt  Bennett... 
Henahaw  6l  Yarrow 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

OKdeQ,i;tah 

Sept.  36, 1871 

Nov.  10,  isrj 

Nov.  15,  1864 
Mar.    7,1865 
Sept  17, 1664 
Sept   3,1864 

11340 

847< 

M77 

7816 

-813 

346 

11878 

8804 

134 

133 

9068 

S969 

[;;;.■; 

4M) 
301 
303 
300 
8577 
17J0 
1733 
1791 
17S» 
959 
5840 
5839 
118 
279 
8561 
9430 

1-ifiO 

Beaver,  Utah 

Fort  Whipple,  Aril... 
do   

...do 

...do 

...do. 
...do. 

do   

do   

....do 

....do 

...do. 

Fort  Conrad  N.  Max 

Dr.C.RR.KenDCrly 
H.W.  Henahaw.... 

Skin  and  aknll. 

Skin. 

...do. 

San  Pedro,  Aril 

Camp  Grant,  Ariz 

Facie  Paaa,  Tex 

Bio  liravo  del  Nnrte  . . 

SepL   3,1873 
Feb.  30, 1867 
Apr.  — ,  1853 
Summor,I859 

Lieut  O.M.  Wheeler 

Dr.  E.  Palmer 

MaJ.W.U.  Emory  .. 
...  ilo 

1118 
1119 

A.Schott 

....do 

Skin  and  akull. 
...do. 

...do  

Skin. 
..  do. 

io 

....do 

....do 

7630 

76.106i« 

1191 

Skull. 
...do. 

do 

Antamu,ie53 

O.  Wiirdemann 

Cap.G.B.McClellan 
Lieut  D.  N.  Conch  . . 
..do 

O.Wttrdemaun  .... 

Skin  and  aknU. 

Skin. 

Skin  and  aknll. 

..  do. 

Skin. 

...do. 

...do. 

Red  River,  Tox 

12IS 
1916 

Weatem  Tex  

J.n. Clark  

Uo   

.  do            

do    

....do 

.  do     

341 

Lar«do,  Texaa 

Devii'a  River,  Tex .... 
Weatem  Texas 

Jnne  0,1866 
May    3,1655 

Dr.  H.  B.  Butcher  . . . 
Capt  J.  Pope 

Dr.  H.  a  Batcher  . . 

....do 

...do. 

do   

....do 

...do. 

87 

Rio  Pecoa,  Tex 

...  do   

...do. 

Anatin,  Tex  

S.K.  Jennluga 

L.Sitgr«avea 

.  do. 

Bio  Grande,  Tex 

Dr.S.W.Woodhouie 

...do. 
.  do. 

Red  Fork  of  Arkanaaa 
Red  River  (Ark.f)... 

...do. 

CliarcoEacondida.IIei 
Oriaaba,  Mexico  

Llent  D.  N.  Conch 

.  do. 

Prof.  F.Sumichraat. 
.  do   

Prof.  F.  Sumiobnut 
do 

...do. 

Skin  and  aknlL 

Skull. 

...do. 

8983 
8653 

iin4 

Tefauant«peo,  Mexico. 
do 

Deo.    3,  1666 

....do   

.    do 

(t) 

(t) 

(1) 

LEPOKIDiE— LEPCS  CALIFOENICUS. 


357 


LEPUS  CALIFORNICUS  Gray. 
Calirornlan  Hare. 

Ltjpu$  californiau  OlUY,  CharlcHWortb's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1837,  r>8r>;  Proc.  Zoiil.  800.  Loiul.,  iv,  183G,  88 
(name  only,  without  a  description). — Baciiman,  Journ.  Acat).  Nat.  Sci.  I'bila.,  viii,  183!),  86 
(description  of  Oram's  original  specimen).— Waonek,  Siippl.  Sclireber's  Siiiigot.,  iv,  1844, 110 
(from  Unolimnn). — WATElillovgK,  Nat.  Hist.  Mam.,  ii,  1848, 131  (rcdescrlption  of  Gray's  and 
Bachman's  specimens). — Aui>.  &  Bach.,  QuadrN.  Am.,  iii,  18r>3,  r>3,  pi.  cxii.— Gikhki.,  Siiugnt., 
18.'iS, 450.— Baiiid,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1857, 594, pi.  Ivii,  tig.  'Z (sl<ull);  U.  8. and  Mcx.  Bound.  Survey, 
ii,  ii,  1850, 47  (Lower  Colorado  Kiver.  Col.).— NKwnKKKV,  riiciflc  K.  K.  Ex.  &,  Bnrv.,  vi,  iv,  lt(57, 
63.— CooPEli,  Am.  Nat.,  iii,  18(i9, 470.— Sucklky,  Pucifio  R.  Ii.  Ex.  &  Surv.,  xii,  iii,  1860, 104.— 
SucKLKY  &,  Gilins,  ibid.,  i;i2.— GitAY,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat,  Hist,,  3d  ser.,xx,1867,!i!'.M.— Allkn, 
Proc.  Host.  80c.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1OT5, 435. 

Lepm  richardmHt  Baciiman,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fbila.,  viii,  1839, 88.— (See  also  Aud.  &,  Bach.,  Quad.  N. 
Am.,  iii,  1853, 56.)— Waoneii,  Suppl.  Scbreber's  Siiuget.,  iv,  1844,  HI. 

Lepui  bennetli  Ghay,  ZoOI.  Hulpbur,  1844, 35,  pi.  xiv. 

Of  about  the  size  of,  or  rather  smaller  than,  Lepus  callotis.  Ears  of 
about  the  same  length  as  in  that  species,  with  the  hind  feet  rather  shorter. 
Above  yellowish-brown,  approaching  reddish-brown,  mixed  with  black. 
Below  light  cii.namon;  lighter,  approaching  white,  along  the  median  line; 
more  rufous  on  the  chest,  limbs,  and  sides,  where  the  rufous  becomes  mixed 
with  black.  Nape  fulvous.  Anterior  half  ot  the  ear  pale  blackish-brown, 
varied  with  fulvous;  posterior  half  whitish,  becoming  white  at  the  base; 
fringe  of  the  borders  light  fulvous;  tip  of  the  ear  black.  Tail  black  above, 
the  black  extending  forward  in  a  broad  line  on  to  the  rump;  sides  and  below 
pale  cinnamon-brown.     Limbs  exteriorly  finely  "       d  with  black. 

This  species  differs  in  color  from  L.  callotis  mainly  in  its  stronger  tints, 
the  rufous  throughout  the  pelage  being  much  stronger,  and  the  intermixed 
black  hairs  of  the  upper  surface  more  abundant. 

The  color  varies  considerably  in  intensity  in  different  individuals;  speci- 
mens occasionally  occurring  nearly  as  pale  as  average  specimens  ot  L.  callotis. 
At  other  times,  the  rufous  tint  becomes  nearly  as  strong  as  in  Lepus  eurajmus 
{z=.timidus  auct.)  of  the  Old  World.  The  amount  and  intensity  of  the  black 
on  the  ears  is  also  subject  to  considerable  variation.  The  small  white  s|«)t 
in  the  middle  of  the  forehead,  common  to  nearly  all  Hares  when  young,  is 
generally  distinctly  traceable,  as  it  is  also  in  L.  callotis  and  L.  campestris'. 

The  ear  varies  in  length  from  5.00  to  6..00,  ranging  generally  between 
5.50  and  6.00.  The  hind  foot  varies  from  4.70  to  5.60,  ranging  generally 
between  5.00  and  5.40.  The  hind  foot  thus  is  generally  considerably  (about 
one-tenth)  shorter  than  the  ear.     The  length  of  the  head  is  generally  not  more 


ri''! 


1  ! 

;  i 

1: 

! 
i  ■ 

1 

f" 

hi 


358 


MONOCKAl'US  OF  iJOUTU  AMlilUCAN  KODBNTIA. 


than  two-thirds  of  the  Icngtli  of  tlic  etir.  The  skull  varies  in  length  from 
3.45  to  3.88;  in  breadth  from  1..53  to  1.75.  The  lower  jaw  varies  in  length 
from  2.17  to  2.77. 

The  southern  specimens  are  considerably  smaller  than  the  northern,  as 
shown  by  the  measurements  given  in  the  subjoined  table.  Thus  the  average 
length  of  five  skulls  from  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  is  3.80,  width  1.72; 
while  the  average  length  of  nine  skulls  from  Cape  Saint  Lucas,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia is  3.52,  width  1.58. 

This  species  differs  from  L.  callotu,  its  nearest  ally,  in  being  consid- 
erably smaller,  in  its  darker  and  more  rufous  tints  and  relatively  longer  ears, 
and  in  the  small  size  of  ue  lower  jaw,  which  is  relatively  smaller  than  that 
of  any  other  North  American  species  of  Lepus. 

This  species  was  first  indicated  in  1837  by  Dr.  Gray,  who  mentioned  it 
under  the  name  L.  californicus,  without,  however,  publishing  any  description 
of  the  species.  Two  years  later  it  was  described  from  the  same  specimen 
by  Di*.  Bachman.  Its  only  synonyms  are  Lfpus  richardsoni  of  Bachman 
(1838),  based  on  a  specimen  suppo.sed  to  have  come  from  California,  and 
Lepus  bennctii  of  Gray. 

Geographical  distribdtion. — The  Lepus  californicus  ranges  from  the 
northern  parts  of  California  southward  along  the  coast  to  Cape  Saint  Lucas. 
It  seems  to  be  mainly  restricted  to  the  region  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains;  but  in  latitude  35°,  according  to  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  it  extends 
eastward  to  the  Colorado  River.  Further  eastward,  it  is  replaced  by  L. 
callolis  var.  texianus. 


Table  lAL—MtatuyemenUi  of  Lkpus  caupornicub. 


!)■;-■' 


••f 


1 

a 

s 

I  . 

•■J 

LouUty. 

1 

From  tip  of  nose  to— 

TaU  to  end 
of- 

Length  of- 

i 

i 

Bemulu. 

k 

1 

A 

1 

1 

1 

8.05 
9.38 
9.50 
S.55 

9.:io 

1.08 

1 

•a 
a 

a 

urn 

6fl8 
S916 
IMO 
1108 

3S)t» 

i:m 
i:m 

a.  90 

3.50 
4.75 
4.10 

4.03 
4.00 
4.75 

80.00 
85.00 

28.00 
81.00 
90.  OU 
15.00 
20.00 
18.00 

5.05 
5.30 
5.90 
5.80 
5.10 
4.70 
3.03 
4.70 
5.90 

5.70 
3.81 
0,50 
5.4V 
0.00 
5.10 
3.35 
5.10 
6.90 

VromBaird. 

do. 

do. 

FromBuird. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

CollMtor'a  ttieiuun.ni(uiUi. 

a.  40 

3.33 

3  60 
3  90 
9.05 
300 
1.98 
100 
4.00 

5.35 

4.70 
4.70 
4.00 
9.38 
4.60 
5.80 

do 

a.3S 

1.70 
l.M 
1.76 
S.0O 

1.45 
3.10 
3  45 
3.50 

4.70 
3.95 
3,40 
3  05 
5.00 

do 

0^ 

CapoStLuoM,  UCal.. 

LErOKlD-ff:— LEPU8  CALIFOENICU8. 


359 


Table  UU.—ileaturemenli  ofikullt  of  Lkpl'S  caui'oiinicus. 


1 

1 

"S 

1 
i 

a 

1 

o 

1 

8 

i 

t 

1 
Jt 
2 

1 

s 

j 

Jl 

i 

ml 

s 

3 
a 

i 
1 

d 
& 

a 

M 

Locality. 

! 

i 
* 

•i 

a 

* 

* 

.2  ^ 

11 

a 

1! 

1. 
11 

1 
id 

1 

.a 

i 

1 

1 

1 

2 

a 
5 

5 

\ 

1 

1 

11 

11 

1 

It 

II 

11 

1 

1 

1.35 

t> 

H 

o 

'A 

ifi 

'A 

p 

u 

u 

b 

u> 

U) 

«71 

Felalimm,  Cal 

3.73 

1.70 

0.83 

1.50 

0.83 

0.70 

1.10 

1.50 

0.38 

0.33 

0.63 

0.54 

a.  47 

asna 

...do 



3.B5 

1.70 

o.to 

1.57 

0.75 

0.80 

1.37 

1.63 

0.37 

0.33 

0.07 

0.50 

3.65 

1.55 

sun 

141G 

....do 



3.  lie 

1.75 

0.8(1 

0.80 

1.30 

l.liO 

0.30 

0.35 

0.63 

a  51 

3.62 

1.53 

'•iSM 

...do 

.... 

3.5S 

1.70 

0.7S 

1.45 

0.75 

1.10 

1.45 

0.30 

0.30 

0.56 

0.50 

3.43 

1.44 

■3^6 

9S18 

Sta  FraodKO, 

age 

1.7S 

0.85 

1.73 

0.80 

a  84 

1.39 

1.68 

0.64 

0.50 

3.77 

1.60 

3511 

3«98 

Ft.  TitJon,  Csl 

3.  CO 

1.04 

a86 

1.50 

0.70 

0.70 

1. 15 

1.50 

0.38 

0.33 

0.58 

0.55 

3.45 

1.45 

4137 

4}ie 

C»i»  St  Lu- 
Gu,L.Cal. 

rf 

3.69 

1.55 

0.74 

1.45 

a  75 

0.70 

1.13 

1.44 

0,40 

0.37 

0.110 

0.45 

3.45 

1.48 

4139 
4930 

3175 
4116 

....do 

.... 

aeo 
ass 

1.53 

0.78 
0.70 

1.47 

•.40 

0.78 
0.70 

0.70 
0.66 

1.10 
1.08 

1.45 
1.40 

a40 

0.40 

0.33 
0.3S 

0.00 
0.58 

a  45 
0.50 

...do 

a.  40 

1.37 

4lKS 

...do 

.... 

a4s 

1.55 

0.67 

1.35 

0.67 

0.60 

1.05 

1.40 

0.38 

0.35 

0.55 

a  45 

3.37 

1.40 

49a6 

...do 

rf 

155 

1.63 

O.TJ 

1.53 

0.68 

0.64 

1.07 

1.45 

0.40 

0.35 

0.57 

0.46 

3.30 

1..V3 

4asn 

....do 

rf 

a  45 

1.5S 

0.77 

1..T5 

0.7S 

0.68 

1.05 

1.35 

0.43 

0.3« 

0.60 

0.46 

3.17 

1.40 

H3tH 

...do 

aso 

1.67 

0.75 

1.46 

0.73 

0.68 

1.13 

1.40 

0.40 

aso 

0.57 

0.50 

3.35 

1.45 

49» 

...do 

a  57 

1.54 

0.76 

1.40 

0.67 

0.68 

1.15 

1.45 

0.38 

0.33 

0.63 

0.45 

3.30 

1.45 

4«I0 

....do 

a  50 

1.60 

0.75 

1.37 

0.70 

0.6< 

1.13 

1.43 

0.45 

0.35 

0.60 

0.50 

4331 

...do 

a  47 

1.57 

0.63 

1.45 

0.67 

a68 

1.08 

1.3C 

0.40 

0.33 

a  57 

0.42 

8.35 

1.42 

74fl3 
1 

e8S4 

Arizona  .. 

ass 

1.60 

0.75 

1.45 

0.75 

a  74 

1.12 

1.48 

0.40 

0.35 

0.63 

0.50 

3.57 

i.es 

*  Bather  yooDi^ 


t  Holan,  ^^ ;  laai  left  upper  moUr  oodeveloped. 


*.=-   ■ 


'I  I 


360 


MONOOKAriia  OF  NOUTII  AMERICAN  llODENTIA. 


Taulk  LIV.— £(<(  oj  qMcimnM  of  Lkpus  CALiFoiuiicrs. 


1! 

I 

i 

a 

i 
ll 

<3 

\ 

a 

bC-i 

l-s 

1  = 

% 

i 

a 

q 

i 

a 

I 

Locality. 

When 
collected. 

From  whom  receirod. 

CoUeeted  by- 

Nature  of  spec. 
Ineu. 

14IU 
30711 

•m* 
■itm 

KM 
CCS 
1047 
ICOO 
39C5 
5008 
5905 
5007 
5910 
5841 
MIS 
4878 
917S 
41IC 

8894 
1307 

as7i 

»S79 
3373 
2874 

PoUlum*,  Cil 

ilo 

E.  Samuels 

E.  Samuels 

SknIL 
.  do. 

do 

do   

do 

do 

do 

Bkin  and  sknil. 
Bknil. 
Skin. 

Bklu  and  skull. 
Skin, 
do. 

ilo 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

32Sa 

334 

U.aEipLIzped 

do 

Dr.W.BtlmpsoD.... 
do 

do 

... 

ValleciU,  Cal 

Dr.  J.  8.  Newberry .  . 
Lt  W.  P.  Trowbridge . 
do 

Dr.  J.  8.  Newberry. . 

... 

Bodegi,  C*l 

do 

T.  A.Saabo 

..  do. 

do 

...  do. 

70 


Fort  Jones,  Cal  .... 

Dr.  0.  Buckley 

....do. 

LtR  a  Williamson.. 
Lt.  W.P.Trowbridge. 

Dr.  J.  8.  Newberry  . 
A.  Cssaidy 

...do. 
...  do. 

San  Dirgo,  Cal 

383 

394 
3074 
1133 

0? 

CapoSt  Lncaa,  L.Oal 
do 

J.Xantns 

do 

....do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

Feb.  — ,  1860 
June  — ,  1850 
Apr.  -,  le«0 

do 

do 

....do. 

do 

do   

do 

do. 

do 

....  do   

do   

....da 

4137 
4139 
4K0 
4335 
4330 
4337 
4338 
4339 
4230 
4331 
74C8 

4577 
630 

'm 

Wi 

%%\ 
m 

337 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

do 

do 

do 

Skin  and  skull. 
....do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

do   

do 

Bkull. 
...  do. 

do 

do  

do 

do 

do 

do 

..  da 

do 

do    

do 

....da 

do 

do 

do 

....da 

do 

do 

do 

...  .da 

do 

do 

do 

....da 

Dr.  E.  Palmer 

Dr.  E.  Palmer 

A.Scholt 

Skull  and  skin. 
Bkin. 

MiO-W.  II.  Emory... 

li  1  % 


1 

liP 

1 

*' 

h 

w 

i 

/«i .  ■ 

LEPUS  PALUSTRIS  Bachman.        * 

Marsh  Hare. 

Lepui  paUttrU  Bachman,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vil,  1837,  194,  330,  pl».  xv,  x\l ;  viii,  1839, 79.— 
AvDUBUN,  Birds  of  America,  iv,  510,  pi.  ocolzxii.— Wateriiou8B,  Nat.  Hiat.  Ham.,  ii,  1848, 
119.— Aui>.  &  Bach.,  Qnad.  N.  Am.,  i,  1649, 151,  pi.  xviii.— Baihd,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1857,  615, 
pi.  lix,  fig.  3  (8kiin).-CouK8,  Proo.  Boat.  Boo.  Nnt.  Hiat,  ziii,  1808,  80.- Allen,  Ball.  Mui. 
Comp.  Zotil.,  ii,  1871, 184;  Proc.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist.,  xvii,  1875,  436. 

nyirolagut  paluttrit  Gray,  Aun.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3<I  ser.,  xx,  1807, 331. 

£«piM  d»u0{a««i  var.  3,  Gray,  Cliarlesirotth's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1837,  580, 

About  the  size  of,  or  slightly  larger  than,  the  eastern  form  of  L.  sylvali- 
cus,  and  of  somewhat  similar  general  proportions,  but  with  much  shorter 
tail,  and  broader,  heavier  incisors  and  molars,  and  much  larger  and  stouter 
lower  jaw;  ears  broader  and  more  rounded;  feet  very  sparsely  furred,  the 


h  f 


LEl'OKlDiE— LBPUS  PALUSTltIS, 


361 


nails  generally  ex(M)sc(l.  Above  yellowish-brown,  inclining  to  rufous,  strongly 
shaded  with  black.  Below  grayish-white,  generally  nearly  pure  white  on  the 
middle  of  the  belly,  shading  through  gray  into  yellowish-brown  on  the  s'des 
and  on  the  breast  and  fore  neck;  chin  grayish-white,  passing  into  darker  and 
more  brownish-gray  on  the  throat.  Sides  of  the  rump,  posterior  and  outer 
surface  of  the  limbs,  and  nape-patch  rufous.  Ears  exteriorly  grayish-rufous 
and  black.  Tail  beneath  grayish-white,  above  rufous,  varied  with  black. 
Fur  coarse  and  bristly,  especially  in  winter. 

In  size,  general  coloration,  and  proportions,  this  species  is  nearer  the 
southern  form  of  the  eastern  variety  of  Lepus  sylvaticus  than  any  other;  but 
the  pelage  is  more  rufous  above  and  less  white  below;  the  rufous  tint  also 
covers  the  anterior  surface  of  the  hind  limbs,  which  in  L.  sylvaticus  arc 
whitish.  The  absence  of  any  light  edging  to  the  ears,  the  very  short  tail, 
not  conspicuously  white  or  "cottony"  below,  the  rusty  instead  of  gray 
rump,  and  the  sparsely-clothed  feet  and  exposed  nails  further  serve  to  readily 
distinguish  it.  The  black,  bristly  hairs  of  the  dorsal  surface  are  also  more 
abundant,  coarser,  and  stiifer.  The  differences  in  the  skulls  of  the  two  spe- 
cies are  more  marked,  that  of  L.  palustris  being  relatively  larger  and  heavier, 
with  a  very  much  larger  lower  jaw,  broader  incisors,  and  stouter  molars,  and 
having  the  postorbital  processes  solidly  anchylosed  with  the  skull.  Its  small 
size,  different  coloration,  etc.,  serve  to  at  once  separate  it  from  Z.  aquaticus. 

The  variation  in  coloration  in  different  specimens  is  very  considerable, 
but  I'clates  almost  wholly  to  the  intensity  of  the  tints.  In  some,  the  brownish 
color  of  the  upper  parts,  sides  of  the  body,  and  limbs  is  much  more  intense 
in  some  specimens  than  in  others.  There  is  also  a  similar  variation  in  respect 
to  the  black  of  the  dorsal  surface,  which  very  much  more  predominates  over 
the  brownish  ground-color  in  some  individuals  than  in  others,  even  among 
those  from  the  same  locality.  By  far  the  most  highly-colored  specimen  is 
one  from  Mirador  (near  Vera  Cruz),  Mexico,  in  which  the  black  is  consid- 
erably more  prevalent  than  in  average  specimens  from  the  Atlantic  States. 
The  grayish  area  below  is  also  more  restricted  and  more  suffused  with 
brownish. 

The  skull  presents  the  usual  amount  of  variation  in  size  in  different 
individuals,  the  extremes  in  a  series  of  twelve  specimens  from  Saint  Simon's 
Island,  Georgia,  being  as  follows :  Length,  3.00  to  3.20 ;  breadth,  1.40  to  1.57. 


m^'' 


^'  i  ,! 


i;,'-.-:-^ 


!)   !' 


862 


MOKOOUAPnS  OF  NOUTO  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


The  specimens  being  cliiefly  from  Georgia,  they  give  but  little  information 
in  respect  to  geographical  variation  in  size  or  color. 

The  species  was  first  described  by  Bachman  in  1837,  and  its  only 
synonym  is  Lepus  clouglassi  var.  2  of  Gray,  of  nearly  the  same  date.  In 
addition  to  the  subsequent  accounts  of  tiiis  species  by  Waterhouse,  Audu- 
bon and  Bacimian,  and  Baird,  Dr.  Coues  has  given  a  very  full  biograi)hical 
account  of  it  in  the  article  above  cited. 

Geographical  distribution. — The  present  species  is  well  known  as  an 
inhabitant  of  the  marshy  lowlands  of  the  South  Atlantic  States.  The  most 
northern  locality  from  which  I  have  seen  specimens  is  Fort  Macon,  North 
Carolina,  but  it  in  all  probability  will  be  found  to  range  nortliward  to  the 
lowlands  of  Southeastern  Virginia.  Audubon  and  Bachman  speak  of  it  as 
abundant  in  the  swamps  of  Georgia,  Alabama,  Louisiana,  and  Texas,  but 
Professor  Baird  has  questioned  the  authenticity  of  some  of  these  localities, 
and  states  that  he  had  never  "seen  a  specimen  from  the  region  west  of 
Georgia."  Professor  Baird's  specimens  were  all  from  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia ;  there  are  now  in  the  collection  additional  specimens  from  Florida, 
and  one  from  near  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  It  hence  seems  probable  that  it  may 
exist  along  the  Mexican  coast  from  Texas  to  Yucatan.  Audubon  and  Bach- 
man believed  it  would  eventually  be  found  in  Mexico,  as  has  proved  to  be 
the  case.  In  the  lowlands  of  the  Lower  Mississippi,  it  extends  as  far  north 
as  Southern  Illinois,  both  Mr.  Robert  Ridgway  and  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson  in- 
forming me  that  a  Marsb  Hare  occurs  along  the  Wabash  River  as  far  up  as 
Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois.* 

*Hr.  Ridgwny,  nodor  dato  of  April  17, 1S76,  kindly  wrote  me  on  thin  point  as  follows:  "A'Swamp 
Rabbit'  or  ■  Water  Rabbit'  is  common  in  Sontbem  Illinois  as  far  north  as  Mount  Cannel,  but  whether  it 
iapaliutria  or  aquaticiu  I  do  not  know.  It  is  of  very  common  occnrrence  in  the  bottom  lands,  where  it 
frequents  bnshy  swamps  and  the  borders  of  creeks."  Mr.  Nelson,  nnder  date  of  April  30, 1876,  wrote 
me  that,  when  visiting  the  same  locality  in  the  snmmer  of  1H75,  he  "  was  led  to  suspect  its  oocnrrenoo  in 
abundance  along  the  Wabash  River  as  far  up  as  Mount  Carmel."  He  adds :  "  My  informants  told  me 
that  tbey  found  this  animal  only  in  damp  sitnations,  along  the  river  or  about  the  bayous,  in  places  grown 
up  with  rushcH  or  willows,  and  from  the  nature  of  their  haunts  were  very  difficult  to  procure.  I  after- 
ward found  that  this  species  was  common  in  the  canebrakes  near  Cairo,  although  less  abundant  than 
L.  aquaticiu." 


LEP011ID.E— LEPU8  PALU8TRIS. 


363 


Taiilk  ijV.—MeiuidremeHli  of  Lkpus  ■•ai.uhtiiis. 


I 


Looidlty. 


From  tip  of 
HOW)  to — 


Tall  to  end 
of- 


Itoniarka. 


vtsa 

VIM 
19J0 
1013 

ion 

1610 
1019 
1«M 
IDDt 
1911 


Society  Ulll,  8.  C 

do 

do 

S»lut  Blmon'n  Uuid,  0>.. 
do 


do.. 

do., 

do., 

do.. 

Oeorf{la., 


3.M 
».10 
3.0O 
3.90 
3.38 
3.48 
3.43 
3.03 


14.30 
15.00 
13.90 
IT.OO 
10.00 

laoo 

10.90 
17.00 
17.00 
10..% 


0.98 
0.75 
0.03 


1.7S 
l.SO 
1.43 


333 
3.77 
3.00 
3.110 
3.90 
;i.33 
3.40 
3.90 
3.40 
3.40 


9.90 
9.33 
3.30 
9.60 


9.43 
9.38 


9.97 
9.3.1 


Pn)ni  IlAlrd. 
...du. 
...do, 
...da 
...do. 
— do. 
...da 
...da 
...da 
...da 


Table  LVI.— Jfcanif«iMii(<  of  tkulli  of  Lepds  palustris. 


• 

•s 

M 

i 
a 

1 

i 

fl 

1 
•fl 

2 

It 

1 

i 

II 

1 

t 

i 

*l 

Loci 

llty. 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

i 

1 

i 

1 

V    M 

a  4^ 

ll 

1  ° 

■o 

i 

t 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

II 

S2 

1 

It 

II 

I 

1 

o 

H 

0 

M 

ki 

yi 

iq 

p 

e 

t) 

p 

P 

t) 

9057 

Saint  Simon 

■  IlUnd.Oft     3.10 

1.47 

0;68 

1.95 

0.53 

0.54 

1.00 

i.:i3 

0.60 

0.49 

9.11 

1.53 

9453 

do.... 

3.13 

1.48 

0.79 

1.97 

0.53 

a54 

0.94 

1.30 

0.35 

0.98 

0.65 

0.53 

9.35 

l.SS 

9494 

do.... 

3.00 

1.49 

0.68 

1.93 

0.93 

0.54 

0.94 

1.93 

0.30 

0.84 

0.57 

a  48 

9.97 

1..19 

9455 

do.... 

106 

1.48 

0.73 

1.90 

0.56 

0.58 

0.95 

1.38 

0.34 

a87 

0.60 

0.46 

a40 

1.53 

a49« 

do.... 

3.00 

1.43 

0.67 

1.15 

0.59 

0.50 

0.93 

1.30 

a33 

0.98 

0.58 

0.45 

9.39 

1.53 

94ST 

do... 

3.90 

L99 

0.73 

1.80 

0.58 

0.59 

1.00 

1.35 

0.35 

0.30 

0.69 

0.47 

9.90 

1.50 

94S8 

do.... 

100 

1.43 

0.68 

1.15 

0.93 

0.90 

0.93 

1.35 

0.35 

0.87 

ft  57 

0.49 

9.97 

1.54 

(490 

do.... 

105 

1.45 

0.07 

l.SO 

0.93 

0.93 

1.00 

1.33 

0.39 

0.99 

0..16 

0.45 

9.38 

l.SO 

8463 

do.... 

103 

1.40 

ao9 

1.93 

0.57 

0.99 

0.93 

1.97 

0.39 

0.90 

0.58 

0.43 

9.90 

l.SO 

9461 

..    ..do.... 

100 

1.47 

o.«g 

1.17 

0.55 

0.99 

0.93 

1.96 

0.39 

0.97 

0.69 

0.45 

9.39 

l.i3 

9469 

do.... 

110 

1.45 

0.67 

1.33 

0.48 

0.54 

0.97 

1.98 

0.33 

0.98 

0.69 

0.47 

9.37 

J.  58 

4369 

Gsii'.gl*.... 

110 

1.57 

0.73 

1.91 

0.98 

0.54 

0.93 

1.30 

0.31 

a96 

0.60 

0.48 

9.36 

1.65 

8065 

For.  Mucon 
Hulmn 

,N.C 110 

1.45 

0.70 

1.93 

0.53 

0.60 

0.97 

1.35 

0.90 

0.96 

a  57 

0.44 

9.49 

1.53 

m 190 

1.57 

0.75 

1.33 

0.58 

aoo 

1.00 

1.35 

0.35 

0.30 

0.65 

a93 

9.49 

1.65 

Mililmn 

m 100 

1.40 

0.69 

1.15 

0.48 

0.50 

ao3 

1.93 

0.96 

0.94 

0.57 

0.49 

8.90 

l.SO 

ATcrag) 

107 

1.51 

a  71 

1.94 

0.54 

0.09 

0.97 

1.90 

a38 

0.98 

0.60 

0.49 

8.98 

1.54 

364 


MONOGRArnS  OF  NOUTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  LVII.— U<(  of  iptcitiutu  of  Lkpub  palustkh. 


:    M 


•8 

1 

0 

II 

i 
i 

1 

Locmlltjr. 

When 
collMtwL 

Frum  vbom  noolTod. 

CoUcoled  by- 

Natnroafipec' 
iBMn. 

0417 
0418 
0410 

I8U 

I8M 
1311 
1015 

1691 
4011) 

lau 

•I4M 
•8143 
6357. 

HOAS 

aoM 
aoM 
aoM 

1693 
I6M 
I09S 

FurtHuwD.N.O 

do 

Uty  -,  I860 
....do 

Dr.ECoiiw 

..do 

l>r.B.Couii« 

....do 

Bkio. 
...do. 

do 

....do 

....Jo   

...do 

...do. 

do 

....do 

....do 

...do  

Hknll. 

Skin  ud  Ikall. 

Bknll. 

...do. 

Baolatynill.&C 

do 

WInlor 

H.A.CorUa&Bou 
...do 

M.A.Curtii&8ont 
...  do 

do 

....do 

...do 

do 

....do 

....do 

...do. 

MS7 
9461 

aw3 

9M4 

aaos 

JMM 

S46I 
S4« 
IMS3 
IMM 
«49S 
«4M 
9457 
9458 

Saint  Slmon't  bl.,  0*. 
do   

J.PotItU 

J.Piwtull   

Bkin  ud  iknil. 
...do. 
BkulL 
...do. 

Dr.  a  0.  Wilton.... 
...do 

Dr.  a  O.  Wilwn 

....do 

do 

do 

....do 

...do 

do 

....do 

....do 

...do. 

do 

....do     

do   

..  do. 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

..do 

....do   

do   

..  do. 

do 

...do ... 

....do 

...da 

do 

....do 

...do 

...da 

....  do   

....do      

..  do 

...da 

.  ...  do 

....  do      

..  do 

...do. 

.  ...  do 

....do 

....do   

...do. 

do   

....do      

....do   

..  do. 

...  do   

....do   

....do 

Bkin. 

..do. 

Bkin  ud  iknil. 

SknlL 

...do. 

.    ..  do 

...  do 

....do 

9459 
94«0 
43(9 

do   

....do 

....do 

do   

....do           

....do 

do 

...do         

...do 

Blb«nii«,FU 

l(na.Comp.  ZoSlofy. 
...  do   

J.  A.  Allon 

Skin. 
...do. 

L.  AgHoii 

MIrador,  Meiloo 

Or.  U.  8artori» 

Ur.O.itertorini 

...da 

*  BpecimeDi  ftom  the  Ifaieum  of  Coroparatlve  Zoology,  Oambridgc,  Hat*. 


LEPUS  AQUATICUS  Bachman. 

Wster  Hare,     i    ■  ,  i '  ■  «  ■  ,. 

ZepiM  agMlieiM  BACnMAN,  Joarn.  Acad.  Nnt.  Soi.  Fhila.,  vii,  1837,310,pl.xzii,eg.9;  viii,1839,78.— Watbr- 
IIOU8K,  Nat.  Hist.  Ham.,  il,  1848, 113.— AvD.  &  Bacu.,  Qaad.  N.  Am.,  i,  1841),  387,  pi.  xxxvii.— 
Baikd,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  1857, 613,  pi.  lix,  fig.  1  (sknll).— Allkn,  Proo.  Boat  Soo.  Nbt.  Hist,  xtU, 
1875,  435.— LiNCKcuM,  Am.  Mat.  vi,  1872, 771  (diatribation  and  babita). 

.Hydrolfu^t  a^naNciu  Orat,  Ann.  &  Hag.  Mat.  Hiat.,  3d  ser.,  XX,  1H67, 331. 

Ltigv*  dougUuri  var.  1,  Oray,  Cbarlwwortb's  Hag.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1637, 580.  '" 

t "  L^tu  caniciiIiM  Licut.,"  Wateruousb,  Nat.  Hist.  Ham.,  li,  1848, 133. 

As  large  as  Lepm  americanus ;  in  coloration,  much  like  L.  sylvalicus. 
Above,  yellowish-brown,  finely  but  conspicuously  mixed  with  black ;  paler 
and  with  less  bluck  on  the  sides.  Below,  pure  white,  with  the  fore  neck  and 
breast  dusky  yellowish-brown.    'J'aii  conspicuously  pure  white  below,  daik 


LEPOUID^B— LEPUa  AQDATICU8. 


305 


reddish-brown  above,  mixed  with  dusky.  Ears  exteriorly  dork  brown,  pen- 
ciled with  black,  white-edged  on  the  anterior  border,  fulvous-edgcd  on  the 
posterior  border.  Nape-patch  reddish-brown ;  orbital  ring  well  marked, 
whitish,  varying  to  yellowish-white.  Anterior  and  external  surfaces  of  the 
legs  and  feet  chestnut-brown,  of  varying  intensity  in  different  inclividuals ; 
inside  of  the  same  whitish,  varying  to  pure  white. 

The  color  varies  in  different  individuals,  ns  is  usual  in  all  the  species  of 
the  family,  in  respect  to  the  amount  of  black  on  the  dorsal  surface,  in  respect 
to  the  intensity  of  the  brownish  ground-color,  and  in  the  strength  of  the 
reddish  tint  on  the  legs  and  feet.  There  is  also  about  the  usual  range  of 
individual  variation  in  size.  Large  specimens  range  in  length,  exclusive 
of  the  tail,  fron.  19.00  to  20.50  inches,  thus  nearly  equaling  the  same  meas- 
urement of  the  largest  specimens  of  Lepus  americanus,  but  it  is  said  to  rather 
exceed  the  latter  spe  ics  in  weight.  The  feet  are  rather  sparsely  fi<rred  as 
compared  with  most  of  the  other  North  American  species,  but  are  much 
more  fully  clothed  than  in  Lepus  palustris.  The  general  pelage  is  rather 
harsh  and  stiff  as  compared  with  that  of  L.  sylvaticus  and  other  northern 
forms,  but  much  less  so  than  in  L.  palustns.  Its  coloration  is  nearer  that 
of  L.  sylvatkua  than  of  any  other  of  its  allies,  but  its  large  size,  and  espe- 
cially the  large  size  of  the  head,  serves  at  once  to  distinguish  it  from  that 
species.  It  is  not  only  much  larger  than  L.  palustris,  but  differs  conspicu- 
ously from  it  in  coloration,  especially  in  the  whiteness  of  the  lower  parts. 
It  agrees  with  L.  palustris,  however,  in  the  general  conformation  of  the  skull, 
especially  in  respect  to  the  postorbital  processes  being  solidly  anchylosed 
with  the  skull,  and  in  the  disproportionately  larger  size  of  the  lower  jaw. 

In  the  collection  are  quite  a  numbo  of  specimens  from  the  provinces 
of  Vera  Cruz  and  Yucatan  in  Southern  Mexico.  These  differ  from  speci- 
mens from  Mississippi  and  Louisiana  in  no  very  marked  degree.  The  brown 
of  the  .  ^er  parts  is  in  some  specimens  of  a  rather  more  fulvous  tint,  and 
the  chrstnut-brown  of  the  legs  and  feet  is  rather  paler;  the  anterior  surface 
of  the  hind  legs  being  generally  very  light,  sometimes  nearly  wh  Ite.  In  others, 
It  is  mixed  with  spots  of  pale  rufous.  There  is  also  rather  lesi:  black  in  the 
dorsal  surface.  One  of  the  Louisiana  specimens  also  shows  vhite  mixed 
with  the  rufoub  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  hind  legs,  ai.d  one  of  the 
specimens  from  Mississippi  is  nearly  as  fulvous  as  the  Orizaba  ones. 

A  specimen  labeled  "Sierra  Madre,  Mex.,  John  Xantus",  with   the 


w  'ih  mt 


IPv' 


'ii ; 


li 


360 


MONOGRAPUa  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  BODENTIA. 


pcluge  very  much  worn  and  the  colors  faded,  seems  to  unquestionably  belong 
to  this  species. 

Geographical  distuibution. — The  present  species  is  said  to  be  unknown 
in  the  Gulf  States  to  the  eastward  or  northward  of  Alabama.  Audubon  and 
Bachman  state  that  it  is  "nunicrous  in  all  the  swamps  of  the  western  part 
of  that  State,  is  still  more  abundant  in  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  in  the 
lower  part  of  Louisiana'',  and  that  it  was  also  obtained  in  Texas  by  Douglass 
and  Mr.  J.  W.  Audubon.  Professor  Baird  considers  doubtful  its  occurrence 
"in  the  southern  part  of  Texas".  Dr  Lincecum,  however,  calls  it  "a  widely- 
distributed  species",  and  says  "it  abounds  in  the  canebrakes  of  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Texas",  where  it  is  found  "on  all  the 
water-courses,  even  on  the  little  branches",  but  "rarely  on  the  uplands".  The 
specimens  in  the  present  collection  from  Southeastern  Mexico,  as  far  south 
even  as  Merida,  Yucatan,  would  seem  to  render  probable  its  occurrence  in 
the  lowlands  bordering  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  Alabama  to  Yucatan.  It 
also  occurs  as  far  nor(hward  as  Southern  Illinois.  Of  this  fact  I  am  assured 
by  M".  E.  W.  Nelson,  who  writes  me  respecting  it  as  follows:  "L.  aquaticus 
is  abundant  in  the  canebrakes  near  Cairo  and  Mound  City,  Illinois,  and 
doubtless  extends  as  far  up  the  Ohio  as  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash,  at  least. 
It  extends  up  the  Mississippi  as  far  as  Cape  Girardeau,  to  my  knowl- 
edge, and  probably  still  further  in  suitable  situations.  It  is  so  common  in 
tiic  canebrakes  near  Mound  City  that  a  hunter  informed  me  he  had  often, 
during  the  winter  months,  shot  as  many  in  a  day  as  he  could  carry."  Pro- 
fessor Baird  also  says,  "Mr.  Kennicott  mentions  a  'Swamp  Itidjbit'  as  occur- 
ring in  the  wet  grounds  of  New  Madrid,  Missouri." 

Tablk  l^yill.—UeamrevMnit  of  Lkpus  aqcaticus. 


1 
1 

Locality. 

Friiiu  tip  of 
now  to— 

T»il  to  end 
of- 

1 

1 
•s 

& 

s 

1. 
& 

Komuks. 

1 

I 

i 

c 

i 

m 

a 

ran 

!t10« 
XW7 
iCHM 

anou 
•ma 

Ml 

MlwiBaiDDi 

3.9S 

19.00 
\i.'M 
17.50 
90.  SO 

IJ.OO 

in.oo 

17.00 
10.00 

3.10 

a  88 

3.(0 

aes 

From  Uail-d. 
....do, 
...do. 
....do. 
....do. 

do 

:i.«5 
4.07 

3.8R 
4.90 
3.75 
aCH 
4.08 

4.10 
3.t5 

1.60 
1.75 

a  40 
aoc 

.  ..  do 

do 

do 

ago 

tlDO 

a  HI 

aes 
a  75 
a.  OS 

....da 
....do. 
...da 

do 

CaloAsien,  La 

3.33 

a  OB 

aoa 

LBPOKID^— LEPU8  AQUATICUS. 

Table  LlX.—McasuremtnlaofskulU  of  Lepus  aquaticus. 


367 


i 

1 

1 

2 

2 

II 

2 

i 

5  i 

^  ill 

0 

1 

i 
i 

s 

^ 

I 

t 

a 

^ 
S 

2 

1      [If 

I 

S  e 

1 

fn 

a 

•S 

Locality. 

* 

E      E-a 

£ 

<^ 

•5 

^ 

s 

.a 

■■? 

1 

s 

1 

(B 

1  g 

1 

s  si 

^t 

i 

!>■ 

1 

1 

5 

1 

n 
s 

t 

1 

} 

1 

1 

11 

s  * 

II 

1 

■2, 

o 

H 

o 

p 

>! 

>5 

»<; 

p 

P 

t> 

p 

u 

u 

KX 

201 

Calcaaien,  La 

3.4S 

1.57 

0.83 

1.46 

0.65 

0.66 

1.10 

1.53 

0.38 

0.30 

0.60 

0.50 

2.45 

1.05 

3133 

2310 

Prairie  Her  Koage, 
La. 

3.30 

1.4S 

CIS 

1.30 

O.S0 

0.54 

1.06 

1.43 

0.33 

0.29 

0.C2 

0.52 

2.35 

1.52 

jne 

MiulMippi 

140 

0.70 

1.45 

0.66 

0.  to 

1.06 

1.45 

0.40 

0.30 

0,63 

0.52 

3.50 

I.B7 

3TJ9 

....do 

a46 

1.63 

0.82 

1.43 

0.67 

0.04 

1.07 

I.SO 

0.37 

0.35 

0.07 

0.54 

3.50 

1.73 

UTI5 

...do 

3.40 

1.57 

0.83 

1.50 

0.67 

0.63 

1.12 

1.50 

0.36 

a  20 

0.63 

0.50 

1.63 

Table  LX. — tt«to/<rpfcimcii«  o/ Lepus  aquaticcs. 


"S 

1 

a 

¥ 

00      . 

II 

1 

a 

5 

i 
1 

H 

S, 

Locality. 

When 
coileotcd. 

From  wfaom  reoetved. 

Colleottdbj- 

a 

1 

*s 

% 

"S 

e 

u 
s 

697 

3300 
3307 
8308 
2309 

1460 

1I43J 

11434 

114.37 

11440 

11441 

11443 

llil4 

7308 

8118 

8562 

8503 

8564 

8565 

Garlandevillo,  HIM... 
Uiasinlppi 

Apr.  — ,  1855 

Sltln. 
Sl<iill. 

(to 

3T78 
3779 
11775 

CoI.B.L.C.WalIo».... 
do   

Col.  B.  L.  C.  Wailes  , . 
do    

do 

do 

Colonei  Cauiey 

Oulouul  Cauluy 

...do. 

Skiu. 

do 

Prairie  Mer  Roago,  La 
do 

do    

do 

do 

do    

do    

do 

do   

do     

do 

do 

1<<38 
3133 

Calcaeloa,  La   

G.  Wiinlemttnil 

0.  WUrdemaun 

Skull, 
do 

Prairie  Mer  Rouge,  La. 

Skiu. 
do. 

253 

8.17 
143 
259 
307 
362 
368 

9 

? 
? 

0 
0 

Merida,  Yncatan 

do 

Iklnr.   0,1865 
...do 

J.  S.  Llarrequt 

do 

Dr.  A.  Scbott. 

...do. 

do     

Feb.    4,1865 
Feb.    7,1865 
Fob.  22, 1865 

do 

..  do    

do. 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

do 

do 

do 

Prof.  F.  gumtohmat. . . 
M.Botteri 

Prof.  F.  Snmiohraat... 

M.Botterl 

do 

...do. 
..  do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

do 

0 

o 

0 

J 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

do   

do 

do 

...do. 

487 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

Sierra  Madre.Mex.... 

Apr. -,1863 

.  do. 

LEPUS  CUNICULUS  Linuteus. 

RUROPKAN   KAUniT. 


In  addition  to  the  indigenous  species  of  American  Leporidee,  a  single 
introduced  8|)ccies— the    Common  Rabbit  {Lcjms  cuniculus)  of  the  Old 


■^ii! 


I  ") 


368 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


World — has  to  such  an  extent  reverted  to  a  feral  condilion  in  d  few  localities 
as  to  deserve  a  passing  notice  in  the  present  connection.  Mr.  B.  R.  Gilpin 
states*  that  the  Rabbit  exists  in  a  wild  state  on  "Sable  Island,  a  desert  island 
about  ninety  miles  southeast  of  Nova  Scotia."  Here  he  says  they  have,  in 
the  space  of  fifty  years,  assumed  "one  common  silver-gray  tint,  with  white 
collars." 

Count  L.  F.  de  Pourtales  informs  me  that  some  years  since  he  was  told 
by  Colonel  Patterson,  an  old  resident  of  Florida,  of  the  existence  of  some 
Rabbits  which  lived  in  burrows  on  Rabbit  Key  near  Key  West,  which  in  all 
probability  were  the  L.  cuniculus.  Mr.  P.  H.  Gosse  states,  on  the  authority 
of  Mr.  Richard  Hill,  that  the  Common  Rabbit  had  reverted  to  a  feral  con- 
dition in  certain  parts  of  the  island  of  Jamaica.t  Darwin  says  later,  also 
on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Hill,  that  it  never  flourished  there,  owing  to  the  un- 
favorable character  of  the  climate,  and  that,  owing  to  a  great  fire  which  occur- 
red in  the  woods,  they  became  exlinctf 

Darwin  also  states  that  the  Rabbit,  long  since  introduced  into  the  Falk- 
land Islands,  has  there  also  reverted  to  a  feral  condition.  He  adds,  however, 
that  they  have  never  spread  there  extensively,  although  abundant  over  largo 
parts  of  the  East  Falkland  Island.  Like  the  Horses,  they  are  confined 
within  certain  limits,  and  had  not,  at  the  time  of  his  visit,  crossed  the 
central  chain  of  hills,  nor  would  they  have  extended  even  so  fur  as  its  base, 
had  not,  according  to  the  Gauchos,  small  colonies  been  carried  there.  Most 
of  them,  he  says,  are  of  the  common  gray  color,  but  a  few  are  "hare-colored", 
and  many  are  black,  often  with  symmetrical  white  marks  on  their  faces. 
As  already  noted,  M.  R.  P.  Lesson  described  tlie  black  variety  as  a  distinct 
species,  under  the  name  Lcpus  magellanicus.  M.  Lesson  was  nnstaken,  how- 
ever, in  supposing  it  to  also  occur  on  the  adjoining  mainland.  Darwin  also 
states  that  within  recent  times  the  sealers  have  stocked  some  of  the  small 
outlying  islets  of  the  Falkland  group  witii  Rabbits.§ 

In  a  state  of  domestication,  the  Rabbit  is  found  throughout  a  considerable 
part  of  both  Americas,  multiplying  freely  under  very  diverse  climatic  con- 
ditions, existing  as  fur  north  as  Nova  Scotia  and  the  Cuiiadas  and  also  within 
the  tropics. 

*  TraoB.  Novn  Scotia  Inatituto  Nnt.  Sci.,  vol.  Hi,  p.  1!M,  (1S78.) 

i  Oosae's  Sojourn  in  Janmica,  1841,  p.  441. 

( AnimalB  and  Plauts  under  DouieHtication,  vol,  i,  p,  141. 

i  Ktwpecting  tliu  occurrence  of  the  Kabbit  on  the  Falkland  Islands,  tee  Parwiu'H  Journal  of  R»> 
warcbcH,  p.  lUll;  Zoology  uf  tbo  Voyagn  of  llie  Ik<a|{le,  Mauiuialiu,  <i.  Vi;  AniniaU  and  PlautH  under 
UonieHticalion,  vol.  i,  p,  141. 


LEPORID^— SPECIES  WRONGLY  ATTRIBUTED  TO  X.  AMERICA.   309 


SPECIES    WKONGLY    ATTRiniTTED    TO   AMERICA. 

Ill  1837,  Dr.  J.  E.  Gray*  described  a  Lepus  longkaudatits  from  a  speci- 
men supposed  to  have  been  brouglit  from  "  Magellan  Land  "  hy  Capt.  P.  P. 
King.  Tliis  specimen  was  redescribed  under  the  same  name  by  Dr.  Each- 
man  f  in  1839,  who  says:  "The  specimen  from  which  I  have  made  the 
above  description  [of  i.  longicaudatus]  is  the  original  one  from  wiiich  Mr. 
Gray  established  the  characters  of  this  species.  It  was  obtained  by  Doug- 
lass on  his  last  visit  to  tiie  southwestern  coast  of  North  America,  and  was 
sent  to  England  after  his  melancholy  death.  The  precise  locality  is  not 
known,  but  is  supposed  to  be  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Texas."  \Vagner,J 
in  1844,  also  gave  a  descri])tion  of  a  "Lepus  longicauclatus  Bachman",  com- 
piled from  the  preceding  authors,  and  the  name  also  figures  later  in  the  works 
of  several  compilers.  Waterhouse,  ||  in  1848,  speaks  of  it  as  a  purely  nominal 
species,  and  says  it  was  based  on  "a  specimen  in  the  museum  of  the  Zoological 
Society,  from  which  the  label  had  become  detached  and  lost",  and  which  "was 
surmised  to  be  a  native  of  this  part  [California]  of  America,  as  it  was  like- 
wise of  the  southernmost  part  of  South  America".  lie  adds  that  the  spcc'- 
men  "proves  to  be  a  South  African  animal,  being,  without  doubt,  the  L.sax- 
aliiui",  Gray§  later  also  cites  his  L.  longicaudatus  among  his  synonyms  of 
L.  saxatilis,  but  at  the  same  time  retains  it  as  a  doubtful  species  from 
"Magellan's  Straits"! 

A  species  was  described  by  Lesson, H  in  1826,  as  Lepus  magellanicus, 
from  specimens  from  the  Falkland  Islands,  which  proved,  as  stated  above, 
to  be  merely  the  common  Lepus  cunkulus  in  a  feral  state. 

NOTE   ON   THE  NAMES   "KABUIT"   AND    "  HARE." 

"What  is  a  'Rabbit'  as  distinguished  from  a  '  Hare'  T'  or  conversely,  is  a 
question  one  often  hears  in  re'^+ion  to  our  American  species  of  Lejwridte, 
and  one  deserving  of  a  mon  tention,  since  many  suppose  these  names 

to  have  a  definite  applicatioi  ich,  indeed,  was  originally  the  case,  JTaie 

being  a  generic  name  and  Rabbit  the  distinctive  name  of  a  particular  species 
of  Hare.     Thus,  in  England,  Rabbit  is  the  distinctive  English  name  of  (he 

•  Chnrleswortli's  Ma(?.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  i,  p.  086,  laiT. 
t  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Stl.  Pliila.,  vol.  vlli,  p.  84,  1839. 
(  Scbrcber's  SSugotli.,  Suppl.,  vol.  iv,  p.  110,  1H44. 
1  Nnt.  Hist.  Mam.,  vol.  ii,  p.  138,  1818. 
i  Kuu.  and  Mng.  Nat.  HlHt,,  3d  e-r.,  vol.  xx,  p.  ^Xa,  1SC7. 
H  Bu:<.  do5  8ci.  Nat.,  viii,  U6. 
24  U 


"1  '■ 


1 

1 

r 

w 

i  ■'' 

:  ! 


370 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMENICAN  RODBNTIA. 


Li'jiiis  r.unkulux,  and,  as  Waloilioiise  observes,  is  from  (lie  Dutch  Itohbehen. 
The  species  was  also  often  aiunenlly  called  Cony  in  England,  and  is  gencndly 
known  l)y  some  analogous  word  in  other  European  countries,  the  Italians 
calling  it  ConigUo;  the  Spaniards,  Conrjo;  the  Welch,  Cwningen;  the  Danes 
and  Swedes,  Kaning,  etc.,  all  traceable,  as  etymologists  tell  us,  to  the  Latin 
word  cunkiilus.  lltihbit  is  as  distinctively  a  specific  name  as  is  its  Latin 
(■(piivalent  cunicuhis  in  scientific  nomenclature,  or  as  Robin  is  in  America  for 
the  designation  of  a  particular  kind  of  Thrush.  Hence  Rabbit  is  properly 
ap|)licable  to  the  Lcpvs  cuntculus,  nr.J  to  no  other  species  of  the  Hare  family. 

Hare,  on  the  contrary,  is  a.s  mud;  a  generic  or  family  name  as  is  either 
Mouse,  S(|uirrcl,  l^at,  Ilawk,  or  Thrush,  and  may  be  properly  applied  to  any 
species  of  the  family.  In  England,  when  \iscd  without  a  qualitying  word, 
it  refers  to  the  "Common  Hare",  or  Lepus  curopccus  {z=.tiini(lus  of  authors 
generally),  ami  its  unmodified  equivalent  is  similarly  used  in  other  Euro- 
pean countries.  The  analogues  of  Hare,  as  Haas  o{  the  Dutch,  Hasfi  of 
the  Germans,  Hare  of  the  Danes  and  Swedes,  etc.,  are  also  similarly 
used  for  the  designation  of  any  species  of  the  Hare  family,  to  which  are 
added  qualifying  words  to  indicate  particular  species,  as  in  English  we  speak 
of  the  Varying  Hare,  the  Polar  Hare,  the  Mediterranean  or  Sardinian  Hare, 
J'rairie  Hare,  etc.* 

It  hence  follows  that,  strictly  speaking,  the  term  Ktihbit  is  not  applicable 
to  any  species  of  American  Hare ;  the  term  Hare,  with  some  qualifying  word, 
as  Marsh  Hare,  Califoruian  Hare,  etc.,  being  technically  the  only  admissible 
appellative  for  our  indigenous  species.  Practically,  however,  the  terms 
Hare  and  Rabbit  in  this  country  have  become  interchangeable,  cither  desig- 
nation being  used  for  any  of  the  species  according  to  individual  predilection, 
though  generally,  perhaps,  there  is  a  tendency  to  restrict  the  name  Hare  to 
the  larger  species.  Hence  the  terms  Rubbit  and  Hare  have,  in  the  United 
Slates  at  least,  ceased  to  become  distinctive  of  any  specific  diversity  or  peculi- 
arities of  habit  or  structure.  The  Rabbit  proper,  or  the  Lepus  cuniculuK,  difl'ers 
from  most  oilier  species  of  the  thmily  in  its  habit  of  burrowing,  and  from 
most  of  the  other  Old  Worhl  species  in  the  shortness  of  its  hind  legs.  Many 
of  our  American  species,  however,  resort  more  or  less  habitually  to  the 
deserted  burrows  of  other  animals  for  jirotection,  cither  from  their  enemies 

*  WnturlioiiHe,  in  liiB  uxcnileiit  work  on  tliv  Itodmtia,  itcrii|iiiloiiBly  npplieii  tlie  term  Hare  to  uvery 
ii|M'ciui)  of  tbu  >Iiire  family,  except  L,  cuviculut,  wliich  be  calU  '  the  Knbbit  or  Cuuy  ",  the  latter  uaiue 
being  tbo  one  nucieutly  in  general  use  for  this  apecioB. 


LEl'ORlDiE— EPIDEMIC  DISEASES. 


371 


or  from  tlio  severity  of  the  weather,  if  they  do  not  actually  excavate  tlicm 
thenjselves.  This  is  a  well-known  habit,  in  many  localities,  of  our  common 
so-called  Gray  Rabbit  (L.  sylvaticus),  and  also  of  the  Lejms  campeslris,  or 
so-called  Prairie  Hare.  At  localities  where  L.  americanus  and  L.  mjlvatkus 
occur  together,  the  former  is  often  designated  as  the  Hare  and  the  latter  as 
the  Rabbit.  Perhaps,  however,  the  one  is  oftcner  called  White  Rabbit  and 
the  other  Gray  Rabbit.  Gray  Riibbit,  iicrhaps  from  long  familiarity  with  the 
same,  seems  to  sound  more  euphonious  than  Gray  Ilare;  Marsh  Hare  than 
Marsh  l^ibbit ;  and  Jack  Rabbit  or  Jackass  Rabbit  than  Jack  Hare  or  Jackass 
Hare ;  and,  however  philologically  or  technically  wrong  it  may  be  to  apply  the 
term  Rabbit  to  any  of  our  wild  species,  the  custom  of  so  doing  among  the 
generality  of  our  people  is  doubtless  as  incradicably  fixed  as  is  that  of  calling 
the  American  Bison  a  BufTalo. 

EPIDEMICS   AMONG   THE   NORTH   AMERICAN   SPECIES   OF   HARES. 

Nothing  is  better  known  to  attentive  observers  of  our  Mammals  than 
the  fact  that  certain  species,  especially  of  the  Rodentia,  are  for  a  period  of 
years  often  exceedingly  abundant,  these  periods  being  followed  by  succeeding 
years  of  scarcity.  This  is  especially  observable  among  the  Field  Mice  (partic- 
ularly in  the  case  of  Arvicola  riparius),  the  Squirrels,  and  the  Hares.  Their 
decrease  results  usually  from  some  not  very  obvious  cause,  though  sometimes 
supposed  to  be  connected  with  a  scries  of  unusually  severe  winters.  That 
this  is  not  the  sole  cause  of  their  decrease  I  have  been  for  a  long  time  con- 
vinced, but  that  it  is  due  more  to  some  prevalent  epidemic.  The  evidence 
of  this  is  not  generally  easily  obtainable,  but  proof  of  it  in  other  cases  is 
quite  abundant.  In  the  case  of  our  little  Wood  Hare  {Lepus  sylvaticus),  I 
have  reneatedly  met  with  their  dead  bodies  in  the  woods  and  thickets,  bear- 
ing no  mark  of  a  violent  death,  and  noted  the  scarcity  of  these  animals  during 
the  years  immediately  following.  I  have  also  observed  the  same  thing  in 
respect  to  our  common  Meadow  Mouse  (Arvicola  ripariui).  I  find  also 
recorded  in  my  notes  a  remarkable  decrease,  some  years  since,  of  the  large 
Long-eared  Hares  (Z..  callotis  var.  texianus  and  L.  campestris)  in  the  Great  Salt 
Lake  Valley.  This  decrease  was  also  accompanied  by  the  finding  of  great 
numbers  of  the  animals  dead  on  the  Sage-brush  jjlains  about  the  lake,  showing 
no  signs  of  a  violent  death  (of  which  fact  I  was  abundantly  assured  by  the 
residents  of  the  region  in  question),  leading  to  the  conclusion  that  their  death 


If  ."■ill 


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372 


MOUOGRArUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  EODENTIA. 


was  due  lo  an  epidemic.  So  abundant  had  tliesc  species  been  for  several 
years  prior  to  18C9  and  1870  that  some  of  tlie  Mormon  residents  were  accus- 
tomed to  shoot  them  merely  to  feed  tlieir  swine;  while  so  scarce  had  they 
become  in  1871  tliat  comparatively  few  of  either  species  were  to  be  found, 
and  it  was  with  difficulty  that  I  could  obtain  any  specimens. 

Richardson,  in  speaking  of  the  Northern  Hare  (Lepus  americanux),  states 
that  "at  some  periods  a  sort  of  epidemic  has  destroyed  vast  numbers  of  Hares 
in  particular  districts,  and  they  have  not  recruited  again  until  after  a  lapse  of 
several  years,  during  which  time  the  Lynxes  were  also  scarce."*  Dr.  J.  G. 
Cooper  has  also  recorded  a  similar  fact  res  lecting  the  Hares  of  Columbia 
IMains.  He  says:  "During  our  journey  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  we  saw 
scarcely  any  Hares,  and  the  Intlians  told  us  that  some  fatal  disease  had  '.illcd 
nearly  all  of  them.''t  Mr.  G.  Gibbs,  in  speaking  of  the  same  region,  says,  under 
the  head  of  Lepus  campestris:  "In  1853,  we  were  informed  by  the  Yakima 
Indians  living  north  of  the  Columbia,  that  a  very  fatal  disease  liad  recently 
])rcvailed  among  these  animals,  which  had  cut  them  almost  nil  otf."J  Dr. 
Cooper,  some  years  later,  again  refers  to  the  same  subject  as  follows:  "Their 
numbers  [referring  to  L.  "  town. sen di "  :=:L.  cnmpestrial  seem  never  to  have 
increased  much  north  of  the  Columbia  and  Snake  Rivers  since  the  epidemic 
(small-pox?)  destroyed  thorn  several  years  since,  but  south  of  those  rivers 
they  became  common."  He  adds,  however:  "It  is  a  question  whether  an 
epidemic  really  made  them  scarce  northward,  or  whether  the  prevalence  of 
uncommonly  deep  snow  did  not  enable  the  Indians  to  kill  more  of  them,  as 
with  Deer  and  Ant.yiopes.''^  According  to  the  testimony  of  the  Indians  them- 
selves, however,  they  were  destroyed  by  an  epidemic. 

Similar  epidemics  are  also  well  known  to  afl'ect  the  Deer  and  Pronghorns. 
As  I  have  stated  elsewherc,||  a  fatal  epidemic  raged  among  the  Pronghorns 
{Antilocnpra  americana)  during  the  summer  of  1873  over  nearly  the  whole 
area  between  the  Yellowstone  and  Missouri  Rivers,  destroying  apparently 
tiiree-fourths  to  nine-tenths  of  them,  over  which  extensive  region  their 
decaying  carcasses  were  abundant  during  September  of  that  year.  At  tliis 
time,  very  few  were  seen  living,  where  a  few  months  before  numbers  were 
almost  constantly  within  view. 

*  Fauna  Bor.-Aiiier.,  vol.  i,  p.  218. 
t  P.  I{.  K.  Reports,  vol.  xii,  pt.  li,  p.  W. 
t  P-  R.  R.  Reports,  vol.  xil,  pt.  ii,  p.  J31. 
(  Auicricnn  Nntnraliat,  vol.  W,  p.  &ilO.   ' 
II  Proc.  Boat.  Sw.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xvil,  p.  40. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTE  TO  THE  MONOGRAPH  OF  THE 

LEPORIDiE. 


EXTINCT   AMERICAN   HARES.* 

Some  half  dozen  species  of  extinct  Ilarcs  liave  been  described,  mainly 
from  (lie  Miocene  deposits  of  Dakota  and  Colorado.  As  they  arc  at  present 
known  merely  frotn  a  few  jaw-fragmciits  and  detached  teeth,  little  more  can 
be  said  of  them  than  that  they  were  animals  oF  rather  small  size,  and  belonged 
to  the  family  of  the  Hares.  Tlieir  true  character  and  relationships  can,  of 
course,  be  understood  only  by  the  study  of  much  additional  materiaL 

Genus  PAL^OLAGUS  Lcidy. 

ra;«»;ojM»  Leujv,  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  185C,  89.— Co^E,  Aun.  Hep.  U.  S.  Oeol.  Sun-.  Terr,  for 

1873(1874),  477. 
rricium  Cope,  PaUeontol.  Bull.  No.  16, 1873,  4. 

Dr.  Leidy  has  described  a  single  species  from  the  Miocene  deposits  of 

Dakota,  and  Professor  Cope  has  made  known  allied  forms  from  deposits  of 

tlic  same  age  in  Colorado.     Our  knowledge  of  tliese  forms  rests  on  fragments 

of  the  jaws,  and  is  hence  very  imperfect     The  dental  formula  is  the  same 

as  in  Lepus,  but  the  molar  teeth  differ  somewhat  iu  constitution.     A  single 

species  of  this  genus  has  been  described  by  Dr.  Leidy,  and  three  others  by 

Professor  Co[x;. 

PAL^OLAGUS  HAYDENI  Leidy. 

raleeotajui  hagdeni  Lridv,  Proc.  Aca<1.  Nm  '<cl.  Pliila.,  1854!,  89{  18.57,  89 ;  Juurn.  Acad.  Nat.  8cl.  Pkila., 
2d  Hcr.,  V,  1869,  331,  404,  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  14-20;  U.  S.  Ocol.  Survey  of  Wiouiiuf;,  1H71,  :)63.— 
Coj-K,  Ann.  Hop.  U.  8.  Ocol.  Survey  of  Terr,  for  1873  (1874),  478. 

Ti  icJHm  aiivncufiM  Cui'K,  Palwoulol.  Diill.  No.  10, 1873,  4. 

"  Triciiim  antm  CoTE  "  (soo  Auu.  Rep.  U.  8.  Cieul.  Surs-ey  of  Terr,  for  1673  (1874),  478). 

This  species  is  known  only  from  a  considerable  number  of  fragments  of 
upper  and  lower  jaws  with  teeth,  collected  by  Dr.  Hayden  from  the  Miocene 

'Having  decided,  since  the  foregoing  pages  vrcro  put  in  type,  to  Include  in  these  monographs  notices 
111  the  extinct  speeies,  as  well  as  of  tlie  existing  ones,  this  supplementary  note  is  adde<l  to  the  Mouu- 
{!r»ph  of  the  Leptnia, 

87J 


r^' 


374 


MONOGllAPnS  OF  NOUTQ  AMUKICAN  RODENTIA. 


deposits  of  Dakota,  and  by  Professor  Ct)pc  from  those  of  Colorado.  "  Tlio 
fossils  indicate,"  says  Dr.  Leidy,  "a  species  rather  less  in  size  than  the  Gray 
Rabbit  {Lvpus  sijlvatlcus).  Tiiey  vary  among  tliemsclves  in  size  and  robust- 
ness ;  but,  independently  of  what  may  be  considered  as  individual  peculiarities, 
tiie  dilfercnces  appear  to  depend  mainly  on  difference  of  age.  In  regard  to 
the  form  of  the  jaw-fragments,  consisting  merely  of  the  portions  containing 
molar  teeth,  they  agree  nearly  with  the  corresponding  portions  in  the  Rabbit, 
except  that  they  api)ear  proportionately  more  robust.  In  a  corresponding  posi- 
tion of  the  jaw  there  does  not  exist  in  the  fossils  tiie  reticular  foramina 
oi)servcd  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mental  foramen  in  the  Rabbit."  AVliile 
having  the  same  number  of  teeth  as  the  existing  Hares,  they  were  at  first 
supposed  to  differ  somewhat  in  the  constitution  of  the  first  lower  molar, 
which  Dr.  Leidy  described  as  composed  of  merely  a  double  column  instead 
of  a  triple  column.  Professor  Cope,*  however,  states  that,  having  collected 
a  great  number  of  the  remains  of  tiiis  genus,  lie  is  "able  to  show  that  it  is 
only  in  the  immature  state  of  the  first  molar  that  it  exhibits  a  double  column, 
and  that  in  tlie  fully  adult  animal  it  consists  of  a  single  column  with  n 
groove  on  its  external  face.  The  dentition  undergoes  other  still  more  im- 
])ortant  changes  with  progressing  age,  so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of 
difference  of  species  at  different  periods."  The  roots  of  the  lower  incisors  also 
penetrate  considerably  more  posteriorly  than  in  Lepus.  Dr.  Leidy  describes 
in  detail  some  ten  or  more  fragments,  representing  both  upper  and  lower 
jaws,  and  figures  six  specimens  of  varying  ages,  from  tiiose  containing  a  part 
of  the  temporary  molars  to  old  specimens  in  which  the  teeth  arc  very  much 
worn.  Professor  Cope  states  that  he  has  examined  several  hundred  specimens 
of  tills  species  collected  in  Colorado,  and  gives  a  detailed  account  of  the 
changes  in  dental  characters  resulting  from  age.  The  earliest  dentition  known 
to  liim,  he  says,  is  the  presence  of  two  deciduous  molars,  the  first  and  second  in 
position,  wiiicii  appear  before  any  of  the  permanent  series.  "Each  of  these 
has  two  roots,  and  the  crown  is  composed  of  three  lobes.  In  the  first,  the 
first  lobe  is  a  simple  cusp ;  the  two  following  are  divided  into  two  ciisps 
,ich  ;  the  second  is  similar,  excepting  that  the  simple  cusp  is  at  the  posterior 
:;nd  of  the  tooth.     Tiie  grooves  separating  the  lobes  descend  into  the  alveolus 

on  the  outer  side,  but  stop  above  it  on  the  inner In  the  next  stage, 

the  third  permanent  molar  is  projected,  and  has,  like  the  second  deciduous,  n 

•  Auu.  Rvp.  IJ.  8.  Geol.  Surv.  ToiT.  for  1873  0^4),  pp.  477,  478. 


FOSSIL  LEPORID^-PAL^OLAGDS. 


375 


)wsterior  simple  column,  whose  section  forms  an  odd  cusp  or  lobe  beliind. 

The  fourth  true  molar  then  follows,  also  with  an  odd  fifth  lobe  behind.     This 

lobed  form  of  the  molars  is  so  different  from  that  of  the  adult  as  to  have  led 

me  to  describe  it  as  indicating  peculiar  species  under  the  name  of  Trkium 

avunculus  and  T.  anna. 

"In  the  next  stage,  the  fifth  small  molar  appears  in  view,  and  the  second 

jiermanent  molar  lifts  its  milk-predcccssor  out  of  tiie  way.     In  a  very  short 

time,  the  posterior,  or  odd,  columns  entirely  disappear,  siniiing  into  tlie  shaft, 

and  the  permanent  molars  assume  the  form  characteristic  of  the  species.     The 

last  stage  prior  to  maturity  sees  the  first  milk-molar  shed,  and  the  younger 

portion  of  the  first  permanent  molar  protruded.     There  is  the  merest  trace  of 

a  posterior  lobe  at  this  time,  and  that  speedily  disappears.     The  anterior  lobe 

is  subconical,  and  is  entirely  surrounded  with  enamel.     By  attrition,  the -two 

lobes  are  speedily  joined  by  an  isthmus,  and  for  a  time  the  tootli  presents  an 

8-shaped  section,  whicii  was  supposed   to  be  characteristic  of  tiie  genus. 

Further  protrusion  brings  to  the  surface  the  bottom  of  the  groove  of  the 

inner  side  of  the  shaft,  so  that  its  section  remains  in  adult  age  something 

like  n  B." 

PAL.EOLAGUS  AGAPETILLUS  Coi)e. 

PalaxAasui  agcpeliUus  Copb,  Palieont.  Bull.,  No.  IS,  1S73, 1 ;  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Oeol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1873 
(1874),  478. 

Smaller  thanP.hai/fkni,  but  more  robust,  with  larger  incisor  tectli.    Molars 

all  composed  of  two  columns.     Founded  on  a  mandibular  ramus,  with  the 

first  and  last  permanent  molars  just  protruding.     From  the  Miocene  dei)osits 

of  Colorado. 

PAL^EOLAGUS  TURGIDUS  Cope. 

Pal<eolagui  lurgidut  Copr,  PaliroDt.  Bull.,  No.  16,   1873,  4 ;  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Oeol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1873 

(1874),  479. 
TiiciHm  paniense  Coi'K,  PaUeont.  Bull.,  No.  10, 187.1,  5. 

Larger  than  P.  haydeni,  but  otherwise  not  much  different.  From  the 
Miocene  deposits  of  Colorado.  ' 

PAL.EOLAGUS  TRIPLEX  Cope.  - 

ralwolagm  triplex  Cope,  PuIa>out.  Bull.,  No.  IC,  1873,  4 ;  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Oeol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1873 
(1874),  479. 

Similar  in  size  to  P.  haydeni,  from  which,  however,  Professor  Cope 
regards  it  as  distinct.  From  the  same  Miocene  deposits  of  Colorado.  Known 
only  from  an  imperfect  mandibular  ramus. 


376 


JIONOG RAPES  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Genus  PANOLAX  Cope. 

ruKolax  Coi'K,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fliila.,  1874, 151. 

"  Molars  prismatic,  transverse,  except  tlic  first  and  last,  each  divided  l»y 
n  jdatc  of  enamel  exteiuling  transversely  from  the  inner  side.  Anterior  niular 
longitudinal;  posterior  molar  composed  of  two  columns. 

"This  genus  is  represented  by  numerous  teeth  and  portions  of  tho 
cranium.  It  evidently  belonged  to  the  LeporidtB,  and  is  allied  both  to  Lfjtus 
and  Palaolagus.  As  the  teeth  are  mostly  separate,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine 
which  is  the  posterior  and  whicii  the  anterior  molar.  Ju<lgingby  the  analogy 
of  the  known  species,  the  determination  as  here  made  is  correct.  ShouKI  the 
relations  be  reversed,  the  species  will  be  referred  to  Paltzolagusr — (Cope,  1.  c.) 

From  the  nature  of  the  materials,  the  character  of  this  genus  cannot  well 
be  determined.     Its  admission  here  is  of  course  provisional  only. 

PANOLAX  SANCTiE-FIDEI  Cope. 

Panohx  mnctw-JIM  Cope,  Proo.  Aca<l.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1874, 1 51. 

m 

This  species  is  known  only  from  several  detached  molar  teeth,  found  in 
the  Santa  Ft5  marls.  These  marls  have  been  regarded  by  Dr.  Hayden  as  of 
late  Tertiary  age,  and  are  found,  according  to  Professor  Cope,  to  contain  the 
remains  of  numerous  Pliocene  genera,  which  show  the  fauna  to  be  a  part 
of  that  described  by  Dr.  Leidy  and  Professor  Cope  as  occurring  in  the 
Pliocene  deposits  of  Colorado  and  Dakota. 

In  this  species,  the  (supposed)  first  molar  is  described  as  having  the 
triturating  surface  twice  as  long  as  broad,  with  an  entering  loop  of  enamel  on 
the  inner  side ;  the  last  molar  as  being  as  wide  antero-posteriorly  as  trans- 
versely, the  shaft  curved  backward,  the  posterior  column  subcylindric,  half 
the  diameter  of  the  anterior.  This  species  Professor  Cope  supposes  to  have 
been  of  about  the  size  of  the  Nortiiern  Hare  {Lcpus  americanvs),  and  liciico 
considcraldy  larger  than  Palaolagus  hmjdeni,  which  is  described  by  Dr.  Leidy 
as  being  somewhat  smaller  than  Z.e/)ai' s^/t^a/jca.*. 

Genus  PRAOTIIERIUM  Cope.  '" 

Praolherium  Copb,  Proc.  Atiicr.  Pbil.  Soc,  xii,  1871,  93. 

"  Molars  similar  to  those  of  Lepus,  rootless,  with  oval  crowns  transverse 
to  the  axis  of  the  scries,  all  simple ;  masticatory  surface  not  divided  by  median 


FOSSIL  LEPORIDiE-PRAOTIlEKIUM. 


377 


ritlgc;  enamol-boundnry  emnrgiimtc  on  (he  inner  side.     Number  of  molars  in 
max i Mary  bone?  four." — (Cope.) 

This  genus,  according  to  Professor  Cope,  difTers  from  Lrjnis  mn\  Lagowys 
in  (he  absence  of  an  enamel  band  dividing  the  triturating  surface  of  eacii 
molar,  though  a  trace  of  the  dividing  lamina  is  sometimes  visil)le,  but  docs 
not  appear  to  ever  form  a  transverse  median  crest.  The  normal  number  of 
teeth  is  uncertain,  but  supposed  to  be  only  four  on  each  side  of  the  u|)per 
jaw.  Only  one  species  has  thus  far  been  described,  from  remains  found  in 
(he  Port  Kennedy  bone-cave,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  associated  with 
those  of  a  great  variety  of  extinct  species,  mingled  with  a  few  of  species  still 
existing.     The  geims  is  known  from  the  single  species — 

PRAOTHERIUM  PALATINUM  Cope. 

PraoOurimm  palaUnum  CuPK,  Proo.  Aiuer.  Phil.  Hoc.,  xii,  1871, 04,  Ug.  20. 

Tiiis  species  was  described  by  Professor  Cope  from  the  palatal  portion 
of  a  sUull,  containing  four  molar  tetth  on  each  side  in  position,  found  in  I  be 
Port  Kennedy  bone-cave.  It  differs,  says  Professor  Cope,  from  the  Ameri- 
can species  of  Ze/?Ma  in  its  small  size,  and  in  having  the  molars  deeply  grooved 
longitudinally  on  the  inner  instead  of  on  tlie  outer  side.  "In  worn  teeth,  this 
groove  is  continued  into  the  grinding  surface  of  the  crown,  without  interrup- 
tion from  the  inclosing  enamel.  The  form  of  this  surface  is  then  an  oval, 
notched  on  the  inner  side,  and  rounded  or  slightly  truncated  on  the  outer 
The  palatine  face  is  but  partially  preserved,  and  is  considerably  wider  in  pro- 
portion to  the  diameter  of  the  teeth  than  in  Lopus  sylvaticux."  In  Lepiis 
calloth,  however,  there  is  a  deep  longitudinal  groove  on  the  outer  side  of 
the  tooth,  and  none  on  the  inner;  while,  in  L.  callfornicus,  there  is  quite  a 
distinct  groove  on  both  sides.  The  prominence,  or  even  presence,  of  tiie 
median  transverse  ridge  varies  with  age  in  the  living  species,  as  Dr.  Leidy 
has  shown  it  to  do  in  specimens  of  Palceolagus  haydeni. 

FOSSIL   REMAINS   OF   EXISTING   SPECIES.  .        ' 

In  addition  to  the  above  described  extinct  species  of  Hares,  the  remains 
of  several  of  the  existing  species  have  been  met  with  in  different  bone-cavea 
and  elsewhere,  sometimes  associated  with  the  remains  of  a  variety  of  other 
extinct  species  of  Mammalia.  Dr.  Leidy  has  recorded  the  occurrence  of  the 
fossil  remains  of  Lepus  sylvatkus  in  the  crevices  of  the  lead-bearing  rocks  of 


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378 


MONooiurus  or  nohtii  amkkican  kodentia. 


Illinois,  niul  in  tlic  Post-pliocene  deposits  of  Ashley  River  near  Clinrlcston, 
South  Curolinii,  luul  Professor  Cope,  from  the  Port  Kennedy  and  other  bonc- 
cnvcs  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  The  fossil  remains  of  Lepuii  brtisi/icn»is 
have  also  been  found  in  the  bone-caves  of  Brazil.  It  seems  probable  that 
nltimately  will  be  found  the  remains  of  other  species  of  American  LejwrUa  in 
localities  favorable  fur  their  preservation,  as  has  been  the  case  with  tho 
European  species. 


I U'- 


V  fja  i; 


,  :'t 


MONO'lUAPHS 


or 


NORTH  AMERICAN   RODENTIA. 


No.  Ill -HYSTRICIDi;. 


By   J.  A..  iVJ:.LE>J^. 


370 


H 

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W^'- 

iM 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Museum  op  Comparative  Zoology, 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  October  6,  1876. 
SiK :  I  herewith  transmit  for  publication  my  report  on  the  Nortli  American 
Hystricidie.    This  family  is  represented  in  that  portion  of  North  America 
north  of  Mexico  by  the  single  genus  Erethizon. 

For  the  use  of  the  material  on  which  this  report  is  based,  I  am  about 
equally  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  the  officers  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology  and  of  the  National  Museum. 

I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

J.  A.  ALLEN. 
Dr.  F.  V.  HAYDEhf, 

United  States  Geologist,  etc.,  etc.,  Waxhington,  D.  C. 

381 


•W; 


Lm  i 


siS 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


CnARACTBns  or  riix  yjLir,L,v  BytUUAtia 

Gknl's  Entklioo 

Synonymy  ok  EreiMton  donatut 

Canada  Porcupinb  {K.  donatut  vm.  doriaiii») 

WK8TKRN  PuncL'PiNE  {E.  donalut  vat.epixanthiia) 

Oknkiial  RKMAitKg  ON  ErelhUon  dor»alu»  and  its  vaiiikties. 

MRA8UREMKNT8  OF  SKULLS  OK  E.  donatutynr.  domalHii 

Measuremrnts  of  skulls  of  E.  dorialuH  var.  epixanlhut 

List  of  specimens  of  E.  donatut  var.  nortaivt 

List  of  spruimrns  of  A',  donatut  var.  rpixanttut 

KxTLNCT  SPECIES  op  North  American  PoH-upiNiii 

£nlhiso»  cloaciniu 


Pace*. 

380-388 
3«fi-;)89 

3rt)-:('Jl 

391-39-i 
382-;fi)4 
394-3!)4 
395-395 
390-391! 
397-;KI7 
397-398 
398-398 


383 


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Family  HYSTRICID^. 


By  several  recent  systematic  writers,  the  New  World  Porcupines  have 
been  widely  separated  from  tlieir  Old  World  relatives ;  these  authors  placing 
them  in  diiFerent  families.  The  two  forms  that  differ  most  widely  in  cranial 
cliaracters  are  Erelhizon  and  HyMrix,  especially  in  respect  to  the  degree  of 
intlation  of  the  skull ;  but  the  other  forms,  in  a  measure,  bridge  over  the  wide 
gap  existing  between  these  two  tyi)es  in  respect  to  this  feature.  The  Ameri- 
can Porcupines  form  a  group  collectively  separable  as  .a  subfamily,  l)y  quite 
tangible  cliaracters,  from  the  Porcupines  of  the  Old  World.  While  (he 
former  are  arboreal,  the  latter  are  terrestrial,  and  the  two  types  present  modi- 
fications of  structure  adapting  them  to  these  widely  different  modes  of  life. 
There  is,  however,  running  through  the  whole,  a  strong  degree  of  resemblance. 
The  Synethcrintz,*  or  the  American  Porcupines,  differ  from  the  Old  World 
Porcupines  in  the  form  of  the  skull;  in  having  the  clavicles  perfect;  in  the 
tail  being  generally  (not,  however,  in  Erethizon)  more  or  less  prehensile;  in 
the  molar  teeth  being  fully  rooted,  and  placed  in  more  or  less  converging 
series ;  in  not  having  five  toes  to  all  the  feet  (generally  only  four  both  l)efore 
and  behind)  ;  in  the  soles  being  tuberculated  instead  of  smooth  ;  in  the  upper  . 
lip  being  undivided  by  a  vertical  groove  ;  in  the  form  of  the  lachrymal  bone ; 
and  in  various  other  more  or  less  important  osteological  characters. 

The  subfamily  Synetherince  is  most  numerously  represented  in  South 
America,  where  occur  three  of  its  four  genera,  namely,  Chmiomys,  Synetheres, 
and  Sphingurus;\  the  fourth,  Erethizon,  being  its  only  representative  in 
North  America  north  of  Mexico.  While  these  genera  have  many  features 
in  common,  and  constitute  a  very  natural  and  well  circumscribed  group, 
Erethizon  differs  from  the  others  in   having  five  instead  of  four  toes  on  the 

•  iSyMdfAcrina  OervaiB,  Ziiol.  et  TnliSout.  franj.,  1848-oa,  p.  18  ;  SpAitii/MriiKBAlston.Proc.  Zool.  800. 
Lond.,  187G,  l);i ;  =  Cercolablnce  of  tho  family  Spalacopoiidas  of  Lilljeburg  (Sjstematisk  (Efvcraigt  of  do 
Ouugaiido  Diiggttjuren,  OlireH,  18(36,  p.  01)  aud  of  Uill  (Arrnng.  FamillcH  uf  Maminaln,  p.  23). 

iSynttherct  and  Sphingurm  V.  Cuvior,  ISXi,  =  Caroolabet  Brandt,  1SG5. 


asM 


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MOXOGKAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  UODENTIA. 


hiiul  feet,  and  in  liaving  a  short,  spiny,  non-prehensile  tail.  The  South  Ameri- 
can genus  ClicEtoinijs  dillers  from  all  of  the  others  in  the  conformation  of  the 
skull ;  the  malar  hone  is  developed  to  a  remarkable  degree,  more  than  in 
any  other  Rodent,  excepting  Calogenyn,  the  postorbital  process  of  which 
nearly  joins  that  of  tlie  frontal,  so  as  to  almost  wholly  separate  the  orbital 
and  temporal  fossae.  The  portion  of  the  palate  between  the  molar  teeth  is 
also  longer  and  narrower,  and  the  temporal  ridges  arc  more  highly  developed, 
wiiilc  the  molars  themselves  present  important  difiercnccs.  The  tail  is 
lengthened  and  rat-like,  scantily  clothed  with  hair,  and  scaly,  though  to  some 
degree  prehensile.  The  genera  Synethercs  and  Spkiiigurus  differ  somewhat 
from  Erethizon  in  their  cranial  and  dental  characters,  and  have  the  tail  strongly 
prehensile,  while  the  feet  (as  also  iti  C/icctoiiii/.s)  arc  all  four-toed.  Syncthercs 
dilfers  i'wm  Sj>hingi/rus  in  the  broad,  highly  arched  form  of  the  frontal  region 
of  the  skull,  and  in  the  greater  development  of  the  spines.  Chcetomys  has 
l)ut  a  single  species  (f.  subupinosus),  which  is  confined  to  the  nortliern  and 
central  portions  of  Brazil.  Spliingurus  and  Syiwtheres  have  each  several  com- 
monly recognized  species,  which  are  distributed  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  South  and  Central  America,  from  Paraguay  to  Southeastern  Mexico  and 
the  West  Indies ;  none,  however,  occur  west  of  the  Andes.  All  the  species 
arc  of  rather  small  size  in  comparison  with  tho  representatives  of  Erethizon; 
the  body  rarely  exceeding  eighteen  inches  in  length. 

Considerable  variation  in  the  form  of  the  frontal  region  of  the  skull 
occurs  among  both  the  Hystricin(S  and  the  Synethcrince.  In  this  respect, 
Synetheres  approaches  Hystrix,  while  the  Old  AVorld  genus  Atherura,  with 
its  tlattened  skull,  more  resembles  Erethizon.  Even  diiferent  species  of 
Hystrix  vary  considerably  in  respect  to  the  inflation  and  convexity  of  tiiis 
portion  of  the  cranium,  showing  that  this  is  a  feature  of  no  very  great  taxo- 
nomic  importance,  though  giving  rise  to  striking  differences  in  respect  to  the 
dorsal  contour  of  the  skull.  ; 

Genus  ERETHIZON  E.  Cuv. 

North  American  Forcoplnes. 

JSi/jfrir,  in  part,  of  earlier  writers. 

ICrelhison  F.  CuviBH,  M6m.  du  Mus.,  ix,  1822,  426,  433.  -      -, 

EMnoprocia  Gray,  Proc.  Zoul.  Soo.  Lond.,  1665,  321. 

Toes  four  in  front  and  five  behind,  all  armed  with  strong,  curved  claws. 
Tail  short,  thick,  depressed,  non-prehensile,  covered  above  at  the  base  with 


nYSTRICIDyE— ERETllJZON. 


387 


stiff  hairs  and  spines,  and  on  the  sides,  at  the  apex,  and  beneath  with  thick 
rigid  bristles.     Size  hirge.     Limbs  short  and  strong. 

As  already  stated,  £rt'^/<8zo«  differs  from  the  other  American  Porcupines 
in  possessing  five  toes  to  the  hind  feet,  all  armed  with  strong  claws,  and  in 
its  short,  tiiick,  non-prehensile  tail  It  also  differs  in  its  more  ai)proximated 
nostrils  and  in  its  large  size.  From  tiie  Old  World  Porcui)ines,  with  vviiieh 
it  was  formerly  ■ur  a  long  time  generically  associated,  in  common  with  all 
the  New  World  species,  it  presents  many  important  points  of  difference. 
A  comparison  of  the  skull  of  Ercthizon  with  that  of  Hijntrix  shows  tluit  tlie 
differences  arc  fur  greater  than  the  resemblances.  When  seen  from  above,  tiie 
wkull  of  Ercthizon  bears,  in  its  general  form,  a  striking  similarity  to  that  of  Arc- 
tomys,  the  dorsal  outline  being  nearly  straight  and  the  frontal  region  depressed 
and  flat ;  the  nasals  are  of  about  the  same  relative  size  and  shape,  and  the  zygo- 
matic arch  is  similarly  widely  expanded  laterally.  Erethizon,  however,  lacks 
the  greatly  developed  postorbital  process  of  the  frontal  bones  seen  in  Arcio?nys, 
and  of  course  ditfers  greatly  in  general  details  of  structure.  Hystrix,  on  the 
other  hand,  is  exceptional  among  Rodents  for  the  great  development  of  the 
nasal  and  frontal  elements  of  the  skull,  consequent  upon  the  enormous  size 
of  the  nasal  and  frontal  sinuses.  The  frontals  are  hence  twice  the  size  of  the 
parietals  instead  of  being  much  smalU-  s  in  Erethizon,  while  the  nasals  are 
still  more  remarkably  developed,  tli  rapidly  widening  posteriorly  and 
extending  as  far  back  as  the  middle  of  the  zygomatic  arch.  This  results  in 
an  interorbital  breadth  almost  unparalleled  among  ordinary  odents,  equaling 
Qne-half  of  the  total  length  of  the  skull  instead  of  less  than  one-third,  as  in 
Erethizon,  and  gives  to  the  skull  a  high,  greatly  swollen,  convex,  dorsal  outline 
instead  of  the  straight,  flat  one  seen  in  Erethizon.*  The  zygomatic  process 
of  the  maxillary  is  greatly  expanded  and  thickened,  forming  an  immense 
oblique  pier,  about  one-half  as  broad  as  long,  for  the  attachment  of  the  zygo- 
matic arch,  instead  of  being  u  rather  slender,  thin  process,  as  in  Erethizon, 
while  the  slender  horizontal  process  of  the  same  bone,  which  bounds  the 
lower  part  of  the  anteorbital  fossa,  appears  like  a  second  small  zygomatic 
arch.  There  hence  results  a  structure  as  different  from  that  of  Erethizon, 
as  can  well  be  imagined.-  The  orbital  fossa  is  small,  and  the  temporal 
many  times  smaller  than  in  Erethizon,  in  which  both  are  very  large.     The 

'Inrospcct  to  the  iuflatiou  of  tbe  skull,  Syaelhera  is  about  iiitermediato  botweeu  Hytlrix  aud 
Hrethleon,  the  muzzle  being  wide,  oud  the  froutul  regiou  abruptly  aud  greatly  swulleu.  The  molar  series 
are  also  less  coDvergout  than  in  Erethizon. 


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388 


MONOGKAl'IIS  OF  NOKTR  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


jjalate  in  Iljjstrix  is  broad  and  flat,  and  of  uniform  breadtii ;  in  Erethizon  it 
is  narrowed  anteriorly,  and  rises  abruptly  in  front  of  the  molr.rs,  and  between 
the  mohir  series  presents  u  prominent,  central,  ragged  keel.  Without 
going  into  a  further  comparison,  it  may  suffice  to  stato  that  the  structure  of 
the  sUull  in  the  two  forms  differs  markedly  in  nearly  every  detail. 

To  the  old  Linnean  genus  Hystrix  were  for  many  years  referred  all  the 
known  Porcupines  from  both  tlie  Old  and  the  New  World.  The  group  was 
iirst  dismembered  by  M.  F.  Cuvier  in  1822,  who  divided  the  Old  World 
species  into  two  groups,  Hysfrix  and  Acanlh'wn,*  and  the  New  World  species 
into  three,  Erethizon,  Synetheres,  and  Sphinguius  ("  Sp/itggurus").  Brandt,  in 
1835,  called  special  attention  to  the  cranial  differences  characterizing  the 
01(1  World  and  New  World  species,  and  adopted  Cuvier's  genus  Erethizon 
for  the  North  American  species,  but  united  the  two  South  American  genera  of 
Cuvier  into  the  single  genus  Cercolabes,  which  groups  have  since  been  com- 
monly retained,  with  the  limitations  and  names  given  by  Brandt.  Cercolabex, 
however,  seems  divisible  into  two  generic  groups,  for  which  Cuvier's  prior 
names  should  be  retained.!  Cho'tomys  was  established  by  Gray  in  1843  for 
the  Hystrix  suhspi}wsa  of  earlier  authors. 

•  The  genus  Erethizon  is  confined  to  the  middle  and  northerly  portions  of 
the  North  American  continent,  and  is  represented  by  a  single  species,  divisi- 
ble into  two  easily  distinguished  geographical  varieties  or  subspecies. 

ERETHIZON  DORSATUS  (Linn.)  F.  Cuvier. 
Var.  DORSATUS. 
Canada  Porcupine. 

Hyatrix  dortala  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  e«I.  x,  i,  175tf,  07  |  e<l.  xii,  i,  ITfifi,  "C— FonsTF.B,  Thil.  Trans.,  Ixii, 
1773,  ;i74.— KnXLKiiEN,  SyHt.  Uog.  Aiiiiii.,  1777,  345.— Gmki.in,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  17H4,  110.— 
SciiHEnEU,  .Siinget.,  iv,  171(2, 00">, pi.  clxix.—Sluw,  Gon.  Zool.  Miini.,  ii,  1801,  13,  pi.  cxxv.— 
Kuiii.,  BL'itriigi'  ziir  Zoologip,  1820,  70.— Dksmaisest,  Mnni.,  1822,  :i4.'>.— J.  Saiiink,  Franliliii'n 
.Journey  to  the  Polar  Sen,  1823,  0(54.— CozzENS,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  1823, 191.— 
IIaiilan,  F.inna Aiucr.,  182.'5,1U0.— Godman,  Anier. Nat.  Hist., ii,  1820, 50. — GiiiniTn'sCinii-r 
iii,  1827,200;  v,  IS'27,  2C:i.— FtsciiEn,  Synop.  Mam.,  1829,  3f)8.— Emmonb,  Qnnil.  JIn8.t.,  1840, 

•  71.— TiioMi'.soN,  Hist.  Vermont,  1842,  47.— AuDunoN  and  Bachman,  i,  1843,  277,  pi.  xxvi. 
Krelhlzon  dorsatimV.  Ctn'iEn,  Mdm.  dn  Mus.,  ix,  433,  pl.xx,  flgs.  l,2,S(8knllamlmolar). — nRANUT,  M<5m. 

Acad.  St.  P<Ster8bourg,  1835,  387.— WatkiiiioC8E,  Nat.  Hist.  Mam.,  ii,  1848,  438.— Giehel, 
Siinget.  185.'),  478.— Wagneh,  Suppl.  Sohrebor's  Siingot.,  iv,  1844, 37  (in  part). — Baird,  Mam.  N. 
Amer.,  1858  ."iCS.— Ai.lkn,  Bull.  Miis.  Comp.  Zocil.,  i,  1809,  2.15. 

•  Acanthion,  although  applied  to  species  with  the  frontal  region  of  the  skull  only  moderately  swollon, 
lias  not  been  considered  by  moat  later  writers  as  genorically  separable  from  Jlgitrix,  the  second  of  tlio 
two  genera  of  Hyetricitxe  commonly  recognized  being  Atheruro,  flnst  characterized  seven  years  later  hy 
M.  0.  Cuvier. 

t  Alston  (Proc.  Zoiil.  Soo.  Lend.,  1870,  94)  considers  Sijnethrret  and  Sphlngurut  as  being  not  gencrio- 
nlly  separable ;  ho  adopts  Sphingurua  as  the  tenable  name  of  the  group,  and  hence  changes  the  name 
of  the  subfamily  from  Cercolabiiiw  to  Sphingurina;,  although  Synelherea  has  the  precedence  in  Cuvier's 
memoir.  Gervais,  as  early  as  18.'>2,  used  the  name  Symtherina  as  a  subfamily  name  for  the  New  World 
Porcupines,  which  name  hence  has  many  ycare'  priority  over  SpUngurino!. 


11YSTKICI1).E— liltETlllZON— EUETUIZON  DOKSATUH. 


389 


llyairix piloiiu  americamui  Catesdy,  Nat.  Iliat.  Carcilina,  i,  17:11,  xxx. 

IlyHlrir  pilomiH  UicilAiiDHON,  rnun.  lior.-Ami'i-.,  i,  Ittilt,  211. 

J/j/nlrix  liiidHoiiia  Umsaos,  l{c(,'ii.  Auiiii.  Qiiiiil.,  IT.'ili,  VJS. 

HijkMx  hiidiomm  UkK,vy,  Now  York  Zoiil.,  i,  Vii'i,  liT,  pi.  xxv,  fljj.  1  (iinimiil),  jil.  viii,  flgg.  3,  a,  b,  o  (skull) 

Le  Porc-epiii  de  la  llaiji)  tie.  Hudson,  BnissoN,  lii'Hii.  Aiiiui.  Qiiud.,  1700,  las. 

L'Craon  Ulffo.v,  llmt.  Nat.,  xii,  17(i4,  4'Jll,  pi.  Iv. 

Co»a(i<i /'(>rcHj)iiio  I'K.NNA.VT,  "  Syii.,  1771,  Siliti;  Hist.  Quad.,  1781,  No.  257";  Arctic  ZoOl.,  i,  17B4, 109.— 

OiLl'IN,  I'roc.  &  Trans.  Nuva  .Scotia  lust.  Nut.  Sci.,  ii,  1870,  tt9. 
Bear  Porcupine,  Haklan,  I'auu.  Amor.,  1825,  100. 

Var.    EPIXANTHUS. 

Western  Porcupine. 

Erelhison  epixanlliun  Riiaxdt,  il6m.  Acad.  St.  Pdtorsb.,  1«).'>,  pi.  i  (animal),  ix,  fijjs.  1-4  CHkiill) SciiiN!!, 

Sjnop. Main.,  ii,  1845, 20C.— WATEitlioL'SK,  Nat.  Iliat.  Mam.,  ii,  1848,  442.— Nkwiikkky,  I'aoif. 
U.  R.  Kxpl.  &  Surv.,  vi,  iv,  1857,  02  (California  and  Oregon).— Baiiii>,  Mam.  N.  Am.,  185H, 
.ICO.- KK.VNKni.Y,  Pacif.  K.  R.  Expl.  &  Surv.,  x,  vi,  18,J9, 10  (Little  Colorado  Uivor).— Hayukn, 
Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  xii,  1802,  140  (Upper  Missouri).— CouKS,  Amer.  Nat.,  i,  1807,  ;!02j 
Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.,  1809,  135  (Arizona).- BiiowN,  Rep.  ISrit.  Ass.,  1869  (1870),  220.- 
Stevknson,  2d  Ann.  Rep.  U.  8.  Gool.  Surv.  Terr.,  1871, 402.— Merrusi,  Sixth  Ann.  Eep.  U.  8. 
Gool.Surv.  Terr.,  1873,  OtiC.- CouKs  4.  YAniiow,  Whetjlor's  Expl.  &  Surv. -west  of  the  lOOtli 
Merid.,  v,  Zool.,  1875, 174. 

BrethUon  domalus  var. epixanthut  AixKM,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.,  yi,  1874,  52,  57,  Gl,  00  ;  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.. 
Hist.,  xvii,  1874,  43. 

Bijatrix  pi7o«u»  Pkalk,  Mamm.  U.  8.  Ex.  Ex.,  1848,  40  (Pacific  coast).- WooDHOUSE,  Sitgreaves's  Exi)ed. 
down  the  Zuni  and  Colorado  Rivers,  1853, 54  (New  Mexico). 

JSrethison  [apt]  Maxi.miuan,  Wiegm.  Arch.,  1862,  i,  132. 

Jirethuon  {JichtHoprocta)  ri^fetoent  Ubay,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  1865,  321. 


m 


Var.  DORSATUS. 

Canada  Porcupine. 

General  color  brownish-black,  varied  above  with  yellowish-white. 
Body  above  densely  clothed  with  long,  soft,  rather  woolly  hair,  intermixed 
with  straight,  coarse  hairs  and  bristles.  The  latter  are  four  to  six  inches 
long,  and  are  usually  tipped  with  yellowish-white,  the  light  tip  varying  in 
extent  from  one-fourth  to  seven-eighths  of  the  length  of  the  hair;  sometimes 
it  is  obsolete,  and  again  extends  to  the  base,  but  involves  usually  only  the 
exposed  portion.  Beneath  this,  and  generally  wholly  concealed  by  the 
pelage  proper,  the  dorsal  surface  is  thickly  set  with  erectable,  barbed  quills, 
or  spines,  varying  in  length  from  one  to  four  inches.  They  are  usually  white 
basally  and  tipped  with  black,  the  black  portion  varying  in  extent  from  one- 
tenth  to  one-third  tiic  length  of  the  quill ;  a  few,  however,  are  entirely  white, 
and  others  occur  entirely  black.  They  vary  greatly  in  size  on  different  parts 
of  the  body;  beginning  on  the  nose  as  short,  stiffened,  pointed  hairs,  they 
pass  into  siiort  spines  between  the  eyes,  and  increase  in  length  and  thickness  on 
tiie  back  of  the  head;  tiience  continuing  to  increase  in  size  posteriorly,  they  are 
longest  over  the  hips,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  back,  and  on  the  upper  side  of 


390 


MONOQBAJPnS  OP  NOllTn  AMKRICAN  KODBNTIA. 


I  ill  im\ 


the  base  of  the  tail ;  toward  the  end  and  on  the  sides  of  the  tail,  they  pass 
again  into  long,  thick  bristles  and  stiff  hairs.  The  lower  surface  of  the  body 
is  clothed  merely  with  brownish-black  hair,  scantily  mixed  with  fur.  The 
long,  wliite-tippcd  hairs  are  generally  most  abundant  on  the  head  and  the 
sides  of  the  neck  and  shoulders  and  hips,  disappearing  entirely  over  the  mid- 
dle of  tiie  belly. 

Dilferent  individuals  vary  greatly  in  respect  to  the  abundance  of  the  long 
light-tipped  hairs,  they  being  most  abundant  in  the  younger  animals,  in  which 
they  often  give  a  decidedly  whitish  cast  to  the  general  color.  In  one  specimen 
(No.  1309,  M.  C.  Z.  Coll.),  the  long  bristly  hair.s  are  black,  tipped  occasionally 
wilii  whitish.  The  pelage  is  very  long  and  full,  Ihrough  which  very  few  of  the 
quills  are  visible.  In  another  spt^-iinen  (No.  50.'<8,  M.  C.  Z.  Coll.),  the  exposed 
portion  of  the  long  bristly  hairs  is  generally  yellowish-white.  In  other  speci- 
mens, there  is  a  mixture  oi'  the  wholly  black,  bristly  hairs  with  those  that  are 
whitish-tipped.  In  young  and  full-pelaged  specimens,  the  quills  are  generally 
entirely  concealed ;  in  the  majority  of  the  examples  before  me,  they  are  visible 
on  the  head,  sides  of  the  neck,  hinder  part  of  the  back,  and  the  basal  portion 
of  the  tail.  In  old  specimens,  in  worn  pelage,  the  spines  are  visible  over 
most  of  the  dorsal  surface.  The  under-fur  varies  in  different  specimens  from 
brownish-black  to  grayish.  The  young  are  born  without  quills,  and  of  a 
uniform  black  color. 

Full-grown  specimens  average  about 35 to  40  inches  in  total  length;  the 
head  about  6 ;  tail  (to  end  of  vertebra?)  about  the  same.  Seventeen  skulls, 
all  of  which  have  attained  mature  dentition,  average  3.82  in  length  and  2.69 
in  breadth;  nasals,  1.21;  muzzle  (from  anterior  border  of  intermaxillaries  to 
the  first  molar),  1.29.  As  usual,  there  is  a  considerable  range  of  variation 
in  size,  in  color,  and  in  the  proportion  of  parts  in  specimens  of  corresponding 
ages.  The  few  specimens  in  which  the  sex  is  known  seem  to  indicate  little, 
if  any,  strictly  sexual  variation  in  either  size  or  color.  Seven  very  old  skulls 
vary  in  size  as  follows:  length,  3.90  to  4.25;  breadth,  2.60  to  3  00;  nasals, 
1.20  to  1.50;  muzzle,  1.25  to  1.60.  Three  middle-aged  skulls  vary  in  length 
from  3.55  to  3.90;  in  breadth  from  2.50  to  2.80;  nasals  from  1.12  to  1.33; 
muzzle  from  1.12  to  1.30.  Five  younger  skulls  range  in  length  from  3.40  to 
3.65  ;  in  breadth  from  2.35  to  2.60  ;  nasals  from  1.06  to  1.15;  muzzle  from 
1.00  to  1.22.  The  largest  skull  measures  4.25  by  3.00 ;  the  smallest,  3.40  by 
2.35.  The  nasals  vary  from  1.06  to  1.50  (in  the  very  old  skulls  from  1.20  to 
1.50)  ;  the  muzzle  from  1.00  to  1.62  0"  the  very  old  skulls  from  1.25  to  1.62). 


HYSTRIOIDiE— ERETHIZON— B.  D0RSATD8  VAU.  KPIXANTIIUS.   391 

As  usual,  skulls  of  the  same  general  size  vary  greatly  in  the  relative  size 
of  (liilerent  parts,  and  consequently  in  general  (brni.  Tims  Nos  821  anil  815 
(M.  C.  Z.  Coll.),  inea.suriiig  rcsiicctivcjly  3.40  and  'd.'JO  in  length,  have  each  a 
breadth  of  2.60,  while  another  siiccinien  (No.  823,  M.  C.  Z.  Coll.),  with  the 
same  length  as  No.  821,  has  a  brcadtli  of  only  2.35.  Specimens  Nos.  815 
and  81G  (M.  C.  Z.  Coll,),  of  essentially  the  same  general  size  as  respects 
length  and  breadth,  vary  remarkably  in  the  form  of  the  body  of  the  skull, 
as  shown  by  the  following  measurements: 


U 


1 

i 

A 

a  ^ 

Length  of  nasals. 

1 

.*  It 

lit 

S   a 

815 

tie 

;i.i)o      2.00 

3.9S        a.10 

0.85*      1.33 
1.08  ,      1.23 

U.50 

0.7a 

O.10 

o.e» 

No.  816  is  a  rather  short,  broad,  stout  skull,  while  No.  815  is  remark- 
ably narrow  and  attenuated,  with  an  unusually  great  expansion  of  the  zygo- 
matic arches.  While  the  total  breadth  dilTcrs  but  little,  the  liody  of  the 
skull  in  815  is  fully  one-eighth  narrower  than  in  816,  with  a  correspondingly 
less  capacify.  This  is  indicated  by  the  lesser  interorbital  breadth  and  narrower 
nasals  in  815,  as  is  shown  by  the  above  given  comparative  measurements. 
Tiie  measurements,  however,  inadequately  express  the  great  contrast  inform 
between  these  two  examples — a  difTercncc  that  might  ordinarily  be  regarded 
as  sufficient  to  indicate  well-marked  specific  diversity.  Both  arc  from  the 
same  locality,  Oxford  County,  Maine. 

Var.    EPJXANTHUS. 

Western  Porcupine. 

Similar  in  external  appearance  to  var.  dorsatus,hiit  with  the  light  tips  of 
the  long  hairs  pale  grpenish-yellow  rather  than  yellowish-white.  Nasals 
broader  and  longer. 

The  Porcupines  from  the  region  west  of  the  Missouri  River  differ  ex- 
ternally from  those  of  the  eastern  half  of  the  continent  almost  wholly  through 
a  slight  difference  in  the  color  of  the  lighter  portions  of  the  long  hairs  of  the 
dorsal  surface,  which  have  a  greenish-yellow  tint  instead  of  yellowish-white. 
The  few  examples  before  me  of  this  variety  have  also  a  greater  profusion  of 


^Mi\k 


392 


MONOOKAPnS  OF  NOUTII  AiMBllIUAN  ItODENTIA. 


tlic  long,  liglit-li|»|)C(l  luiirs  than  is  commonly  seen  in  eustcrn  specinK-ns. 
The  more  tangihle  (lillcrenec  consists  in  the  relative!)'  larger  size  of  the  nasals, 
which  uot  only  are  rather  longer,  as  pointed  out  by  Professor  Baird,  but  arc 
also  broader,  and  conseiiitently  larger.  While  the  general  size  of  the  skull 
is  the  same  in  the  two  fernis,  the  nasals  in  var.  cpixanthux  averagii  1.50  in 
length,  against  l."Jl  in  var.  r/or«(/tf,v,  and  U.8S  in  width  at  the  anterior  end 
against  0.75  for  the  .xame  measurement  in  var.  ilorsutus.  In  var.  ejn.atnthus,  the 
average  length  of  the  nasals  in  tburtecn  skulls  exceeds  the  interorbital  breadth 
of  the  skull,  being  a  little  over  one-third  (0.3G)  of  the  length  of  the  skull;  in 
var.  duitiulus  their  average  length  in  seventetui  skulls  is  only  eciiud  to  the 
interorbital  breadth  of  tliQ skull,  or  rather  less  than  one-third  (032)  the  length 
of  the  skull.  Ditlerent  individuals,  however,  vary  greatly  in  respect  to  the 
length  ofilie  nasals,  in  var.  </or«tf/MA' they  ranging  from  l.OtJ  to  1.50,  and  invar. 
ejiixanthu.s  from  1.20  to  1.75.  In  \iiv.  tlursatiin,  they  exceed  l.'d'd  in  one  speci- 
men oidy,  and  1.30  in  only  three,  while  in  five  examines  they  fall  below  1.15; 
in  var.  cj/ixanthus,  three  oidy  fall  below  1.30,  while  five  attain  or  exceed  l.GO. 

The  series  of  skulls  of  siw.epixantkus  presents  about  the  same  degree  of 
individual  variation  as  already  noted  under  var.  dorsatu>t,  the  largest  example 
measuring  4.40  in  length  by  3.08  in  breadth,  and  the  smallest  3.30  by  2.47. 
In  ten  very  old  skulls,  the  variation  ranges  from  3.85  to  4. -10  in  length,  and 
from  2.80  to  3.08  in  width  ;  nasals,  1.38  to  1.75.  In  eight  middle-aged  skulls, 
the  variation  ranges  from  3.30  to3.'i0in  length,  and  from  2.47  to  2.87  in 
brea<lth  ;  nasals,  1.20  to  1.45.  In  both  varieties,  the  animal  increases  greatly 
in  size  after  the  mature  dentition  is  acquired.  Specimens  of  corresponding 
ages  of  the  two  varieties  in  (juestion  present  no  material  dilference  in  size. 

In  respect  to  geographical  variation  in  specimens  strictly  corresponding 
in  age,  those  from  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States  are  considerably 
larger  than  those  from  the  Yukon  and  Peel's  Rivers.  Thus  three  very  old 
skulls  from  the  Yukon  measure  only  3.98  by  2.S2,  against  4.17  by  2.^i)  for  six 
skulls  of  corresponding  age  from  the  United  States  (Montana,  Idaho,  and 
Wyoming).  Five  niiddle-age<l  skulls  from  the  Yukon  and  Peel's  Rivers  average 
3.64  in  length,  while  five  skulls  from  Maine  (var.  dorsatus)  average  3.73. 

GENEUAL    REMARKS    ON    ERETHIZON    DORSATUS   AND    ITS    V.vRIETIES. 

Geographical  distribution. — The  Eastern  or  Canada  Porcupine  was 
formerly  found  throughout  the  greater  part  of  New  England   and  New  York 


UYSTRICID^— ERBTUIZON— OEOGRAI'UIGAL  UISTKIUUTION.    '3\);'> 


m 


nnd  westward  to  Northern  Oliio.  It  also  extended  southward  along  tlin 
Alloj^huniea  through  Penns^'Ivania,  and  possibly  into  Virginia  and  the  mount- 
ainous portions  of  Eastern  Kentucky.*  It  seems  not  to  have  occurred  in  tlie 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  sea-coast  soutii  of  Maine,  but  existed  in  Western 
and  Central  New  England  southward  to  Connecticut.  It  seems  also  to  iiave 
been  absent  from  Southeastern  New  York,  and  southward  from  nearly  all  of 
the  region  east  of  the  Alleghanies.  It  was  found  soutii  of  the  Great  Lakes  over 
most  of  the  region  north  of  the  Ohio,t  in  Northern  Pennsylvania  and  Western 
New  York,  and  in  the  mountainous  districts  farther  south.  As  late  as  1813,  it 
was  still  to  be  found  in  the  western  part  of  Saratoga  County.Ncw  York.|  Being 
an  animal  of  tiie  forest,  it  has  shared  the  fate  of  other  forest  animals,  and  has 
already  disappeared  over  considerable  portions  of  its  former  habitat,  particularly 
along  its  southern  l)order.  In  New  England,  it  is  rarely  found  south  of 
Central  Maine  and  Northern  New  Hampshire,  but  ranges,  west  of  the  Con- 
necticut River,  still  nearly  or  quite  to  the  Massachusetts  line.  In  1840,  Dr. 
Emmons  gave  it  as  common  in  the  vicinity  of  Williamstown,  Massachusetts.^ 
An  isolated  colony  still  survives  on  the  slopes  of  Mount  Monadnock  in  South- 
ern New  Hampshire,  and  it  is  also  still  found  in  portions  of  Pennsylvania. 
Probably  its  former  southern  range  extended  generally  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  Alleghanian  fauna. 

To  the  northward,  its  range  extended  nearly  or  quite  to  the  limit  of  trees, 
and  to  the  westward  probably  to  the  eastern  border  of  the  Great  Saskatchewan 
Plains,  where  it  passes  gradually  into  the  western  variety.  Hearne,  however, 
eighty  years  since,  spoke  of  it  as  being  scarce  north  of  Churchill  River, 
where  he  met  with  only  six  individuals  during  a  residence  of  six  years. 

The  western  form  {\ar.  epixanthus)  still  extends  southward,  in  the  mount- 
ains, to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  may  probably  be  found  in  suitable 

'DoKny,  probably  oii  the  authority  of  Catesby,  gives  its  rauge  as  cxtcuding  to  the  uortliern  parts 
of  Virginia  and  KLOtiicky  (Nat.  Hist,  of  New  Yoric,  pt.  i,  p.  70);  but  Audn1>on  aod  Bacbmau  state  that 
thoy  hod  "sought  for  it  without  success  iu  the  moontaiuB  of  Virginia,  and  couid  never  hear  of  it  in 
Kentucky ".  Prof.  N.  S.  Shaler  also  informs  me  that  he  has  also  failed  to  bear  of  it  here,  although 
this  region  one  would  naturally  eipect  would  come  within  its  earlier  range. 

tOodman,  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Beet,  siiys  the  "porcupine  is  seldom  found  in  Ohio  south  of 
Dayton";  but  that  they  wore  then  still  (in  HiiJfi)  numerous  on  the  Saint  Mary's  River  (Godman.Jj/KT.Aofc 
Hilt.,  vol.  ii,  p.  152).  Dr.  J.  H.  Whcaton  informs  me  that  a  fi  w  still  survive  in  Clark,  Chanipaigue,  and 
lioss  Counties,  and  that  it  was  common  ten  years  since  in  Putnam  County.  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson  writes  mo 
that  the  Porcupine  was  formerly  rather  common,  though  never  abundant,  in  all  of  the  wooded  region 
north  of  the  Ohio  River,  but  that  it  is  not  now  found  (west  of  Ohio)  south  of  the  forests  of  Northern 
Wisconsin  and  Northern  Michigan. 

t  Audubon  und  Bachmau,  Quad.  N.  Amer.,  vol.  i,  p.  i!65. 

i  Quad.  Mass.,  p.  72. 


394 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


ilp?',: 


localities  south  of  the  Mexican  boundary.  To  the  westward  it  ranges  to 
the  Pacific,  from  California  northward  to  Alaska,  and  doubtless  extends 
northward  to  the  limit  of  trees.  It  is  extremely  abundant  in  the  wooded 
mountainous  portions  of  Colorado,  where,  as  I  am  informed  by  Dr.  Coucs, 
wlio  speaks  from  reports  given  iiim  on  the  spot,  it  sometimes  becomes  a  con- 
siderable article  of  diet.  The  same  naturalist  also  found  it  no  less  numer- 
ous in  the  Sweetgrass  Hills,  or  "Three  Buttes"  of  Northen;  Montana,  where 
numerous  individuals  were  secured.  Though  chiefly  a  woodland  animal,  it 
is  not  seldom  seen  ranging  the  prairie  many  miles  from  the  nearest  timber — 
perhaps  traveling  from  one  feeding  ground  to  anotiier. 

Tabi.k  l.—\fca»urcmenln  of  eevcnieen  tkulh  of  Ehkthizon  doiisatus  rar.  doksatus. 


tp! 


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...ilo 

3.  7.'. 

9  76 

1.07 

1.12 

0.07 

0. 73 

1.93 

9.03 

1.03 

9  80 

1.33 

..  do. 

•898 

...<lo 

3 11.-1 

9.70 

1.10 

1.80 

O.OT 

0.70 

1.95 

1.  93 

0.117 

a  03 

1.35 

...do. 

•815 

3  OO 

9.00 

0  85 

1  81 

0  !)0 

0  70 

1  40 

9  03 

0  Iri 

3  00 

1  33 

Vury  old. 
....do. 

•616 

.... 

3.9J 

8.70 

1.08 

1.88 

0.78 

0.89 

i.;i7 

8.03 

1.00 

990 

1.33 

•813 

... 

X  (itoD,  He 

d 

4.93 

3.00 

1.9.-. 

1.97 

0.73 

0.73 

1.  r)7 

9  30 

1.13 

103 

1.35 

..do. 

•905 

.... 

....do 

a 

4.93 

9.85 

1.10 

1.50 

0.73 

0.95 

1.62 

850 

1.10 

3.20 

1.43 

...do. 

*  Id  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridup,  Mans. 

t  From  front  edge  of  the  iDtermaxilUrlea  to  the  ocoipltal  condyles. 


nYSTEICID^E— ERETHIZON  DOESATUS  VAB.  EPIXANTIIUS.      395 

Table  11.— Measurements  of  eighteen  thiVt  of  Ergthizon  dorsatds  for.  EprxANTnus. 


'i 

o 

2 

s 

n 

o 

gs 

i 

fi 

. 

« 

»! 

»-i 

-  t 

■s 

s 

o 

uo 

r3 

■5 

a 

\- 

^ 

.d 

ft 

a 

.4 

LocAlity. 

« 

* 

* 

m 

t    '% 

ra 

s 

o 

Reuarka. 

'i 

i 

a 

t 

1 

40 

i 

i 

\\ 

3  . 
■3  fe 

it' 

fc' 

•s 

? 

s 

% 

% 

I 

.2  E 

S.  % 

M 

■9. 

t 

1 

1 

1 

.1 

I 

1 

s< 

Sis 

1' 

V 

1 

1 

iS-lS 

381 

Fort  Yukon 

3.85 

3.80 

1.38 

1.38 

0.80 

0.93 

1.27 

1.97 

1.03 

3.10 

1.50 

Very  old. 

6105 

Yukon  River... 

4.03 

3.85 

1.%) 

1.3-. 

2.00 

0.93 

3.18 

1.  .10 

do. 

0104 

....do 

4.08 

3.81 

1.35 

1.55 

0.75 

0.82 

1.30 

2.20 

1.05 

114 

1.45 

...do. 

CI08 

....(In 

3.03 

2.77 

1.14 



l.:i3 

2.10 

1. 0.1 

3.13 

1.40 

Mlddle-nged. 

6100 

...do  

3.67 



1.30 

1.20 

1.90 

1.03 

2.a5 

1.30 

....do. 

89J8 

1313 
5B 

Ataflka 

3.30 
3.70 

3.47 

2.87 

1.25 
1.25 

1.00 
1.30 

1.62 
8.08 

0.93 
1.00 

2.55 
2.90 

1.30 
1.35 

do. 

...do. 

PobI'r  River  . . . 

<f 

1.45 

0.75 

0.85 

0238 

...do 

9 

3.60 

1.00 

1.28 

0.68 

0.75 

1.20 

1.85 

0.95 

2.80 

1.37 

...do. 

12405 

Idaho 

3.75 

2.75 

1.30 

1.45 

0.90 

0.95 

1.37 

2.18 

1.03 

3.80 

1.40 

....do. 

4.40 

3.08 

1.35 

1.75 

0.87 

i.c;3 

1.48 

1.20 

Very  old. 
...do. 

iirHi4 

Wyoming 

4.10 

2.85 

1.20 

L.'iO 

0.80 

U.95 

1.43 

2.27 

1.10 

3.00 

1.50 

6803 

...do 

.... 

1.03 

1.25 

0.03 

0.78 

1.25 

1.90 

0.97 

3  85 

Middlo.agcd. 

2595 

RepnldiL-an  Fork, 
Kan  8. 

<f 

4.30 

3.80 

1.23 

1.75 

0.70 

0.95 

1.45 

2  23 

1.10 

3.10 

1.50 

Very  old. 

8594 

...do 

4.10 

2.80 

1.30 

1.60 

0.68 

1.35 

3.13 

1.09 

2.90 

L.W 

...do. 

SUM) 
I3OT7 

UUh 

4.00 
4.20 

3.03 
3.80 

1.18 
1.10 

1.60 
I.  OS 

0.75 
0.67 

0.85 
0.87 

1.35 
1.40 

8.25 
8.20 

1.10 
1.03 

3.15 
a  10 

1.53 
1.40 

....do. 
..  do. 

Throe    Buttca, 

■} 

Mont 

13978 

....do 

9 

3.90 

1.30 

1.60 

0.75 

0.03 

1.33 

3.15 

l.OS 

3.87 

1.55 

...do.t 

0501 

Fori    Whipple, 
Aril. 

.... 

3.35 

3.57 

1.00 

1.20 

0.03 

0.73 

1.10 

1.77 

0.1)5 

3.50 

1.17 

Mlddle-ngod. 

*  From  front  edge  of  intermaxUlarles  to  ooclpiUU  oondyles. 


t  The  oldnst  of  the  aories, 


■■n 


i!- 


\h 


Mil 


396 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOKl\-  AMERICAN  RODKNTIA. 


TablkIII.— Xttto/apccimmao/EiiiaiiizoN  uoiisatus  var.  dohsatls. 


a     i 

f 

1 

s 

If 

1 

M 

laciillty, 

When 
coUoctoil. 

From  wliom  re- 
ceived. 

Collected  by- 

g 
6 

"S 
1 

•l.'H'J 
•15J0 
•1551 

•icra 

•SUM 
•14112 
•  1:105 
•nio 

•11107 
•i:i08 
■1309 
•809 
•810 
•811 
■818 
•813 
•8H 
•815 
•816 
•817 
•818 
•819 
*8i0 
•831 

•e*i 

■8S:t 
-824 
•SS3 
•820 
•827 
•828 
•905 
070 
2356 
30C6 

A.K.Vorrlll.... 
...do 

J.O.Kleh 

...do 

do 

Skiu. 

..  do. 

do 

do 

Ho            

.  do   

do             

do   

..  do    .... 

do 

do 

...  do 

...do 

..do. 

do 

Feb.  -,1865 

J.G.Iilcli 

...do  

..  do. 

■ 

do 

l!.I).VerrlU  .... 
....do 

I).D.Verrill  ... 
...do  

.    do. 

do 

....do  

Fob.  89, 1800 
June  6, 1800 
Mar.  13, 1800 
Mar.  -,  tStO 
Mar.  — ,  1860 
Mar.  -,  1800 
Mar.  — ,  1860 

...do 

...do 

..  do. 

.  ...do 

...do 

...do. 

..do 

...do    

....do 

...do. 

.  ..  do        

...do  

....do 

Skull. 
...do. 
..  do. 

..do         

...do...' 

..do 

....do 

.  do            

do           

...do. 

do 

•■"        

J.O.Rlcb 

A.E.Vorrill    ... 

....do 

J.(  .Eioh 

A  KVorrill.... 
...  do  

..do. 
..do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

...do 

..do. 

do 

....do 

...do 

...do. 

do 

...do 

...do • 

...do. 

do 

...do 

...  do  

do 

...do  

...do. 

do 

....do    

....do 

...do. 

do     

...do 

..^^do 

...do. 

do 

J.O.KIch 

...do   

J.G.Kich 

...  do 

...do. 
...do. 

....do    

do 

..  do   

....do 

...do. 

do 

...do     

....do 

...do. 

.  ...do       ..           .... 

.  do       

...  do 

...do. 

....do         

do         

...  do  

...do. 

do 

do 

...  do     

..  do. 

...do. 

...do. 

do  

...do. 

' 

*  In  the  UuMBm  o<  Comparativo  Zo8logjr,  Cambridge, 


'VA 


m 


HYSTEICID^— FOSSIL  SPECIES. 


397 


B 


TAHLBlV.—Liatoftpe^mena  0/ EuETnizoN  nonsATUS  far.  EPiXANTnus. 


1 

i 

i  = 

P 
0 

3795 

liMSS 
12024 
1807 
1896 

7814 
348 

•3864 
•28(15 

i 
k 

a  «• 

0 

i 

a 

1 
§ 

i 

s 

Locality. 

■WTien 
collectwl. 

From  whom  ro* 
colTod. 

Coll";x;d  by— 

Nature  of  specimen. 

G328 
610S 
CI04 
6108 
6100 
6107 
8948 
6239 
6237 
6238 
12405 
3657 
11U31 
11599 
13978 
13977 
2595 
2594 
4269' 
0501 
1209 

1599 
281 

0 

YukoD,  month  of  Porcn. 
piue. 

RKennlcott 

....do  

RKennicott 

....do 

Skin. 

Skull. 
....do. 

....do 

....do 

..    do 

do 

.  do             

.  do. 

....  do   .    .            .      . 

.  do     

.  .  do    

....do 

.      do..        . 

..do 

...  do    

...do. 

..do 

...do   

..  do    

...  do. 

Alaska 

...do   

....do    

....do. 

56 

Pool's  Blvor 

C.  r.  Gandot 

...do 

C.  P.  Gandet 

....do. 

do 

....do 

....do. 

do 

....do  

....do 

...  .do. 

Henry's  Lake,  Idaho. . . . 

Aug.  10, 1872 

Dr.  F.  V.  naydcn 
...do 

C.n.  Mcrriam.... 
Dr.F.V.  Hayden 
...do 

...do. 

Sknll  and  skin. 

SknU. 

....do. 

....do 

do 

...do  

...  do 

? 

J 

Tbrpo  Duttes,  Mont 

do 

Anff.  31, 1873 
Aug.    1,1873 
Oct.     7, 1856 
Oct     7, 1856 

A.Campbell 

....do 

Dr.  E.  Cones 

....do    

Skull  and  skin. 
....do. 

Itcpntilican  Fork,  Eans . 
do 

Lienl.  F.  T.  Di'yan. 
do 

W  S,  Wood 

...do 

do 

do. 

Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden. 

Dr.F.  Cones 

Capt.  A.W.  Whip. 

pie. 
F.acky  Mt  Eiped 
..do 

Dr.  F.  v.  Hayden . 
Dr.  £.  Coaea 

Skull. 

Skull  and  skin. 

....do. 

Fort  Whipple,  Aris 

Bill  Williams's  Fork,  N. 
Mcx. 

1704 
1731 

J.A.Allen 

....do  

Skin. 
....do. 

.  ..do     

*  In  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


EXTINCT   NORTH    AMERICAN    PORCUPINES. 


i  .i 


Two  forms  of  extinct  North  American  Porcupines  have  thus  far  been 
indicated,  (lcscril)ed  in  each  case  from  detached  teeth.  Hence  their  relation- 
ship to  the  existing  species  is  very  imperfectlj  known. 

Dr.  Leidy  has  described*  a  species  from  two  detached  molar  teeth,  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Hayden  in  the  Pliocene  deposits  of  Dakota,  which  he  refers 
to  Hystrix,  under  the  name  Hystrix  venustus.  Of  these  teeth,  Dr.  Leidy 
says :  ''  They  apparently  indicate  a  species  of  Porcupine,  but  in  structure  are 
unlike  those  of  the  recent  American  Porcupine,  Erethizon  dorsatus,  and  ex- 
hibit a  more  evident  relationship  with  those  of  the  Crested  Porcupine,  Hystrix 
cristata  of  Europe."  As  is  well  known,  the  genus  Hystrix  belongs  to  a  very 
different  group  from  the  Porcupines  of  the  New  World,  and  has  not  been 

•  Jouru.  Acad.  Not.  Sol.  PUII.,  Scl  wr.,  v,  1809,  313 ;  U.  8.  Oool.  Survey  of  WyomiiiR  for  1870  (1871),  304. 


|i!  '  I 


i  J;  I 


11 


llllMlgffi 


Mmiii 


398 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


hcretofcte  known  to  occur  in  America.  Should  the  Hysttix  venustus  of 
Leidy  prove  to  really  belong  to  the  true  Hystrivinfe,  it  brings  this  group 
for  the  first  time  into  the  North  American  fauna. 

The  other  species  of  extinct  Porcupine  was  described  by  Professor 
Cope  from  teeth  found  in  the  Port  Kennedy  bone-cave,  under  the  name 
of  Erethizon  cloacinvm. 

ERETHIZON  CLOACINUS  Cope. 

Erelhiiou  cloacinum  Cope,  Proo.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc,  xii,  1871,  93,  fig.  19. 

This  species  is  described  from  "  a  last  superior  molar  of  the  left  side 
and  a  portion  of  one  of  the  inferior  incisors".  The  molar  tooth  is  represented 
as  difl'ering  from  the  corresponding  tooth  of  Erethizon  dorsatus  in  two  im- 
portant particulars:  "One  of  these  is  the  greater  vertical  depth  of  the 
external  inflection  of  enamel",  which  "  is  nearly  as  deep  as  the  internal,  while 
in  E.  dorsatum  it  is  much  shallower,  the  internal  extending  down  to  (he 
alveolar  border."  This,  hovever,  isa  feature  which  I  find  to  be  very  variable 
in  E.  dorsatus,  sometimes  presenting  just  the  appearance  claimed  to  charac- 
terize E.  cloacinus.  The  other  character  is  the  possession  of  two  enamel 
islands,  or  annuli,  in  the  posterior  half  of  the  triturating  surface,  while  only 
one  occurs  in  any  of  the  large  series  of  specimens  of  E.  dorsatus  now  before 
inc.  "The  size  of  the  teeth  in  E.  cloacinum,"  says  Professor  Cope,  "  are  about 
equal  to  the  largest  seen  in  the  E.  dorsatum."  The  specimens  were  found 
associated  with  the  remains  of  different  species  of  Megalonyx,  Mylodoii^ 
Mastodon,  Tapirus,  Ursus,  Meleagris,  several  species  of  extinct  Coleoptcra,  etc., 
with  which  were  mingled  those  of  Lepus  sylvaticus,  a  Squirrel  closely  allied 
to  Sciurtis  hudsonius,  and  several  extinct  species  of  Arvicola. 


MONOGHAPHS 


NORTH   AMERICAN   RODENTIA. 


No.  IV.-LAGOMYlDil. 


By  J.  ^.  i^LLEN. 


w 


m 


i  i  I-'"  "  ' 


ri»„ 


)•■!) 


i<  im: 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


)    si 


[CoToring  tagomyidw,  Caitoroidldai,  and  Caalorida.'] 


Cahbridqe,  Mass.,  November  8,  1876. 

Sir  :  I  transmit  herewith  for  publication  my  articles  on  the  families 
CastoroididtB,  Castorida,  and  Lagomyidce.  Tiie  first  (Castoroididee)  is  repre- 
sented, so  fur  as  at  present  known,  by  the  single  extinct  species  Castoroides 
ohiocmis;  the  second  (Castoridte)  by  one  living  species  {Castor  fiber)  and 
several  extinct  ones ;  the  third  {Lagomyidce)  by  the  single  living  species 
Lagomys  princeps. 

The  materials  on  which  these  reports  are  based  are  contained  mainly  in 
the  National  Museum  at  Washington.  I  am,  however,  indebted  to  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  ZoiJlogy  for  important  additional  materials,  and  have  been 
further  greatly  aided  by  specimens  kindly  loaned  me  by  the  Boston  Society  ot 
Natural  History.  I  have  also  been  kindly  permitted  to  examine  the  speci- 
mens of  the  extinct  species  of  Castoridw  described  by  Dr.  Leidy,  contained 
in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.  The 
forms  described  by  Professor  Cope  I  know  as  yet  only  from  his  published 
descriptions  and  figures. 

I  am,  Sir,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

J.  A.  ALLEN. 

Dr.  F  V.  Havden, 

United  Stales  Geologist,  etc.,  etc.,  Washington,  D.  C.    . 


401 


i'il!!P 


r 


ti  I ' 


m  ^iv 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


'1 11 

"111 


Pugs* 

Family  LAGOHYIDiE 405-413 

Oeniis  Lao<)MV8 407-4i;i 

Lagomni  j»iiio«p> , 407-413 

Synonymy '. .' \ 407-407 

Description 407-409 

Geogropliical  distributiou 40^-410 

Tables  of  measuremenU 411-412 

Lut  of  Bpecimeni 413-413 

403 


wmmmm 


( » 

1. 
i  i  * 

s 

1    1 

! 

'■1 

lli 

H 

1  ; 

11; 

ill 

!  1  '' 

1   'i 

1   :  ■ 

m 


Family  LAGOMYID^. 


■i 


f 


The  dentition  of  the  Pikas  {Lagomyidm)  closely  resembles  tlmt  of  the 
Hares  {Leporida),  with  which  family  they  were  for  a  long  time  associated. 
In  other  respects,  however,  the  two  groups  differ  widely.  In  the  Pikas,  Ihc 
dorsal  outline  of  the  skull  is  gently  arched,  the  occipital  portion  being  but 
slightly  below  the  plane  of  the  interorbital  region,  instead  of  being  greatly 
depressed,  as  in  the  Hares.  The  cbits  are  much  smaller  and  open  more 
upwardly,  and  the  zygomatic  processes  arise  at  n  much  higher  level ;  the 
axis  of  the  malar  bone  is  rather  above  the  middle  of  the  skull  instead  of  much 
below  it.  The  pustorbital  processes,  so  largely  developed  in  the  Hares,  are 
wanting,  and  the  malar  bone  is  prolonged  far  beyond  the  posterior  zygomatic 
process,  reaching  nearly  to  the  auditory  opening.  In  general  form,  the  skull 
is  depressed  or  flattened,  greatly  ex])anded  posteriorly,  and  narrowed  anteriorly. 
There  is  a  well-developed  sagittal  crest  posteriorly,  and  the  interparietal  does 
not  form  a  raised  tabular  platform  as  in  Lepus.  The  facial  portion  of  the 
maxillaries  is  pierced  by  a  single  large  opening  instead  of  by  numerous  small 
ones.  The  auditory  bullae  are  greatly  expanded,  and  open  laterally  by  a 
large  orifice,  instead  of  upwardly  and  posteriorly.  The  foramen  magnum 
is  relatively  much  larger,  and  the  paroccipital  processes,  so  prominent  in 
the  Hares,  are  undeveloped.  The  pterygoid  processes  are  much  as  in 
Lnpus,  but  their  wings  are  more  divergent  and  inclose  broader  fossos. 
The  basi-sphenoid  is  not  perforate,  and  is  not  separated  by  a  fissure 
from  the  vomer.  The  anterior  incisive  foramina  are  small,  oval,  and 
open  near  the  base  of  the  incisor  teeth.  The  palatal  portions  of  the  inter- 
maxillaries  nearly  meet  along  the  mesial  line,  and  have  not  the  deep  lateral 
sinuses  seen  in  Lepus.  The  palate,  as  in  Lepus,  forms  only  a  narrow  bridge, 
but  it  is  situated  more  posteriorly,  and  is  wholly  devoid  of  the  pointed  anterior 

405 


!  , 


u. 


|.1 


ill 


406 


MONOGRArnS  OF  NORTD  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


extension  seen  in  tlie  latter.  Tlie  ixtsterior  pnlntine  foramiiin  form  a  lurgo 
circular  opening,  which  is  not  extended  forward  beyond  the  intermaxillo- 
inaxillary  suture.  The  palate,  owing  to  the  more  depressed  form  of  the  skull, 
is  mucii  nearer  the  vomer  than  in  Lepus.  The  angular  process  of  the  lower 
jaw  is  narrower,  longer,  and  more  recurved  than  in  the  Ilares.  The  condylar 
process  is  broad  and  quadrate,  and  the  condyles^  have  a  very  grei.  antero- 
jjosterior  development,  relatively  four  times  greater  than  in  Lepus ;  tiie 
coronoid  process  is  placed  lower,  and  forms  a  mere  tubercle,  with  a  second 
smaller  tubercle  near  the  last  molar.  The  foramen  mentum  is  remarkable 
for  its  posterior  position,  being  about  opposite  the  middle  true  molar,  instead 
of  considerably  in  advance  of  the  first  premolar,  as  is  usually  the  case. 
The  small  posterior  upper  molar  seen  in  Lepus  is  wanting;  the  remaining 
upper  molars  do  not  differ  materially  from  those  of  Lepus,  except  that  they 
are  much  more  deeply  grooved  on  the  inner  side.  The  lower  molars,  how- 
ever, are  very  different  from  those  of  Lepus,  they  being  so  deeply  divided  by 
the  lateral  grooves  that  the  triturating  surface  presents  a  series  of  acute 
triangles  with  open  intervals,  somewhat  as  in  Arvlcola.  The  cutting-edge  of 
the  front  upper  incisor  is  gouge-shaped  instead  of  chisel-shaped,  as  in  Lepus 
and  most  other  Rodents,  the  cutting-edge  being  hollowed  on  the  inner  side. 
The  anterior  face  is  divided  by  a  deep  longitudinal  groove  into  two  unequal 
moieties,  the  outer  of  wiiich  is  nearly  three  times  as  wide  as  the  inner,  and 
considerably  longer,  generally  exceeding  the  inner,  in  Lagomijs  princeps,  by 
about  0.05  of  an  inch.  The  cutting-edge  is  consequently  deeply  notched  ;  tho 
bottom  of  the  notch,  formed  by  the  groove,  being  sometimes  0.12  of  an  inch 
below  the  outer  edge.  The  lower  incisors  are  rounded  anteriorly,  and  lack 
the  groove  seen  in  the  upper  incisors. 

The  Pi kas  are  nearly  tailless,  and  the  general  form  of  the  body  and  limbs 
is  much  as  in  the  Arvicolce.  They  hence  lack  the  greatly  disproportionate 
development  of  the  hind  limbs  seen  in  the  Hares.  The  clavicles  are  also  well 
developed.  "  The  toes  are  five  in  front  and  four  behind,  armed  with  short, 
arched,  compressed  nails,  and  at  the  base  of  each  toe  is  a  prominent,  naked 
pad.  The  pelage  is  much  firmer  than  in  the  Hares,  with  less  of  the  soft, 
downy  under-fur,  and  more  resembles  the  pelage  of  Anrkola.  They  are  weak, 
sedentary  animals,  living  among  loose  rocks  in  alpine  localities,  generally  on 
or  near  the  summits  of  high  mountains,  and  are  apparently  strictly  diurnal  in 
their  habits.     They  are  social  in  their  dispositions,  living  generally  in  com- 


iii  i 


LAGOMYID^— LAGOMYS— LAG0MY8  PL.        .PS. 


407 


munities,  and  lay  up  a  Btorc  of  food  for  winter  use.  They  sit  erect  liiie  a 
Marmot,  and  utter  frequently  n  siiarp,  slirili,  barking  cry.  They  arc  thus  in 
their  habits  totally  unlike  the  Hares. 

A  single  species  only  is  found  in  North  America,  which  is  confined  (o 
the  higher  parts  of  the  mo'jntains  of  the  western  half  of  the  continent.  Tlic 
group  is  more  numerously  represented  in  Nortliern  Asia,  and  is  not  now 
found  elsewhere.  Three  species  inhabit  the  elevated  parts  of  Northern  India, 
and  three  others  occur  farther  northward.  None  occur  west  of  the  Black 
Sea,  but  they  range  thence  eastward  to  Kamtschatka.  Their  habitat  hence 
embraces  only  Western  North  America  and  Northern  Asia.  Formerly  they 
extended  much  farther  westward  and  southward  ;  their  fossil  remains  having 
been  found  in  the  Pliocene  strata  of  England,  France,  and  on  the  islands  of 
Corsica  and  Sardinia.  The  species  are  apparently  all  referable  to  the  single 
genus  Lagomtjs.     The  Pikas  are  a  less  specialized  form  than  the  Hares. 

-Genus  LAGOMYS  G.  Cuvior. 


m 


:;■'< 


£a0Oiiiy«CcviRR,  KigDe  Auitn.,  i,  1H17,  310. 

Ogotoma  Oriy,  Add.  St  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  Mr.,  xx,  1807, 320  (type,  tAipM  ogoloma,  Pullos). 

LAGOMYS  PRINCEPS  Richardson. 
Xortb  American  PIka. 


SYNONYMY. 

Leput  (Lagomgi)  prinotpt  RicnARnsoN,  ZnSl.  Jonrn.,  188H,  r>30 ;  Fiinnn  Bor.-Amer.,  I,  1839,  887,  pi.  xix.— 
FiscilEll,  8yu.  Mum.  (wid.  18:10),  403  [603]  (from  RichBrdaon). 

Lagom]i$  prinerpi  Vi AanKS,  Supp.  Sobrebet's  SUiiget.,  iv,  1844,  183,  pi.  ccxxxix  a  (Troni  Ricbardson). — 
Wateiiiiouse,  Nat.  Hist.  Ham.,!!,  1844,  88.— Aududon&  Bachwan, Nortb  Aiuer.  Quad.,  ii, 
1651, 814,  pi.  Ixxxiii  (mainly  from  RlchunlBon). — Qikbel,  SUuget.,  IS&.'i,  455.— Baiiid,  Mum. 
N.  Amer.,  1857,  610  (from  WaterhoiiBe).— CooFER,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  iii,  18&3,  G!); 
ib.,  1868,  6  (Sierra  Nevada,  Cal.).— Okay,  Aun.  &  Mag.  Nut.  HUt.,  3<1  aer.,  xx,  1867,  280.— 
CnpB,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Bel.  Pbil.,  1866,8  (Lower  California).— AiXEK,  Dull.  Ktuex  Iimtitiitc, 
vi,  1874,  57,  66.— CouES  &  Yarrow,  Whoeler's  Expl.  and  Surv.  west  of  Ibo  lUOlb  Mcrld.,  v, 
Zodl.,  1875, 185. 

lagomyi  tn<*<m«i<  LonD,  Proo  ZoOI.  Soo.  Loud,,  1863,  96.— Gray,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Iliat.,  3d  wr.,  xx, 
1807,380. 

DESCRIPTION. 

Above  grayish-brown,  varied  with  black  and  yellowisli-brown ;  sides 
yellowish-brown  ;  below  grayish,  more  or  less  strongly  tinged  with  pale 
yellowish-brown. 

The  color  varies  greatly  in  different  specimens,  irrespective  of  age,  sc.x, 
season,  or  locality.  The  dorsal  surface  is  always  more  or  less  varied  with 
block,  through  the  prevalence  of  numerous  black-tipped  huirs,  especially  over 


■  i' 


k 


'  «! 

fijiilu.  i 

I'll  ■!■• 

1 

lli'<;l 

1 

1 

i 

i 

■m 

m\ 


408 


MONOGRAPHS  0¥  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


the  back  and  rump.  Anteriorly  the  block-tipped  hairs  arc  fewer,  and  the 
dorsal  aspect,  from  the  shoulders  anteriorly  to  the  nose,  is  generally  more  or 
less  strongly  tinged  with  pale  yellowish-brown,  in  strong  contrast  with  the 
remainder  of  the  dorsal  surface.  The  sides  of  the  body  are  generally  still 
more  strongly  washed  with  ycllowieh-brown,  which,  over  the  ventral  surface, 
assumes  a  much  paler  tint.  In  youog  specimens,  the  black-tipped  hairs  are 
much  fewer,  and  the  pelage  generally  grayer.  The  ears,  which  are  well 
haired  on  both  surfaces,  are  grayish,  tinged  more  or  less  with  pale  yellowish- 
brown,  except  anteriorly  on  the  outer  surface,  where  is  a  large  dusky  area. 
Tliey  have  a  well-marked  whitish  or  yellowish-white  margin.  Anterior  sur- 
face of  all  the  feet  yellowish-brown,  nearly  as  bright  as  on  the  sides  of  the 
body.  Soles  of  the  hind  feet  dusky;  palms  pale  yellowish-brown.  Large 
naked  black  pads  at  the  base  of  all  the  toes.  Whiskers  numerous,  one  to 
two  and  a  half  inches  long;  in  some  specimens  nearly  all  black,  in  others 
only  the  upper  are  black,  the  lower  being  light-colored  to  the  bases:  gener- 
ally a  part  have  the  basal  portion  black,  with  the  apical  half  or  two-thirds 
yellowish  white. 

A  series  of  over  thirty  skins  now  before  me,  all  taken  at  one  locality  and 
on  the  same  day,  show  a  great  range  of  individual  variation  in  color  through 
the  varying  intensity  of  ihe  fulvous  suffusion.  In  some  specimens,  it  is  a  very 
,  lie  wash  of  yellowish-brown,  while  in  others  u  is  strongly  yellowish,  which, 
iu  still  others,  becomes  decidedly  rufous,  especially  on  the  sides  of  the  neck 
and  shoulders  and  on  the  top  of  the  head.  In  one  specimen  (No.  2841,  M. 
C.  Z.  Coll.),  the  whole  upper  surface  of  the  head  is  bright  chestnut,  and  thn 
usual  pale  fulvous  suffusion  on  other  parts  of  the  body  is  decidedly  rufous, 
rather  than  fulvous.  No.  2763  (M.  C.  Z.  Coll.)  is  strongly  tinged  throughout 
with  yellowish-brown.  On  the  other  hand.  No.  2682  (M.  C.  Z.  Coll.)  has 
only  a  faint  yellowish-brown  tinge,  which  is  scarcely  perceptible  on  the  ven- 
tral surface.  These  specimens  are,  however,  ali  adult  males.  There  is 
apparently  no  sexual  difference  in  color ;  some  of  the  palest  specimens,  as  well 
as  the  brightest,  being  males.  Young  specimens  differ  from  the  adult  in 
being  generally  more  grayish,  with  fewer  black-tipped  hairs  in  the  dorsal 
surface.  The  fulvous  suffusion  is  generally  paler,  but  in  some  specimens  is 
as  bright  as  in  average  adults 

The  texture  of  the  pelage  is  much  as  in  the  Arvicola,  especially  the 
large  A.  xanthognathus,  being  much  firmer  than  in  the  Hares,  with  a  much 
smaller  amount  of  soft  under-fur. 


H\  ><■ 


'"  ¥m^\ 


LAGOMYID^—LAGOMYS— GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.      409 


Length  about  7.00,  ranging  in  adult  specimens  from  6.50  to  nearly  8.00. 
Ears  broad,  large,  and  rounded.  Hind  foot  generally  about  1.15  to  1.25  in 
adults;  fore  foot  about  0  80.  The  black  naked  pads  at  the  base  of  the  toes 
are  very  prominent. 

The  skull  ranges  in  length  from  about  1.70  to  1.88 ;  breadth,  0.82  to 
0.92;  interorbital  breadth,  0.21  to  0.25;  average  length  of  the  nasals  about 
0  62,  narrowing  posteriorly  from  about  0.25  to  0.18.  Lower  jaw,  length, 
1.07  to  1.25 ;  height  0.57  to  0.70.  The  series  of  skulls  show  a  considerable 
range  of  variation  in  'Aze  in  adult  specimens.  The  bones  of  the  skull  are 
thin  and  papery,  and  often  the  parietal  suture  remains  unclosed  in  fully 
adult  skulls,  and  the  cranial  elements  of  the  skull  are  never  to  any  great 
extent  ankylosed.     The  nasal  bonef ,  however,  finally  become  firmly  united. 

The  specimens  on  which  the  present  article  is  based  were  all  taken  on 
the  Snowy  range,  in  Park  County,  Colorado,  and  all  but  two  at  one  locality. 
Tiie  measurements  of  the  animal  were  all  taken  in  the  field  by  myself,  from 
fresh  specimens. 

OEOGRAPUICAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  North  American  Pika  inhabits  the  summits  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains from  Colorado  far  northward  into  British  Americx.  It  is  also  found 
near  the  summit  of  the  Wahsatch  range  in  Utah,  tho  Sierra  Nevada  in 
California,  and  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  Oregon.  I  found  it  very  abundant 
near  the  limit  of  trees  in  the  vicinity  of  Montgomery,  Park  County,  Colorado,* 
and  Lieut.  W.  L.  Carpenter  has  collected  it  at  other  neighboring  points  of  the 
Snowy  Range.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper  found  it  near  the  limit  of  perpetuol  snow  in 
tlie  Sierra  Nevada,t  where  he  reports  it  as  quite  common  over  a  limited 
district;  while  Professor  Gabb  met  with  it  as  far  south  as  the  northern 
boundary  of  Lower  California  (lat.  32°),  at  an  altitude  of  about  10,000  feet.J 
Mr.  J.  K.  Lord  met  with  it  (his  "  Lagomys  niinimuii"^)  near  the  summits  of 
tiie  Cascade  Mountains  at  an  altitude  of  about  7,000  feet  above  sea-level, 
and  also  at  Chilokweyuk  Lake,  on  tiie  western  slope  of  the  Cascades  ||     Dr. 

*  Bull.  Emex  Inatitute,  vol.  vi,  pp.  66,  66. 

tProc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  vol.  ill,  p.  69 ;  ib.,  IMS,  p.  6. 

t  rroc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.,  1H68,3. 

t  Tbe  cliaraat«ra  Mr.  Lord  gives  for  bis  "  Lagomy  minimut"  do  not  lodlcate  any  specific  differrnre 
whilii  tbe  habits  he  attribate*  to  it  are  exactly  those  of  tbe  L.  princtpn  as  recorded  by  n  niiiiiber  of 
iiidupeiident  observers.  He  recognized  £.  prinorp*  as  occurring  near  tbe  same  locality;  lint,  IxMiaumi  be 
saw  no  evidence  of  ^.prJHoqM  carrying  leaves  and  grass  into  its  warreus,  be  reganled  tbe  anitnaU  seen  ut 
the  two  neighboring  localities  as  distinct  species.  His  "  Fiber  oniyoowiMin  ",  described  in  tbe  same  paper, 
rusts  on  siiuilar  mistaken  assumptioiis. 

I  I'roc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Loud.,  1SU3,  pp.  06,  97, 


410 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


llichardson  traced  it  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  latitude  52°  to  60°, 
and  Mr.  Nuttall  m<3t  with  it  as  far  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  as  latitude 
42°.*  Dr.  Coues  met  with  it  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  at  latitude  49°  N.,  at 
an  elevation  of  only  about  4,500  feet,  at  the  level  of  Watorton  or  Chief 
Mountain  Lake,  where  the  animals  were  very  numerous  in  the  dobris  at  the 
foot  of  cliffs. 

Their  habits  seem  everywhere  much  the  same.  The  animals  are  every- 
where found  in  communities,  living  among  the  loose  rocks  from  a  little  below 
timber-line  nearly  np  to  the  snow-line.  They  appear  to  rarely  wander  many 
yards  from  their  homes ;  are  timid,  yet  easily  become  familiar.  Though 
retreating  to  their  holes  when  first  alarmed,  they  soon  come  cautiously  out,  one 
after  another,  till  one  may  hear  their  sharp  little  cries  in  every  direction.  Their 
color  so  nearly  resembles  that  of  the  rocks  they  live  among  that  they  are  not 
easily  seen,  and  their  cry  is  of  such  a  character  as  to  easily  mislead  one  in 
respect  to  tiie  point  from  which  it  proceeds,  seeming  to  be  far  away  when 
really  only  a  few  feet  distant..  They  sit  erect  like  little  Marmots,  and  in  no 
way  resemble  the  Hares  in  habits.  They  carry  into  fissures  of  the  rocks 
large  quantities  of  grass,  which  they  lay  up  for  winter  consumption.  Dr. 
Coucs  informs  me  that  they  "  may  be  readily  taken  in  any  simple  trap",  and 
odds,  that  tliey  "  do  not  hibernate,  at  least  southerly  ". 

'Audubon  and  Bacbman's  Quad.  North  Amer.,  vol,  ii,  p.  847. 


ii    '  ' 


hf 


LAGOMYID^— LAGOMYS— MEASTTEEMENTS.     ' 

Tadlb  I. — AfeatHrcnu»tt  of  thirty-nine  tpecimaii  of  hAOOMYB  pnixCF.PS. 


411 


II 


2013 

vm 
sun 

XTi 
36» 
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S88S 

3664 

assA 

XTH 

sen 

3W8 
OflOO 

spia 
SX105 

3694 
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3663 
£687 

JMUl 
8697 
8698 

cfigg 


Locality. 


Montgomery,  Colo  . 
do 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


..do. 
..do. 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


..do. 
..do. 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
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.do. 


.do. 

.do. 

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.do. 


.do. 
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.do. 
.do. 


From  tip  uf  noae  to- 


ld 


0.10 
1.00 
0.9S 
0.9S 
O.SS 
0.90 
0.93 
0.83 
0.T7 

o.n 

0.68 
O.TO 
0.80 
0.97 
0.00 
0.85 

aos 

0.90 
0.90 
0.97 
0.93 
9.95 
9.90 

o.ea 

1.03 
0.8S 
0.90 
0.93 
O.SS 
0.99 
0.90 
0.93 
0.83 
0.W 
0.93 
0.90 

aoo 

0.99 
a73 


1.15 
8.03 


1. 80 


1.13 
3.13 
3.03 
1.81 
1.93 


3.00 
1.95 
1.77 
1.85 
1.47 
1.73 
3.03 
3.13 


3.00 
3.15 
3.05 
3.00 
3.05 
1.90 
1.95 
1.83 
3.08 
1.90 
1.90 
1.90 
1.80 
1.93 
1.98 
3.03 
1.84 
1.08 
3.03 
1.90 
1.90 
9.04 
l.<3 


5.73 
7.35 
7.50 
7.35 
6.90 
7.00 
7.  Si 
7.60 
6.90 
7.30 
5.35 
5.73 
7.50 
7.90 
7.15 
7.00 
7.73 
7.60 
7.60 
6.83 
7.40 
7.-0 
7.70 
7.40 
6.90 
7.00 
7.  SO 
6.45 
0.00 

aco 

6.75 
7.30 
6.50 
.5.80 
1.10 
7.90 
7.30 
7.15 
5.75 


Length  of— 


0.13 
0.80 
0.15 

aso 

0.83 
0.80 
0.83 
0.77 

o.n 

0.83 
0.13 
a  73 
0.80 
0.87 
0.67 
0.83 
a81 
0.83 
0.8J 

o.es 

0.E0 
0.83 
0.85 
0.83 
0.85 
0.83 
0.80 
0.80 
0.80 
0.90 
0.88 
0.85 
0.83 
a  75 
0.83 

aso 

0.80 
0.85 
0.78 


1.07 
1.30 
1.39 
1.10 
1.90 
1.90 
1.90 
1.17 
1.13 
1.00 
1.08 
L07 
1.15 
1.13 
1.33 
1.30 
1.30 
1.35 
1.90 
1.37 
1.06 
1.15 
I. SO 
1.30 
1.33 
1.35 
1.18 
1.13 
l.S» 
1.13 
1.C3 
1.30 
1.3U 
1.08 
1.17 
1.17 
1.34 
1.18 
1.10 


Xature  of  epecimen'. 


UiMunred  in  the  flesh. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

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do. 

do. 

....'....do. 

do. 

do. 

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do. 

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412 


MONOGEAPHS  OF  SORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tablf,  II. — ifxaiurimenUi  of fourtmnkuUt  of  Laoomvs  princeps. 


I  - 


if! 


,  \ 


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i 

a 

9 

a 
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Locality. 

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0.37 

0.38 

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1.80 
1.85 

0.88 
0.87 
0.89 

0.83 
0.34 
0.31 

0.53 
0.30 
0.67 

0.91 

0.3:1 

0.37 

o.:h 

0.37 

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do 

0.01 

0.18 

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354 

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1.88 
1. 01 

0.03 

0.35 
0.34 

0.63 

0.  ID 

0.35 

a53 
0.48 

0.30 

0.35 

0.30 
0.33 

0.30 
0.38 

34:1 

do 

1.13 

0.1V 

0.33 

0.50 

0l33 

0.30 

3X1 

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1.T7 

0.0! 

0.34 

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34t) 
357 
34!< 
355 
|:I331 

.... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

1.10 
1.78 
I.TJ 
1.75 
I.7J 

0.83 
0.83 
0.83 
('.83 
0.81 

0.31 
0.33 
0.31 
0.33 
0.31 

0.48 
0.50 
0.48 
0.48 
0.43 

0.36 
0.37 

0.35 
0.35 

0.31 
0.30 

0.36 
0.30 

0.34 
0.34 
0.35 
0.33 
0.33 

0.36 
0.38 
0.28 
a  31 

Daff.lo  MoonUin,  Colo 

9 

OCO 

0.16 

0.30 

1.08 

0.57 

13-iaii 

llornenhoe  Mt.,  Colo  . . 

•3 

1.75 

0.87 

0.33 

0.61 

0.15 

a33 

0.50 

0.33 

0.30 

0.30 

0.30 

1.  IB 
1.15 

0.G7 
O.'O 

do 

1.07 
1.13 
1.S9 
1. 13 
1.35 
1.07 
1.30 
1.17 

0.61 
0.67 
0.70 
0.67 
0.G6 
0.50 
0.68 
0.65 

do 

do 

do     .. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

LAGOMYIDiE— LAGOMYS—LIST  OF  SPECIMENS. 


Taiii.b  III. — Lift  oftptcimetii  of  Laoomyr  princeps." 


413 


■3 
1 

a 

o 
a 

s.  a 

if 

1 

a 
a 

n 

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a 

1 

Uxauj. 

When 
odlected. 

From  whom  re. 
ceived. 

Collected  by - 

•3 
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MONOGRAPHS 


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NORTH  AMERICAN   RODENTIA. 


No.  V.-CASTOROIDIDi;. 


By  J.  A..  ^LLEN. 


[  For  letter  of  ttMumittal,  see  p.  401.] 


415 


'                         i 

iti^' 


1 

^ 

^ 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


FaiMi 

Family  CASTOROIDID^ 419-436 

QeouBCASTOROiDKS , 419-496 

(kutoroUn  ohioeiui$ 423-426 

Synonymy  and  bibliognpby 433-423 

I>eMriptlon  and  hiatory 433>436 

417 

27 


w 

T 

Family  CASTOROIDID^. 


Genus  CASTOROIDES  Foster. 

Caitoroidet  Fohtri),  H«ooud  Kop.  Oeol.  of  Ohio,  1838,  81.— Wyman,  Boston  Jonrn.  Nat.  Hist.,  t,  1846,  401. 

The  skull,  in  general  outline,  considerably  resembles  that  of  Castor, 
but  the  cranial  portion  is  relatively  very  much  smaller  and  more  flattened, 
and  the  facial  portion  much  longer  than  in  that  genus.  The  zygomatic 
processes  arise  at  a  much  higher  point,  and  the  zygomatic  arch  is  much 
less  curved  downward.  The  malar  bone  is  narrower,  relatively  fur  less 
massive,  and  is  less  prolonged  anteriorly,  not  reaching  the  front  wall  of  the 
orbit.  In  Castor,  on  the  contrary,  it  reaches  the  small  lachrymal,  by  which  only 
it  is  separated  from  the  anteorbital  process  of  the  fronted.  The  niirrowes*; 
portion  of  the  skull  is  behind  the  middle  instead  of  anterior  to  it,  as  in  Castor. 
The  basilar  cavity  seen  in  Castor  is  entirely  wanting,  and  the  auditory  bullse 
are  smaller.  "The  tympanic  portions  of  the  temporal  bones  present  very 
nearly  the  same  conformation  as  in  the  Capybaras;  at  the  inner  extremity, 
however,  there  exists  a  broad  plate  or  process  having  a  concavity  forward, 
which  enters  into  the  formation  of  the  posterior  limit  of  the  pterygoid  fossa. 
....  In  the  development  and  conformation  of  the  pterygoid  processes,  the 
Castoroides  differs  from  all  existing  Rodentia.  Both  processes  articulate  with 
the  tympanic  bone,  but  the  development  of  the  external  plate  is  by  far 
the  greatest ;  the  internal,  however,  has  the  remarkable  peculiarity  of  being 
curved  inwards  towards  the  median  line,  so  that  the  most  prominent  part 
of  its  convex  surface  is  brought  in  contact  with  that  of  the  correspond- 
ing process  of  the  opposite  side.  In  consequence  of  this,  the  entrance  to 
the  posterior  nares,  or  the  meso-pterygoid  fossa,  is  completely  obstructed  in 
its  middle  portion,  and  instead  of  one  large  quadrangular  orifice,  as  in  other 
Rodentia,  we  have  two  distinct  orifices ;  one  of  these,  superior,  of  a  pyriform 
shape,  the  circumference  of  which  is  formed  in  part  by  the  posterior  extrem- 
ities of  the  pterygoid  processes,  and  in  part  by  the  anterior  basilar  portion  of 

419 


i 


I 


Ill 


420 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


the  occipital  bone ;  the  secotul,  inferior,  is  i'urnied  by  the  origins  of  the  same 
processes  and  the  posterior  edges  uf  the  ossa  pnlnti. 

"The  pterygoid  fossa  has  a  depth  of  obout  two  incites,  which,  udded  to 
the  great  breadth  of  the  outer  process  and  the  curvature  of  the  inner,  gives 
an  extraordinary  surface  for  the  origin  of  the  internal  pterygoid  muscle.  Tlic 
fossa  serving  for  the  origin  of  the  external  pterygoid  muscle,  involves  the 
whole  of  the  greater  wing  of  the  os  sphenoides,  and  is  more  remarkably 
developed  than  in  any  of  the  allied  genera."* 

The  molars  diifer  strikingly  in  structure  not  only  from  those  of  Castor, 
but  from  those  of  all  other  Rodents  except  the  ChinchilUda,  a  near  resem- 
blance being  met  with  elsewhere  only  in  the  last  molar  of  Hijdrochcerus.  They 
consist  of  a  series  of  laminae  of  dentine  completely  inclosed  by  enamel,  held 
together  by  a  thin  coating  of  cement.  The  circumference  of  the  triturating 
surface  of  the  tooth  is  thus  devoid  of  the  continuous  plate  of  enamel  that 
forms  an  uninterrupted  border  in  the  molar  teeth  of  ordinary  Rodents,  and  is 
deeply  serrated.  The  dentinal  laminae,  with  their  inclosing  plate  of  enamel, 
are  three  in  number  in  all  the  molars  except  the  last  upper  and  first  lower, 
which  have  each  four.  When  the  teeth  are  exposed  to  disintegrating  influ- 
ences, the  laminae  of  dentine  and  enamel  readily  fall  apart,  as  is  the  case  in 
the  molars  of  the  Chinchillida,  in  tlie  last  molar  of  Uydrockcerus,  and  in  tlie 
molars  of  the  Elephant.  In  structure,  the  molar  teeth  of  Castoroides  are 
strictly  comparable  with  those  of  the  Chinchillidte,  and  with  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  last  molar  of  Hydrocharvs,  and  thereby  differ  not  only  radi- 
cally from  that  seen  in  Castor,  but  from  that  of  all  other  Rodents.  The 
structure  is  precisely  that  seen  in  Lagostomus,  even  to  the  oblicpie  position 
of  the  laminae,  except  that  the  number  of  the  laminae  in  Castoroides  is  one 
more  to  each  tooth  (^two  more  in  the  first  lower  molar)  than  in  Lagostomus. 
The  dentinal  laminae  arc  very  similar  also  to  the  dentinal  laminae  of  the  lost 
molar  of  Hydrochcerus,  but  they  are  relatively  nmch  thicker.  The  molar 
teeth  of  Castoroides  are  thus  compound,  and  have  no  resemblance  to  those  of 
Castor,  with  which  genus  Castoroides  is  usually  compared. 

In  other  features  of  the  skull,  strong  resemblances  can  be  traced  between 
Castoroides  and  Lagostomus,  especially  in  respect  to  the  form  of  the  pterygoid 
processes  and  the  size  and  form  of  the  pterygoid  fossse.t     The  general  form 

*  Wjriuuii,  BoHt.  Jouru.  Mat.  Hist.,  vol.  v,  pp.  3!M,  :t!>5. 

t  Id  'Jietie  fealores,  however,  Fiber  much  more  nearly  approaches  CtutoroMea  than  doea  Lagostomut, 


\1 


CASTOROIUIDiB-CASTOHOIDBa— (J.  OIIIOHNSIH. 


421 


of  the  skull  also  Homewlmt  resembles  tiiat  of  Lagostomus,  but  difreis  in 
important  details.  Canlorouies,  for  instance,  lacks  the  large  antorbital  vacuity 
seen  in  Lagostomus  and  its  allies;  this  portion  of  the  skull  more  rc8em))Iing 
that  of  Castor.  The  lower  jaw  also  much  more  resembles  that  of  Castor, 
but  differs  from  that  of  the  latter  in  having  the  coronoid  process  much  less 
strongly  developed  ;  in  the  much  greater  elongation  of  the  condylar  process ; 
in  the  great  depth  of  the  fossa  on  the  outer  surface  below  the  notch  formed 
by  the  coronoid  and  condylar  processes  (which  is  shallow  in  Castor);  in  the 
lateral  flattening  of  the  condyles ;  in  the  bending  inward  of  the  angular 
process  and  its  much  greater  development,  an  well  as  in  the  much  greater 
depth  of  the  fossa  on  the  inner  border  of  the  lower  surlace  of  the  angle.  The 
inward  curvature  of  the  angular  process  is  also  an  exceptional  feature  among 
Rodents.  Castoroides  further  differs  from  Castor  in  the  form  of  the  occipital 
condyles,  which  are  more  terminal  and  less  oblique  than  in  Castor,  and,  while 
permitting  a  great  range  of  vertical  motion  of  the  head,  allow  only  a  slight 
lateral  motion. 

From  the  foregoing  remarks,  it  will  be  seen  that  Castoroides  presents  a 
singular  combination  of  characters,  allying  it,  on  the  one  hand,  to  the  Beaver, 
and,  on  the  other,  to  the  Chinchillas  and  Viscachas,  and  also  to  the  Muskrat, 
but  which,  at  the  same  time,  separate  it  widely  from  either  group.  In  size, 
f\isteroides  exceeded  any  living  Rodents,  and  is  itself  exceeded  in  this  order 
by  only  a  single  extinct  form  of  Hydrocharus,  described  by  Dr.  Lund  from 
the  bone-caverns  of  Brazil.  The  resemblance  of  Castoroides  to  Castor  is 
mainly  in  the  general  outline  of  the  skull,  in  its  having  an  imperforate  ante- 
orbital  wall,  and  in  its  presenting  a  similar  curvature  of  the  descending  ramus 
of  the  lower  jaw,  the  latter  a  character  shared  also  by  Fiber.  The  differences 
consist  in  the  remarkable  structure  of  the  pterygoid  processes,  the  double 
orifice  of  the  posterior  nares  being  entirely  exceptional ;  in  the  flattened  and 
relatively  small  cranium ;  and  in  the  compound  nature  of  the  molar  teeth. 
These  differences  ally  it,  on  the  other  hand,  to  the  Chinchillas,  from  which  it 
differs  mainly  through  those  points  in  which  it  resembles  Castor.  In  view  of 
these  wide  differences  from  its  nearest  well-known  allies,  it  seems  to  consti- 
tute the  type  of  a  distinct  and  hitherto  unrecognized  family.  To  the  same 
group  are,  however,  probably  referable  the  genera  Amblyrhiza  and  Loxomy- 
ius,  described  by  Professor  Cope,*  from  the  bone-caverns  of  Anguilla  Island, 

*Proo.  Acad.  Nat  Sol.  Phil».,  1866,  313;  Ftoo.  Am«r.  Phi).  Soi:.,  vol.  zi  (1869-70),  pp.  Ifr),  608, 
pb.  iv,  V. 


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422 


MONOGKAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


West  Indies.  Tliese  forms  are  thus  far  known  only  from  the  detached  teeth 
and  fragments  of  the  hones  of  the  limbs.  The  molars,  as  described  and  fig- 
uied  by  Professor  Cope,  greatly  resemble  those  of  Castoroides,  having,  in  fact, 
the  same  structure,  differing  mainly  in  being  somewhat  smaller,  and  in  pos- 
sessing a  greater  number  of  laminsB.  The  incisors  are  also  much  smaller  and 
narrower,  and  much  loss  strongly  grooved.  Professor  Cope  states  that  some 
of  the  molars  of  Amblyrhiza  have  four  dentinal  columns  and  otiiers  five, 
while  those  of  Loxomylus,  including  both  upper  and  lower,  have  only  three 
each.  The  characters  of  Amblyrhiza,  as  Professor  Cope  recognizes,  ally  it  to 
the  Chinchillas,  while  he  says  of  Loxomylus  that  the  obliquity  of  "the  hori- 
zontal grinding  surface  .  .  .  alone  seems  to  distinguish  it  from  Lagidium 
and  Chinchilla".  As  the  lower  jaw  and  skull  are  thus  far  unknown  in  these 
genera,  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  their  affinities  are  strictly  with  the 
Chinchillidee,  or  whether  they  are  not  more  closely  allied  to  Castoroides.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  Archeeomys,  a  European  form  commonly  referred  to  the 
Chinchillidee.*  Hence  the  question  naturally  arises  whether  the  ChinchillidcB 
ha\  it  been  found  outside  of  South  Amerca.  The  discovery  of  a  single 
manu.uular  ramus,  or  the  facial  portion  of  the  skull  f"  each  of  these  genera, 
would  at  once  decide  the  question  cf  their  affinities,  which  cannot  well  be 
settled  without  the  evidence  such  parts  would  affisrd.  In  either  case,  these 
genera  furnish  a  type  of  dentition  unknown  in  the  present  fauna,  except  in 
Soutii  America. 

Although  Castoroides  ha.s  generally  been  supposed  to  have  the  relation- 
ship to  Castor  its  name  implies,  and  in  systematic  works  has  been  always 
associated  with  the  Beavers,  Dr.  Wyman,  in  his  monographic  account  of  the 
Clyde  skull,  points  out  the  great  differences  that  exist  between  the  two  types. 
He  says  the  cranium  "presents  analogies  to  the  genera  Castor,  Fiber,  and 
Hydrochcerus.  Osteologically  considered,  the  cranium  bears  a  stronger  resem- 
blance in  its  shape  to  that  of  the  Castors  than  to  that  of  either  of  the  other 
genera;  Jut  in  iu  dentition  the  type  is  toholly  different,  as  is  also  the  confor- 
mation of  the  jitor     >id  processes  and  fossiB In -thT  Hydrochcerus, 

the  principal  analogies  are  found  in  the  compound  nature  of  tlie  molar  tceth.f 

•  Mr.  Alston  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.Lond  ,  lh7C,  p.  88)  refers  .irchaomyf  to  the  fnmily  Thtiiiiomyidai,  with 
the  otbor  fo"  ■    if  wliicli,  liowevr.  it  does  iiot  setm  to  me  to  bo  very  cloi.ely  related. 

t  l''roni  -lie  ubiieiice  of  nil  reference  by  'i''.  Wyman  to  the  much  closer  reBewulance  of  the  teeth  of 
tailoroUis  to  those  of  the  Chiuchillas,  he  was  cMdently  not  at  that  time  acquainted  with  the  osteology 
of  that  group. 


CASTOROIDIDiE— CA8TOKOIDE8— C.  OIIIOENSIS 


428 


....  Ill  the  Fibers,  the  pterygoid  fossce  are  largely  dcvolopcil,  but  the 
entrance  to  the  posterior  nares  has  the  same  conformation  as  in  tlin  other 
Rodents."*  It  is  almost  surprising,  in  view  of  Dr.  Wyman's  adniiral)le 
memoir  and  excellent  figures,  that  zoologists  have  so  long  overlooked  the 
important  characters  that  distinguish  Castoroides  from  all  other  Rodents.f 

CASTOROIDES  OHIOENSIS  Foster. 

SYNONYMY.J 

lExtitKt  animal  of  tlu  order  Rodenlia  FosTERt],  Amer.  Journ,  Sci.  and  Arts,  xxxi,  1837,  80,  figs.  15-17  (first 
desoiiptioD  of  the  Nasbport  spocimeus).    Pabliahed  anonymously. 

CotloroidM  oAioeiui<  Foster,  beoond  Rep.  Oeol.  of  Ohio,  lS3d,  81,  and  fig.  (Nashpoit  specimens),— Wyman, 
Proo.  Boat. 8oc.,ll,  1846, 138  (Clyde  specimens).— H*ll,  Proc.  Bost.  Boo.  Nat.  Hist.,  il,  184C,  107 
(Clyde  apeoimens ;  geological  position). — Haix  and  Wyman,  Boston  Jonrn.  Nai.  Hist.,  v, 
1847,  385,  pis.  xxxvii-zsxis  (Clyde  specimens;  geological  position  and  description  of  a 
sknll). — WuirrLESBY,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  &  Arts,  2d  aer.,  v,  1848, 215  (geological  position  uf  tlie 
NaahpoTt  speoioiens). — Wyman,  ibid.,  x,  1850,  (13,  fig.  5  (lower  jaw  ;  Hompbis  specimen). — 
Wyman,  Proc.  Beat.  Soc,  ill,  1850,  281  (same).- Agassiz,  Proo.  .\mer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  v,  1851 , 
179  (Nashport  specimens).— LeContk,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vi,  1852, 362  (Sbawneetown 
apeoimens).— Bronn,  Leth.  Geog.,  Ib67,  1046,  pi.  lix,  fig.  8. — Pictet,  Traits  de  Paldout.,  i, 
1853, 253,— Baikd,  Mam.  N.  Amer.,  1857,  362.- Lbidy,  Holmes's  Post-pliocene  Fossils  S.  Car., 
i860, 114 ;  Proo,  Acad.  Nr.t,  Sci.  Phila.,  1867,  97 ;  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci,  Pbila.,  2d  aer.,  v,  1SC9, 
405  (akall  &om  Coles  County,  Illinois). — Winohell,  Amer.  Nat.,  iv,  1870,  504  (Michigan), 

Catior  {I^gonikeriHmt)  ohtomeis  DbKay,  Nat.  Hiat.  N.  Yark,  ZoSI.,  i,  1842,  89. 

DESCRIPTION  AND  HISTORY. 

The  so-called  "  Fossil  Beaver "  of  North  AmeriCsi  was  of  about  the 
size  of  a  full-grown  common  Black  Bear  ^  Z^rsus  americanus),  hence  some- 
what exceeding   in   size   the   Capybara,   the   largest   of  existing   Rodents. 

•Boston  Jonrn.  Nat,  Hist,,  vol.  v,  p,  399, 

t  Even  Mr,  E,  R,  Alston,  in  his  recent  paper  on  "  The  Classifioation  of  the  Order  Glirea  "  (Proo, 
ZoSl,  Boo,  Lond.,  1876,  p.  79),  plaoea  Cattoroidet  in  the  family  Cattoridai. 

t  The  following  are  the  titles  of,  or  references  to,  aome  of  the  apecial  papers  treating  ot  CaaloroideB  : 
1837— [Foster  (J,  W.).    Extinct  Animal  of  the  Order  Rodentia.]     <  Amer.  Journ,  Sci  and  Arts,  xxxi, 

1837,  80,  figs.  15-17, 
ia38— Foster  (J.  W.).    [Description   of  Castoroides  Ohioensis.]     <  Second  Rep.  Qeol.  of  Ohio,  1838, 

80-83,  fig,  140. 
1846— Wyman  (J.).    [Oi    "'astoroidea  Ohioensis,]    Proc,  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  ii,  pp.  138, 1S9, 
1846 — Hall  (J,;.    [Ou  Geological  Relations  of  the  Fossil  Castoroides  Ohioensis,]     <  Proc,  Boat,  Soc, 

Nat,  Hist.,        .1.167,168. 
1847 — Hall  (J.)  and  Wihak  (J        Notice  of  the  Geological  Position  of  the  Cranium  of  the  Caotoroides 

Ohioensis,     By  Jan..jd  Hall,  esq,    . , .    Also  an  Anatomical  Description  of  the  same.     By 

Jeffries  Wyman,     <  Boat.  Jonrn.  Nat,  Hiat.,  vol,  v,  art.  xxix,  pp.  385-401,  pll.  37-39, 
1850— Wyman  (J.),    [On  b  Lower  Jaw  of  Castoroides  Ohioensis,]    <  Proc,  Bost.  Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  iii,  p.  281, 
1852 — LeContb(J.).    [Remarks  on  a  New  Locality — Shawner'own — forCaatoroidi  i)''.';ioenai8,]     <  ''roc. 

Phila.  Acad,  Nat,  Sci.,  vi,  p.  53, 
1807— Lbidy  (J,).    [On  a  Skull  of  Caatoroidea  fonnd  near  Charleston,  III.]     <  Proo.  Phila.  Aoad,  Nat, 

8oi,,  1887,  pp.  97,  98, 


mkmr  r'f 


liff 


■/•     .,f 


■' 


424 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


A  cast  of  a  skull  (from  an  unknown  locality)  now  before  me  has  a  length 
of  over  twelve  inches,  considerably  exceeding  in  size  the  Clyde  skull 
described  and  figured  by  Dr.  Wyman.  The  species  being  known  only 
from  a  few  cranial  and  dental  remains,  it  is  impossible  to  say  much  respect- 
ing its  general  form  or  probable  habits.  It  may  have  been  aquatic,  like 
the  Beaver;  but  of  this  there  is  no  evidence.  The  form  of  the  occipital 
condyles  and  the  surfaces  for  the  attachment  of  the  cranial  muscles  show  that 
it  probably  differed  greatly  in  habits  from  the  Beaver.  Mr.  J.  W.  Foster 
described  (anonymously)  u  radius  lound  with  the  two  mandibular  rami 
discovered  at  Nashporf,  Ohio,  which  he  presumed  to  belong  to  the  same 
animal.  This  bone  he  describes  as  being  ten  inches  in  length,  and  as 
measuring  two  inches  across  tlu  ead  and  one  and  a  half  across  the  distal 
extremity.*  In  a  later  notice  af  the  same  specimens,  Mr.  Foster  makes  no 
mention  of  this  bone,  and  no  other  naturalist  appears  to  have  given  any 
further  account  of  it.  Mr.  Foster  regarded  it  as  "an  animal  closely  allied  to 
the  Beaver,  but  far  surpassing  him  in  magnitude".  Dr,  Wyman  not  only  does 
not  refer  to  it  as  a  Beaver,  '>ut  dwells  especially  upon  the  important  differ- 
ences that  separate  it  from  that  animal. 

The  remains  of  Castoroid&f  ohioensis  thus  far  reported  consist  of  the  two 
right  rami  of  the  lower  jaw  and  an  upper  incisor  from  Nashport,  Licking 
County,  Ohio  (from  which  the  animal  was  originally  made  known),  first 
described  by  Foster ;  the  skull  and  a  right  ramus  of  the  lower  jaw  from 
Clyde,  Wayne  County,  New  York,  described  (and  the  skull  figured)  by 
Wyman  ;  the  ramus  of  a  lower  jaw  from  Memphis,  Tennessee,  also  described 
and  figured  by  Wyman ;  "  two  molars,  an  upper  incisor,  and  two  petrous 
bones  ",  from  near  Shawneetown,  Illinois,  and  fragments  of  teeth  from  the 
Ashley  River,  Sou''  Carolina,  described  by  Leidy.  A  skull  from  near 
Charleston,  Coles  County,  Illinois,  is  also  mentioned  by  Leidy.  Hal!  and 
Wyman  both  refer  to  the  discovery  of  its  remains  near  Natchez,  Mississippi, 
and  in  Louisiana;  but  I  have  met  with  no  description  of  specimens  from  these 
localities.  Winchell  mentions  the  discovery  of  its  remains  in  Michigan,  of 
which  nodcscription  has  yet  appeared.  In  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology, 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  are  portions  of  several  lower  incisors  and  parts  of 
several  molar  teeth,  from  Dallas,  Dallas  County,  Texas,  collected  by  Mr.  J.  Boll, 
fnmi  "alluvial"  deposits  on  the  Trinity  River,  associated  with  remains  of  an 

*  Amer.  Jo..i'u.  Sci,  and  Arte,  Ut  ser.,  vol.  xxxi,  1837,  p.  SO. 


— T=-i 


CASTOROIDID^— CA8TOROIDES— C.  01TI0ENSI8. 


425 


extinct  Horse  and  the  Mastodon.  There  is  also  in  tlie  Muscinn  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology  an  excellent  cast  of  a  very  large  skull,  from  an  unknown  locality, 
but  probably  from  either  Illinois  or  Michigan.*  Its  known  habitat  hence 
extended  from  Texas  to  Michigan,  and  thence  eastward  to  Western  New 
York  and  South  Carolina.  Its  remains  appear  to  have  been  found  only  in 
the  Quaternary  depcsits,  and  in  several  instances  have  been  found  associated 
with  those  of  the  Mastodon,  and  also  with  those  of  the  extinct  Horse  and 
Megatherium,  with  which  animals  it  was  doubtless  a  contemporary. 

Of  the  Clyde  specimen  (of  which  I  have  before  me  a  cast),  Dr.  Wyman 
has  published  the  following  measurements:  Length,  10.50  inches;  greatest 
width,  7.20;  transverse  diameter  of  the  occiput,  5.50;  vertical  diameter  of 
the  occiput,  2.60;  distance  between  the  orbits,  1.90;  distance  between  the 
anterior  (first)  molars,  0.30 ;  between  the  last  molars,  1.80.  The  length  of 
the  molar  series  in  the  cast  is  2.50 ;  length  of  the  nasal  bones,  3.63  ;  greatest 
width  of  the  nasals,  2.07.  The  cast  of  a  much  larger  and  evidently  older 
specimen,  but  unfortunately  imperfect,  lacking  the  incisors  and  the  zygomatic 
arches,  gives  the  following  measurements:  Length,  11.75  (with  the  incisors 
restored,  12.50)  ;  distance  between  orbits,  2  83  ;  transverse  diameter  of  the 
occiput,  6.70 ;  vertical  diameter  of  the  same,  3.25  ;  nasals,  length,  4.12 ; 
greatest  width,  2.55  ;  upper  molars,  length  of  the  series,  2.87.  Though  so 
much  larger  (one-fifth)  than  the  Clyd :  specimen,  the  difference  is  readily 
accounted  for  by  the  difference  in  age. 

According  to  Foster,  the  lower  jaw  found  at  Nashport  measured  9  inches 
2  lines  (9.16)  from  the  front  border  to  the  condylar  process,  and  3  inches  8 
lines  (3.67)  from  the  base  to  the  coronoid  process.  The  Clyde  example, 
according  to  Wyman,  had  a  length  of  7  00,  and  a  vertical  depth,  measured 
from  the  top  of  the  cor-^noid  process,  of  3.75.  The  Memphis  specimen, 
according  to  Wynian,  was  still  larger ;  the  length  of  the  molar  series 
being  3.10,  against  2.75  in  the  Clyde  specimen  and  2.80  in  the  Nashport 
specimen.  Foster  gives  the  length  of  the  lower  incisor  in  the  Nashport 
specimen,  measured  along  its  outer  curve,  as  11.50.  One  of  the  fragments  of 
a  lower  incisor  from  Dallas,  Texas,  has  a  transverse  diameter  of  nearly  an 
inch  (0.95),  while  the  antero-posterior  diameter  is  still  greater  (1.05). 

*  Tlim  citHt  n'os  takea  Trum  n  aknll  luaaed  by  MewrB.  FoBt<>r  anil  HtinipHou  to  I'rot'csHur  A);asaiz  xome 
jean  niiee,  and  returned  recently  to  tbe  Chicago  Ai  leiuy  of  Sciences.  7io  record  nccouipuniuH  tliu  cant, 
and  nil  tbe  above-nauied  gentlcmeu  being  now  dead,  it  is  dilScnlt  to  leiirn  tbe  liiptorj-  of  tlio  original 
speoimen. 


t'1 


■\:y 


m^^ 


f 


if 


420 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


The  anterior  face  of  the  incisor  teeth  is  marked  with  broad,  shallow, 
longitudinal  grooves,  about  twice  as  wide  as  the  rather  abrupt,  narrow,  inter- 
vening ridges.  The  lower  incisor,  seen  in  section,  is  triangular,  with  the 
anterior  face  rounded.  The  first  upper  molar  has  a  widtli  of  0.7.6  (in  the  larger 
specimen),  the  succeeding  ones  becoming  successively  slightly  narrower  and 
shortt^',  except  the  last,  which  is  the  longest.  In  the  lower  Tnolars,  the  first 
is  the  longest  and  the  fourth  the  shortest ;  the  second  is  the  widest.  The 
first  three  are  somewhat  narrowed  near  the  middle,  giving  the  tritur.tcijig 
surface  an  hour-glass  form. 


MiMi 


MONOGRAPHS 


ot 


NORTH   AMERICAN   RODENTIA. 


No.  VI -CASTORIDi:. 


By    J.    A..    ^LLKN. 


[  Foi  letter  of  trauBDiittul,  aee  p.  401.] 


m 


1 

1 

1 

1 

Wm 

1 

H:  -M 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Kamily  CASTORID^ 487-456 

Oemis  Caator 4:<i!-4r>l 

Caitor  fiter 433-451 

Synonymy 433-434 

Description 434-436 

BelatioD  of  the  American  and  Old  W  orld  Beavera 437-445 

BemorkBon  synonymy  and  nomenclataro 444-445 

Geograpbical  distribntion 445-446 

Fossil  remains 44C-446 

Measurements  of  skalls 447-447 

List  of  specimens  examlnc<l 448-440 

Oonns  EOCASTOR 449-440 

EwKxttor  tortiu 440-451 

Oenns  Stkneofibbr 451-461 

Stentofthernebra»<!»nfi» 451-463 

SImeofiber  pantm 453-453 

Bibliographical  appendix 454-464 

4S9 


(#1 


i\<  I 


Pi;i 


Family  CASTORID^. 


Taking  Castor,  which  is  the  only  well-known  form,  as  the  type  of  the 
family,  the  Castorida  present  many  points  of  resemblance  to  the  Sciurida, 
of  which  group  the  Castorida  were  formerly  regarded  as  constituting  a  sub- 
family. Both  Castor  and  Haplodon  {z^Aplodontia  Richardson)  are  evidently 
quite  nearly  allied  to  the  Sciurida:,  and,  together  with  Jnomalurus  and  the 
extinct  North  American  Ischyromys,  are  properly  placed  by  Alston  in  his 
Sciuromorphic  series,  each  being  regarded  as  the  type  of  a  distinct  family. 

Castor  differs  from  any  of  the  Squirrels  in  being  adapted  to  an  aquatic 
mode  of  life,  and  presumably  several,  but  probably  not  all,  of  the  extinct 
genera*  commonly  referred  to  the  Castorida  were  similarly  modified.  While 
the  skull  in  all  the  genera  referred  to  the  Beaver  group  presents  in  general 
form  some  similarity  to  that  of  the  Squirrels,  it  constantly  difiers  in  many 
important  particulars.  It  not  only  lacks  the  strongly-developed  post-orbital 
processes  seen  in  all  the  genera  of  the  Sciurida,  but  the  molar  series  are 
not  widely  separated,  and  converge  anteriorly  instead  of  being  parallel,  and 
the  palatal  area  of  the  intermaxillaries  is  arched  instead  of  plane.  In  the 
Sciuridee,  the  molars  are  truly  rooted,  with  multiple  fangs,  short  crowns,  and 
a  tiiberculated  triturating  surface,  and  undergo  much  change  as  a  result  of 
attrition.  In  Castor,  the  molars  have  a  long-persistent  dentinal  pulp,  the 
teeth  continuing  to  grow  for  a  long  period,  and  becoming  truly  rooted  only  late 
in  life ;  they  are  single-rooted,  have  no  well-defined  coronal  portion,  and  the 
triturating  surface  consists  of  a  complicated  infolding  of  the  enamel-border 
of  the  tooth,  and  undergoes  little  change  by  attrition ;  they  decrease  in  size 
posteriorly.  The  lower  jaw  is  more  massive,  and  the  rami  are  more  firmly 
united  by  a  much  longer  symphysial  surface.     The  incisors  are  of  very  large 


'Drogontherium  (Owen),  EmmIot,  Palaocattor,  Steneofiber,  Ckalioomyt,  and  Cattoroida. 

431 


•! 


I 


w 


m* 


! 


432 


MONOOKAPII8  OF  NOUTU  AMKKICAN  KODBXTIA. 


kIzc,  and  \\w.  griiieral  struct iinj  of  tlu!  skull  indicatt^s  great  incisive  power,  tlie 
Beavers  iicing  '^ gimwGrn"  pur  excellence. 

Tli(!  living  reproseiitntives  of"  the  family  Ciustoridce  belong  to  the  single 
geiuis  Castor.  Beaver-like  animals,  belonging  to  five  or  six  other  genera, 
hnv(!,  however,  l)een  referred  to  the  sunie  group.  Some  of  these  {Steneqfiber, 
including  Palaocastor  Lcidy  and  Chalicoinys)  differ  widely  from  Castor,  while 
one  (Castoroutes)  is  more  nearly  related  to  the  Chinchillas  (Lagostomus)  than 
to  any  other  family  of  Rodents.  Others  (  Trogont/ierium  and  Eucastor)  evi- 
dently are  closely  reUxted  to  Castor.  The  extinct  genera,  above  named,  are 
us  yet  known  from  too  scanty  materials  to  render  certain  their  true  affinities. 
Trogontherium,  whose  remains  occur  sparingly  in  the  Tertiary  deposits  of 
Europe,  evidently  greatly  resembled  Castor ;  it  was,  however,  fully  one-fiflh 
larger,  and  in  its  dentition  difTers  generically  from  Castor.  The  genus  Eucas- 
tor, known  as  yet  from  very  imperfect  cranial  remains  found  in  the  Mauvaises 
Terres  of  Dakota,  of  the  size  of  a  Marmot  (Arctomys),  seems  to  have  been 
a  true  Beaver,  apparently  as  closely  related  to  Trogontherium  as  to  Castor. 
Chalicoinys  and  Steneqfiber  differ  considerably  both  in  dentition,  and  in  the 
general  form  of  the  skull,  from  the  true  Beavers,  and  may  prove,  when  better 
known,  to  pertain  to  an  entirely  different  group.  Chalicomys  has  thus  far  been 
found  only  in  the  Tertiary  formations  of  Europe,  while  Steneqfiber  had  rep- 
resentatives not  only  in  Europe,  but  in  the  Tertiary  formations  of  New 
Mexico  and  Dakota. 

The  genus  Castoroides,  heretofore  always  referred  tx)  the  Castoridte,  has, 
as  already  shown,*  only  a  superficial  resemblance  to  the  true  Beavers. 

Genus  CASTOR  Linn. 

Cmtor  Limn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  i,  1766,  178. 

Chars, — Feet  four-toed  ;  hind  feet  palmate,  with  the  second  toe  double- 
clawed.  Tail  broad,  flat,  and  scaly.  Body  stout  and  heavy,  most  strongly 
developed  posteriorly.  Grinding-teeth  Jri-,  single-rooted,  with  the  dentinal 
pulp  persisting  to  a  late  period  of  life.  General  form  of  the  skull  as  in  the 
Sduridts,  but  lacking  the  postorbital  processes,  and  otherwise  differing. 

Represented  by  only  a  single  living  species  {Castor  ^ber),  whose  habitat 
formerly  embraced  the  greater  part  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Remains 
of  Castor  have  been  described  from  the  Tertiary  deposits  of  Europe,  which 

*  B«e  the  preceding  Monograph. 


(JAHTOHllJiK— CAHTOK— UASroU  I-'IIJIU:. 


4',V6 


seem  scarcely  distiiujt  from  the  cxistiriff  Hpccica  (f.  Jiher),  whose  rcmiiiiis  nUo 
occur  in  the  Tert/mry  niul  Qiuitertinry  deposits  of  Europe  miii  in  the  Quii- 
ternary  deposits  of  Nortii  America.  The  existing  Beaver  is  separahie  into 
two  well-marked  subspecies,  one  of  wliicih  is  restricted  to  Noitli  Aniericu,  mid 
the  other  to  Europe  and  Western  Asia. 

CASTOR  FIBER  I.iim. 
Beaver. 

SYNONYMY.* 

Ctttlor  fiber  Uss.,  Synt.  Nat.,  ed.  12tli,  i,  170C,  7H.— r<)H8TKii,  IMiil.  Truni.,  Ixil,  177-i.  mfi.— Kiixlkbkn, 
Syiit.  Reg.  Anim.,  1777,  44U.— Omklin,  Syiit.  Nut.,  i,  1788,  124.— Sciiiikurii,  SUugot.,  Iv,  171U, 
fi3:),I>l.  clivi  (nkiill),  pl.clxxv  (oniiuiil).— Shaw,  Gen.  Zoiil.,!!,  li-:01,S0.— Tieukmann,  Zool.,  I, 
1808,  481.— Pallan,  ZiHi^Tapbiu  Rnggo-Aaiatlca,  Ibll,  412.— Okkn,  NaturRcgoh.,  Hi,  'i,  IHIO, 
870.— C\'ViKli,  UcKiio  Aiiiiu.,  1, 1817, 180.— DK8.MAHKNT,  Maniin.,  18i«, 877. —Knox,  Mimii.  Weru. 
Nat.  Hiat.  Sac.,  iv,  18'.23,  r>48  (anatomy ).— J.  Sabink,  Franklin's  Jonrn.  to  tho  I'olar  Sea,  18*23, 
GTiO.- Say,  Long*!)  Expoil.  R.  Mts.,  1, 1823,  4G4.— Haiilan,  Fauna  Amcr.,  lf?2G,  122.— Oouman, 
Am.  Nat.  Hist.,  il,  182(1,  21.— Griffith's  Cuvier'a  An.  King.,  v,  1827,  207.— Brandt  &, 
Ratzebuiio,  Mwliz.  Zoo!.,  i,  1829,  13,  pi.  iii,  iv,  tv  o.— Owen,  Proo.  Zofil.  Sue.  bond.,  1830,  19 
(anatomy).— Uen.nktt,  Gardens  and  Monag.  Zool.  Soo.,  Quad.,  i,  183r>,  153.— DouOHTY,  Cab. 
Nat.  Hist.,  iii,  18:10,  !>98,  pi.  i.— WaterhoU8E,  Cbarleswortli's  Mag.  Nat.  Mist.,  iii,  1839,  COS 
(tlguro  of  skull).— ScHiNii,  Enrop.  Faun.,  1840, 157.— Kryskruno  &  Blahius,  Wirbelt.  Enrop., 
1840,  31.— Emmons,  Quad.  Mass.,  1840,  51.— Thompson,  Hisl.  Vermont,  1842,  38.— DeKay, 
Nat.  Hist.  N.  York,  i,  1842,  72,  pi.  zx,  tig.  1,  pi.  viii,  Ugs.  a,  t.-NlLssoN,  Skand.  Fano.,  1847, 
400.— WoODHOUBE,  Sitgreaves's  Exped.  down  the  ZuDi  and  Col.  Riv.,  ISK),  47  (New  Mexico).— 
GlEBEL,  Riiuget.,  1855,  619.— Blasius,  Nuturgeacb.  SUnget.  Deutscbl.,  1857,  405.— Wilson, 
Ediob.  New  Pbil.  Jonru., 2d  sen,  viii,  1858, 1  (fossil;  Scotland;  and  goog.  distr.).— TllEUOT, 
Verbandl.  Ver.  f. Naturk.  v.  Presbnrg,  ie60-<!l,  21.— HoLzi.,  ib., 9ti.— Zeittlks,  ib.,  16.— Smith, 
Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu.,  1861,  I4C  (habits  Amer.  Beav.).— FitzinoeR,  Zool.  Gart.,  1804,273 
(habits  Europ.  Beav.).— Rreks,  Zoologist,  '^d  ser.,  1869,  1953  (Newfoundlaad).- Copis,  Pmo. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Pbila.,  1860, 173  (fossil ;  Virginia).— Allen,  Bull.  Mns.  Conip.  Zool.,  i,  1869, 
228;  Proo.  Bost.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist.,  xiii,  1800,  100 ;  xvii,  1874,  43 ;  Bull.  Essex  Institute,  vl,  1874, 
49,  56,  61,  65.— LlLUEBORO,  Fauna  ofver  Sveriges  och  Norges,  1871,  340. 

Caitor  eanadauit  Kuhl,  Beitr.  z.  Zoologie,  1620,  64.— Fischer,  Synop.  Mam.,  1829,  288.— Newberry, 
Pacif.  R.  R.  Expl.  and  Surv.,  vi,  iv,  1857, 62  (California  and  Oregon).— 3aird,  Mam.  N.  Amer., 
1858, 355,  pi.  xlviii,  ag.  1  (skull) ;  U.  8.  and  Mex.  Bonnd.  Snrv.,  ii,  li,  1850, 40.— Cooper,  Pacif. 
K.  R.  Expl.  and  Surv.,  xii,  ii,  18C9,  82  (California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory); 
Amer.  iSat.,  ii,  1808,  53:<  (Upper  Missouri).— SucKLEY,  Pucif.  R.  R.  Expl.  nnd  Surv.,  xii,  1859, 
ii,  100  (Milk  River).— Leidv,  Holmes's  Post-pliocene  Fossils  South  Carolina,  1860,  iii,  pi.  xxi, 
fig.  2  (fossil ;  Ashley  River,  S  C.) ;  Journ.  Phil.  Aca<l.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  v,  18(30,405  (fojsll).— 
Hayden,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soo.,  xii,  1862,  146  (Upper  Missouri).- CouES,  Amer.  Nat.,  i, 
1867,  362;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1867,  135  (Arizona).— Gilpin,  Proo.  and  Trans.  Nova 
Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.,  iii,  1872,  152  (Beaver  dams).- GliEEN  &  Brown,  Journ.  Linn.  Soo. 
Zoiil.,  X,  1809,  361  (nat.  hist,  r.nd  hunting ;  Pacific  slope  of  Rocky  Mts.). 

Caitor  fiber  vat.  anuricanu»  Richardson,  Fann.  Bor.-Amer.,  i,  1829,  105.— Waqner,  Snppl.  Schreber's 
Siiuget.,  Iv,  1844, 7.— Audubon  &  Bachhan,  North  Am.  Quad.,  i,  1849,  :!47,  pi.  xlvl.— Wvman, 
Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts.,  2d  ser.,  x,  1850,  61,  fig.  4  (fossil ;  Memphis,  Tenn.).- Morgan  & 
Ely,  The  Beaver  and  his  Works,  1868,  44,  pi.  i-xxiii,  and  90  woodcuts  (gi'neral  history  and 
anatomy). 

Cattor  (fiber  var.  1)  catutdennt  Coues  &  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Expl.  and  Surveys  west  100th  Merid.,  v,  Zoul., 
1875, 123  (Colorado,  Utah,  and  Arizona). 

*  Many  references  additional  to  those  here  given  to  early  papers  on  the  general  history  and 
anatomy  of  the  Beaver  may  be  found  In  Brandt  and  Ratzeburg's  elaborate  memoir  on  this  animal 
(Medizinische  Zoologie,  4to,  Berlin,  i,  1829,  pp.  12-30),  which  is  particularly  rich  in  references  to  pre- 
LiDDCBon  works.  Dr.  C.  ues  (see  Bibliographical  appendix  to  this  article)  has  also  kindly  added  other 
references  to  the  American  Beaver. 
28  M 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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u 


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■  2.0 

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Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WEBSTH.N.Y.  14SM 

(71«)I72-4S03 


'^ 


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434 


MONOORAPUS  OF  NOUTII  AMEUICAN  RODKNTIA. 


:|i!i!l1 


n  : 


Catlor  amerlcanHt  Riciiaiidson,  Back'*  Arctic  Lam)  Exped.,  IKW,  41M.— Urardt,  M<m.  Acad.  St.  P€t«nb., 
Cth  wr.,  Sci.  Nnt.,  vii.lteTi.  04,  (lis.  i,  11,  HI  (UU  and  akiill).— Maximillan,  WleRm.  Arch., 
IMU,  i,  i:». 

Catlor  ettropau  Owen,  Urit.  Kom.  Mum.,  1846,  1U0.  , 

Cattor  fibtr  aeu  europcciu  Diiandt,  M<^ni.  Acad.  St.  P(Sterab.,  6tb  ler.,  Sci.  Nat.,  vii,  1856,  65. 

Catior  fiber  var.  europmui  Morgan,  Amur.  n«av«r  and  bin  Wurks,  1868,  44. 

Le  Cantor  oh  le  BUtrt,  Uriswix,  R()f(iie,  Anim.,  1756,  13:1. 

Catlor  Bearer,  Pennant,  "  Synnp.  Quad.,  %35 ;  Hint.  Quad.,  1781,  No.  251 " ;  Arctic  Zo8l.,3d  ed.,  1, 1793, 113, 

The  lUater,  LaW8<)K,  Hist.  Carolina,  1871,  131.— Catrody,  Nat.  HUt.  Carolina,  1731,  I,  xxix.— Urickkll, 
Nat.  Hist.  N.  Car.,  1737,  131.— Heaunb,  Jonm.  to  the  Northern  Ocean,  17U5,  230.— Hkck- 
WKLURK,  Tranii.  Amer.  Phil.  Boo.  Ut  aer.,  vl,  l>jOO,  300  (habitH).— Buckley,  Anicr.  Jonm. 
Sol.  and  Arta,  3d  nvr..  Hi,  1846,  434  (North  Carolina).— Bhumlky,  Ibid.,  iv,  1847,385  (Ala- 
bama).—A.  Ar.ASSiz,  Pror.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  Hiat.,  xlil,  1860, 100  (Beaver  dania).—BRUNOT,  Add. 
Rep.  Smith.  Inst,  for  1873,  1874, 433  (habita). 

Le  Catlor  in  Canada,  V.  CuviEit  &,  Qkokfroy.  Hist.  Nat.  dea  Mam.,  i,  liv.  6, 1810  (ilgnre). 

Catlor  a  Europe,  F.Cuviek  St  (iKOKFiiov,  ibid.,  111,117.51,001.  1835  (Hguro). 

DESCRIPTION. 

Body  thick,  heavy,  depressed,  enlarging  posteriorly,  broadest  near  the 
hips;  head  large  und  broad;  muffle  naked;  nostrils  lateral,  divided;  ears 
short,  rounded,  furred,  and  nearly  hidden  in  the  pelage ;  tail  broad  and  Rat, 
covered  with  horny  blackish  scales;  fore  feet  short  and  weak,  unwebbed  ;  hind 
feet  larga,  fully  palmate ;  soles  of  all  the  feet  naked,  upper  surface  hairy ; 
second  toe  of  hind  feet  usually  furnished  with  a  double  claw,  the  supple- 
mental one  being  placed  transversely  beneath  the  true  one;  under-fur  sot>, 
dense,  and  grayish ;  overlying  hairs  coarse,  shining-chestnut  Length  of 
body,  about  bO  inches;  of  tail,  about  10;  weight  of  adult,  about  45  to  50 
pounds,  ranging  to  upward  of  60. 

Tlie  general  color  of  the  Beaver  above  is  reddish-brown,  varying  to 
lighter  or  darker  in  different  individuals  and  probably  with  the  season ; 
lighter,  approaching  grayish,  below.  The  Beaver  appears  to  be  generally 
darker  to  the  northward,  where  it  is  occasionally  nearly  black.  Albinistic 
individuals  are  also  more  or  less  frequent,  either  wholly  white,  creamy  white, 
or  with  patches  of  white.  To  such  specimens  have  been  given  the  various 
varietal  names  of  nigra,  albm,  variegatus,Jtavui,  ct«. 

The  Beaver  is  apparently  several  years  in  attaining  its  growth,  increas- 
ing in  size  long  after  it  has  acquired  its  mature  tientition.  Two-year-old 
Beuvers  generally  weigh  about  thirty-five  to  forty  pounds,  while  very  old  ones 
occasionally  attain  a  weight  of  upward  of  sixty.  Morgan  records  the  capture 
of  one  which  weighed  sixty-three  pounds.  The  increase  in  the  size  of  the 
skull  seems  to  continue  nearly  through  life;  in  old  age  the  skull  not  only 
acquires  larger  dimensions,  but   the    weight  is  relatively  greater  in  conse- 


ii-«ftiiigia;i'' I  ■'"--■ 


CA8TORID.E—CA8TOK— CASTOR  FIBER. 


435 


quence  of  the  increased  thickness  and  density  of  the  bones.  The  ridges  liir 
the  attachment  of  muscles  also  become  more  strongly  developed  in  old  age 
All  of  the  forty-five  sknlls,  of  which  measurements  arc  given  below,  had 
attained  mature  dentition,  but  the  variation  in  size  they  present  with  age  is 
very  considerable.  In  the  series  of  sixteen  from  Arctic  America,  the  varia- 
tion in  length  ranges  from  4  45  to  5.2H,  and  in  breadth  from  'i.lb  to  S.H^.  In 
a  series  of  twelve  skulls  from  the  Platte  and  Upper  Missouri  Rivers,  the 
variation  is  still  greater,  ranging  in  length  from  4.40  to  5.65,  and  from  3.10 
to  4  15  in  breadth.  The  apparent  wide  range  of  individual  variation  in  size 
ill  the  large  series  of  skulls  examined  is  largely  due  to  differences  of  age,  as 
will  be  seen  from  an  examination  of  the  subjoined  tai)le  of  measurements,  in 
which  the  relative  age  of  the  specimens  is  indicated,  as  judged  by  the  condi- 
tion of  the  sutures,  the  teeth,  the  relative  development  of  the  ridges  for  mus- 
cular attachment,  and  the  density  of  the  bony  structure.  In  four  very  old 
skulls  from  nearly  the  same  locality,  the  greatest  variation  is  from  5.10  to 
5.25  in  length,  and  3.50  to  3.85  in  breadth.  In  the  three  marked  in  the  table 
as  "old",  but  evidently  younger  than  those  marked  "very  old",  the  variation 
ranges  from  4.50  to  4.90  in  length,  and  from  3.30  to  3.60  in  breadth.  Those 
evidently  much  younger,  and  marked  in  the  table  as  "middle-aged",  eight  in 
number,  all  fall  within  these  extremes,  so  that  the  range  of  purely  individual 
variation  may  amount  to  fully  20  per  cent,  of  the  average.  In  re8|>ect  to 
particular  elements  of  the  skull,  the  variation  is  greater  than  in  general  size. 
Nos.  9477  snd  7201,  with  a  length  of  5.25  each,  vary  in  breadth  from  3.50 
to  3.85.  Yet  the  narrower  of  these  two  skulls  has  much  the  wider  nasals, 
which  have  a  breadth  of  0.95  against  0.87  in  the  other ;  they  are,  however, 
at  the  same  time  shorter,  having  a  length  of  only  1.72  against  1.90  in  the 
other,  and  hence  vary  enormously  in  general  form,  in  the  one  being  short 
and  greatly  expanded,  in  the  other  long,  narrow,  (.ad  of  nearly  uniform  width 
throughout.  In  the  one,  the  zygomatic  arch  is  short,  broad,  and  heavy  ;  in 
the  other,  narrower,  longer,  and  more  slender.  The  interparietal  bone  in 
these  two  skulls  is  as  different  in  shape  as  can  well  be  imagined.  In  No. 
7201,  the  anterior  half  is  triangular,  the  posterior  abruptly  expanding,  and 
baoally  greatly  widetiing.  In  No.  8676,  it  is  more  than  one-half  smaller,  and 
is  regularly  triangular  to  its  base.  In  other  skulls,  it  is  even  still  narrower ; 
this  element  of  the  skull  presenting,  in  different  specimens,  almost  endless 
variations  in  respect  to  both  size  and  form  The  frontals  are  perhaps  still 
mor?  '  ariable,  especially  in  respect  to  the  interparietal  portion.     This  portion 


I 


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m 

BBBS:  ■ 

436 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOltTU  AMEBICAN  KODENTIA. 


is  tnore  than  twice  ns  wide  in  some  specimens  us  in  others  of  the  snme  size; 
the  puriettil  borders  ure  sometimes  straight  and  paruUei,  but  sometimes  straiglit 
and  iit  the  same  time  rnpidly  convergent;  but  generally  their  parietal  border 
is  mora  or  less  concave.  Their  interorbital  breadth  is  also  very  variable.  The 
lachrymal  varies  greatly  in  size,  and,  while  generally  triangular,  is  occasionally 
quadrate.  The  anterior  nasal  aperture,  while  narrower  below  than  above,  is 
generally  distinctly  quadrate,  but  sometimes  decidedly  triangular,  and  oilen 
more  or  less  approaches  a  triangular  form.  It  also  varies  exceedingly  in  rela- 
tive size.  The  nasals  vary  greatly,  as  already  shown,  in  size  and  lorn.,  inde- 
pendently of  the  general  size  of  the  skull,  ranging  in  length  from  1.72  to 
l.yO,  and  in  breadth  from  0.87  to  1.00.  Posteriorly,  they  may  be  truncate, 
pointed,  or  bifurcate.  Generally,  the  greatest  width  is  anterior  to  the  middle, 
the  anterior  half  bciiig  abruptly  expanded  at  the  middle,  or  the  lateral  outline 
may  be  regularly  and  moderately  swollen.  Marked  variations  are  also  notice- 
able in  respect  to  the  size  and  form  of  the  zygomatic  processes;  in  the  rela- 
tive size  of  the  malar  bone;  and  in  the  general  details  of  the  lower  surface 
of  the  skull. 

In  regard  to  geographical  variation  in  size,  the  largest  specimens  are 
from  the  Upper  Missouri.  Of  the  twenty-six  skulls  marked  in  the  table  us 
"old"  or  "very  old",  six  Alaskan  ones  average  4.91  by  3.61;  nine  Upper 
Missouri  and  Platte  River  skulls  average  5.30  by  3.89;  three  Lake  Superior 
and  Maine  skulls  average  4.95  by  3.47 ;  four  Rio  Grande  and  Mississippi 
skulls  average  5.23  by  3.88.  Of  the  "middle-aged"  series,  nine  from  Arctic 
America  average  4.84  by  3.39 ;  five  from  the  Upper  Missouri,  4.54  by  3.32 ; 
a  middle  aged  Mississippi  skull  measures  4.70  by  3.35.  While  the  specimens 
are  too  few  to  yield  positive  results,  it  seems  safe  to  assume  that  the  Upper 
Missouri  animal  is  larger  than  either  the  Alaskan  or  Texan  one,  and  that  even 
the  Texan  one  is  rather  larger  than  the  Arctic  American.  The  southern 
skulls,  however,  are  evidently  much  more  aged  than  those  from  the  far  north, 
so  that  more  specimens,  all  equally  aged,  would  probably  show  little,  if  any, 
difference  in  size  between  those  from  the  extreme  north  and  the  extreme 
south.  While  the  series  of  "old"  skulls  from  the  Up|)er  Missouri  country 
averages  much  larger  than  the  series  from  the  far  north,  the  average  for  the 
middle-aged  series  is  reversed,  the  northern  being  the  larger.  This  difference, 
however,  is  more  apparent  than  real;  the  Upper  Missouri  series  of  five 
marked  " middle-aged"  averaging  considerablyyonnger  than  the  more  northern 
series  of  nine  similarly  marked. 


71 


CASTOBID^— CASTOR— CASTOR  FIBER. 


RELATION   OK   THE  AMERICAN  AND  OLD  WORLD  BEAVERS. 


437 


Tlie  earlier,  and  by  far  the  greater  part  of  iiaturuliatH  have  reganleil  the 
Beavers  of  the  Old  World  and  the  New  as  specifically  identical.  According  to 
Brandt,*  Oken.t  in  1816,  first  suggested  that  they  were  different ;  he  regarding 
the  American  animal  as  being  more  reddish  and  much  the  larger.  G.  Cuvier,t 
in  1817,  affirmed,  that,  after  the  most  scrupulous  comparison  <>f  the  Old 
World  Beaver,  from  different  localities,  with  the  New  World  Beaver,  he  was 
unable  to  satisfy  himself  whether  or  not  they  were  specifically  distinct.  In 
1820,  Kuhl§  described  a  young  specimen  of  the  American  Benver  from  Hud- 
son's Bay,  under  the  name  Castor  canadenmx,  without,  however,  giving  any 
special  reasons  therefor.  In  1825,  F.  Cuvier,  ||  in  describing  specimens  of 
the  European  Beaver,  claimed  that  there  were  very  decided  differences  in  the 
structure  of  the  skull  as  well  as  in  size,  he  stating  the  European  Beaver  to  be 
"d'un  sixifeme  plus  grand  (|u'un  Castor  du  Canada".  His  detailed  account  of 
ihe  cranial  differences,  however,  show  that  his  American  skull  was  that  of  a 
quite  immature  animal,  and  that  the  differences  mentioned  were  mainly  such 
as  would  result  from  differences  of  age.  He  calls  attention,  however,  to  one 
|M)int  of  some  importance,  and  one  which  all  subsequent  comparisons  liavc 
confirmed,  namely,  the  greater  posterior  extension  of  the  nasal  bones  in  the 
European  animal.  G.  Cuvier,1  the  same  year,  also  dwells  upon  the  impor- 
tance of  the  same  character  as  distinctive  of  the  two  forms,  as  well  as  also 
upon  the  general  form  of  the  nasal  bones.  In  1827,  Brandt  and  Ratzcburg** 
pointed  out  numerous  minor  (differences  in  the  shape  of  the  head,  tail,  feet, 
incisors,  etc.,  as  existing  between  the  single  individuals  compared.  Richard- 
8on,ft  i"  1829,  called  the  American  Beaver  Castor  Jiber,  americanus,  but 
cited  no  differences  characterizing  the  two  forms.  Keyscrling  and  Blasius  || 
treatetl  the  European  Beaver  as  specifically  distinct  from  the  American,  and 
Wagner, §§  in  1844,  as  varietally  distinct.  Audubon  and  Bachman,||  ||  in  1846, 
also  formally  adopted  the  same  view,  but  stated  that  the  only  difference  per- 

'M^ni.  AcmI.  St.  P^terab.,  6th  Kr.,  vol.  vii.  p.  44. 
t  L«brb.  il.  Zuologie,  9te  Abtb.,  p.  SSO. 
t  K^Kne  Aiiiiii.,  Ut  ed.,  tonm  i,  p.  lUl. 
$  Bnitriigu  ziir  Zoologir,  p.  04. 

I  Hilt.  Nat.  dM  Mam.,  liv.  61. 

f  Ossein.  KuH.,  M  «!.,  tome  v,  p.  57. 

■*  Mwlixinlnbe  Zoologie,  vol.  I,  pp.  13-30. 

tt  t'nnii.  Bor.-Anier.,  vol.  i,  p,  105. 

X\  Wirbttltbivre  del  Earopu,  p.  7. 

%i  Abbsndl.  d.  HUocbenor  Akad.,  matb.-pbjn.  CUfk,  lt)44,  p.  36 ;  Sappl.  Sohraber'a  Sftaget.,  It,  '. 

II  Qnad.  N.  Am«r.,  vol.  i,  p.  347. 


m  ■  .1 


I . 


>l\ 


IP.«! 


|:M"^« 


438 


MONOOUArUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


CRptibln  to  them  was  the  rather  larger  size  of  the  Americnn  animal.  In 
1855,  Hrantlt*  made  un  (thilmrateMtudy  of  the  xultject,  arriving  at  the  coiielii- 
sion  that  the  New  and  Old  World  Beavers  were  specificMilly  distinct,  from  his 
finding  a  few  slight  but  tolerably  constant  cranial  differences,  coupled  witli 
certain  differences  in  the  structure  of  the  castoreum-sacs,  and  in  the  prop- 
erties of  the  castoreum  itself.  Buird.t  in  1858,  8upp<irted  the  same  view, 
without  adducing,  however,  any  additional  evidence,  although  inclining  to  the 
opinion  that  the  American  aniuiul  was  the  larger.  In  1S68,  Morgan  and  Ely| 
re-examined  the  subject,  having  nt  command  a  large  amount  of  material,  and 
came  to  the  conclusion  that,  at  best,  the  two  animals  could  be  regarded  as 
only  varieties  of  the  same  species. 

The  evident  thoroughness  with  which  Brandt  investigated  the  subject 
has  generally  led  to  the  adoption  of  his  conclusions,  and,  consequently,  for 
the  last  twenty  years,  the  Beavers  of  the  Old  and  the  New  World  have  quite 
currently  passed  as  distinct  though  closely  related  species. 

In  order  to  present  the  subject  fairly,  I  transcribe  Brandt's  general  sum- 
mary in  full,  in  the  words  of  Dr.  Ely's  translation,  together  with  Dr.  Ely's 
valuable  comments.  Brandt's  material  consisted  of  eight  European  and  five 
American  skulls,  while  Dr.  Ely's  series  of  American  skulls  exceeded  one 
hundred,  but  embraced  only  a  single  European  one.  By  the  aid  of  Brandt's 
excellent  monograph,  however,  he  was  able  to  quite  satisfactorily  compare 
the  two  forms.  As  Dr.  Brandt's  paper  gives  a  most  elaborate  and  detailed 
account  of  the  differences  observed  by  him  between  the  crania  of  the  two 
forms,  I  quote  it  somewhat  at  length,  using  Dr.  Ely's  translation  in  preference 
to  the  original,  since  it  thereby  becomes  more  easily  available  to  the  majority 
of  American  readers.  I  also  append  a  summary  of  Dr.  Ely's  comments, 
based,  as  they  are,  upon  the  careful  investigation  of  an  exceptionally  large 
number  of  specimens.  I  furthermore  incorporate  therewith  the  results  of 
my  own  study  of  an  additional  series  of  upward  of  sixty  American  skulls 
and  two  European  ones. 

Dr.  Brandt  finds,  through  his  own  studies  and  those  of  his  predecessors 
in  the  same  field,  that  outwardly  there  are  no  satisfactory  indications  of  spe- 
cific difference,  either  in  size,  color,  the  form  of  the  head,  ear,  or  foot,  or  in 
the  scales  of  the  tail ;  but  that  the  skull  affords  a  number  of  pretty  constant 

*  M<ni.  AcwI.  St.  P«t<!nb.,  6tb  «er.,  8ci.  Nat.,  vol.  vli,  pp.  43-66. 

t  Mam.  N.  Amer.,  p.  35S. 

t  Tbe  Bmvitr  and  his  Wnrka,  chap,  f,  and  appendix  A. 


ii  iifi'i-litBilti 


CASTOBIDil!— OA8TOK— OASTOIt  FIBER 


439 


(liflerenceii,  some  of  which  are  quite  striking;  and  that  the  structure  of  the 
ca8tnr-sac8  and  the  properties  of  their  secretion  also  differ  notably  in  the  two 
forms.  Some  of  the  diflferenccs  in  the  structure  of  the  skull  pointed  out 
have  less  value  than  Dr.  Brandt  assigned  to  them,  being  variations  of  an 
inconstant  and  individual  character,  while  those  he  relics  upon  as  of  more  im- 
|M>rtancc  Dr.  Ely  shows  are  not  so  constant  as  Brandt,  from  the  study  of  his 
small  number  of  specimens,  8up|M>8ed  them  to  be.  There  are  few,  if  any,  dif- 
ferences mentioned  by  Brandt  as  distinctively  chamcterizing  the  £uro|>ean 
Beaver  that  cannot  be  found  occasionally  in  the  American.  On  this  point, 
Dr.  Ely  remarks,  that,  through  his  large  series  of  American  skulls,  he  finds 
"that  many  more  resemblances  may  be  traced  between  the  European  and 
the  American 'Beaver  than  he  [Brandt]  has  observed,  thus  reducing  the 
amount  of  constant  differences  between  the  two  varieties".* 

In  respect  to  the  superior  aspect  of  the  skull,  Brandt  says: 

"If  we  examine  the  skull  of  the  Eumpean  and  of  the  American  Beaver 
[from  above],  we  notice  the  following  special  differences : 

"(1)  The  portion  of  the  frontal  bone  lying  between  the  arches  of  the 
eyebrows,  in  all  the  European  skulls  is  shorter  und  broader,  much  broader 
than  long;  but  in  the  American  narrower  and  somewhat  longer  (quite  as 
broad  as  long) ;  so  that  the  middle  transverse  diameter  of  the  anterior  portion 
of  the  frontal  bone — that  part  lying  between  the  eyes — is  in  the  American 
skulls  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  arch  of  the  eyebrows ;  but  in  the  Euro- 
pean it  appears  longer  than  this." 

Dr.  Ely  says  this  is  generally  true  of  the  American  skulls,  but  he  finds 
exceptions,  in  which  the  interorbital  portion  of  the  frontals  is  broader  than 
long,  a  statement  my  own  series  of  American  skulls  confirms.  In  six  speci- 
mens, Dr.  Ely  found  the  average  breadth  to  be  0.27  of  an  inch  greater  than 
the  length. 

"(2)  In  the  European  skulls,"  says  Brandt,  "the  arches  of  the  eyebrows 
are  shorter,  and  their  posterior  tubercles,  opposite  the  highest  |Miint  of  the 
malar  bone,  are  strongly  developed.  In  the  AinericiM),  on  the  contmry,  the 
posterior  eyebrow  processes  (only  indicated,  sometimes  scarcely  indicated  at 
all,  or  at  least  but  slightly  devehiped)  can  be  seen  back  of  the  highest  |ioint 
of  the  malar.  The  anterior  eyebrow  process  is  in  all  the  European  skulls 
likewise  stronger  than  in  the  American." 

*  Morgu'i  "  Beaver  and  bia  Work*",  p.  WO. 


m 


,., 


n 


440 


MONOOUAPIIS  OF  NORTH  AMEltlOAN  UODENTIA. 


Dr.  Ely  states  that  in  the  older  niul  larger  American  skulls,  both  orbital 
processes  are  strongly  developed,  in  many  skulls  the  posterior  one  being  us 
strongly  marked  as  in  the  European,  a  statement  I  find  confirmed  by  my  own 
series.  In  the  American  skulls,  he  finds  the  position  of  the  postorbital  proc- 
ess, in  respect  to  the  highest  point  of  the  malar  bone,  to  l>e  as  stated  by 
Brandt,  but  records  one  exception  to  even  this  diflcrencc. 

"(3)  The  snout,"  says  Brandt,  "measured  from  the  inferior  orbital  open- 
ing to  the  inferior  corner  of  the  nostril  in  two  European  skulls  of  equal  size 
(Nos.  TjC  and  liJG  of  the  Kicw  Coll.)  is  broader  and  somewhat  longer  than  in 
an  American  skull  in  the  Academic  Museum." 

"(4)  The  nasal  bones,"  Brandt  continues,  "show  the  greatest  variations. 
Their  lengtli  in  nil  the  European  is  much  above  one-third  the'  length  of  the 
skull,  measured  from  the  incisor  teeth  to  the  crista  occipitalis;  while,  on  the 
contrary,  in  the  three  larger  of  the  American  skulls  the  length  of  the  nasal 
bones  is  only  a  little  if  any  over  one-third,  and  the  smallest  not  even  one-third 
the  length  of  the  skull.  The  nasal  bones  of  the  six  older  skulls  lying  before  me 
of  the  European  Beaver  arc  therefore  longer,  and  extend  more  or  less  far  pos- 
teriorly, i.  e.  more  or  less  beyond  the  anterior  prominence  of  the  arch  of  the 
eyebrows,  so  that  they  (the  nasol  bones)  lie  with  their  posterior  borders 
nearly  or  qnite  opposite  the  middle  of  the  margin  of  the  orbits.  In  a  young 
Polish  Beaver  (No.  57  of  the  Kiew  Coll.)  they  reach,  however,  only  to  the 
anterior  third  of  the  orbital  ring,  and  in  our  young  Lapland  Beaver  they  lie 
nearly  as  in  our  California  Beaver  skull,  opposite  only  the  circumference  of 
the  anterior  border  of  the  orbital  ring.  In  none  of  five  American  skulls, 
lying  before  me,  on  the  contrary,  do  the  nasal  bones  extend  beyond  the  ante- 
rior prominence  of  the  eyebrows.  In  nearly  all  the  skulls  of  the  European 
Beaver,  compared  with  the  five  American  ones  lying  before  me,  the  nasal 
bones  are  in  form  longer  in  the  middle  and  posterior,  however,  in  general  nar- 
rower, so  that  their  breadth  in  their  middle  varies  between  one-fourth  and 
one-fiflh  of  their  length,  while  in  onr  five  American  skulls  the  breadth  of 
their  middle  portion  attains  to  between  one-third  and  one-fourth  of  their 
length.  Although  the  nasal  bones  of  the  American  beaver  are  thus  on  the 
whole  broader,  still  they  vary  less  in  this  respect  than  in  their  lesser  length. 
The  external  border  of  the  nasal  bones  of  the  European  Beaver  is  not  so 
strongly  curved  as  in  the  American.  Two  of  the  European  skulls,  however, 
approach  quite  to  the  American  in  this  respect.     The  superior  surface  of  the 


0ASTOltlD/K-C!A8TOlt— CA8TOU  FlUBU. 


441 


nntcriur  halt' of  the  nnsnl  bones  is  in  six  of  the  Europenii  skulls  pretty  plane; 
in  two  of  the  others,  on  the  contrnry  (Nos.  51  and  1965  of  tlie  Kiev;  Coll ),  ns 
in  all  the  five  Ainoricun,  it  ia  strongly  convex.  In  regard  to  the  character 
(or  relation)  of  the  nasul  bones,  there  remains,  therefore,  in  consequence  of  the 
preceding  remarks,  only  their  more  considerable  length  in  comparison  with  the 
skull  OS  a  mark  of  the  European  Beaver;  since  the  greater  lengthening  poste- 
riorly of  the  nasal  bones  cannot  be  so  rigorously  proven  in  nil  European  Beavers, 
especially  not  in  our  Lapland  specimens.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  the 
nasal  bones  are  less  prolonged  posteriorly  in  younger  aiiiinnls  than  in  full- 
grown,  so  that  in  this  wuy  the  full-grown  European  might  be  recognized  by 
its  |H)8tcriorly  prolonged  nasal  bones.  Confirmatory  of  this  view  are  the  fol- 
lowing facts :  1.  That  in  all  ol  the  six  old  skulls  lying  before  me  of  European 
Beavers,  the  posterior  extremities  of  the  nasal  bones  reach  more  or  less  far 
posteriorly,  and  that  this  happens  in  a  young  skull  of  the  Kiew  Collection 
(No.  57),  the  length  of  which  is  four  lines  greater  than  that  of  the  one  from 
Lapland;  and,  2,  that  in  one  very  young  American  skull,  the  nasal  bones 
extend  backward  somewhat  less  relatively  thon  in  the  full-grown." 

As  Dr.  Ely  remarks,  it  is  in  respect  to  the  nasal  bones  that  the  greatest 
difference  has  been  observed  between  the  European  and  American  Beavers. 
This  difference  was  long  since  pointed  out  by  both  the  Cuviers,  and  later  con- 
firmed by  Owen  as  well  as  Brandt.  The  greater  {wsterior  prolongation  is 
not,  however,  constant,  as  shown  by  Brandt  himself,  and  in  one  uf  the  Euro- 
pean skulls  now  before  me,  a  veri/  old  instead  of  a  young  specimen  (No.  3672, 
"Skogit  River"),  they  do  not  extend  beyond  the  point  reached  by  one-fifth 
of  the  American  skulls  now  before  me.  In  none  of  the  American  skulls, 
however,  do  they  attain  the  posterior  extension  ordinarily  seen  in  the  Euro- 
pean. In  sixty  American  skulls,  the  nasals  terminate  posteriorly,  in  one-fifth 
of  them,  about  opposite  the  middle  of  the  anterior  orbital  process;  in  nearly 
one-half,  they  terminate  opposite  the  hinder  margin  of  the  anterior  orbital 
process ;  in  eight  others,  they  advance  a  little  more  posteriorly ;  and,  in  twelve 
others,  pass  slightly  beyond  this  point,  exactly  corresponding  in  this  respect 
with  frequent  specimens  of  the  European  Beaver.  In  one  American  speci- 
men, the  niuials  do  not  quite  reach  the  |)oint  opposite  this  process.  In  respect 
to  their  relutive  length,  as  compared  with  the  whole  length  of  the  skull,  the 
American  average  rather  shorter  than  the  European,  ranging,  in  the  American 
skulls,  from  0.34  Ui  U.36  of  the  length  of  the  skull  against  0.38  in  two  Euro- 


442 


MUNOURAPH8  OP  NORTD  AMBRICAN  HODENTIA. 


I)can  8kullH.  Dr.  Ely  Htiites  thnt,  in  six  American  Rkulls,  tlie  average  length 
is  r>.3*J,  and  tlio  avcrngu  litngtii  of  the  nasait*  l.Kl,  or  nearly  0.34  uf  the  length. 
In  three  others,  with  an  average  length  uf  4.42,  the  nasaU  average  1.69  or 
0.36  of  the  length.  In  seven  others,  he  finds,  however,  the  relative  length 
of  the  nasals  still  greater. 

"(5)  The  frontal  portion  of  the  lachrymal  bone  in  the  American  Beaver," 
Brandt  finds,  "is  more  triangular, — posteriorly  twice  as  broad  as  anteriorly, — 
and  smaller  than  in  the  European ;  it  is  also  nearly  limited  to  the  space 
between  the  malar  and  fronttd  bones;  since  it  impinges  only  with  its  anterior 
border-like  narrow  en<l  upon  a  small  process  of  the  upper  jaw,  or  even  only 
approaches  it.  In  the  Beavers  of  the  Old  World,  however,  the  larger,  more 
quadrangular,  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  equally  broad  frontal  portion  of  the 
lachrymal  bone  lies  not  (mly  between  the  malar  and  frontal  bones,  but  is 
united  in  similar  extent  equilaterally  with  the  superior  maxillary." 

In  the  majority  of  instances.  Dr.  Ely  finds  the  diflerences  here  men- 
tione«!  by  !^randt,  but  states  that  in  some  of  his  skulls  the  lachrymal  has  the 
quutlrnngular  form,  being  as  broad  anteriorly  as  posteriorly,  and  my  own  series 
affords  ad<litional  exceptions,  the  individual  variation  in  the  form  of  this  bone 
being  very  great  in  the  American  skulls. 

In  respect  to  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  skull,  Dr.  Brandt  found  the 
nasal  opening  triangular  in  the  European, — narrower  inferiorly,  and  hence 
more  or  less  pointed, — but  quadrangular  in  the  American,  being  but  little 
narrower  below  than  above.  Dr.  Ely  notes  the  greater  tendency  to  the 
quadrangular  form  in  the  American,  but  cites  examples  where  the  opening 
is  nearly  if  not  quite  as  triangular  as  in  the  European,  and  I  find  several 
American  skulls  in  my  series  that  fully  bear  out  the  statement.  The  form  of 
the  nasal  opening,  however,  is  very  variable;  in  very  few  is  it  distinctly  quad- 
rangular, being  gen'j>\.lly  considerably  narrowed  and  rounded,  or  more  or  less 
angular,  below.  Dr.  Brandt  also  finds  the  inter-  and  inferior  maxillariea 
broader  in  the  European  skulls  than  in  the  American,  and  the  incisors  also 
correspondingly  broader.  As  shown  by  Dr.  Ely,  however,  the  difference  is 
evidently  somewhat  less  than  the  amount  claimed  by  Dr.  Brandt. 

In  respect  to  the  lateral  aspect  of  the  skull,  Dr.  Brandt  finds  no  difler- 
ence  in  the  dorsal  outline  in  the  two  forms,  but  [joints  out  a  number  of  alleged 
differences  in  other  features.  The  zygomatic  process  of  the  maxillary  he 
claims  is  relatively  narrower,   as  compared   with  the  malar  bone,  in   the 


;5-  wV«*4^^'«<4 


fsmf.. 


CASTOBII)^— 0A8TOK— <U8TOIl  FIUBR. 


443 


American  than  in  the  Euro|)eun  ;  i)ut  l)oth  Dr.  Kly't*  Hcries  and  my  own  furnish 
many  oxccptionH  to  this,  wliich  sciMnH  tn  he  a  diHtinctiun  ufiittlo  importance. 

The  (lifferencert  referrcil  to  by  Brandt,  in  rc8j)ect  to  the  prominence  of 
the  nasal  proccHs  «if  the  intermaxillary,  the  form  of  the  mahir  hone,  and  the 
presence  of  a  ridge  below  the  orbital  ring,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
parietal  and  frontal  bones,  are  also  inconstant,  and  of  slight  or  very  doubtful 
value  08  features  distinctive  of  the  two  forms ;  and  the  same  may  be  also 
almost  said  of  the  other  differences  detailed  by  Brandt  as  occurring  in  the . 
lateral  aspect  of  the  skull  (numbered  6,  7,  and  8  under  ^  3  in  his  memoir) ; 
the  parts  referred  to  are  so  variable  in  diflferent  specimens  of  the  American 
animal. 

In  respect  to  the  |>osterior  aspect  of  the  skull,  the  main  difference 
insisted  upon  by  Brandt  is  in  respect  to  the  shape  of  the  occipital  foramen. 
Respecting  this  point,  Dr.  Ely  well  observes:  "  If  we  examine  a  large  number 
of  skulls  of  the  American  Beaver,  the  great  variety  of  forms  presented  by  the 
occipital  foramen  appears  remarkable  It  is  sometimes  low  and  broad,  again 
a  rounded  arch,  and  in  other  instances  shows  the  high  triangular  shape  peculiar 
to  the  European  variety.  This  form  is  found  frequently  in  young,  and 
occasionally  in  old  [American]  skulls." 

In  respect  to  the  posterior  aspect  of  the  skull.  Dr.  Brandt  notices  the 
larger  size  and  greater  depth  of  the  basilar  cavity  in  the  European,  with  the 
more  rounded  margins,  and  the  more  anterior  position  of  the  auditory  bullie, 
differences  both  Dr.  Ely's  specimens  and  my  own  show  to  be  quite  constant. 
In  the  American  skulls,  these  are  quite  variable  features,  so  that  occasionally 
there  is  a  close  approximation  to  the  European  form. 

Afler  noticing  in  detail  all  of  the  alleged  differences  pointed  out  by  Dr. 
Brandt,  Dr.  Ely  concludes  his  examination  in  the  following  words :  "  I  have 
thus  endeavored  to  show,  from  an  examination  of  a  large  number  of  skulls  of 
the  American  Beaver,  that  a  greater  tendency  to  variation  in  these  structures 
exists  than  was  observed  by  Dr.  Brandt,  in  the  smaller  number  (five  American 
and  eight  European),  on  which  he  based  his  differential  characteristics.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  Brandt  does  not  insist  upon  the  most  obvious  feature 
which  distinguishes  the  Old  World  Beaver  from  that  of  the  New  World,  viz. 
the  greater  lengthening  posteriorly  of  the  nasal  bones,  since  it  'cannot  be 
rigorously  proven  in  all  cases '.  Following  out,  then,  the  principle  which 
guided  his  researches,  many  additional  exceptional  instances  have  been  found 


I 


?^5^"'^I*f*1 


'fffi 


:i'  ^^! 


^-; 


■■ii 


444 


MONUUUAi'UH  OF  NORTH  AMEUIOAN  KODKNTIA. 


to  invalidate!  the  roncliisions  I  lint  tlio  Kuropenn  and  the  American  Urnvor 
constitute  dirtcrent  s|ie(!ii'ti.  The  extremes  of  diU'ercnee,  in  their  iiggrcf^ute, 
on  the  one  side  mid  on  the  other,  nrc  sutticiently  striking  to  juotify  uh  in 
regarding  them  nti  varieties  of  one  and  the  same  species;  while  the  want  uf 
constancy  in  these  peculiarities  suggests  the  inference,  th:it  these  variations 
are  due  to  long  separation  uf  the  races,  and  to  accidental  causes,  rather  than  to 
original  diversity  of  the  stock.  It  is  conceded  by  the  advocates  of  a  diversity 
of  species  that  the  Beavers  of  the  Old  and  the  New  World  cnnnut  be  dis- 
tinguished by  any  external  characteristic.  The  same  is  true  of  their  habits 
and  instincts,  except  so  far  us  they  have  l)een  evidently  controlled  by  external 
influences.  The  castoreum  secretion  is  variable,  even  in  the  European 
Ueavers,  and  there  are  tiicts  to  show  that  the  elements  of  the  food  of  tiie 
nnimul  arc  found  in  it.*  The  differences  observed  in  il,  being  more  ot  degree 
than  of  kind,  are  not  of  such  a  character  as  to  render  it  improbable  that  they 
are  due  to  tlie  intluence  of  climate,  food,  and  accidental  cau8es.''f 

A  careful  analysis  of  the  above-noted  cranial  differences  between  the 
European  and  American  Beavers  shows  that  they  consist  mninly  in  (1)  the 
greater  general  breadth  of  the  anterior  portion  uf  the  skull,  resulting  in  n 
greater  interorbital  breadth,  wider  nasal  bones,  wider  muzzle,  and  consequently 
wider  incisors;  (2)  the  relatively  greater  posterior  extension  of  the  nasals; 
{'A)  the  greater  size  and  dcptii  of  the  basilar  cavity  ;  and  (4)  in  less  marked 
and  rather  more  inconstant  teatnresof  diflerence  inafew  other  points.  Con- 
ceding with  Dr.  Ely  their  varietal  or  subspecitic  distinctness,  the  two  forms 
may  be  thus  conveniently  diagnosed : 

Castor  Jib'' r  var.  _/?A^;.— Dorsal  surface  of  the  interorbital  region  gener- 
ally as  bruad  as,  or  broader  than,  long  ;  nasals  extending  backward  beyond  the 
posterior  border  ofthe  anterior  orbital  process;  basilar  cavity  deep  and  large ; 
bulliE  placed  more  anteriorly,  etc. 

Castor  Jiber  var.  canadensis. — Dorsal  surface  of  the  interorbital  region 
generally  lunger  than  broad;  nasals  generally  not  reaching  beyond  the  middle 
of  the  anterior  orbital  process ;  basilar  cavity  comparatively  shallow,  etc. 

Synonymy  and  Nomenclature. — In  respect  to  the  distinctive  name  ofthe 
American  form,  that  oi canadensis  of  Kuhl  evidently  has  priority;  the  amrri- 

'  Tku  casturvuni  of  I  be  Anieriuaii  Beaver  is  weU  knowu  lo  diffiT  very  iiiBti-riully  from  thai  n(  llie 
Old  Wurld  Beaver,  and  ban  a  very  tnncb  Hmaller  comoierclal  value.  Chemical  analyaes  abow  that  tbe 
coatureuin  of  tbo  KiiMiau  Ucaver  cuiitaiaa  mora  volatile  oil,  caatorio,  aod  reain,  and  much  leaj  carbonate 
of  lime,  than  tbat  of  the  American  Beaver. 

t  Morgaii'H  "  Tbe  Ilcaver  und  bis  Work*",  p.  StW. 


OABTOUIUiB— 0A8T011— OAHTOU  FIUEU. 


445 


canuii  "of  Olivier"*  being  proposed  some  five  years  siibsoquently.  Yet  l)y 
Ricimnition,  Audubon  and  Uurhninii,  Drnndt,  Morgan  and  Ely,  and  otlicrn, 
the  later  name  hns  been  adopted  in  prff('r(!nce  to  the  earlier  one  of  Kuhl. 
For  the  Old  World  Beaver,  the  original  Linnu'Mn  nanio^Arr  hon  been  by  some 
rejected  for  the  later  one,  furopaun,  used  by  Owen. 

aEOORAPIIICAL   DISrUIBI'TION. 

The  Beaver  family  existed  in  North  Ameriea  as  far  south  along  the 
Atlantic  scttitoord  as  Georgia  and  Northern  Klorida.f  It  also  occurred 
throughout  the  Gidf  Slates  nearly  as  far  south  os  the  Gulf  coast,' and  in  Texas 
to  the  Rio  Ornnde.  Its  exact  limit  south  of  the  Bio  Graiulc;  I  have  not  i)een 
able  t«>  determine ;  but  that  ils  range  extended  for  some  distance  into  Mexico 
is  well  ascertained.  The  collccticm  of  tiic  National  Mus(;um  contains  s|)eci- 
mens  from  Franklin  County,  Missi8si|)pi,  the  Lower  Rio  Grande,  an<l  Santa 
Clara,  California,  atid  Dr.  Couest  gives  it  as  nn  inhabitant  of  Arizona.  It  is 
al)undant  in  A  las  Im,  and  in  the  interior  extends  to  the  liarrcn  Grounds;  its 
northern  limit  being  apparently  coincident  with  the  northern  limit  ol  forests. 
Its  present  range,  however,  is  much  less  extended,  very  few  being  found  east 
of  the  Mississippi  River  south  of  the;  Great  Lakes,  and  it  is  far  less  numer- 
ous everywhere  than  formerly.  Some  still  remain  in  Northern  Maine  and 
in  the  Adirondack  region  of  New  York,  and  ])robably  some  still  survive  thence 
southward  in  the  sparsely-settled  districts  to  Alabama  and  Mississippi.  A 
recent  article  in  "Fo.est  and  Stream"  (vol.  vi.  No.  13.  p.  197,  Nov.  2,  187G) 
stales  that  they  are  still  abundant  in  portions  of  Virginia.^      Their  former 

*  Tliu  uaino  t'atlor  auericaaut  lit  oiiivvrauHy  nttributud  to  F.  Ciivier,  but  I  am  uuiiblo  to  Hud  it  au.v- 
whcro  uied  in  hla  writiiita.  In  his  "  Hint.  Nat.  drs  Mammifdrea",  b«  naeii  the  coiumuu  uame  only, — "Lc 
Ciuhir  da  CaiuHia ",— yet  this  work  In  osnaUy  cited  u  the  origin  of  the  §peolSa  Dame  "  aaurieamM  "  as 
appliod  to  the  Auierioan  Beaver. 

t  Bartram,  TrsvelH,  p.  381. 

I  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Hct.  Philad.,  1667,  p.  1:15 ;  Am.  Nat  p.  SttS. 

$The  aboTo-oited  article  mentlouii  particularly  Dlnwiuaie,  Nottoway,  BmuBWick,  Cnmborland, 
and  Onienvllle  Cunntles,  where  it  aayi  beavor-trappiHi;  has  of  late  been  again  profitably  pursued.  "  For 
instance,"  say*  tbia  aoooaot, '  -  there  is  the  veteran  trnp-maker,  Mr.  Newbouae,  who  made  bis  headquarters 
in  arei'DVJlIc  County  last  winter;  ho  realized  soiue  |!XIO  by  his  ezpeditlnn,  besides  srllluff  several  hundred 
dollars^  worth  of  steel  traps.  And  two  of  our  subscribers  ffom  Connecticut,  and  others  from  Central  Now 
York,  went  down  fo  Bmnswick  and  Nottoway,  and  wlicu  they  bad  harvested  their  packs  of  pelts  and 
were  reatly  to  leave,  tanght  the  native  young  '  chinoopins'  and  negroes  to  set  (raps,  so  that  they,  too, 
might  add  to  their  scanty  earnings.    More  than  one  small  farmer  has  had  occasion  to  bless  the  strangers 

who  came  among  them  and  showed  them  how  to  catch  ftar.    Besides  pnlting  money  into  their 

own  purse,  the  trapper  in  Virginia  will  do  the  residents  a  great  service  by  killing  of  the  '  vermin '  that 
destroy  their  orons,  .ind  thereby  save  as  well  as  earn.  Wo  have  onrselves  seen  acres  of  corn  totally 
destroyed  by  the  Bavers  down  there,  and  we  know  that  the  havoc  they  make  with  f.be  grain  causes 
a  serioos  loss  to  needy  and  straggling  people."  This  advertisement  of  the  abundance  of  the  Beavers  in 
Virginia  will  doubtless  resnlt  in  their  rapid  numerical  decrease,  if  not  speedy  total  extirpation,  through 
I'xcessivo  (icrsecntlon,  unless  the  authorities  of  Virginiii  should  have  the  wisdom  to  interpose  legal  pto- 
luctliin  fur  th'>  otherwiKo  doomed  animals. 


tn 


m 


446 


MONOGltAPll.    OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RGDBNTIA. 


m 


■'V  '■^■ 


existence  in  great  abundance  throughout  the  Atlantic  States,  and  thence  west- 
ward to  the  Pacific,  is  thoroughly  attested.  They  having  been  less  persistently 
hunted  during  recent  years  than  formerly,  they  are  reported  to  be  slowly  on 
the  increase  at  most  localities  where  they  still  remain. 

Dr.  Couc  informs  me  that  he  has  seldom  failed  to  find  Beaver  on  the 
..irious  streams  of  the  west  he  has  explored,  from  the  British  to  the  ]\Iexican 
boundary.  In  some  of  the  more  secluded  waters,  where  the  animals  have 
been  little  hunted,  he  has  watched  them  disporting  in  broad  daylight  with 
little  sense  of  danger.  He  has  nowhere  found  them  more  abundant  than 
on  the  various  mountain-streams  which  unite  to  form  the  heads  of  the  Nortii 
Platte  River,  in  North  Park,  Colorado,  where  some  of  the  rivulets  are  choked 
for  miles  with  successive  dams. 

The  Berlandier  MSS.  attest  the  presence  of  the  animal  in  various  por- 
tions of  Mexico. 

FOSSIL   REMAINS. 

Fossil  remains  of  the  American  Beaver  have  been  discovered  in  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  at  Memphis,  Tennessee,  associated  with  the  remains 
of  Castoroides*  in  the  Post-pliocene  deposits  of  the  Ashley  River,  South 
Carolina,  and  in  the  bone-caverns  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  The  bones 
of  the  European  Beaver  have  been  found  also  in  deposits  of  Post-pliocene 
age,  and  even  in  those  ot  the  Tertiary.  Ovvenf  reports  the  occurrence  of  the 
remains  of  the  European  Beaver  with  those  of  the  TrogontheriurA ,  Megnceroa, 
and  Mnstodon,  under  circumstances  indicative  of  their  conteriporaneous 
existence,  carrying  the  antiquity  of  the  European  Beaver  "far  back  into  the 
Tertiary  period  ".  In  the  Val  d'Arno,  according  to  the  same  authority,  they 
have  been  found  associated  with  the  remains  of  the  Mammoth,  Hippopotamus, 
and  Hyaeiia.  They  have  also  been  found  in  Europe  in  bone-caves,  but  most 
commonly  occr  in  peat  bogs  and  other  superficial  deposits.  Some  of  these 
remai".s  indicate  an  animal  rather  larger  than  the  largest  specimens  of  the 
existing  Beaver.  The  Castor  issiodoremis  from  Issoire  is  closely  related  to, 
if  not  identical  with,  Castor  fiber. 

*  W;maD,  Amer.  Journ.  Soi.  and  Arts,  8d  ser.,  vol.  z,  1850,  p.  64. 
t  Brit.  Fo«8.  Ham.  and  Birds,  p.  193. 


CASTOEID^-OASTOB-OASTOB  FIBER  CANADENSIS. 


447 


Table  I. — Meaiuremmit  of  forly-lhreetkuUt  of  Castor  fibkk  rar,  canadensis. 


g.!<4 

t*n 

arts 

8873 
8676 
8680 

trm 

8081 
7I'J4 
1X1 
7M4 
7IK9 

an 

4»l 

nao 

7399 
7390 
708 

«1M 

7S84 
9077 

eoM 

MS 

10006 

8V) 

3480 
;i47fl 
9380 
3477 

9143 
9144 
3371 

4  IS 
8011 
l!»)7 
Wll 
3779 
19037 
1003 
HM 
UI4 
3679 

«9M 


Locality. 


AlMka 

ilo 

do 

do 

do 

do... 

do 

do 

do 

Ft  Oood  Hope,  H.  B.  T 

do 

do 

do 

Fort  SlmiMoll,  H.  a  T 
do 

NelMD  River,  H.  B.  T 

L«ke  Snperior 

do 

do 

Oxford  Coolity,  Me. . . 


Upper  Mlasoari  ■ . 

do 

do 

do   

do 

do   

do 

Platte  River 

do , 

L'pperMlnoari.. 
Platte  River 


Cheyenne  River — 
While  River,  Dek  . 
KaiHu 


Fort  Heye,  Kuu... 
Venconver  lelend 

Orrgnu 

SuU  CUra.  Cal  .. . 
Franklin  Coonty,  Hlw 

Ulaeiwippl 

Rio  Orude,Tex... 
Uatamoraa,  Mexico 

do 

Bkagit  River 


River  BIbe,  Oennany 


4.  DO 
4.70 
5.9} 
S.SO 
S.10 
4.00 
4.110 
4.43 
4.90 
4.73 
3.93 
4.73 
4.83 
4.07 
4. 63 
4.60 
3.03 
4.85 
4.50 
4.93 

5.63 
5.60 
S..V 
5.40 
5.10 
4.90 
SlIO 
3.45 

a.  13 

4.60 
4.40 

4.30 
4.57 
4.75 

3.30 
&S0 
4.80 
500 
.130 
4.70 
5.93 
3.15 
3.93 
5.50 


3  SO 
3.43 
.1.70 
3.85 
3  75 
3.00 
3.:l3 
3.13 
.1.00 
3.35 
3.30 
3.35 

ara 

3.33 

a  18 
a  45 

3.50 
3.45 
195 
3  47 

4.15 

4.00 
4.03 
3.07 
3.90 
3.65 
3.75 
175 
3.8:1 

a4s 

110 

193 
3  37 
3.49 

3S5 
a  75 
!•« 
338 
395 
135 
180 
180 
1»S 


i 

s 

0  no 

0.00 
0.87 
0.90 
0.90 
0.88 
0.87 
0.83 
0.9-1 
0.85 
0.95 

aoo 

0.85 
0.87 
0.90 
0.99 

o.r4 

0.06 
0.88 
0.00 

1.19 

1.00 
1.00 
0.93 
0.93 
0.95 
0.04 
1.00 
1.00 
0.87 
0.95 

0.85 
0.00 
0.03 

l.Oi 
a9« 

a98 

0.95 
l.CO 
0.M 
0.85 
LOO 
L19 
1.07 


i 

a 

s 

L75 
LOO 
L87 

L73 
1.80 
1.30 
l.TO 
1.63 
L79 
L73 
L70 
1.65 
L«9 
1. 60 
L78 
L-0 
L40 


9.05 
«.  10 
9.00 
L97 
L8S 
1.83 
L73 
L90 
L85 
LOO 
L47 

L5I 
LOO 

Leo 

L85 
1. 90 
L75 
L83 
1.97 
L75 
L90 
L75 
1.75 
fton 


0.80 

a87 

0.87 
LOO 

0.80 
0.89 
0.80 
0.87 
0.89 
0.95 
0.» 
0.85 
0.80 
0.78 
0.00 
0.83 
0.90 
0.78 


LIO 
LOS 
LOO 
1.03 
0.90 
LOO 
0.89 
0.93 
0.08 
0.85 
0.80 

a87 

aes 

0,96 

1.03 
0.89 
0  89 
a85 
0  95 
0  83 
0.97 
0.07 

o.g« 

LOO 
0.90 


i 

b 

.5  R 

^  3 

11 

1.85 

a.;o 

9. '.5 
9:18 
9.15 
1.07 
103 
1.77 
9.05 
9.03 
9.15 
9.00 
9.15 
9.13 
1.90 
1.03 
9.90 
9.18 
L89 
9.17 

aeo 
a53 
a  40 
a33 
a  40 

a9o 
a37 
a  15 
ao3 

L90 
1.83 

aoo 
aoo 

a4i 
a  10 
a  10 
aw 
aso 
a  15 
a35 
a93 
a9? 
a50 


4.63     a75 
4.65    a.u 


Remark*. 


LIO 


■  From  the  oeoipitai  condylee  to  front  korder  of  the  intamazilUrira. 


448 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOUTH  AMERICAN  HODENTIA. 


m^y'M 


Table  II,— Cfa(o/<p<>riiii>n<eiamiiiedo/ Castor  kiber  var.  canadensis. 


I     '* 


•s 

1 

a 

Q 

i 

■§  5 
£  S 
<i   ■ 
U 

a 

a 
a 
u    • 

ti 

867--. 
d673 
8603 
8676 
8660 
66n 
6683 
8681 
8678 

1 
B 

a 
a 

3 

§ 

it 

-a 
a 
(■ 

1 

Locality. 

Whon 
collected. 

From  whom  re- 
ceived. 

CoUectedby- 

■s 

i 
1 

AlMka                   

Dr.  T.  T.  Uinor.. 
...do 

Dr.T.T.  Minor... 
....do 

Skull. 
. . .  .do. 

do 

... 

do 

....do   

...do 

..  do. 

do 

....do 

..do 

...  do 

do   

....do 

...do 

....  do   

....do 

..do 

...do 

..  do. 
..do. 

do   

....do 

....  do   

...  do   

...do   

do   

...  do     

...do   

..do. 
...do. 

1664 
1117 

367 
170 

o 
o 
<f 

tf 
<f 

do 

Konai  Alaaka 

W.H.Dall 

F.BIachoff 

R.Kennicott 

D.  Gnnn 

W.H.Dall 

65.17 
30W 

MS 

96S1 
43S0 
4396 

IMO 
B785 

mn 

IMl 

IIW 
3986 

M79 
7597 
3!!8I 
3863 
3378 
4-204 
4393 
430? 

7304 
;iS4 
7a>l 
7195 
6.t33 
3146 
90T7 
3360 
7iS4 
l«t 
7385 

F.  Biaohoff . 

do. 

Yukon 

Nelson  River,  H.  B.  T  ... 

June  % 

R,KenDicatt 

D.Ounn 

...do 

....do 

Skull  and  akin. 

..do. 

SknIL 
...do. 
...  do. 

do 

..do   

do 

...do 

B.R.R0W 

B.  R.  Boas 

do 

..  do 

....do    

....da 

do 

...do 

....do 

...  .do. 

do 

...do 

...do 

Bkln. 
...  do. 

do   

...  do 

....do 

Abbitlbbe  Lake  

May  16, 1860 
May  31, 1860 

C.  Drezler 

....do   

....do. 
...  .do. 

MooeoRlvOT,  H.B.T 

Fort  Good  Hope 

..do 

O.P.naudi't 

..do     

O.P.  Oaadet 

...  do    .  .. 

Skull. 
....do. 
do. 

do    

do 

.    do 

...  do 

do 

...do 

....do   

...  do. 

R.  HoFarlane 

Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden 
..do    

R.  Mor^rlano  ... 
Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden 
...  do 

....do. 
....do. 
....do. 

9 

do 

..  do 

....do 

....do. 

do 

...do 

....do 

..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
Hkin. 
..  do. 

Hkailnndnkln. 
..  do. 
Skull. 
..  do. 
..  do. 
..  do. 
..do.* 
..do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

..  do 

..  do 

..do 

...do    

...do 

...do    

Jo 

do 

...  do     

...  do   

11539 
3590 
3478 
3460 
34T7 
3463 
8144 
3143 
11633 
I8»7 
4908 
3914 
3934 
3915 
6011 

90.11 

0 

o 

Fort  Bridger 

..  do    

H.  D.  Srhirldt... 

W.8.Wood 

Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden. 
do   

Hedfclue  Bow  Creek 

PlatleRlTer 

AnK.10, 

Lieut  F.  J.  Bryan 
Dr.  F.  T.  Hayden 

.do       

0 

<f 

....  do 

do 

do 

...do 

....do 

...  do 

White  RiTer,  Nebt 

...do 

...  do 

....do 

....do 

do 

H.D.8ohmldt  ... 
O.P.Btiaell  

O.P.BlMell 

J.  Fellner 

Captain  Kogers . . 
.  do    

o 

Pitt  River,  Cal 

J.  Fellner 

...do. 

...do. 

...do 

...do. 

...  do    

J.L.FToat 

Lower  Jaw. 
BknII. 
Skin. 
..  do. 
Bknil. 

do 

Chebolia  Prairie,  n  aab. . . . 

Dr.  Q.  Sookley  . . . 
Captain  Rogera . . 
Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper  . 

Dr.  0.  Suckley... 
W.  P.  Trowbridge 
Dr.sT.O.Cooprr  .. 

Calirornia  

Sanu  Clara,  Cal 

Two>"ear«oM  ' 


■^S?-ili|. 


mmBammmmmm 


'I 


CASTOltlDiB— BUCASTOB-BUCASTOU  TOUTUS. 


4m 


Taulr  II.— £(<(o/*p«»iiicii<czami/iaio/CA8TOii  kibku  ror.  c\NADENfiis— Cuntiuiied. 


0966 


(•) 
(*) 
lags 

I3G0 

(•) 


33Tt 
•418 


UI4 
HtO 
1003 
:IT» 
18037 


134 

icn 
rwa 

rwi 

7393 
3678 
S9«4 


Lcealtly. 


KoDua 

Port  Uftya,  Kans 

Fort  Cobb,  lud.  Ter 

do 

UoDTi^r,  Colo 

Fort Chftrtbouruo, Tox  ... 

Matamui-aB,  Uex 

<lo 

KloOruide,  Tex 

Franklin  Coiuity,  MIh  . . 

UiulMippI 

Oxfonl  County,  Me 

do 

do 

Magalloway  River, Ue... 

do 

TellowBlouo  Itivor,  N.  T. 
Saint  Lawranoe  Co.,  N.  Y 

Lake  Superior :.... 

...  .do 

do 

do 

Skagit  River 

River  Elbe,  Germany  — 


Wbon 
oullucted. 


Oct    8,- 


Frum  whom  re. 
evlvt'd. 


Dr.  F.  V.  Ilaydrn 
Rocky  Mt.  Eiped 

Dr.  E.^alnlor 

...do 


Dr.  E.Swift 

Lieut  D.  N.  Conob. 

...do 

MaJ.  W.  II.  Emory. 
RL.  C.Wallra... 

Mr.  Kpeuan 

J.G.Rlob 

..  do 

...do 

J.O.RIeh 

...do 

n.  A.Wood 

Dr.  HoDKb 

L.  H.Morgan 

...do 

..do 

..do 


Prince  Maximilian. 


Collcoted  by— 


Dr.  F.  V.  llaydon 

•r.  A.  Allin 

Dr.  E.  Palmer. . . . 
...do 


Dr.  E.  Swift 

Dr.  L.  Berlandler 

..do 

J.H.Clark 

B.L.C.Wallea... 

Mr.  Keenan 

J.O.RIeb 

..do 

...  do 

J.O.RIeh 

...do.  

H.  A.Wuod 

Dr.  Hough 

Un. Morgan  .... 

...do 

..  do 

...do 


a 
I 

§ 

s 


Skull. 
...do. 
Skin. 
..do. 
Skull. 
Skin. 
Skull. 
...do. 
..do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
Skin. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
Skeleton. 
Skull. 
...  do. 

do. 

do. 

...do. 
...do.  I 
...del 


*  In  the  Muaenm  of  Comparative  ZuJilogy,  Cambridge,  Maaa.  '  Variety  fiur. 

Genus  EUCASTOR  Leidy. 
EUCASTOR  TORTUS  Leidy. 

Ca»tor  (EtuMlor)  torlut  Lkidy,  Proo.  Acnd,  Nat.  Soi.  Pbils.,  1658,  %<. 

CmIot  tortm  Lkii>v,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sei.  Pbil.,  2d  ser.,  v,  1360,  341,  405,  pi.  zxvi,  tiga.  21,  33 ;  U.  8. 
Oeol.  Siirv.  of  Wyouiing,  1871,  36.3. 

Tliis  species  was  fir"t  described  by  Dr.  Leidy  in  1858,  from  remains 

tliscovered  by  Dr.  Hayden  in  the  loose  sands  of  the  Niobrara  River.     These 

remains  consist  of  the  greater  portion  of  an  upper  jaw,  containing  portions  of 

the  incisors  and  the  three  anterior  molars  on  each  side,  and  were  redescribed 

and  figured  by  him  in  1869.     This  fragment  indicates  an  animal  smaller  even 

than  the  common  Marmot  (Arctomys  mofiax),  and  hence  of  mvich  less  than 

luilf  the  bulk  of  the  existing  Beaver.     The  porticm  of  the  jaw  described  by 

Dr.  Leidy  "  consists  ofthe  under  parts  of  both  maxillary  and  intermaxillary 

bones,  wliich  together  are  the  diminished  counterpart  in  form  of  the  oorrc- 

siKinding  iwrts  of  the  recent  Beaver.     The  incisor  teeth  likewise  have  tlie 
20  M 


450 


MONOOUAPnS  OI-'  NORTU  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


same  relafivo  proportions  and  form  as  in  the  latter  animal."  The  molar  teeth, 
howcvci  (IKTcr  very  much  in  structure  from  those  of  Castor,  more  resembling 
in  some  respects  those  of  Trogontherium.  In  Castor,  the  loops  of  enamel  are 
uU  open  externally ;  while,  in  Eucastor,  they  are  closed  loops,  such  as  are  seen  in 
a  transverse  section  of  the  tooth  of  Castor.*  In  Castor,  the  molars  decrease 
very  gradually  in  size  posteriorly  ;  the  first  being  but  little  wider,  though  con- 
si(leral)ly  longer  tlian  the  second,  tlic  third  slightly  smaller  in  both  diameters 
than  the  second,  and  the  fourth  still  smaller.  In  Trogontherium,  the  first 
three  molars,  in  form  and  relative  size,  greatly  resemble  those  of  Eucastor, 
and,  in  the  pattern  of  the  grinding  surface,  there  is  a  closer  resemblance  than 
there  is  to  the  same  teeth  in  Castor ;  but,  in  Trogontherium,  the  third  molar, 
according  to  Owen,  is  smaller  than  the  fourth.  In  Eucastor,  the  first  molar 
is  equal  in  length  to  the  length  of  both  the  second  and  third,  and  propor- 
tionately wider.  It  has  three  closed  loops  of  enamel ;  the  anterior  and  pos- 
terior loops  being  each  rather  less  than  one-half  the  size  of  the  middle  one, 
which,  instead  of  being  transverse,  is  placod  somewhat  obliquely.  The  sec- 
ond and  third  teeth  have  each  but  two,  (he  anterior  of  which  is,  in  each 
tooth,  about  twice  the  size  of  the  posterior  one.  The  teeth  are  also  set  more 
obliquely  in  the  jaw,  and  the  first  molar  has  a  deep  infolding  of  enamel  near 
the  middle  of  the  inner  margin  of  the  tooth,  directed  obliquely  forward.  In 
all  these  features,  there  is  a  closer  resemblance  to  Trogontherium  than  to 
Castor. 

The  specimen  described  by  Dr.  Leidy  belonged  to  a  "  quite  aged 
individual",  and  to  this  fact  lie  deemed  were  possibly  due  the  differences  in 
the  structure  of  the  molars  seen  in  this  form  as  compared  with  Castor,  as  he 
had  not  at  the  time  an  opportunity  of  comparing  his  specimen  with  equally 
aged  examples  of  the  common  Beaver.  A  large  scries  of  the  skulls  of  the 
American  Beaver  now  before  me,  embracing  those  of  all  ages,  show  that  the 
permanent  molars  differ  very  little  in  form,  or  in  the  pattern  of  the  triturating 
surfaces,  with  age.  A  transverse  section  of  the  tooth  of  Castor,  however, 
displays  much  the  same  structure  as  is  seen  in  Eucastor. 

As  shown  by  the  above-cited  references.  Dr.  Leidy  at  first  referred  this 
form  to  a  new  subgenus  of  Castor,  but  later  cites  it  simply  as  Castor  tortus. 
The  differences  in  dentition  between  Castor  and  Eucastor  are,  iiowever,  as 
great  as  between  Castor  and   Trogontherium.     Doubtless,  other  correspond- 

*  Seo  Owen's  Odoutograpby,  plitte  ovi,  llg.  2. 


CASTOKIDiE— STEXEOFIBEB-S.  NEBIiASCENSia.  451 

ingly  well-marked  differences  will  be  found  in  other  features  of  the  skull 
when  we  are  able  to  study  this  interesting  form  from  more  nearly  perfect 
specimens. 

The  following  table,  showing  the  comparative  measurements  of  ^Mcoa/or 
tortus  with  the  corresponding  portion  of  the  skull  of  Castor  fiber,  is  from  Dr. 
Leidy's  memoir  on  the  "  Extinct  Mammalia  of  Dakota  and  Nebraska  "  (Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Puila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  v,  p.  342). 

C.  tortiu.  C.  fiber. 
Linos.       Liups. 

LeD|;th  of  space  oooopied  by  four  molars 6^  lit 

LeDRth  of  hiatDB  from  first  molar  to  iacisors 13}  SI 

Breadth  of  face  opposite  first  molars 7  14 

Breadth  of  face  Id  advance  of  inft-a-orbltal  foramen 54  11 

Width  of  palate  between  first  molars 1  3^ 

Widthof  palate  between  last  molar  alveoli 4  7 

Antero-posterior  diameter  of  first  molar 2  3 

Transveiso  diameter  of  first  molar 3}  3) 

An    ro-posterior  diameter  of  second  molar IJ  3 

Transverse  diameter  of  second  molar 2  Wl 

Antero-poeterior  diameter  of  third  molar I^  $ 

Transverse  diameter  of  third  molar '. 2  3| 

Diameter  of  incisors ;....  3  H 

Genus  STENEOFIBER  E.  Gooflfr. 

"  Slentojitar  E.  Gboffhoy,  Bevne  Eiicyclop.,  1833,  — ." 

Paldooaifor  Leidy,  Jonm.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  ad  ser.,  v,  1B69,  338. 

STE>  EOFIBER  NEBRASCENSIS  Leidy. 

Stcneofiber  nOiratcentii  Lvidy,  :.  mo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18S6,  60;  1857,  89. 
Vhalicomsi  nebnuceiuU  Leidy,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Pbila.,  1857,  176. 

PalaooMtor  nebnuoeiuia  Leioy,  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,8d  Ber.,T,  1669,  338,  403,  pi.  zxtI,  flgs.  7-11 ; 
.     U.  8.  Geol.  Survey  of  Wyoming,  1H71,  363. 

The  present  species  was  first  described  by  Dr.  Leidy,  in  1856,  from 
specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Hayden  from  the  Mauvaises  Torres  of  the  White 
River,  Dakota.  These  specimens  indicate  an  animal  of  about  the  size  of 
Eucaslor  tortus.  The  species  is  thus  far  known  from  "a  much  mutilated  skull, 
with  the  fragments  retained  nearly  in  their  original  position  by  a  mass  of 
included  calcareous  matrix.  The  greater  part  of  the  cranium  is  destroyed, 
as  is  also  the  nose  and  parts  of  the  jaws,  though  all  the  teeth  are  preserved. 
A  second  specimen  consists  of  portions  of  both  jaws  of  an  aged  individual, 
badly  mutilated  and  imbedded  in  a  mass  of  matrix.  The  remaining  speci- 
mens, from  a  tliird  individual,  consist  of  portions  of  both  sides  of  the  lower 
jaw  and  one  side  of  the  upper  jaw,  containing  all  the  molar  teeth,  and  freed 
from  investing  matrix." 


452 


MONOORAPna  OP  NOUTU  AMBBICAN  UODENTIA. 


(^  ur 


m 


This  species,  so  fur  ns  these  specimens  iiulicntc  its  character,  appears  to 
reseml)K!  the  genus  Steneqfiber,  from  the  lower  Pliocene  formr.*ion  of  Saint- 
derand-lePuy,  France,  both  in  the  general  form  of  the  skull  and  in  its  den- 
tition. So  great  is  this  resemblance  that  Dr.  Leidy  at  tirst  referred  it  to 
that  genus,  which  Kaup  has  regarded  as  identical  witii  Chalicomys.  The  lower 
jaw  in  Steneojiher,  says  Leidy,  is  unknown,  and  adds  that  that  of  Pa/teocaslor 
is  quite  unlike  the  lower  jaw  in  Chalicomys.  The  structure  of  the  molars  in 
Clia/icoinys  dilfers  greatly,  as  shown  by  Gervuis's  tigures,*  from  that  of  Steneo- 
Jilier,  and  G'-ofTroy,  Gervais,  and  others  regard  the  two  forms  as  generically 
distinct.  In  Valaocastor,  the  structure  of  the  molars  is  very  similar  to  what 
is  seen  in  the  figures  of  the  molars  of  Steneojiber.  In  respect  to  the  skull, 
Leidy  also  observes  that  the  "forehead  presents  the  same  triangular  form  and 
l)ropoi-tionate  size"  as  in  Steneqfilyer.  "The  temporal  fossae",  he  continues, 
"appear  to  have  had  the  same  form  and  proportional  capacity.  They  were 
Separated  in  the  same  manner  by  a  long  sagittal  crest,  extending  forward  upon 
the  frontal  bone.  The  cranium,  just  back  of  the  forehead,  was  equally  con- 
stricted. The  external  auditory  passage  formed  a  short,  oblique  canal,  with 
its  orifice  directed  outward  and  backward  in  the  same  manner.  The  palatal 
region,  likewise,  had  the  same  form  and  construction,  and  the  infra-orbital  for- 
amen held  the  same  relative  j)osition  as  in  Steneq/ilwr  viciacensis.  The  inci- 
sors in  both  jaws  arc  proportionately  as  long  and  strong  as  in  the  Beaver, 
and  they  have  the  same  fi)rm."  Dr.  Leidy  adds  that  they  also  strongly 
approach  in  form  those  of  the  Beaver. 

The  molar  teeth  in  " PalcEocnstor"  differ  very  greatly  in  ntructure  from 
those  of  cither  Cantor,  Eucastor,  or  Trogontherium,  more  resembling,  appar- 
ently, as  do  also  those  of  Steneof,ber  viciacenuvs,  those  of  some  members  of 
th(!  DtUiyproctidcE.  The  skull  also  differs  greatly  in  form  from  that  seen  in 
liiese  genera  in  consequence  of  the  much  greater  constriction  above  of  the 
int(!rorbital  region.  Ilencc  ^'Palaocastor",  if  really  belonging  to  the  tiunily 
Castoridtr,  probably  differed  very  much  in  general  structure  from  the  existing 
Beavers,  and  has  its  nearest  ally  in  the  geims  Steneq/iberf  of  the  Miocene 
epoch  of  Europe. 

*Zool.  et  pali^ont.  fraiif.,  plates  i,  viii,  and  xlviil. 

i  Qorvais  Riiyn,  "Lew  genres  Ckalicomyii,  Kaiip,  et  Sleaeoftber,  K.  Ocnfr..8ont<!videmnientdola  memo 
Iribu  que  leg  CnstorH"  (Ziiol.  ut  pa16iint.  franv.,  p.  20),  to  wliioti  group  tliey  have  been  generally  referred 
by  Bubeeqnont  writers.  Mr.  E.  R.  Alston,  however,  in.  bla  recent  memoir  "  On  tbc  Classitloation  of  the 
Order  Ulint"  (V.  Z.  8.,  lt)70,  pp.  (U-'J8),  gives  Imlh  Chahcomyt  of  Kaup  and  /'o/(R><»«*or of  lioldy  among 
tbo  "  more  doubtful  fossil  geni'ra  "  of  the  funilly  Catlorida;  as  fvolt  as  the  genera  Palmmjt  and  CktMui 
of  Kaup,  and  tbc  genus  DvgoHlkeriiim  of  Fiscber  (nut  TrogoHthiriim  of  Oweu,  -^  Uiobrolicm,  Pomel). 


if' 


CASTOKII)^— STENBOFIBKIf-S.  PANSU8. 


453 


Tlic  iiioa«Hrcinrnls  given  Itj-  Dr.  Le'uly  of  Pulaocmlor  ncbinscfnsi.t  show 
it  fc)  hnvo  Ihjcii  of  about  the  size  of  Eucaxtor  tortus,  or  nitlier  smaller,  Itiit 
Komcwhnt  «liflprrnt  from  it  in  the  relative  size  of  the  tcclh,  in  tiie  width  of 
the  jmlntc,  and  in  the  general  form  of  the  skull. 

STENEOFIBER  PANSUS  Cope. 

Slauojthtr  ptn>n$  Cope,  Proc.  AcwI.  Nat.  Hci.  Pliiln.,  1874,  HH;  Ann.  Rap.  Wlicoler's  E\J>\.  wait  of  lOOtb 
Ucrid.,  l-fTu,  73. 

Of  tins  species,  recently  described  l)y  Professor  Cope,  from  the  Santn 
F6  marls,  little  is  known.  It  is  apparently  closely  allied  to  the  S.  nehrascensin 
of  Leidy.  Professor  Cope's  description  is  as  follows:  "The  molor  tcclh 
exhibit  a  regular  gnid.ition  in  width  from  the  large  anterior  to  the  small  pos- 
terior. In  the  mandibular  series,  the  second  and  third  are  broader  than  long, 
the  first  an<l  fourth  longer  than  broad,  and  with  an  angle  of  the  outer  anterior 
side  of  thi'  crown.  There  is  an  inflection  or  groove  of  the  enamel  on  both 
inner  and  outer  sides  of  the  crown,  an<l  an  enamel  area  before  and  one  behind 
them,  on  all  excepting  the  last  molar,  where  there  are  two  in  froiit.  First 
nearly  twice  as  large  a.s  la-st  molar.  Lower  incisor  with  smooth  enamel,  and 
angulate  on  the  extero-antcrior  border.  Ilamus  stout.  Length  of  the  molar 
series,  0".016 ;  length  of  first  molar,  O^.OOS ;  width  of  first  molar,  0'".004 ; 
width  of  last  molar,  0".003.5 ;  transverse  diameter  of  incisor,  0'".004 ;  depth 
of  ramus  at  2".012. 

"The  regular  diminution  of  the  size  of  the  teeth  from  front  to  rear  is 
characteristic  of  this  species;  according  to  Dr.  Leidy,  their  reduction  in  size 
in  the  S.  nebrascensU  is  more  abrupt.  The  latter  species  is  said  to  be  of 
Miocene  age." 


~m 


U/,n 


454  MONOOHAPlia  OF  NURXn  AMERICAN  IIODENTIA. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  APPENDIX. 

The  few  titles  r<>llowing,  of  puhlicntiuns  relatinj^  specially  to  the  Ameri- 
cnn  Beaver,  were  furnished  by  Drs.  Cones  and  Gill,  from  the  MSS.  of  their 
contemplated  Bibliography  of  North  American  Mammals. 

184ii— PnAHits  (D.  D.).    Boaver  Lin  Int.  31°  N.].     <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  (8.1  ser.),  v\,  1848,  p.  207. 

1851— Thompson  (Z.).    [Od  HpocimeDs  of  wood  ont  by  Beavon'  teetb,  taken  from  a  bod  in  cloae  proximity 

to  tbo  I'oMll  Elephant  teeth  disoorerod  in  1849.]     <  Proo.  Boat. Soo.  Nat.  Hist  iv,  18IJ1,  p.  34. 
1HS7— IIauris  (E.).    [Remarks  on  specimons  of  oottouwood  and  chips  out  by  Beavers.]     <  Proo,  Acad. 

Nat.  Soi.  Phila.,  ix,  1K>7,  pp.  107-109. 
1857— ANONTHOII8  [E.  Billings].    On  the  Beaver.— (Cotfor /ii-r.)     <  Cnnnd.  Nat.  and  Ocol.,  ii,  18>7, 

att.  XV,  pp.  iaO-127. 
1863— BARTurrr  (A.  D.).    Notes  on  the  [American]  Beaver  in  tbo  Zwlogical  Ounlens.     <  Proo.  Zoul. 

Soo.  Lond.,  1863,  pp.  S«I,  368. 
1S63 — Clemenii  (V.).    [On  the  Capture  of  a  Beaver  in  Canada.]    <  Canad.  Joura.  Ind.  Soi.  and  Art 

(now  ser.),  viii,  1863,  pp.  8.%  66. 
1866— Habdy  (— ).    On  the  Beavor  in  Nova  Scotia.     <  Proo.  and  Trans.  Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  Soi.,  it, 

1860,  art.  ii,  pp.  17-2!>. 
1868— Hills  (L).    [On  a  Beaver  Dam  io  Maine.]     <  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xii,  1868,  p.  137. 
1869— OitBKN  (A.  H.).    On  the  Natural  History  and  Hunting  of  the  Beaver  (Coftor  oanadmtif,  Knhl)  on 

the  Paciflo  Slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.   With  sapplementary  notes  by  Robert  Brown,  esq. 

<  Jonrn.  Linn.  Soo.  Zo6l.,  z,  18C0,  pp. '361-373.    (Reprinted,  Cincinnati  Quart.  Joum.  Sci.,  I, 

1874,  pp.  64-63.) 
16C8— MonOAN  (L.  H.).    The  American  Beaver  and  bis  Works.    . .  .    Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippinoott  & 

Co.,  1868.    8vo,  pp.  a'lO,  pll.  33,  map. 

[Obs.— Bt  Hir  the  moat  importaDt  pnbllcation  vblch  bas  hftb^rto  appeared.    Ree  FancDKL  (Kraal),  *'  Uober  den  nord- 
amerikaolaataao  Biber".    <  Zool.  Oart.,  Ix,  1M8,  pp.  9I8-39U.    (Bevlaw  of  tbe  work.)] 

1874 — Anonvmocs.  Tbe  Beaver.  [From  Chamber's  Magazine.]  <  American  Sportsman  (newspaper) 
of  November  39,  1874. 

1874 — Dall  (W.  H.).  The  Beaver.  [From  Alaska  and  its  Resources.]  <  American  Sportsman  of  Feb- 
ruary 7, 1874. 

1874— Batty  (J.  H.).    On  Beaver.     <  American  Sportsman  of  October  17, 1674. 

1874— Brunot  (F.  R.).  [On  the  Habits  of  Castor  canadensis.]  <  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst,  for  1873, 1874, 
pp.  433,  433. 


MONOGRAPHS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA 


No.  VII -ZAPODIDil. 


By  ELLIOTT  COUE9. 


4CG 


. ';,"*; 


!' 


mmm 


IPPP 


■■■ipp 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Office  op  U.  S.  Geological  and 
GEoaBAPiiicAL  Survey  of  the  Territories, 

Washington,  D.  C,  Novemlter  1,  1876. 
Sib:  I  transmit  liercwith  a  monogrnpli  of  the  family  Zajmd'uiie  for  pub- 
lication 08  one  of  tiie  series  of  articles  on  the  Rodcntia  of  North  America, 
now  in  course  of  preparation  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  and  myself 

The  present  article,  like  others  of  the  series,  is  based  upon  the  material 
contained  in  the  National  Museum,  Smithsonian  Institution,  including  s])cci- 
mcns  collected  by  yourself  or  under  your  direction.  It  is  republished-,  with 
much  modification,  from  the  Bulletin  of  the  Survey,  second-  series,  No.  5, 
pp.  253-262. 

I  am,  Sir,  &c., 

ELLIOTT  COUES, 
Asut.  Surg.  U.  8.  A.y  Secretary  of  the  Survry. 
Pr.f.  F.  V.  Hayden, 

United  States  Geologist-in-charge. 

467 


'!!l 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


r*RM. 

Family  ZAFODIDiB 4Cl-47!t 

GeuM  ZiPDS 405-4':!) 

Zapu  hiidtonliu 407-470 

Hynonymy 407-408 

Deioriptioa 408-470 

a.  Cranial  obanuiten 408-472 

b.  DenUl  obaraoten 47a-47!j 

e.  External  ohoraoton 473-470 

lleasnreraento 470-470 

Oeograpbiool  diitribntion 470-477 

Blitoty  of  tbespeoiea 477-479 

459 


Family  ZAPODIDiE. 


m 
m 


<  Siilifainily  Dipodina,  U.tlliu,  Mutiiiii,  N.  Aiiier.  1857,  i'Di^  (Uuridce). 

=- Umii|i  Jocnlfiui,  CakI'H,  Ilaiidb.  Znol.  i,  IHGH,  101. 

=  Kiiinily  JacuVutm,  Gli.i,,  ArraiiR.  Fani.  Muiiiin.  lH7a,  80. 

—  Kaniily  Zap  tdUfr.,  CoiiKS,  Bull.  U.  8.  Ge«I.  ami  G -ogr.  Snrv.  Terr.  1875,  aj  Bor.  No.  5, 25.3. 

=  Siibfaiiiily  Jaeulina;,  AutTON,  Proc.  Zniil.  8oc.  Loud.  1870,  ^9(Oipadidw). 

The  single  known  species  which  represents  this  funiily  has  been  variously 
chissified  by  diflferent  authors.  Since  the  period  when  it  was  commonly 
assigned  to  the  genus  Mus  of  the  older  writers,  it  has  usually,  under  various 
generic  designations,  be^n  considered  to  be  allied  to  the  Jerboas  (Dipus), 
doubtless  on  account  of  a  superficial  resemblance  it  bears  to  those  animals. 
It  has  frequently  been  referred  to  the  genus  Dipus  itself;  while,  even  among 
the  modern  authors  who  have  appreciated  a  generic  distinction  between  Dipus 
proper  and  Zapus,  there  have  been  those  who  regard  these  two  genera  as 
components  of  one  subfamily,  Dipodinee,  of  the  family  MuridcB  liut  the  t\  .> 
genera  have  little  in  common  aside  from  the  ordinal  characters  tiiey  share 
with  other  Rodents — ^little  of  consequence  in  common  beyond  the  features  by 
which  they  are  both  to  be  recognized  as  members  of  the  Murine  series*  of 
Rodents ;  for  it  seems  that,  whatever  may  be  the  value  of  the  characters  by 
which  the  species  of  Zapus  may  be  difTcrentiated  from  typical  Murines, — 
even  from  Mus  itself, — equally  strong  at  least,  if  not  stronger,  points  of  differ- 
ence from  Dipus  or  Pedetes  may  be  found.  I  should  jutlge  that  a  classifica- 
tion which  distinguishes  a  family  Dipodida  from  Murid'e  should,  in  apprecia- 
tion of  ta.xonomic  equivalency,  eliminati^  Zapus  as  the  type  of  a  separate 
family, — one  which,  as  I  still  contend,  is  scarcely  more  closely  related  to  the 
groups  which  Pedeles  ami  Dipus  respectively  typify  than  it  is  to  the  MuridfP 
projMjr.  I  find  it  quite  as  easy  to  draw  the  line  between  Zapus  and  either 
Dipus  or  Pedetes  as  it  is  to  separate  the  same  form  from  Mus  proper ;  and 
accordingly,  in  indorsing  a  classification  which  admits  numerous  families  of 
the  Murine  series,  I  recognize  in  the  type  i  T  Zapus  a  group  of  full  family 

*  Ujiomorpktt,  AlstuD,  1U7G— Bp|iruxiuiaUly  e<iiilvaieut  tu  tbo  Mniridea  ut  Gill,  M'i. 

461 


462 


MONOOUAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


rank,  as  was  done  by  Professor  Gill  in  1872,  probably  for  the  first  time, 
althougii  Carus  had  already  proposed  Pedetina,  Dipodina,  and  Jaculina,  thus 
making  the  three  groups  of  co-ordinate  value. 

Differing,  as  I  do,  with  the  majority  of  writers,  who  associate  Zapui  more 
intimately  with  Dipus  and  Pedetes  than  with  any  typical  Muridee,  it  mny  be 
well  to  compare  or  contrast  the  characters  that  bear  upon  the  case.  Certain 
modifications  of  the  skull  and  of  the  metatarsus,  and  the  dental  formulas,  are 
chiefly  concerned. 

The  four  families  Murida,  ZapodUla,  Dipodida,  and  Pedetidte  agree  in 
the  completeness  of  the  clavicles,  anchylosis  of  the  tibia  and  fibula,  particular 
condition  of  the  angle  of  the  mandible,  absence  of  postorbital  processes,  and 
other  features  characteristic  of,  or  normal  in,  the  Murine  series  of  Rodents. 

It  is  highly  characteristic  o{i\\e Muridee,as  now  usually  accepted, to  possess 
3^3  molars,  without  premolars;  tiie  only  exceptions,  as  far  as  known,  being 
the  genus  Sminfhus,  which  has  {5}  premolars,  svnd  the  genus  Hydromys, 
which  lias  only  ^I,  molars  {Alston).  Zapus  departs  from  the  rule  in  having 
J55  premolars,  and  in  so  much  approaches  Dipodidce  and  Pedetida.  But  these 
last  two  families  differ  between  tliemsclvcs  in  respect  to  the  premolars,  these 
i>eing  absent,  or  present  above  only,  in  Dipodida,  and  present  above  and  below 
in  Pedetida.  Hence  the  condition  of  the  premolars  fails  to  be  decisive.  The 
state  of  the  molars  is  likewise  not  diagnostic.  Excepting  the  genus  Hijdro- 
mys,  the  molars  are  \^\  in  all  of  the  families  in  question ;  and  they  are  indif- 
ferently rooted  or  rootless  in  Muridre,  rooted  in  Zapodid<e  and  Dipodida, 
rootless  in  Pedetulce. 

It  is  highly  characteristic — almost  diagnostic^-of  Murida  to  possess  a 
jjarticular  construction  of  the  anteorbital  foramen;  this  aperture  being  nor- 
mally a  pyriform  slit  of  moderate  or  small  calibre,  bounded  externally  l)y  a 
broad  plate  of  the  maxillary.  Zupus,  Dipus,  and  Pedetes  all  depart  unequiv- 
ocally from  this  in  having  the  same  opening  large  or  very  large,  rounded, 
and  (always?)  supplemented  with  a  nick  or  additi«)nal  foramen  below  the 
main  aperture.  Associated  with  this  condition  of  the  foramen,  we  find  a 
special  state  of  the  zygoma,  which  is  more  than  ordinarily  depressed,  and  the 
malar  element  of  which  is  prolonged  up  the  maxillary  to  effect  suture  with 
the  laciirymal ;  wliercas,  in  typical  Murida,  the  malar  is  a  mere  splint,  joining 
extended  maxillar  and  s(piamosal  processes.  There  are  some  other  features, 
such  as  sliortncss  and  breadth  of  the  brain-case  and  condition  of  the  auditory 


ZAPODIDiE— DISCUSSION  OF  AFFINITIES. 


4G3 


bullse,  in  which  ZapodidiB  recede  from  Muridie,  and  more  closely  npproach 
Dipodida,  although  the  bullje  do  not  attain  to  anything  like  ihc  enormous 
development  witnessed  in  DipodidcB.  On  the  whole,  the  skull  presents  more 
decided  affinities  vith  that  of  DipodidcB  and  PedetidcB  than  with  that  of 
Muridce. 

In  DipodidcB  alone  arc  the  cervical  vertebrae  more  or  less  anchyloscd ; 
tlicy  arc  free  in  Murida,  ZapodidtB,  and  Pedetidte. 

The  elongation  of  the  hinder  limbs  of  Zapodidce,  the  shortness  of  the 
fore,  and  a  correlated  bulkincss  of  the  body  behind  in  comparison  with  that 
in  front,  are  points  which,  in  Zapus,  appear  to  indicate  affinity  with  Dipodinc 
forms,  and  which  have  undoubtedly  been  largely  considered  by  naturalists  in 
their  location  of  Zapus  near  Dipus  and  its  allies.  But  has  not  the  significance 
of  these  features  been  overrated  ?  Has  not  mere  resemblance  been  taken  for 
evidence  of  closer  relationship  than  really  exists?  We  should  note,  in  the 
first  place,  that  mere  form  may  be  fallacious ;  witness,  for  instance,  the  strik- 
ing contrast  in  shape  between  the  closely-related  Gfomyidee  and  Saccomyidce. 
Secondly,  although  it  is  highly  characteristic  of  Murida  to  have  the  fore  and 
hind  limbs  developed  to  approximately  the  same  degree,  yet  there  are  some 
unchallenged  forms  of  true  Murida,  in  which  the  hind  limbs  are  elongated, 
such  being  Gerbillus  and  its  immediate  allies,  collocated  by  Alston  as  a  special 
subfamily  {Gerbiliinai)  of  Murida.  Thirdly,  it  should  be  noted  that,  in  spite 
of  the  elongation  of  the  pes  of  Zapus,  that  member  retains  five  perfectly 
functional  digits,  supported  by  as  many  complete  and  separate  metatarsals ; 
thus  falling  far  short  of  the  extreme  modification  witnessed  in  Dipodider, 
where  there  are  but  three  functionally  developed  digits,  with  fusion  of  lateral 
metatarsals. 

Upon  the  whole,  then,  while  I  am  far  from  denying  that  the  Zapodida 
are  a  step  away  from  the  Muridte,  and  take  that  step  direct  toward  Pipodidx, — 
as  better  evidenced  by  cranial  characters  than  by  the  structure  of  tiio  hind 
limbs, — still  I  am  indisposed  to  concede  that  Zapus  approaches  Dipus  and 
Pedetes  so  closely  that  it  may  be  advantageously  combined  with  these  in  a 
single  family,  the  three  to  be  contrasted  collectively  with  the  Murida,  or  with 
any  other  one  family  of  the  Murine  series.  In  view  of  tlie  various  cross- 
relationships  involved,  and  the  special  combination  of  characters  iircsented  by 
Zapus,  I  continue  to  accord  it  full  family  rank,  and  consider  that  it  is  to  bo 
individually  controstcd  with  Muridec,  as  Dipodid.2  and  Pedetidx  likewise  are. 


464 


MONOGR.     -xS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  EODENTIA. 


The  Zapodidw  mny  be  considered  a  connecting  link  (through  Gerhillina  ?) 
Itctwcon  tiie  "central"  or  generalized  structure  which  clinractcrizes  the 
Murida,  and  the  "peripheral"  or  specialized  type  of  structure  which  culmi- 
nates in  Dipodida.  The  family  may  l)e  established  upon  the  following  com- 
bination of  characters,  superimposed  upon  those  that  belong  to  the  Myomorpli 
series  at  large.* 

Chars.— Teeth,  18:  I.  ^;  C.?^;  Vm.\l\;  M.  |^.  Superior  incisors 
compressed,  sulcate;  premolar  small;  molars  rooted.  Cervical  vertebnc 
unanchylosed  (cf.  Dipodida).  Cranial  portion  of  the  skull  shorter  and  broader 
than  in  Murida:  Auditory  bullae  transverse  (cf.  MuridcB),  without  special 
development  (cf.  Dipodidce).  Antcorbital  foramen  large,  rounded  (cf.  typical 
Murida),  with  a  supplementary  nick,  or  additional  foramen,  at  its  lower  por- 
tion. Malar  mounting  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  maxillary  to  effect  suture 
with  the  lachrymal  (cf.  Muridtr).     Zygomatic  arch  styloid,  much  depressed. 

*  I  bnvu  but  rnccutly  received  Mr.  E.  R.  AUton'xconveuient' and  valuable  paper  on  the  clugsiflcation 
of  tbe  Rodeut8  (P.  Z.  S  Jan.  ltJT6,  pp.  (>1-9H,  pi.  iv),  too  late  for  snch  use  on  I  nbonld  hnvo  wiiibed  to  m.iko  of 
it  iu  tlie  preparation  of  my  nionu|rrapb  of  tho  Murida;  wliicb,  though  Btill  (Dec.  1870)  nDpnblisked,  bos 
been  for  Boine  months  in  tbe  metnl. 

Ill  tbiH  memoir,  tho  author  arrnngeH  Zapus  (niulcr  tho  name  of  Jaculug)  an  one  of  three  Hnbfamilieg 
of  Dipodida,  which  constitnto  tho  seventli  and  lust  of  liis  oerieH  of  MyomorphH,  Muridw  being  rnoged 
third.  Ill  order  to  fully  exhibit  the  grounda  upon  which  he  diffors  with  lue  re8|iecting  the  position  of 
Zapus, — though  our  difference  is  chiefly  in  onr  rceiicctive  estimates  of  comparative  degrees  of  inter-rela- 
tionsbip  and  the  taxonomio  value  of  mntually  conceded  characters,— his  diagnoses  of  Muridai,  and  of 
Vipodidw,  and  its  three  assigned  snbfamilies,  are  subjoined. 

"Family  111.  MURin.G.  Lower  incisors  compressed  ;  no  premolars  (except  in  Smintkinoi);  molars 
rooted  or  rootless,  tuberoulate  or  with  angular  enamel-folds.  Frontals  contracted.  Infraorbital  opening 
in  typical  forms  high,  per[>eudicular,  wide  above  and  narrowed  below,  with  the  lower  root  of  the  maxillary 
zygomatic  process  more  or  less  llattened  into  a  perpendicular  plate ;  very  rarely  tho  opening  is  either 
large  and  oval  or  small  and  subtriaugulnr.  Malar  short  and  slender,  generally  reduced  to  a  splint 
between  the  maxillary  and  squamosal  processes.  External  characters  very  variable.  PoUex  rudimentary, 
but  often  with  a  small  nail.  Tail  generally  subiiaked  and  scaly,  rarely  densely  haired.  Cosmopolitan, 
Ten  subfamilies.        *        *        *." 

"  Famili/ Vll.  DiPomD,E.  Incisors  compressed.  Premolars  present  or  abicnt.  Qrinding-tcoth 
rooted  or  rootless,  not  tuberculate,  with  more  or  fewer  transverse  euamel-folds.  BkuU  with  the  braiu- 
case  short  and  broad ;  infraorbital  opening  rounded,  very  large  (often  as  largo  as  the  orbit) ;  zygomntio 
arch  slender,  curved  downward ;  the  malar  ascending  in  front  to  tho  lachrymal  in  a  lliittiMied  periwii- 
diuulur  pinto;  facial  surface  of  tho  uiaxillaries  miuutely  perforated  ;  mastoid  portion  of  auditory  bullie 
usually  greatly  doreloped.  Metatarsal  bones  greatly  elongated,  often  fused  into  a  cannon-bone.  Form 
gracilo ;  front  imrtion  of  body  and  fore  limbs  very  small ;  bind  limbs  long  and  strong,  with  from  tbroo 
to  flvo  digits;  tail  long,  hairy.    Three  snbfamjiies :— 

"A.  JacuHnw.  One  premolar  above.  Grinding-toeth  looted.  Cervical  vertebra)  free,  mutatarsals 
separate.    Hind  feet  with  five  developed  digits.    Tail  sparsely  haired.    Nearctio.    [One  genus,— ■/ochIiu.] 

"  B,  Dipodinai.  Premolars  present  or  abeent.  Orinding-teeth  rooted.  Cervical  vcrlobrie  more  or 
less  ankylosed.  Metatarsals  unitoil  in  a  cannon-bone.  Hind  feet  with  only  three  digits  functionally 
developed.  Tail  thickly  hairul,  often  tnftod.  Palotarctic  and  Ethiopian.  [Three  geucra, — Dlpui,  Atactaga, 
rialycercomi/t.  ] 

"  0.  Pedclino!,  One  premolar  above  and  lielow,  Oriudiiig-toetb  rootless.  Cervical  vertebra)  free. 
Metatarsals  Heparalc.  Hind  feet  with  four  well-doveluped  digits,  with  short  brood  houf-like  nulls.  Tall 
bushy  throughout,  not  (ofted.    Ethiopian."    [One  genus,— i'ldelei.  I 


ZAPODIDiE—ZAPUS— SYNONYMY  AND  CHARACTERS. 


4(55 


Trunk  enlarged  posteriorly,  in  correlation  with  tlie  shortness  of  the  fore  limbs 
and  great  elongation  of  the  hind  ones,  especially  of  thfc  pes  (cf.  Murida 
except  Gerbillince) ;  nevertheless,  the  pes  with  five  perfect  and  separate  meta- 
tarsals, and  five  functionally  developed  digits  (cf  Dipodlda,  Pedetida).  Claws 
not  peculiar  (cf.  Pedetidai).  Tail  greatly  exceeding  the  trunk  in  length  (cf 
most  Murida),  very  slender,  scant-haire<l  (cf  Dipodida,  Pedetida).  Pro- 
gression saltatorial. 

Other  characters  of  less  value  an;  adduced  as  generic  under  the  head 

of  Zapus. 

Genus  ZAPUS,  Coues. 

<  Dipm,  Bp.,  ZiMMEi'.MANN.Oengr.  Gescb.  ii,  1780, 358.— Davieh,  Trnim.  Linn.  Soo.  iv,  1798,  IST).— Barton, 

Tranii.  Aiuer.  Fliilos.  Sac.  ir,  1799,  114. 

<  Mui,  sp.,  ZiMMKKMANN,  Plmiii.  Arkt.  Zool.  i,  1787, 131  (Mm  longipa,  Zimni.,  nee  anct.). 

<  Gerbillvs,  Bp.,  Desmakest,  Mamm.  ii,  182*^,  331  ^not  type). 

=  Mirionei,  Fu.  CuviRR,  Denta  des  Mumm.  18*25,  187  (type.    But  nut  itcrionea  of  Illlger,  Prod.  1811,  83, 
which  is  based  on  DxpHS  (anuiricinus  and  D.  menrfianua). 

<  Meriones,  Audubon  &.  Bachman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  ii,  18&1,  251  (used  in  au  extended  sense,  to  include 

Old  World  species  of  DipodidcB). 
■=J<KulHt,  Waolbr,  NatUrl.  Syst.  Anipbib.  18:10, 23  (type.   Bnt  not  of  Jarocki,  1821,  nor  of  early  authors).— 

Wagner,  Arch,  flir  Naturg.  1841,  Bd.  i,  119.— Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.  1857,  429.- Ai^ston, 

Proc.  ZdGI.  Soc.  Lond.  1876,  89. 
=  i!apiia,  CouKS,  Bull.  U.  8.  Oeol.  Sucv.  Terr.  2d  ser.  No.  5, 1875,  253  (type). 

Chars. — With  well-developed  internal  cheek-pouches.  Digits  of  the 
hand  five,  the  first  of  which  is  rudimentary,  with  a  flat,  blunt  nail ;  palms 
naked,  granular,  and  tuberculate  Digits  of  the  foot  five,  all  functional,  and 
with  perfect  claws  and  basal  '  ebs ;  sole  naked  throughout,  the  heel  smooth, 
the  rest  granular  and  tube-\,ulate.  Meatus  of  the  ear  capacious,  closed  with 
large  antitragal  and  tragal  flaps.  Pelage  coarse  and  hispid.  Size  small; 
configuration  modified  from  an  ordinary  Murine  shape ;  physiognomy  peculiar. 

Other  characters  are  fully  detailed  in  the  description  of  the  species 
beyond.  Here  I  may  refer  again,  more  in  detail,  to  the  grounds  (^nriefly  set 
forth  when  I  proposed  the  name  Zapus)  upon  which  a  new  designation  was 
given  to  the  well-known  genus;  tor  I  insist  that  a  new  name  was  required. 

Tiie  generic  type  in  question  has  been  successively  called  Dipm,  Mus, 
Oerbillus,  Meriones  or  Meriones,  Jaculwt,  and  Zapus.  Which  of  these  names 
is  tenable  ? 

The  first  three — Dipus,  Mus,  and  Oerbillus — are  too  obviously  inappli- 
cable to  be  brought  into  the  question  at  all.  Their  unavailability  in  this  con- 
nection is  now  conceded  by  all. 

1.  Jaculus,  or,  in  its  older  forms,  Jaculus  and  lacvlos,  was  the  specific 
30  M 


466 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


name  of  n  Linnasan  species  of  a  family  distinct  from  "Zapodiclx,  and  was  also 
used,  by  various  of  the  older  writers,  both  specifically  and  generically.  Tims, 
lacvlvs  is  a  generic  t«rm  used  for  the  Jerboas  by  Erxleben  (Syst.  Nat.  404, 
No.  38)  in  1777,  long  before  Zajms  hudsonius  had  been  discovered.  It 
should,  therefore,  not  have  been  imposed  upon  any  subsequently  determined 
generic  type.  But  even  according  to  the  rule,  custom  or  precedent,  wliich 
permits  an  author  who  subdivides  an  old  genus  to  restrict  the  name  of  such 
genus  to  any  one  of  his  new  genera  he  may  see  fit,  Jaculus  is  still  inapplica- 
ble to  the  present  genus ;  for  such  restriction  seems  to  have  been  first  made 
by  Jarocki,*  a  Polish  naturalist,  who,  in  1821,  employed  the  term  Jaculus  for 
certain  pentadactyle  species  of  Dipodida,  the  name  becoming,  nt  his  hands, 
exactly  equivilent  to  the  subsequent  Alactnga  of  Fr.  Cuvier  (Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.  1836,  141),  afterward  altered,  on  account  of  its  barbarous  character, 
to  Scirtetes,  by  Wagner  (Arch,  fur  Naturg.  1841,  Bd.  i,  119).  Clearly,  then, 
if  Jaculus  is  available  for  any  modern  genus,  it  must  be  for  one  of  the  Dipo- 
dida,  and  can  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  present  case.  It  is  as  much  out  of 
the  question,  in  fact,  as  either  Dipus  or  Gerbillus. 

So  far  as  I  am  aware,  Jaculus  was  first  used  in  connection  with  the  pres- 
ent genus  by  Wagler,  in  1830  (NatUrl.  Syst.  Amphib.  u.  s.  w.).  In  this 
procedure,  however,  he  was  followed  by  no  writers  of  note  until  A.  Wagner.f 
in  his  "Gruppirung  der  Gattungen  der  Nager  in  natiirlichen  Familien"  u.  s.  w. 
(Arch,  fiir  Naturg.  1841,  Bd.  i,  p.  119).  used  ^^  Jaculus  Wagl."  as  equivalent 
to,  and  instead  of,  Aferiones  Cuv.  The  name,  however,  did  not  come  into 
general  employ  in  this  connection  until  1857,  when  Professor  Baird  adopted 
it  in  the  same  sense  which  Wagler  and  Wagner  had  attaclied  to  it;  and  his 
example  has  been  generally  followed  by  the  American  school. 

2.  The  term  Meriones  was  invented  by  Illiger  in  1811  (Prod.  Syst. 
Mamm.  et  Avium,  etc  p.  82,  No.  32),  to  cover  the  Old  World  species  "Dipus 

*  Jarocki'B  work  I  bavo  uot  beeu  able  to  coiifiiilt.  The  title  uiul  refuroiico,  as  K>von  by  A.  Milne- 
Edwnrds,  after  Brandt,  are : — "  Zoologia  Cayli  Zwiertopismo  ugoliio.  Warazwie,  1821.  pi.  i,  p.  3(1."  Hilue- 
Edwards  observes :  "  Jarocki  rdserva  lo  noiu  g^ndrlqiin  de  Diput  anx  OerbolseB  dont  lea  pattes  post^rieiires 
sont  tridaotylos,  et  constitua  sous  lo  iioin  de  Jaoulua  iiu  Kouveau  genre  pour  lea  esp^oea  jl  pattea  poat^ri- 
eares  pentadactyles".— ("titudes  pour  servir  I'histoire  de  lit  Fauno  Mnniiualogique  de  la  Cbioe,"  aj>M(i 
H.  Milne-Edwards's  "  Kecberches,"  etc.,  tome  i,  pp.  146,  147.    4to,  Paris,  ia68-74). 

t  Saya  Professor  Wagner  (torn.  cit.  120) :  "  Hinsiclitlicb  der  Beuennnng  der  amerikaoiacben  Spring- 
DiUnse  erinnere  icb,  duaa  ibnen  der  Name  ilerionei,  den  Kr.  Cuvlor  auf  sie  illiertrUgt,  nicbt  beigelegt 
werden  sollte,  indem  ihn  Illiger  an  Nager  der  alten  Welt  Torgeben  bat ;  icb  bedieue  micb  daber  dea  Ton 
Wagler  vorgescblagenen  Namens  Jaculus."  That  is  to  say,  Profesaor  Wagner  objects  to  M.  Cuvier'a 
transferring  lUiger'a  Merionet  to  the  American  type,  without  seeming  to  be  nwat«  that  he  is  doing 
the  same  thing  himself, — transferring  Jacului  tn  this  type. 


ZArODID^.— ZAPUS— Z.  HUDSONIUS— 8YJJONYMY. 


4G7 


tamaricinus,  :neiiduinus  LinGmol.";  the  aiitlior  qtn)tes  "  C'erhUlus  Desm."  aa 
a  synonym;  the  diagnosis  of  tlie  genus  is  not  applicable  ioZapus;  nnd,  ns 
if  to  clinch  the  matter,  Illiger  expressly  enumerates  " Dij^us  canadensis  Shaw" 
under  a  preceding  genus,  Dipus.  Hence  it  is  clear  that  Meriones,  as  proposed 
by  Illiger,  had  no  reference,  even  by  implication,  to  the  American  type  Zapus. 
But,  a  few  years  afterward,  in  1826,  Fred.  Cuvier  (Dents  des  Mamniif.  etc. 
p.  187)  committed  the  Gallicism  of  Miriones,  and  said :  "Le  type  de  ce  genre 
est  le  dipu*  americanu»,  de  Barton."  without  the  slightest  allusion  to  Illiger, — 
just  as  if  he  were  proirosing  a  new  genus.  All  that  he  did,  however,  was 
(o  transfer  lUiger's  name  to  a  totally  different  generic  type,  to  which  Illiger 
never  intended  it  to  apply.  The  case  is  parallel  with  that  of  Wagler's  nnd 
Wag'  jr's  transferriftg  of  Jaculun  from  certain  Old  World  types  to  the  Ameri- 
can one.  It  is  immaterial  whether  or  not  Meriones  is  tenable  for  the  group 
upon  which  Illiger  based  it ;  it  certainly  cannot  stand  for  any  other  group. 

Hence  it  is  clear  that  the  American  animal  never  had  a  name  based  upon 
itself,  nor  any  teiukble  name,  until  Zapus  was  proposed.  In  establishing  the 
genu.s  I  thought  it  unnecessary  to  more  than  briefly  allude  to  the  facts  in  the 
case ;  but,  as  I  observe  some  indisposition  to  coincide  in  this  instance  with 
my  views,  I  have  thought  proper  to  set  forth  my  reasons  at  length. 

ZAPUS  HUDSONIUS,  Coues. 


SYNONYMY. 

IHpmt  htid$omuu,  Zi>»iBBi(.kNN,  Gfoj;.  Gescli.  ii,  1780,  358,  Nu.  36H  (based  on'  tbo  Long-legged  Honseof 
Hndnon's  Bay,  of  Pennant).— B<)DD.£KT,  Elencb.  Anini.  i,  1784, 110  (based  on  Zimniermaun). — 
SciiRKBEK,  "Siiug.  .  .  .  8Gl,No.G".— Fischer, Syn.Mamin. 1829, 340(bns«d on Zimmormnnn), 

Gerbiliat  iadtoiiim;  BAriNEsqUK,  Am.  Moutb.  Mng.  1818,  446.— LESSON,  Man.  i,  1827,  !i&7. 

Umaan  kuito»iem»,  AcDi'BON  &.  B.vchmax,  Q.  N.  A.  ii,  1801,  2.'>1,  pi.  80. 

JatmUu  kudttmiiu,  Baibq,  M.  N.  A.  1807,  430,  pi.  '21,  f  5  <i-«.-Nkwberry,  P.  R.  B.  Bep.  vi,  1807, 59  (Cali- 
fornia). — Baird,  P.  R.  B.  Bc>p.  x,  IH^VJ,  Oininison'H  &^  Bi>.cl<witb'»  Bouteg,  Mauini.  p.  8.— 
CooPEK  it  Buckley,  Not.  Hist.  Wusb.  Terr.  18C0,  83,  101,  IBT'.— IIaydkn,  Trans.  Anier. 
Pbilo^  Sac.  xii,  1862, 147  (Fort  Union).— Samuels,  Nintb  Ann.  Rep.  Mass.  Board  Agric.  1862, 
178  (babils).- Gilpin,  Proc.  &,  Trjins  Nova  Scotia  Inst,  ii,  1870,  60  (Nova  Scotia).— Allen, 
BalL  Mm.  Cofnp.  Zool.  i,  1870,  226  (Mnssacbusetts).— Tknnky,  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  330,  f.  101 
(habit*).- Mkrbiam,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Snrv.  Terr,  for  1871, 1872, 665.— Amfji,  Bnll.  Minn. 
Acad,  i,  1874,  70  (Minnesota).— Allen,  Bnll.  Ess.  Inst,  vi,  1874, 60,  O!)  (Wyoming  and  Utah). 

Zafut  h*i$omiK3,  lUtcts,  Boll.  U.  8.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  'Jd  scr.  No.  5, 1875, 254.— C'oUK8&  Yarrow, 
Zoul.  Eipl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875,  99. 

ifaa  iMf <i>a,  ZmMEBM AUK,  Penn.  Arkt.  Zool.  i,  1787, 131  (erroneous  identification  with  ilui  Umgipet  aueU). 

Mu»  camadtatu,  •'  PKSNAirr  "  ( merely  Lotin  rendering  of  "  Canada  rat "  f ). 

7>ip<i«  ooaadnm.  Daties,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  iv,  1798, 157,  pi.  8,  f.  5,  6  (".Tumping  Mouse  of  Canada"). — 
Sbaw,  Gen.  Zool.  ii,  1801,  192,  pi.  161  (after  Davie8).—Tt)RTON,  Syst,  Nat.  i,  180<),  100.— Ord, 
Oothtie's  Geog.  2d  Am.  et\.  1815,  292.— Fischer,  Syn.  Manim.  1829,  339. 

OmUUiu  (Muaiam;  Desmakcst,  Manini.  ii,  1822,  .131.— Haiilan,  Fn.  Ani«r.l825, 150.— Godhan,  Am.  Nat 
Hist,  ii,  Isted.  1826,  p.  — ;  2d  ed.  1831,  94,  pi.  — ;  3d  ed.  1861, 94.— Griffith,  Aniiu.  Kingd. 
V,  tH27, 2W,  No.  624.- Emmons,  R«p.  Quad.  Mass.  1840,  69.- Thompson,  Nat.  Hist.  Vermont, 
I8KI,  4i.— Hau.,  Canad.  Nat.  &  Geol.  vi,  1861,  :!04  (Montreal). 


\  m 


|!!~        f 


't  "ill! 


468 


MONOGUAPnS  OF  NORTH    .MRRICAN  UODBNTIA. 


Maiont*  oaruidmtii,  Less.,  Mbii.  i,  1*27,  258.— SciliNZ,  Syn.  Mnroni.  ii,  1845,  91. 

Dipiu  americanm,  Baiiton,  Amor.  Philos.  Traus.  iv,  No.  xii,  17U9,  115  (plute.  Dot  numbered,  opp.  p.  134),— 

Barton,  op.  cit.  vi,  1804,  143  (liabits).— Ord,  Gutlirie'a  Oeog.  'iA  Am.  ed.  1815,  202. 
Uirionet  amerkanus,  Kit.  CiiviKK,  Dents  des  Mamm.  1835,  187,  No.  and  pi. 75,  Dkh,  a,  b  (leoth.     Name  not 

formuUy  presented,  but  iuferablo  from  tbu  context), 
Jaculu$  anericanut,  Waglkr,  NutUr).  8yat.  Ampbib,  1830,  33. 
Uerionet  amerkanua,  DkKay,  N.  Y.  Zool.  i,  1843,  70,  pi.  34,  f.3. 
Dipus  labradoriua,  Tdktox,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1806,  99  (Labrador  Rat  of  Pennant ).— Odd,  Oiithrio's  Geog.  8d 

Am.  ed.  1815,  293. 
Mm  labradoriutfJ.  SAniNK,  App.  Frankl.  Jonrn.  1833,  601. 
Otrbilliu  labradorius,  Hablan,  Fn.  Anier.  1835,  157  (after  Sa&ine).— Godman,  Am,  Nat.  Hist,  i),  Ist  ed, 

1826,  p.  — ;  2d  ed.  1831, 97  ;  3d  ed.  1861,  97.— Ghikkith,  Anim.  Kint'd.  v,  1887,  240,  No.  635, 
Dipiu  )abradori(ms,  Fischer,  Syn.  Mamm.  1H39,  3;i8. 
Sleriona  labradoriut,  Riciiardsun,  F.  B.-A.  i,  1839,  144,  pi.  7.— Waunkii,  Suppl.  Schreb.  iv,  pi.  330  B 

(atkr  Richardson).- Dawson,  Ediub.  N.  Fbilos.  Joiirn.  new  ser.  iii,  1850,  3. 
Uerionet  labradoriu,  SciiiNZ,  Syn.  Mamm.  II,  1845,  93. 
Jaculus  labradoriut,  Waukkr,  Snpi)l.  Scbreb.  Hi,  1843,  394.— Gierel,  Sung.  1855,  599 ;  Zeltscbr.  gesammt 

Naturw.  xxv,  1865,  373  (osteology).— Kennicott,  U.  8.  Patent  Ofllce  Agrlc.  Rep.  for  I8."i6, 

1857,  95,  pi.  11  (habits).- Maximilian,  Arch.  Naturg.  1801,  p.  —  ;  Verz.  ReisvN.-Am.  1863, 146. 
Gerbillm  sylvalicut,  "  Mitciiill  "  (descr.  nnllu). 

MerioHet  nemtyralit,  Is.  GKOVKRor,  "  Diet.  Class.  vll,323 ;  pi.  fasc.  10,  n.  3  ", 
GerbiUut  dametii,  Rafinesque,  "  Prdc  Odcouv.  Sdmlol.  14  ". 

t  Gerbillut  toricinxu,  Rafinksque,  "  Prdc.  Ddconv.  S<$miol.  14".— Dksmarest,  Mamm.  ii,  1833,  :<32  (com- 
piled from  RuQnesqne). — Lesson,  Man.  i,  1837,  357  (compiled  from  Raflncsi|no). 
t  Diput  toricinut,  Fiscber,  Syn.  Mamm.  1829,  .339 (compiled  from  Rafliiesquc). 
f  GI«rM{(u<  leonurut,  Rafinesque,  Am.  Month.  Mag.  1818,  440.— Desmarest,  Mamm.  ii,  1822, 322  (compiled 

from  Ratlucsiinc). — Lesson,  Man.  i,  1837,  357  (compiled  from  liafinesqne). 
f  Diput  leonurut,  FiscnER,  Syn.  1839,  339  (compiled  from  Raflnesqno). 
f  Gei-billut  megalopt,  Rafinf.8QUE,  Am.  Month.  Mag.  1818, 446.— Desmarest,  Mamm.  ii,  1833,  :I33  (compiled 

from  Raflnesqno). — Lesson,  Man.  i,  1837,  357  (compiled  from  RnOnesqne). 
f  Diput  megalopt,  Fischer,  Syn.  1839,  340  (compiled  from  Raflnesqne). 
t  Gerbillut  viacrounit,  Rafinesqur. 
t  Gerbillut  bracbiiurut,  Ravines<)CE. 
iteritnet microcephalut,  Harlan,  Proc.  Zool.  Sec.  Loud,  vii,  18:19,  1. — Sciiinz,  Syn.  Mamm.  ii,  1845,  98 

(compiled  from  Harlan). 
Meriontt  acadicui,  Dawson,  Edinb.  N.  Philos.  Jouru.  new  ger.  iii,  1856,  3,  pi.  1. 
Canada  Rut,  Pennant,  Qnad,  ii,  173. 

Labrabor  Rat,  Pennant,  Hist.  Qnad.  1781,  435,  No.  305;  Aral,  Zool.  i,  1784,  133, No.  6,3, 
Jumping  Moute  of  Canada,  Da  vies,  I,  o, 
Labrador  or  Jumping  Mnuie,  Godman,  1.  c. 
Canadian  Jerboa,  Shaw,  1.  c. 
Labradore  Jerboa,  Turton,  1.  o. 
Canadian  and  Labrador  (lerbil,  Qrifpitr,  I.  c. 
Deer  Moute,  DeKay,  1.  c. 
Gerbilte  du  Canada,  Desmarest,  1.  o. 
MMone  du  Canada,  Lesson,  I.  c. 

Gurbille  loricine,  dt  la  baie  dl Hudson,  queue  de  Uon,  et  anxtienx  noirt,  Lws.,  1.  o. 
(7<iiia({i<cli«,  Labradoritche,  Kttinkiipfige  HUpfmant,  Schinz,  I.  c. 


DESCRIPTION. 


m 


A.  Cranial  characters. — In  comparison  with  the  Murine  forms  with  which 
it  has  been  associated,  this  animal  presents  many  strong  peculiarities  of  the 
skull  and  teeth.  Among  these  may  be  enumerated  the  presence  of  an  addi- 
tional tooth  in  the  upper  molar  series,  causing  an  inequality  jn  the  formulte 
of  the  two  jaws ;  the  size  and  shape  of  the  anteorbital  foramen,  with  its 


ZAPODIDiE— ZAPU8  JJUD80N1US— CRANIAL  CHAUACTEU8.     469 

supplementary  foramen  or  nick  just  beneutli ;  the  extension  of  the  innlar 
bone  uj)  the  slender  styloid  zygomatic  portion  of  tiic  maxillary  till  it  sutures 
with  the  lachrymal,  and  the  slenderncss  and  depression  of  the  rest  of  the 
zygomatic  arch  ;  the  shortness  and  transverse  positioil  of  the  bullae  auditorial ; 
the  position  of  the  maxillo-palatine  suture;  expansion  of  tlie  posterior  nares, 
&c.  The  sUulI,  as  a  whole,  is  shorter  for  its  width,  though  the  zygomata  are 
more  nearly  parallel ;  it  is  also  deeper  for  its  other  dimensions,  with  n  greater 
degree  of  convexity,  both  lengthwise  and  crosswise,  of  tiie  superior  contour. 
Nevertheless,  its  general  superficial  resemblance  to  that  of  Mus  j)roper  is  evi- 
dent. Compared  with  tiiat  of  Mus  musculus,  which  is  of  about  the  same  size, 
we  see  in  each  species  the  same  general  shape  and  delicate  papery  condition, 
without  strong  angularity,  as  well  as  many  close  coincidences  in  detail,  indi- 
cating that  the  Murine  affinities  of  the  animal  arc  with  typical  Mu»,  llespero- 
mi/s,  &c.,  and  not  with  the  Arvicoline  group  of  Muridoi,  in  which  the  skull  is 
notably  heavier,  more  massive,  and  more  angular. 

As  to  the  general  shape  of  the  skull,  there  is  little  to  be  added  to  the 
foregoing,  except  such  points  as,  being  equally  applicable  to  the  familiar  Mus 
musculus,  need  not  be  recapitulated ;  we  may  therefore  at  once  proceed  to 
details,  in  giving  wliich  I  frequently  compare  the  skull  with  that  of  Mus  to 
indicate  its  departures  from  ordinary  Murine  features. 

The  ant«orbital  foramen,  which  transmits  the  masseter  in  this  instance, 
and  which  constitutes  a  prime  peculiarity  of  the  skull,  is  of  great  size  and 
obliquely  oval  in  shape.  Instead  of  being  circumscribed  by  a  plate  of  bone, 
as  in  MuridcR,  it  is  defined  externally  by  a  very  slender  styloid  process  of  the 
maxillary,  which  is  strengthened  by  the  upward  extension  of  the  malar, 
applied  as  a  splint  along  its  whole  length.  Below  this  main  foramen  there  is 
another  much  smaller  one,  which  transmits  the  nerve.  This  is  sometimes  a 
complete  foramen,  separate  from  the  other;  sometimes  only  a  deep  notch  in 
the  lower  border  of  the  main  opening ;  and  this  difference  may  be  observed 
on  the  two  sides  of  the  same  skull.  I  am  ready  to  believe  that  this  lesser 
opening,  giving  passage  to  the  superior  maxillary  nerve,  is  the  true  "anteorb- 
ital"  foramen  itself;  for  it  seems  to  correspond  to  the  lower  part  of  the  large 
slit  which,  in  Muridce,  is  walled  in  by  the  maxillary  lamina,  and  it  is  formed 
by  a  little  plate  of  bone,  which  rises  as  a  ridge  from  the  alveolar  portion  of 
the  jaw,  and  bends  over  to  abut  against  the  main  wall  of  the  maxillary.  In 
cases  in  which  this  plate  tails  to  reach  the  main  wall  of  the  maxillary,  so  that 


470 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


!       I  3! 


i^'' 


only  a  notch  and  not  a  foramen  results,  the  correspondence  of  the  whole 
opening  with  the  pyriform  slit  of  tlie  Muridee  is  very  evident,  and  the  relation 
of  the  parts  is  fully  established,  though  the  8ha|)e  is  quite  different. 

Th(^  C'litour  of  the  parts  surrounding  the  foramen  is  such  that  tiie  zygo- 
matic pnicess  of  the  maxillary  stands  out  at  a  right  angle  at  a  point  scarcely 
above  the  level  of  the  alveoli.  The  anterior  root  of  the  zygoma  is  hence 
notably  depressed  in  position ;  there  being  no  forward-upward  reach  of  the 
lower  border  of  this  arch,  so  evident  in  Muridce.  The  zygoma,  in  fact,  is 
nearly  horizontal  in  all  of  its  lengtli  along  the  under  side ;  but  anteriorly  the 
upper  edge  rises  prominently,  in  consequence  of  the  unusual  extension  of  the 
malar  up  tiie  maxillary,  already  mentioned.  The  malar  runs  all  the  way  up 
to  the  lachrymal  bone,  affording  a  circumstance  which  I  believe  to  be  rare, 
namely,  a  lachrymo-malar  suture  like  that  which  is  found  in  Dipodida  and 
Pedetido'.  This  ascending  spur  of  the  malar  is,  moreover,  expanded  into  a 
rather  broad  lamina,  partly  defending  the  orbit,  thus  supplying  a  wall  that,  in 
most  cases,  is  afforded  by  expansion  of  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  maxil- 
lary ;  the  latter  being  in  this  case  of  styloid  character.  In  its  continuity, 
the  malar  is  a  slender  rod  ;  behind,  it  underlaps  a  short  spur  of  the  squamosal 
with  simple  squamous  suture. 

The  general  shape  of  the  orbit  is  much  the  same  as  in  Miis.  In  both, 
the  squamosal  forms  much  of  the  posterior  orbital  wall ;  the  orbito-sphenoid 
being  correspondingly  reduced.  The  antero-exterior  corner  of  the  parietal 
reaches  to  the  brim  of  the  orbit. 

The  rostral  portion  of  the  skull  bears  to  the  rest  about  the  same  propor- 
tion as  in  Mm,  and  is  equally  attenuate  anteriorly,  though  thicker  at  the  base, 
and  consequently  more  tapering.  The  ends  of  the  nasals  project  conspicu- 
ously beyond  the  plane  of  the  incisors ;  behind,  these  bones  terminate  oppo- 
site the  ends  of  the  intermaxillaries ;  the  suture  of  the  frontal  with  each  of 
them,  as  well  as  with  the  maxillaries,  being  nearly  in  one  transverse  jagged 
line.  The  intermaxillaries  develope  a  strong  alveolar  plate,  separating  the 
superior  incisors  for  nearly  half  their  length ;  this,  with  the  projection  of  the 
nasals  and  backward  set  of  the  much-curved  teeth,  results  in  a  snout  strikingly 
like  that  of  the  Saccomyidm.  The  feeble,  retreating  under  jaw,  densely  hairy 
upper  lip,  and  small  nasal  pads  bear  out  this  resemblance  ia  the  external 
physiognomy. 
'       As  in  Mus,  the  interorbital  constriction  is  moderate,  being  about  as  wide 


'-Aw 


ZAPODID^-ZAPUS  IIUD80NIUS— CRANIAIi  CUAUACTEU8.     471 


ns  the  ruHtruin  at  base ;  and  tliere  iti  no  trace  of  a  postorbital  process.  The 
imrietals  are  nearly  8(|uarc,  though  sonicwhat  ciniirginate  in  front,  to  corre- 
spond with  the  convexity  of  the  frontal.  There  is  little,  if  any,  dipping-down 
of  a  postero-exterior  angle,  so  well  exhibited  in  Mas.  The  interparietal  is  of 
large  size  transversely,  though  narrow  in  the  other  direction  ;  it  reaches  across 
the  whole  width  of  the  combined  parietals,  bounding  them  both  posteriorly, 
as  it  is  itself  bounded  by  the  occipital.  The  extent  of  this  narrowly  ellipti- 
cal transverse  interparietal  is  greater  than  in  Mus ;  its  corner  is  at  a  point 
where  the  bacU  outer  angle  of  the  parietal,  back  upper  angle  of  the  squamo- 
sal, and  front  upper  angle  of  the  occipital  all  come  nearly  together.  The. 
squamosal  closely  resembles  that  oi'  Mm  in  size,  shape,  and  connections; 
there  are  the  same  exlensive  vacuities  about  the  petrosal,  with  a  similar  strong 
clasp,  bridging  over  the  opening  just  above  the  meatus,  running  from  the  root 
of  the  zygomatic  process  to  the  back  edge  of  the  bone.  The  mastoid  is  of 
moderate  size,  developing  nothing  to  be  fairly  called  a  process,  wedged 
between  the  paroccipital  process  and  the  squamosal,  at  the  postero-lateral 
corner  of  the  skull.  It  is  confluent  with  the  j)etrosal,  but  partially  fissured 
away  from  the  surrounding  occipital  elements.  The  supraoccipitid  is  of  large 
size  and  convex  contour;  the  occipital  crest  is  slight,  so  that  the  plane  of  the 
occiput  is  not  well  defined  from  that  of  the  superior  surface  of  the  skull,  the 
two  meeting  with  a  continuous  curve,  more  convex  than  in  Mus.  The  upper 
border  of  the  occipital  is  nearly  straight,  and  bounded  quite  across  by  the 
interparietal;  next  comes  a  considerable  piece  of  squamosal  suture,  and  then, 
the  mastoid.  The  foramen  magnum  is  of  great  size  and  nearly  hexagonal 
shape ;  most  of  it  being  in  "the  plane  of  the  occiput,  with  only  a  slight  nick 
inferiorly.  The  condyles  are  protuberant  and  convergent ;  the  condyloid  fora- 
men is  close  beneath  their  articular  surfaces.  The  paroccipitals  are  well- 
marked  perpendicular  processes.  The  basioccipitwl  narrows  very  rapidly,  owing 
to  the  strong  inward  trend  of  the  petrosals,  and  ends  by  transverse  suture,  as 
usual,  with  the  basisphenoid,  opposite  the  ends  of  the  petrosals.  Its  under 
surface  shows  a  pair  of  slight  depressions,  with  a  median  ridge. 

The  posterior  nares  are  of  ample  dimensions,  owing  to  the  wide  separa- 
tion of  the  pterygoids.  These  bones  are  long,  straight,  and  styloid,  with  a 
slightly-clubbed  extremity  in  close  approximation  to  the  ends  of  the  petrosals. 
The  palate  ends  behind  with  a  broad,  rounded  emargination  opposite  the  last 
molars.     This  formation  is  very  diflferent  from  that  of  Mas,  in  which  the  bony 


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472 


MONOORAPnS  OP  NORTH  AMKRIOAN  RODKNTIA. 


palate  extends  l)iick  of  the  niolnr  stirioa,  md  the  contracted  intcrpterygoid 
spnco  is  narrowly  angular.  The  inaxillo-i  ilatino  suture  of  Zaptis,  liUewiwc, 
is  differently  located,  l)eiiig  opposite  the  interspace  between  tlu;  penultimatn 
and  preceding  molar,  instead  of  much  farther  i)ack.  Timre  is  a  pair  of  con- 
spicuous palatal  foramina  o[)posite  tlie  penultimate  molar.  The  contour  of 
the  palate  differs  from  that  of  Mus,  and  perhaps  a  majority  of  allied  Rodents, 
in  being  broader  in  front  than  behind.  The  incisive  foramina  are  of  great 
length,  as  well  as  quite  broad,  reaching  from  'iltlo  behind  the  incisors  to  oppo- 
site the  molars;  the  perforation  is  half  in  t.ic  intermaxillary,  half  in  the  max- 
illary ;  the  bony  sejttum  is  swollen  exeei)t  at  its  posterior  j)art. 

The  form  of  tiie  descending  jjrocess  of  the  mandible  is  a  strong  charac- 
ter of  Znpus  in  comparison  witii  Mus,  &c.,  in  which  this  plate  of  bono  is 
more  or  less  squarish,  and  vertical  or  nearly  so.  In  ZopuK,  the  same  plalc  is 
strongly  twisted  out  of  the  axis  of  the  jaw,  standing  diagonally  outward  and 
upward, — very  much,  in  fact,  as  in  SaccoviyidtP.  The  coronoid  is  rather  weak, 
falcate,  acute,  with  a  strong  slope ;  it  slightly  overtops  the  condyle.  The 
latter  sets  strongly  backward,  though  it  is  rather  more  erect  than  in  Mus.  Tiie 
incisor  causes  a  moderate  protuberance  outside,  at  the  root  of  the  condylar 
process.  Inside,  nearly  opposite,  is  the  conspicuous  ibramen  of  the  inferior 
maxillary  nerve. 

B.  Dental  characters. — The  superior  incisors  are  short  and  stout,  with  a 
strong  curve ;  their  anterior  faces  strongly  suleate,  with  the  outer  half  of  the 
tooth  rabbeted  down  so  thai  the  groove  is  plainly  visible  from  the  side.  Tlie 
inferior  incisors  are  not  specially  noteworthy.  The  molar  series  differs  from 
that  in  Murid(f  proper  (except  Sminthus)  in  the  presence  of  a  small  premolar 
in  the  upper  jaw,  with  no  tooth  to  correspond  in  the  lower  series.  This 
minute  premolar  is  single-rooted;  the  three  following  teeth  have  three  roots 
apiece, — a  lengtiiwise  pair  of  slender  fangs  outside,  and  a  single  stout  fang, 
apparently  formed  of  two  coalesced  roots,  inside.  The  lower  molars  have 
each  a  pair  of  roots,  in  single  lengthwise  series.  The  upper  premolar  is  the 
smallest  of  the  whole,  and  simply  circular;  the  next  two  are  about  equal  in 
size;  the  last  is  much  smaller.  A  similar  proportion  is  seen  in  the  under 
series.     The  pattern  of  the  molar  crowns  is  much  complicated. 

C.  External  characters. — A  general  Murine  form  is  modified  by  the  great 
development  of  the  hin>^  limbs  (much  as  in  Dipodida  or  some  forms  of  Sac- 
comyidte),  and  especially  of  the  pes  itself;  an  unusual  lengtli  of  tail,  which 


ZAPODlDiH— ZAPD8  1IUDSONIU8— KXTEUNAL  CUAUACTKllS.    473 


grcntly  oxceods  that  of  llin  iMxIy ;  n  pociiliiir  (•ondition Of  tlio  oxtcrnni  cnr; 
nnd  a  pli^sid^fiiomy  (|iiite  Wko.  tlmt  iif  the  Sacromt/ida.  There  are  also  well- 
(levclciped  iiitertinl  cli('ck-|i()iiches,  shared,  in  a  less  degree  however,  by  vnriuus 
Aiiierican  Muridce*  These  pouches,  as  well  as  eaii  he  judged  from  alcoholic 
specimens,  are  leliitively  nhout  as  large  as  those  of  Tamiax  I'or  iustnnce. 

The  l)ody  of  Xnjiu.t  is  large  l)ehiii<l,  in  co-rolatiou  with  the  greatly-devel- 
oped posterior  limbs,  and  tapers  to  the  fore  in  n  .  'gidar  manner;  the  head 
being  comparatively  sinidl,  and  there  being  no  noticeai)le  constriction  of  the 
neck.  The  head  is  conoidal,  with  a  prominent  and  rather  blunt  snout  and 
retreating  under  jaw.  The  rather  snudl  eye  is  midway  i)etween  the  nose  and 
ear.  The  upper  lip  is  not  visibly  cleft,  and  is  densely  hirsute,  with  ii  fringe 
of  hairs  d<;peiiding  over  and  almost  hiding  the  small  front  teeth.  The  naked 
muffle  is  of  rather  small  size,  and  entirely  inferior  in  position;  above  it,  the 
hairy  skin  crosses  "with  n  deep  transverse  crease,  forming  a  sort  of  imperfect 
overhanging  flap,  which  is  freely  movable  l)ack  and  forth,  even  in  alcoholic 
specimens,  and  looks  as  if  it  might  be  drawn  down  to  partially  cover  the  nos- 
trils. (I  have  observed  much  the  same  thing  in  Saccomj/irfa.)  The  nose-pad 
is  impressed  with  a  pair  of  median  vertical  grooves,  aiul  a  transverse  one  is 
seen  in  some  cases.  The  nostrils  are  completely  lateral  in  position.  The 
whiskers  are  rather  sparse,  but  some  of  them  are  nearly  half  as  long  as  the 
body. 

The  structure  of  the  external  car  is  rather  remarkable  (among  Rodents) 
for  the  provision  for  perfect  closure  of  the  meatus,  as  in  the  Soricida  for 
instance.  The  antitragus  develops  into  a  great  flap,  completely  reversible, 
and  capable  of  being  applied  against  the  meatus ;  and  such,  in  fact,  appears 
to  be  its  usual  position.  The  tragus,  likewise,  expands  into  a  wide  frill,  or 
thin,  free,  rounded  border,  which  ordinarily  lies  in  apposition  with  the  anti- 
tragal  lobe  opposite,  completing  the  closure  of  the  ear.  On  turning  over 
these  two  flaps,  the  vestibule  of  the  ear  is  seen  to  be  of  unusually  large 
dimensions.     The  conch  itself  is  of  an  ordinary  contour,  coming  to  a  blunt 

*  Tlio  preaonce  uf  chiMtk-puiicbeii  in  the  geuiiB  netfenmij/t  was  first  noted  in  1830  by  Gapper,  who 
Tef»iTed  BiiociineDi)  of  the  common  Haperomgn  leucoput  to  Cricetut  ou  tbm  tccoupt,  ' '  t:iIj:i-,kiD)(  a  species 
C.  m^auio.  In  this  matter,  he  was  sncceodcil  by  Bbini  in  1857,  who  uliio  ruougnized  the  pouches,  and 
endorsed  a  Haperomyt  myoidn  mainly  n|)on  this  featnre,  failing,  however,  to  observe  that  they  also 
existed  in  other  species  uf  the  same  genua.  At  the  same  time  that  Mr.  J.  A.  Alien  announced  the  before 
unknown  pouches  of  Zapiit  hudioxiiu,  ho  hIso  showed  that  they  occurred  as  well  in  various  species  of 
Utiptromy  ;  and  my  subsequent  cliosections  have  satisfied  me  that  pouches  are  present  in  all  the  North 
Aiuerlaiin  H|iaci«s  of  Beiperomyt  proper  ;  <.  e.,  the  subgenus  yetperimut  as  established  by  mc :  Pruc.  Acad. 
Mat.  Sei.  I'hila.  1S74,  17d. 


474 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Hiiu 


n  5 


jmint  above;  the  anterior  third  is  folded  close  back.  The  back  of  the  ear 
and  the  fold  of  the  conch  are  sparsely  pilous;  the  exposed  parts  of  the  front 
of  the  ear  bein<^  more  tiiickly  clothed.  The  antitragal  pad  bears  on  its  outer 
surface  a  special  tuft  of  long  hairs ;  its  other  side  being  naked,  as  are  botb 
sides  of  the  flap  of  the  tragus. 

The  fore  limbs  are  absolutely  small,  as  well  as  short  in  comparison  with 
the  hinder  ones;  and  they  seem  to  be  placed  rather  far  forward,  though  this 
appearance  may  be  due,  in  part  at  least,  to  the  tapering  shape  of  the  body. 
The  hands  are  pilous  above,  naked  below.  There  ai^e  four  perfect  finger.-i, 
with  ordinary  claws,  and  a  rudimentary  thuml),  which  bears  a  flat,  blunt  nnil. 
The  third  digit  is  the  longest ;  ths  fourth,  second,  and  fifth  being  successively 
shorteneil.  The  digits  are  regularly  transversely  scutellate  below.  The  palm 
is  granular  throughout,  with  a  pair  of  large  smooth  pads  (inner  and  outer) 
near  the  wrist,  and  three  smaller  tubercles  at  the  basesof  the  digits;  two  proper 
to  the  second  and  fif\h,  respectively,  one  common  to  the  third  and  fourth. 

The  elongation  of  the  hind  limbs,  which  confers  the  high  degree  of 
saltatorial  power  upon  this  animal,  like  that  of  Dipus,  &c.,  is  especially  notice- 
able in  the  pes,  which  exceeds  the  crus  in  length.  This  development  of  the 
foot,  nevertheless,  is  not  accompanied  by  reduction  of  the  digits  in  number, 
nor  by  any  imperfection  of  their  respective  metatarsaL'.  The  number  of 
these  bones  has  been  queried :  I  find  five,  perfect  from  end  to  end,  with  com- 
plete tarsal  and  phalangeal  articulations.  The  foot  is  clothed  above  with 
short,  sofl,  silky  hairs,  quite  different  from  the  hirsute  pelage  of  the  body; 
below,  it  is  entirely  naked,  though  the  lateral  fringe  of  hairs  encroaches  upon 
the  contracted  heel.  The  sole  is  perfectly  smooth  (as  in  Mus)  for  about  half- 
way, then  flrranular;  the  digits  are  transversely  scutellate  underneath.  There 
is  a  well-defined  tubercle  on  the  inner  side  a  little  distance  above  the  base  of 
the  first  digit,  and  four  others  at  the  bases  of  the  digits  ;  three  proper  to  the 
first,  second,  ami  fillh,  respectively,  one  common  to  the  third  and  fourth, 
'lliere  are  five  perfect  and  normally-clawed  digits.  The  first  is  shortest,  and 
also  situated  rather  high  up,  so  that  its  tip  reaches  only  to  about  the  base  of 
'he  second.  The  fifth  is  next  longer,  retiching  the  middle  of  the  fourth.  The 
third  slightly  exceeds  the  fourth  and  second,  which  arc  about  equal  to  each 
other.  There  is  much  basal  webbing  between  the  three  intermediate  digits, 
esjiecially  between  the  third  and  fi)urth,  which  carries  their  apparent  bases 
far  beyond  the  bases  of  tlu!  lateral  digits. 


.m 


ZAPODlDiE— ZAPU8  HCDSON1U8— EXTERNAL  CHARACTERS.    475 


In  its  relative  length,  the  tail  exceeds  that  of  any  other  North  American 
(iiiamiiial  J)  Roc'ent,  always  greatly  exceeding  the  head  and  body,  and  some: 
times  measuring  nearly  twice  as  much.  It  is  cylindrical,  with  uniform  taper 
and  very  slight  caliber^  coming  to  a  fine  point  with  a  slight  pencil  of  hairs. 
Its  hairiness  is  about  on  a  par  with  that  of  Mm  musculus,  decumanus,  &c. ; 
that  is  to  say,  insufficient  to  hide  the  verticillate  whorls  of  scales  between 
which  the  short  hairs  spring. 

The  general  pelage  of  this  animal  is  coarse  and  hispid,  with  little  gloss, 
.and  presenting  a  streaky  or  "staring"  appearance,  owing  to  the  number  of 
bristly  hairs  which  are  mixed  with  the  softer  under  fur.  The  color  varies  a 
good  deal  in  diiferent  specimens,  though  one  pattern  is  pretty  constantly  pre- 
served. About  one-third  of  the  colored  part  of  the  fur — that  is  to  say,  a 
dorsal  strip  about  as  wide  as  the  lateral  strip  on  either  side — is  brownish- 
yellow,  heavily  shaded  with  brownish-black.  The  sides,  with  the  outer 
surface  of  the  limbs,  are  of  this  sai  le  sandy-yellowish,  but  so  slightly  lined 
with  the  blackish  that  the  purity  of  the  light  color  is  scarcely  interfered  with. 
The  under  parts  are  snow-white,  with  a  pretty  sharp  line  of  demarkation 
from  the  colored  areas.  The  backs  of  the  hands  ami  feet  are  whitish.  The 
tail  is  rather  indistinctly  bicolor,  to  correspond  with  the  body-areas, — -aark 
brown  above,  whitish  below.  The  ears  have  a  light-colored  rim.  The 
whiskers  art  mostly  black.  The  basal  part  of  the  fur,  in  the  colored  areas, 
is  gray  or  plumbeous,  excepting  just  along  the  line  of  junction  of  the  tawny 
of  the  sides  with  the  white  of  the  belly,  where  the  hairs  are  white  to  the 
roots,  like  those  of  the  belly.  To  this  absence  of  dark  bases  of  the  hairs  is 
due  the  appearance  of  a  fulvous  stripe  along  the  sides,  sometimes  quite 
strongly  marked,  much  as  in  species  of  Perognathus  or  Cricetodipuf .  In  these 
coses,  there  are  thus  four  styles  of  coloration  from  back  to  beliy :  the  dark 
dorsal  area,  mixed  blackish  and  sandy,  with  plumbeous  roots ;  sandy,  with 
little  or  no  blackish,  but  still  with  gray  roots,  sandy,  with  white  roots;  and, 
finally,  pure  white.  The  variations  (o  which  the  species  is  subject  lie  in  the 
brightness  or  dullness  of  the  tawny,  and  its  lining  with  a  varying  amount  of 
blackish ;  the  degree  of  distinctness  of  the  dorsal  area  from  that  of  the  sides, 
and  of  this  from  the  white  of  the  belly ;  and  in  the  sharpness  or  indistinct- 
ness; of  the  tawny  lateral  stripe  along  which  the  hairs  are  white  at  the  roots. 
The  line  of  the  belly-white  is  pretty  constantly  sharp,  as  in  Hesperomys;  but 
there  is  often  a  gradual  shading  from  the  dark  dorsal  area  to  the  tawny 


I 


lI.-.<, 


*'  I 


476 


MOSOGUAPHS  OF  NOE{TH  AMERICAN  EODBNTIA. 


of  the  sides,  and  the  latter  is  sometimes  very  pale  yellowish-gray,  &c.  I 
have  observed  no  plumbeous  or  entirely  gray  stage  like  that  frequently  or 
usually  seen  in  young  He.speromif-s ;  and  I  have  failed  to  determine  what  defi- 
nite relation,  if  any,  the  observable  ditferences  in  coloration  bear  to  sex 
or  age. 

The  animal  varies  much  in  size,  and  to  some  extent  in  proportions, 
espeeiaUy  the  length  of  the  tail.  This  is  tiie  most  variable  dimension,  as 
usual  in  all  such  cases  of  high  development  of  parts.  A  tendency  to  superior 
size  in  specimens  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  vk'estward  has  been  noted. 
The  following  table  of  measurements  of  an  alcdholic  series  indicates  very 
fairly  the  dimensions,  and.  to  some  extent,  the  variations  in  size  and  pro- 
portions:—       ■•      I-  i '. 

TaBlk  I. — Mtatiircmentt  of  Iwcnly-oun  alwkolio  speeimem  o/Zapu8  huiwokiiis. 
Skulls  mcnanre  fruro  0.90  to  1.00  by  0.4S  to  0.50. 


a  u 

-  a 

2  " 

li 


S593 

•am 
laai 
)me 

83SrT 
S393 
SS94 
3390 
SMO 
3003 
SK06 

a«07 

3608 
3604 
CliOl 
3603 
3603 
9011 
^!0 
1939 

scog 


Locality. 


lUlllM,  N..S 

Middloboru',  Mrbs.. 
do..  


do 

do.... 

do 

Burllnntoii,  Vt 

Wethnsfleld,  Coon 

do 

W»lerville,  K.  T 

do 

do 

do  

PblUdnlphla,  Pa 

Carllale.P« 

do 

do 

We«tNortlifleld,lll  ... 
Difwr  MUnonrl  River.. 

PlatU)  lilviT  >«br 

Stellacooni,  W.  T 

Atituku 


From  tip  0 

f  noae  to — 

Tail- 

Length  of— 

1 

1 

..i 

t 

1 

Fore  foot. 

i 

•O.K 

O.M 

1.00 

9:75 

5.00 

0.40 

1.30 

0.4j 

0.7.1 

I.OO 

8.00 

5.39 

o.;)5 

1.18 

0.  V, 

0.90 

1.00 

3.00 

0.00 

0.37 

1.30 

0.43 

0.80 

0.95 

3.75 

4.50 

0.45 

1.18 

0.40 

0.1^ 

0.95 

3.  CO 

5.30 

0.43 

O.US 

1.00 

3.75 

4.75 

0.35 

MS 

0.4S 

0.00 

1.00 

3.30 

5.35 

0.40 

1.18 

0.45 

0.90 

1.00 

3.75 

4.80 

a  40 

1.10 

0.45 

o.eo 

1.00 

3.75 

4.35 

0  35 

I.IS 

0.45 

0.1)0 

1.10 

3.10 

4.05 

0.45 

1.15 

0.50 

0.95 

1.00 

3.8.1 

5.00 

0.4.1 

0.85 

l.ro 

885 

4.90 

0.40 

1.13 

n.4S 

0.110 

1.00 

3.00 

.\00 

a  40 

1.15 

0.45 

0.85 

1.00 

390 

4.05 

0.43 

1.13 

0.45 

o.e> 

i.to 

3.85 

4..'!U 

0.45 

1.15 

0.45 

0.85 

I.OO 

8.85 

4.75 

0.45 

1.15 

0.40 

O.eo 

0.95 

8.0O 

4.40 

■     0.40 

1.05 

0.40 

o.so 

0.90 

880 

4.-0 

0.40 

1.10 

0.50 

1. 00 

1.15 

3.00 

MO 

0.48 

1.15 

0.40 

O.M 

0.05 

3.75 

4.50 

a  43 

1.13 

0.45 

1.00 

6.10 

0.50 

1.35 

0.44 

0.86 

0.00 

3.89 

4.00 

0.43 

1.15 

*A11  meaanromenta  ore  In  KaKliah  Inuhes  and  deoimala. 


OEOORAPHICAl.   DI8TBIBUTI0N. 


The  dispersion  of  Znpus  hudsonivs  in  North  America  can  at  present  be 
given  only  in  somewhat  general  terms,  pending  precise  information  respect- 


i-L 


p 

i            :■  \ 

1 
w 

11 

.1 

m^ 

'l-iy  'itS 

m-M 

7j\vot>idm—z\vus  hudsonius— general  history. 


477 


ing  both  nortlicrn  and  southern  limits  uf  its  distribution.  It  inhabits  the 
greater  part  of  British  America  and  tlie  United  States,  from  Atlantic  to 
Pacific.  The  northernmost  recorded  locality  I  have  noted  is  Great  Slave 
Lake,  latitude  62° ;  and  the  southernmost  is  Virginia,  where  I  have  myself 
observed  it.  It  was  originally  described  from  Hudson's  Bay,  Labrador,  and 
Canada,  and  appears  to  be  particularly  numerous  in  the  last-named  region  and 
northern  half  of  the  United  States.  Audubon  surmises,  with  mucii  reason, 
that  it  exists  south  of  Virginia,  at  least  in  mountainous  regions;  while  there 
is  no  doubt  of  its  presence  in  elevated  portions  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico, 
which  harbor  such  a  truly  boreal  animal  as  Gulo  luscus.  We  have  found  it 
in  Dakota,  and  it  is  known  to  occur  on  the  Pacific  coast,  in  Washington  Ter- 
ritory ;  while  the  moist  and  comparatively  warm  climate  of  tiie  wooded 
region,  thence  northward,  we  may  properly  surmise,  will  carry  its  habitat  far 
into  Alaska.  Its  dispersion  will  probably  ultimately  prove  to  be  little,  if  any, 
less  extensive  than  that  of  Hesperomys  leucopus ;  although,  as  it  is  more 
strictly  a  woodland  animal,  there  are  large  treeless  areas  within  its  general 
range  where  probably  it  does  not  exist. 

HISTORY    OF   THE    SPECIES 

Tiie  latter  part  of  the  last  century  gave  us  our  earliest  accounts  of  this 
species,  under  various  names,  from  three  apparently  separate  and  independent 
sources, — Pennant,  Davies,  and  Barton.  Thomas  Pennant  is  said  to  have  first 
described  the  animal  under  the  name  of  the  "Long-legged  Mouse  of  Hud- 
son's Bay",  or  some  equivalent  expression;*  and' this  became  the  basis  o*" 
the  first  technical  appellation  quoted.  Dipus  hudwriius,  conferred  by  Pro- 
fessor Zimmermann  in  1780.  Pennant  erred  in  <ir.5uly  id'intifvinj^  the  ani- 
mal sent  from  Hudson's  Bay  by  Mr.  Graham  with  the  Mus  longipes  of  Pallas, 
or  Dipus  meridianus  of  Gmelin,  an  Asiatic  quadruped.  The  same  author  had 
also  a  "Labrador  Rat",  which  is  no  other  tlian  the  present  species.  J.  Sabine 
is  currently  accredited  with  the  term  Mus  Inbradorius,  derived  from  this 
source ;  but  a  Dipus  lahradorius  had  before  appeared,  upon  the  same  basis, 
in  Turton's  English  version  of  the  Linn.-Gm.  Systema  Naturie  (1806). 

About  the  year  1798,  General  Thomas  Davies  communicated  to  the  Liu- 
neean  Society  an  account  of  an  animal  he  called  the  ''Jumping  Mouse  of 
Canada",  which  was  published  in  the  Transactionsf  of  that  l'>dy  for  1798,  the 

*  The  rnforence  is  not  at  band  as  I  wrltu. 

t  An  Aooonnt  of  the  Jnniping  Mouse  of  Caniula.  Uy  T.  Uavitss.  <  Trana.  Linn.  Soc.  !v,  ITUti,  pp. 
166-167,  pi.  S,  tffo  lower  flga.    Named  rHp»ii  oanadimiii  on  p.  157. 


i 

In™ 

t 

1         y 

II 

'    i 

p 

HH 

1 

Bj_ 

i 

w 

,        :| 

n 

i:' 

i'i'  '11 

4V8 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


species  being  called  Dipus  canadensis.  The  article  Was  immediately  copied 
into  Tillocii's  Pliiiotioj'liical  Magazine,*  with  reproduction  of  the  colored 
plates  by  wliich  it  was  illustrated.  These  same  figures,  representing  the  ani- 
mal in  activity  and  in  repose,  were  also  copied  by  Dr.  G.  Shaw  in  his  General 
Zoology  in  1801  (plate  161),  and  the  species  became  established  upon  this 
name  '^canadensis",  already  tbe  tliird  one  bestowed  upon  it. 

Tlie  fourth  designation  of  the  species,  "Dipus  americanus",  is  derived 
from  Barton ;  it  really  anticipated  Davies's  '^canadensis",  though  not  in  date 
of  publication.  In  the  year  1796,  Prof  B.  S.  Barton  communicated  an  account 
of  the  species  to  the  American  Philosopliical  Society,  which  body  published 
it  in  the  fourth  volume  of  their  Transactions, t  bearing  date  1799.  In  this 
article,  the  learned  and  ingenious  author  named  a  species,  Dipus  americanus, 
on  page  115;  he  discussed  at  length  its  probable  relationships  with  Dipus 
hudsonius  of  Zimmermann,  and  with  "Mus  longipes",  coming  to  the  conclu- 
sion it  was  distinct;  and  finished  with  an  interesting  account  of  its  habits. 
Some  years  later,  the  same  writer  presented  to  tlie  society  a  second  paperj 
on  the  species,  devoted  to  further  consideration  of  the  creature's  habits, 
with  special  reference  to  its  torpidity  or  hibernation.  These  excellent 
accounts  of  Professor  Barton's  have  probably  not  been  excelled  in  accuracy 
of  detail. 

We  thus  see  how  the  species  came  to  be  generally  known  by  three  dif- 
ferent names, — hudsonius,  canadensis,  and  labradorius, — to  say  nothing  of  the 
''Mus  longipes".  Later  authors  are  nearly  equally  divided  in  their  use  of 
those  terms,  but  hudsonius  clearly  has  priority.  Coming  to  later  synonyms, 
I  find  a  quotation  of  a  Gerbillus  sylvaticus,  a  name  said  to  liave  been  proposed 
by  S.  L.  Mitchill,  without  accompanying  description ;  and  also  of  a  Meriones 
nemoralis,  attributed  to  Is.  Geoffroy  St.  Hilaire.  These  references  I  have  not 
been  able  to  verify. 

Afler  treating  of  "Gerbillus"  canadensis,  in  his  Fauna  Americana,  in 
182.'),  apparently  from  fair  acquaintance  with  the  animal,  Dr.  R.  Harlan,  in 
1839,§  described  specimens  from  Philadelphia  as  a  new  species  under  the 

*  An  Account  of  t'lo.ImnpinK  MoiiBe  of  Conacio,  />i/>iM  oaiia(ieiia<«.  ByT.  Davles.  <  Tilloch'n  Pbtl. 
MsK.  i,  Aut,'.  17!W,  pp.  aav,>H7,  pi.  viii,  «g8.  (colored)  1,  2.    (From  Tr.  Linn.  Soo.  iv,  1798,  pp.  155-157.) 

l8on)n  nccnnnt  of  iiii  Ainoricun  8|h>cI«h  of  UipiiH  or  .Jerboa.  <  Trans.  Anier.  PbiloB.  8oc.  iv,  No. 
xii,  pp.  114-124,  with  pi.  not  nunibcroil  opp.  p.  ia4.    "  Komi "  1795 ;  vol.  diitetl  1799. 

tSnpplcnicnt  to  tliu  u:xonut  of  tliii  UipuB  americaiim,  in  tli«  IV.  Vol.  of  tlie  Transact iooH  of  tiio 
Society.    Siio  No.  XII.     <  Tnms.  Aincr.  Pliilos.  Soc.  vi,  1S04,  pp.  143, 144.    Roa<l  Dec.  1803 ;  vol.  dated  1804. 

f  On  a  Now  HpcciiM  of  Mcrioncn.  <  Proc.  Zoi'il.  Soc.  I^n<1.  vil,  .Iiin.  1839,  p.  1.  8nb8«<|ui'nt  to  tbo 
collection  of  tlio  iintlior'H  jinpi^rH  pnbliHliid  liy  livdin  It.  Ilnllny,  nndi-r  tlie  titio  »(  " Medical  and  Physical 
R.'Hcnrchi'H"  ("vo,  Philndn.  I":!".). 


mBm 


ZAPODID^E— ZAPIIS  HUDSONIUS— GENERAL  HISTOKY. 


479 


name  of  Meriones  microcephalus.  In  1856,  Principal  J.  W.  Dawson  rede- 
scribed*  the  species  as  new,  from  Nova  Scotian  examples,  under  the  name 
of  Meriones acadicus.  But  the  ciiaraeters  adduced  by  these  authors  in  neither 
case  indicate  specific  distinction,  viewed  in  the  light  we  now  have  on  the  normal 
variability  of  this  animal. 

Though  scarcely  pertaining  legitimately  to  the  history  of  the  species, 
numerous  vague  indications  by  Rafinesquc  of  American  species  of  ^^Gerbillus" 
may  be  here  alluded  to.  The  original  quotations,  together  with  the  accounts 
compiled,  chiefly  by  certain  French  writers,  from  Bafinesque,  will  be  found 
in  tlie  foregoing  list  of  synonyms.  If  the  several  sup|wsed  species  have  any 
foundation  in  nature,  they  are,  in  all  probability,  referable  to  Zapus  hudsonius; 
but  I  doubt  that  the  "long-tailed",  "short-tailed",  "lion-tailed",  'shrew-like", 
and  "big-eyed"  Gerbilli  of  M.  Rafinesque  are  aught  else  than  mere  figments. 
This  writer  is  also  said  to  have  renamed  Davies's  animal  under  the  style  of 
Gerbillus  daviesii,  while  he  is  entitled  to  the  credit  of  leading  American 
authors  in  giving  the  specific  term  hudsonius  its  rightful  priority. 

In  1865,  Professor  Giebelf  gave  some  account  of  the  osteology  of  the 
animal,  the  dentition  of  which  had  before  been  specially  treated  by  Fr. 
Cuvier  (/.  s.  c).  In  1872,  the  habits  of  tHe  species  were  made  the  subject 
of  a  special  paper  by  Prof.  Sunborn  Tenney  f.  For  additional  information 
respecting  its  habits,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  writings  of  Audubon  and 
Bachman,  DeKay,  Samuels,  and  Kennicott  {II.  ss.  cc). 

'  Notice  of  the  species  of  iftriona  and  Arvicola  fonnd  in  Novn  Scotia.  <  Edinbargb  New  Fbilo- 
sopbicul  Journal,  new  series,  iii,  1856,  p.  1. 

t  Zur  Osteologie  des  labradorischen  Springers,  Jacnlus  labradorins.  <  Zeitsobr.  gesammt.  Natnrw. 
XV,  1365,  pp.  878-274. 

X  Hybernation  of  tbe  Jamping  Hoase.     <  American  Naturalist,  vi,  1872,  pp.  330-332,  fig.  101. 


1 

hi;  li 

1 

L'r  ji^ 

II 

I'll -■'   InTiTtCj 


MONOGRAPHS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA 


No.  VIII -SACCOMYID^. 


By   ELLIOTT   COXJES, 


31  X 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Office  of  U.  S.  Geological 

AND   GeOOBAPHICAL    SuRVEY   OF   THE   TERRITORIES, 

Washington,  D.  C,  December  1,  1876. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  lienor  to  transmit  herewith,  for  publication  as  one  of  the 
series  of  Monographs  of  North  American  Rodentia,  a  memoir  upon  the  fam- 
ily Saccomyida. 

This  article  is  based  upon  the  material  contained  in  the  National  Museum, 

Smithsonian  Institution,  including  all  the  specimens  collected  by  yourself,  or 

by  the  naturalists  of  the  Survey  under  your  direction.     It  is  reproduced,  with 

additions  and  other  modifications,  from  my  paper  entitled  "A  Critical  Review 

of  the  North  American  Saccomyidae",  pul)li8hed  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 

Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  for  1875,  pp.  272-327. 

I  am,  Sir,  &c., 

ELLIOTT  COUES, 

Assistant  Surgeon  U.  8,  A.,  Secretary  of  the  Survey. 

Prof.  F.  V.  Hayden, 

U.  8.  Oeologist-in-charge,  Sfc.,  Sec. 

483 


)     If.i 


mm  ii 


1  1; 


m 


5JI. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


P«gM. 

PREMMINARY  CON8IDEKATIONS 487-401 

Family  SACCOMYlDiE 491-542 

Sabfamily  Fkkoonathidin^ 49r)-521 

Qeona  Pengnatkut 496-515 

Perogonthns  faaoiatas.. &0(>-504 

penioillatni 504-509 

montioola 5011-512 

hispldns 513-B16 

bioolor 515-515 

Omut  Crioelodiptu 015-521 

Crlcetodipns  dnvDs 516-518 

parvus 519-621 

Rnbfaniily  DiPODOHTiNA 521-542 

Oeuiis  iXpodomyf 521-542 

Dipodomys  pbUlipsi 540-541 

ordl 541-642 

486 


Uu' 


h.> 


Family  SACCOMYID^. 


PRELIMINARY    CONSIDERATIONS. 

The  family  Saccomyida,  as  understood  and  defined  in  this  article,  con- 
sists of  the  genera  Dipodomys,  Cricetodipia,  Perognalhm,  Heteromys,  and 
"  Saccomys".*  The  animals  composing  the  family  are  confined,  as  fur  as  now 
known,  to  North  and  Middle  America  and  the  West  Indies.  They  may  be 
immediately  recognized  by  the  possession  of  ample  external  cheeU-pouches, 
lined  with  furry  integument,  and  opening  outside  the  mouth,  taken  in  connec- 
tion with  a  generol  Murine  aspect;  for  the  Geomyida,  \\'\\\c\\  arc  the  only 
other  Rodents  known  to  possess  such  cheek-pouches,  are  entirely  different  in 
external  appearance. 

*  The  genus  Saoeomyt  of  Fr.  Cnvter  was  probably  based  npou  n  speoicH  of  Hetavmyt,  and  is  there- 
fore likely  to  prove  to  be  a  synonym  of  the  latter,  as  Dr.  Peters  has  endeavored  to  show.  (See  Monatsb. 
Akad.  Berlin,  1874,  pp.  354-359.)  The  genua  Abromyt  of  Gray  (Proo.  Zool.  Soc.  1668, 30!2)  is  not  included 
in  the  above  enumeration, as  it  is  not  recognizable.  It  is  doubtless  equivalent  to  Perognalhut.  (See 
this  memoir,  beyond.) 

In  the  valuable  paper  to  which  allusion  has  Just  been  made  ("  Ubor  die  Tascbenmiiuse,  Nnger  mit 
iiussereu  taschenlormigen  Backentaschen,  nnl  eine  nene  Art  derselbed,  Heteromys  adspersus,  ans  Pana- 
ma ".  <  Monatob.  kangl.  preuss.  Akad.  Wisa.  Berlin,  Hal  1874,  88.  354-359,  mit  Taf.),  Hr.  W.  Peters 
remarks  (p.  350)  respecting  Saccomya  as  follows :  — 

"  Von  diesen  beiden  letztereu  [Gattungen  Heteromyf,  Saccomyt'i  ist  die  Gattnng  8accomy»  nach 
einem  einzlgen  ganz  Jnngen  Exemplar  aufgestellt,  welches  sioh  von  den  blsher  bokanuten  Arten  dor 
Gattnng  Heleromya  duroh  den  Mangel  platter  Stachelborsten  undeine  etwas  verscbicdene  Schniclzfaltnng 
der  Backziihne  auszeiohnet.  Naoli  eincr  genauen  Vergleiohung  der  9i>^><'>°'^'>^i  Abbandlung  ttber 
Soccomy*  bin  ich  indess  zu  der  (Tberzeugung  gekomnien,  dass  diese  beiden  Merkmale  in  dieseui  Kalle 
nicht  fainreichend  8ind,um  dieAnfBtellungeinerliesonderonOattung  an  recbtfertigen.  Denn  1.  bemerkt 
man  aoch  bel  anderen  Ni;gem,die  im  reiferen  Alter  mit  Stachelborsten  versehen  sind,  dass  diese  bei 
ganz  jnngen  Tbieren  noob  nicht  znm  Vorschein  kommen,  nnd  2.  ist  die  Verscbicdenheit  der  Scbmelz- 
bildnng  der  Backziihne  zwischon  Sacoomyi  nnd  Hettromyt  nicht  grosser  als  bei  Individnen  vericbiedenen 
Alters  derselben  Artanderer  Nager,  z.  B.  von  Afynnu  ^Im  und  Spalax  typkltu.  Icb  bin  daberd  r  .Moiiiung, 
dass  Sacoomyi  mit  Heleromyi  zn  vercinigen  sei."  And,  respecting  the  qnestionabie  habitat  of  the  species 
S.  anthopkUut,  the  writer  adds,  in  a  foot-note : — "  Bekanntlich  grttndcte  Fr.  Cnvier  seine  Annabmo,  dass 
Saccoiftyt  anthophUtu  n  ord  amerlkanlsch  sei,  daranf,  dass  Knnth  in  den  Backentaschen  seines  Exemplars 
Bliithenreste  von  iSeoKridaoa  L.  fand.  Hr.  Prof.  Braun  hat  mir  indessen  gUtigst  mitgetheilt,  dass  die 
meisten  Arten  der  Polygaleen-Gattnng  iSecHridaoa  L.  Brasilieu  und  Columbien,  einige  Wostindien  ango. 
hdren,  eine  Art  ans  Mexico  angefllhrt  sei.  Dieses  spricht  daber  dafUr,  dass  das  Vaterland  von  Saccomy 
anlhopkUiu  von  dem  der  bisher  bekanntea  Arten  von  Hettromyi  nioht  versohiedcD  sei." 

487 


:iis> 


!■: 


iiiHil 


Hill 


488 


MONOGliAPUS  OF  NOltTU  AMERICAN  KODKNTIA. 


A  group  Saccomyina*  un<ler  a  fiunily  Muriila:,  tvus  establislied  in  1848  by 
G.  R.  Wuferliouse  to  contain  all  those  American  Rodents  which  have  external 
cheek-pouches,  and  consequently  included  the  genera  Geoiiiya  and  Thomomys, 
as  well  as  those  just  specified.  Such  comprehensive  acctptation  of  the  grouj) 
as  a  family  was  endorsed  by  Baird  in  1857, t  and  more  recently  by  Mr.  E.  R. 
Alston,  t  These  authors  agree,  furthermore,  in  dividing  the  Siiccoinyidtf,  as 
understood  by  Waterhouse,  into  two  subfamilies;  Professor  liaird's  group.s 
being  Saccomyin(t-\-GeoinyincB^.8accomyi(Le,  while  Mr.  Alston,  with  unnec- 
essary§  change  of  nomenclature,  makes  Geoinyiiice-\-Heteromyin(Ez^Geomy- 
idcE.  Thus  a  nominal  disagreement  is  brought  about,  when  really  these  two 
authors  are  at  one,  both  in  their  valuation  and  tlieir  definition  of  the  groups  in 
question.  || 

I  accept  the  groups  as  originally  indicated  by  Waterhouse,  and  as  limited 
by  Baird  and  Alston,  but  I  differ  in  my  valuation  of  them,  considering  that 

'"  Saccomyina"— a  name  informally  proposeil  in  tlio  text,  p.  S,  vol.  ii,  of  tlio  Nat.  Hist.  Mnnim. 
(1848),  aathe  "  pnivlKioual"  ileHignationof  agroiipof  noassignid  valuation,  with  the  following  doQnitioD 
iu  a  foot-not*:  — 

"A  group  of  Rodents  found  in  North,  and  Central  America,  ami  in  some  of  the  West  India  Islands ; 
all  the  spi'cios  of  which  imsseSM  cbeek-ponches,  opening  cxtorunlly  ;  (hoy  have  7^  molar  teeth.  In  some 
the  (eelb  are  rootless,  and  tiio  tail  is  short ;  tbey  constitute  the  genus  Geoniys ;  in  others  the  tail  is  long, 
and  the  molitrs  arc  rooted,  as  in  the  genus  Heteromys,  Saccomys,  and  Perognathus.  Dipi.doniys  no  doubt 
also  belongs  to  this  section,  which  I  provisionally  form  for  genera  which  there  apiwar  to  bo  good  reasons 
thus  tc  unite."  (See  also  K.  Johnston's  ed.  of  Oerbaus's  Physical  Athis,  Table  of  tbeOrdeis  Kodeutia  and 
Euminantia,  No.  5,  folio,  Edinburgh,  X849.) 

In  his  earlier  papers,  Waterhouse  bad  placed  Oeomyt  among  true  Murine  forms  in  a  "  family  " 
Arvicotidai.  See  "  Observations  on  the  Eodentia,  with  a  view  to  point  out  the  groups,  us  indicated  by  the 
structure  of  the  Crania,  in  this  order  of  Mammals."  <  Cbarlesw.  Mag.  N.  H.  viii,  laiO,  pp.  UO-96, 184- 
188,  274-279,  593-fiOO  ;  wood-cuts.  (See  also  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  viil,  1841,  pp.  81-«4  ;  x,  1842,  pp.  197- 
803,  344-347  ;  and  P.  Z.  8.  1^*39,  pp.  172-174.) 

t  Mammals  of  North  America,  p.  365  (4to,  Washington,  l&W). 

t  On  the  Classification  of  the  Order  Glires.  <  Proo.  Zoiil.  80c.  Lond.,  Jan.  1876, pp.  01-98,  pi.  iv 
(See  especially  pp.  (.9  and  87.)    A  paper  no  student  of  the  Rodeutia  should  fail  to  consult. 

}  I  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  Alston  that,  beoanse  Fr^d.  Cuvier's  genus  Saccomyi  is  donbtlcss  a  synonym 
of  Heteromiji  Uesm.,  it  is  in  consequenco  necessary  to  derive  the  name  of  the  sabfuniily  from  the  latter, 
and  speak  'i(  Huteromyiiiw  instead  of  Saccomyina;.  It  is  always  admissible  to  derive  the  name  of  a  sub- 
family or  family  from  any  one  of  its  component  genera,  though,  of  course,  desirable  that  su  h  name 
should  indicate  a  characteristic  or  otherwise  leading  generic  type.  Hence,  though  Saeoomy  is  an 
undoubted  synonym,  it  is  not  necessary  to  discard  the  terms  Saccomyina  and  Saccomyida,  long  established 
and  in  genera!  employ,  as  well  as  suggestive  and  pertinent. 

II  Brandt,  perhaps  alone  among  late  loading  writers,  disaimts  from  the  views  here  implied.  "  In  bis 
recent  paper  on  the  clasaillcation  of  the  Kodentin  in  Beitriigo  zur  nlihern  Keiintniss  der  Sliugetblere 
KuBslands,  1855, 188,  [ho]  establishes  a  family  of  Sciiiro-fpalacoidn  to  contain  Oeomyt  and  Thomomy-,  as 
constituting  n  connecting  link  between  the  Sciiiriam  and  a  fomlly  of  Spalaooidai,  typified  by  Spalax, 
Siphneut,  Ellobiut,  &c.  He  dissents  from  the  views  of  Waterhonso  in  combining  Oeomyt  and  Tkomomyt 
into  a  family  with  Perognalhm  and  Dipodomyt.  Peroguathut  ho  considers  rather  as  a  Mnroid,  and  coming 
next  to  Cricelttt,  while  Dipodomyt,  or  rather  Sfacrocolnt,  is  placed  as  the  type  of  a  sub-family  MacrocoHni 
under  the  Dipodoidct.  I  think,  howi'ver,  a  revision  of  the  subject,  with  more  ample  materials  before  him, 
will  satisfy  this  eminent  zmdogist  of  the  soundness  of  Waterbouw^'s  view."— (Quoted  from  Baird,  M.  N. 
A.,  pp.  3t)5-6,  as  pertinent  to  the  history  of  the  subject,  and  as  a  statement  iu  which  I  fully  concur.) 


mm 


SACCOMYID^— PltELIMlNARY  CONSIDEUATIONS. 


489 


each  should  rank  as  a  family;  for,  as  I  iiavc  already  attempted  to  show,* 
the  great  diiference  in  configuration  between  the  Ge.omyid(e  ixnA  Saccomyida, 
liiough  only  a  matter  of  secondary  consequence,  is  coordinated  with  struc- 
tural characters  important  enough  to  warrant  the  erection  of  the  sublamily 
Saccomijince  into  a  family  Saccomyi.da,  distinct  from,  though  unquestionably 
standing  next  to,  the  family  GeomyklcB. 

It  may  be  conceded  that  this  valuation  was  virtually,  if  onl}  incidenlally, 
set  forth  in  1868  by  Dr.  J.  E.  Gray,t  who,  though  using  a  terminology  ("iSVvc- 
comyina:")  indicative  of  a  subfamily,  nevertiieless  speaks  of  "the  family"  of 
Pouclied  Mice,  from  which  Geomys  and  Thoinomys  are  excluded. 

In  1872,  Dr.  T.  Gill  J  first  formally  recirded  a  family  SaccomyidcB  as 
equivalent  to  the  subfamily  SaccomijincE  of  Baird,  1857,  and  of  Gray,  1868,  and 
to  the  subsequent //e^erowi^i«<£  of  Alston,  1876.  The  group  tiius  accorded 
full  family  rank  was  placed  nexl  to  the  family  Geomyida,  the  two  together 
constituting  one  of  the  author's  numerous  taxonomic  refinements,  a  "super- 
family"  (or  series)  Saccomyoidea,  which  was  hence  exactly  equivalent  to  the 
group  Saccomyina  as  founded  by  Waterhouse  and  the  family  Succomyidce  as 
endorsed  by  Baird.  Such  term,  Saccomyouka,  may  be  accepted  as  an  expres- 
sion of  the  unquestionable  fact  that  the  Saccomyixta  and  the  Geomyidm  are 
more  intimately  related  to  each  other  than  they  are  to  any  other  family  of  the 
Rodents. 

Thus  following  Professor  Gill  in  determining  a  family  Saccomyida  so 
drawn  as  to  exclude  Geomyida,  I  wish,  before  giving  my  characterization  of 
the  group,  to  note  what  disposition  has  been  made  of  its  component  genera 
by  several  authors.  Dr.  LeConte,  in  1853,§  and  Professor  Baird,  in  1857, || 
b(jth  treited  only  of  North  American  forms,  recognizing  but  two  genera, 
Dipodomys  and  Perognathus  (-f  subg.  Cricetodipus).  Dr.  Gill  made  no  sub- 
division of  the  family.  Mr.  A'ston  recognized  three  genera, — Dipodo>nys, 
Peiognatlius  and  Heteromys.  Di.  "'••ay,  and,  following  him,  Hr.  Peters,** 
divided  the  Pocket  Mice  into  two  gro.  p  of  no  assigned  value,  namely, 

*  Uulletiu  U.  8.  Oeol.  aud  Geogr.  Surv.  Terr.  3d  Ber.  No.  %  J^b,  pf  83  ttq. ;  and  Proo.  Acad.  PhiU. 
1875,  p|).  873  ttq. 

t  Synopsis  of  the  Species  of  RaccoiuyiniD,  or  Pouched  Mice,  in  the  Collection  of  the  British  Museum. 
<  Proc.  ZoOI.  Soo.  Lond.  16(>8,  pp.  199-306. 

t  ArrauKeuient  of  the  Families  of  Mammals.  With  Analytical  Tublos.  Prepared  for  the  Smithsonian 
Institution.     <  Smiths.  Misc.  Cull.  No.  330.    (Svo,  Washington,  1873.) 

i  Ueniaiks  on  the  Meuns  Dipoihiiiiys  and  Perognathus.     <  Pmc.  Pliilti.  Acad,  vi,  1853,  pp.  334,  335 

y  Mammals  of  North  America,  p|i.  4(F>-43<i.     1857. 
**  Muoatsb.  kOiiigl.  prunss.  Akud.  WiHseusch.  Ucrliu,  Mai  1874,  p.  355. 


490 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODKNTIA. 


f 


1%^ 

^  J  ■it  1 


m 


Wiilf 


Dipodomyina,  witli  Dipodomys  alone,  and  Heferomyinn,  including  all  tho  rost 
of  the  genera;  the  Heleromyinn  of  these  authors  being  further  subdivided 
into  those  with  sulcate  upper  incisors  {Perognathus,  "Abroniys",  and  Crice- 
todipus)  and  those  which  have  smooth  upper  front  teeth  {Ileteromys  and 
"Saccomys").  As  the  former  author  drew  up  his  characters,  excepting  those 
of  the  front  teeth,  from  trivial  superficialities  which  may  be  observed  upon 
inspection  of  stuffed  skins,  I  am  unable  to  gain,  from  his  remarks,  any  satis- 
factory idea  respecting  the  degree  of  relationship  which  subsists  between  the 
North  American  Perogna/hus  and  Crirctodipux  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Neo- 
tropical Heteromys  on  the  other. 

Dr.  Peters's  excellent  characterization,  which  is  quoted  at  length  beyond, 
is  much  more  satisfactory.  My  im])ression  is,  however,  that  characters  of 
more  than  generic  value  will  be  found  to  distinguish  these  genera.*  However 
the  case  may  stand  respecting  Heteromys  and  "  Saccomys  ",t  it  is  iemon- 
strable  tiiat  the  genus  Dipodomys  is  isolated  from  the  rest  by  its  exaggerated 
cranial  peculiarities  and  other  less  extraordinary  characters.  This  enal)les  us 
to  throw  the  North  American  genera  into  two  subfamilies,  easily  character- 
ized ;  one  containing  Dipodomys  alone,  the  other  eml)racing  Perognathus 
and  Cricetodipus.     The  characters  are  tabulated  beyond. 

In  these  preliminary  remarks  respecting  the  valuation,  definition,  and 
subdivision  of  the  group  of  Pouched  Mice  here  to  be  treated.  I  wish,  for  the 
rest,  to  insist  ujwn  full  generic  <listiiiction  between  Perognathus  and  Criceto- 
dipus.   The  latter  was  first  satisfactorily  characterized  by  Professor  Baird  as 

*  Mr.  Alstnii  distinguishes  them  as  genera,  with  tLe  following  chnractcrs: — 

Peroqnalhwi. — "  Ears  sliorler  [than  in  .'Kpoiomys,  to  which  other  comparative  exprcssioDS  also  refer] ; 
tail  thinl;  t  ircd  ;  soles  nioro  or  loss  nuked  ;  piillex  with  n  flat  nail.  Skull  less  uiodifled ;  nasals  not  so 
lunch  produc  .;  zygoma  not  developed  into  a  flat  plate;  interparietal  broad;  anditor;  bnlliB  not  pro- 
jecting bi'hiud  the  occipital  plane.  Incisors  grooved.  Grinding-toeth  moted,  tnboronlate  in  yontb, 
afterwnrd  with  isolated  enamel-loops." 

IJderomyt. — "  Liko  rerogtiathm,  b"t  tlin  fur  bristly,  mixed  with  flattened  spines ;  tail  sbortfir,  cla»l 
with  large  scales  and  scattered  hnirs.  Skull  with  sharp  supraorbital  ridges;  interparietol  very  broad. 
Upper  incisors  plain.    Grinding-teelh  as  in  /'erojnaMm."— (P.  Z.  S.  18(t),  S8.) 

t"  Saccomys"  is  a  genus  which  is  said  to  have  been  propost^l  in  IMKI  by  Frdd.  Cuvior  ("  Descrip- 
tion du  Saccomys  anthophilo.  <  Mtfm.  du  Musi<nm  d'Hist.  Nat,  x,  lSi£1,  pp.  41!M'i8")  for  an  animal 
supposed  to  bo  rr.)in  tho  warm  portion  of  America.  Tho  original  acoouiit  I  havo  not  been  able  to  consult ; 
as  described  by  the  s..nie  author  in  WiSt  (Dent«  des  Mamniifisres,  etc.,  p.  186,  no.  and  pi.  74,  ligs.  a,  b),  the 
animal  is  siiid  to  liuve  tho  "  taille  du  l(!rot"  and  "abajoues  ex! ^rieurus  ",  tho  dental  formula  is  given  as 
i.  },  pni.  nnd  ni.  },and  the  teeth  are  fully  described  and  flgnred.  but  no  further  information  upon  thestrnc- 
ture  of  the  animal  is  given.  Tho  species  is  not  even  named  formally,  naturalists  lieing  left  to  infer  a 
" Sacmmi/H  aitlhophiltm  "  from  an  cxprissinn  used  on  p.  187,  where  "  lo  uom  d'anthophilo "  is  bestowed  from 
the  circumstance  tliat  tho  pouches  of  the  specimen  examined  were  flilod  with  flowers.  Mention  of 
the  external  cheek- pouches,  however,  together  with  the  acoonnt  of  the  teeth,  renders  it  no  less  than 
certain  tl.st  the  genus  is  a  member  of  the  pnv^ont  group  ;  and.  tis  alreiuly  stated,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
it  is  a  synonym  of  nftfwMyt.    (See  what  llr.  IVters  says,  as  quoted  ill  it  foregoing  fiHit-note,  p.  487.  i 


"•^Bl 


SAOCOMYID^— CHAKACTKUS  OF  TUE  FAMILY. 


491 


a  subgenus  of  Perognathm,  upon  certain  obvious  and  eligible  external  char- 
acters alone.  But  examination  of  the  skull,  which,  it  seems,  that  author  did 
not  make,  has  satisfied  me  that  the  cranial  peculiarities  arc  fully  up  to  a  cur- 
rent generic  mark.  Cricetodipus,  in  fiict,  makes  a  decided  step  away  Irom 
Perognathus  in  tiie  direction  of  Dijjodomi/s,  though  still  falling  far  short  of 
the  exaggerated  peculiarities  of  the  latter. 

Family  SACCOMYID^. 

<  Saooomyina,  Wateruocse,  Nat.  Hist.  Muuidi.  ii,  1S46, 8.    (As  a  gronp  of  Uuridw.  Inoladed  the  Oeomyid(t, 

now  miulo  a  separate  family;  equivalent  to  the  "  superfamily  "  ;8accomjfo<<iea  of  Gill,  1972.) 

<  Paeudotiomida;,  Gervais,  "  Diet.  Univ.  d'Hist.  Nat.  xi,  1848."    (Family     Equivalent  to  the  Saaxmyina 

of  Waterhonsc.) 

<  Saccomyiia,  Lilljeboro,  Syst.  (Efv.  Gnag.  Diiggdj.  18C6.    (Family.    Equivalent  to  Saooomyina  of 

Waterbouso.) 
=  Saooomyina,  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Am.  1857,  404.     (Subfamily  of  Sacoomyidw,  which,  with  this  author, 

included  Otomyidoe,  Bainl's  family  Saccomyida  being  equivalent  to  Sacromyinn,  Waterh.) 
=  Saocomyinw,  Gray,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soo.  1868, 19U,    (Spoken  of  as  a  "  family  ",  though  terminology  indicates 

subfamily.) 
=  Saccomyidw,  Gill,  Arraug.  Fam.  Mamm.  1872,  21.    (Family.) 
=  Saocomyidw,  CouES,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  187.1, 2/4.    (Family.) 
=  fl«i(«r»myina!,  Alston,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Lend.  1876,  88.    (Subfamily.     Equivalent  to  Saooomyina  ot 

Baird  and  Saccomyida  of  Gill  and  Cones.) 

Chabs.* — Skull  light,  thin,  and  papery,  with  few,  if  any,  decided  angles 
or  ridges ;  rostrum  elongate,  attenuate,  and  tapering ;  nasals  projected  beyond 
incisoto.  Intermastoid  width  not  less  than  the  interzygomatic,  sometimes 
much  grnate"".  Interorbital  space  much  wider  than  the  rostrum.  Occipital 
region  formed  largely  or  mostly  of  the  mastoids.  Palatal  surface  nearly  flat 
and  horizontal.  No  anteorbital  foramen  in  a  usual  site,  but  a  large,  rounded 
perforation  of  the  side  of  the  maxillary  instead.  Zygomata  slender,  depressed 
in  position,  almost  or  quite  abutting  behind  against  the  tympanic ;  malar 
thread-like.  Adelicsitescroll-likelachrymal,  easily  detached.  Frontal  broadly 
trapezoidal.  Parietal  broad,  triangular  or  pentagonal.  A  large  interparietal, 
embraced  betwixt  forks  of  the  occipital.  Squamosal  almost  entirely  restricted 
to  the  orbit.  Tympanic  more  or  less  inflated.  Mastoid  enormously  enlarged 
and  bullous,  mounting  to  the  lop  of  the  skull,  and  also  forming  much  or  most 
of  the  occipital  surface,  the  occipital  bone  itself  being  corres|)ondingly 
reduced,  and  scarcely  forming  part  of  the  general  occipital  surface.  Petrosals 
moderately  inflated,  their  apices  closely  approximated  or  even  in  mutual  con- 
tact.    Coronoid  process  of  mandible  slender,  sloping,  prickle-like,  scarcely 

•Drawn  from  Perognalku»,  Cricttodtput,  ond  Dipodomyt;  but  tlu'rc  is  reason  to  believe  that  no 
material  modlflt'«tion  of  the  phrase  is  n'(|uired  to  embrace  /ix/«rOTii^ii— exmipting  probably  some  of  the 
cranial  features,  especially  those  of  the  temiwral  region.  Siiccial  rofcreuee  is  hod  to  autilhcsis  with 
Geomyida; 


4y2 


MONOGEAPUS  OF  NOKTU  x\.MElUOAN  KODENTIA. 


i-y' 


or  not  attaining  top  of  condyle ;  mandible  small  and  weak  in  comparison  with 
rest  of  skull.  Cervical  vertebrjE*  sometimes  anchylosed.  Incisors  variable 
(the  upper  compressed  and  sulcate  in  North  American  genera,  said  to  be  broad 
and  smooth  in  Heteromys).  Molars  (i.  e.  pm.  and  m.)  i"^,  rooted  or  rootless. 
General  form  Murine ;  body  slender  and  graceful ;  ears  and  eyes  well  devel- 
oped. Hind  limbs  somewhat  or  very  decidedly  saltatorial.  Tail  as  long  as 
the  body  (more  or  less).  Fore  claws  moderate,  not  obviously  fossorial. 
External  cheek-pouches  ample,  not  connected  with  the  mouth,  furry  inside, 
furnished  with  a  special  muscle  (these  pouches  as  in  Geomyida,  but  no  other 
Rodents).  Pelage  generally  coarse  and  hispid,  said  to  be  sometimes  mixed 
with  flattened  spines  (in  Heteromys) ;  always  without  under  fur.  The  species 
very  active  and  quick  in  their  movements,  like  Mice ;  some  of  them  leaping 
like  Jerboas. 

The  foregoing  characters  amply  suffice  for  the  determination  of  this 
family,  though  others  might  be  adduced.  The  skull  is  very  peculiar ;  its 
main  features  result  from  the  exaggerated  state  of  the  mastoids,  which  pro- 
duce great  width  behind,  roof  much  of  the  cerebral  cavity,  pinch  the  occip- 
ital, and  push  the  squamosal  into  the  orbit.  The  next  most  prominent  features 
are  the  slight  thread-like  malar,  attenuated  rostrum,  and  flat  palate.  Tiic 
curious  position  of  the  anteorbital  foramen  is  shared  by  the  Geomyidfr.  To 
bring  the  comparative  characters  of  Saccomyidee  find  Geomyidoi  into  stronger 
relief,  the  following  may  be  adduced  :  — 


OEOMYID.fi.  . 

(Geomyxand  Thomornyt.) 

Skull  miuaive,  angular,  in  general  of  an  Axvicolino 
finpnrficies. 

Interorbital  conHtriction  narrower  than  roHtrnm. 

Interzygomatic  width  the  greatest  diameter  of 
the  skull. 

Palate  strungly  sloping  downward  far  below  levol 
of  zygomata. 

Nasals  not  produced  beyond  inolsors;  rostrum 
broad,  blunt,  parallel-sided. 

Zygomata  xtrong,  flaring,  with  stout,  short  mala'r, 
having  orilinary  conntMjtions. 

Frontal  compressed. 

Pariotals  compressed,  irvogularly  linear,  remote 
from  orbits. 


SACCOMYID.*!. 
(rtrognaihut,  CHoetodiput,  Dipodomyf.) 

Skull  delicate,  with  ronnded-off  angles  and  slight 
ridges,  if  any. 

Interorbital  space  ranch  broader  than  rostrum. 

Intcrmastoid  width  the  greatest  diameter  of  the 
skull. 

Palate  nearly  horizontal,  little,  if  any,  below  the 
level  of  zygomata. 

Nasals  produced  l^yond  tnoisors ;  rostrum  com* 
pressed,  tapering,  acute. 

Zygomata  slender,  parallel,  with  long  thread-like 
malar,  almost  or  actually  abutting  against  tympanic. 

Frontal  very  broad. 

Parictals  broad,  triangular  or  pentangular.  Dom- 
ing to  edge  of  orbits. 


*  There  is  a  cnrions  coincidence  or  correlation  between  the  elongation  of  the  hind  legs  in  adaptation 
to  saltatorial  pmgrossion,  and  anpocial  condition  of  the  cervical  vertcbrm  and  of  certain  elements  of  th  ' 
temporal  hone,  Huch  development  of  the  hind  legs  being  often  associated  with  anchylimis  of  cervical 
Tortebrn,  and  great  iuHatiou  of  thu  lH)ues  of  the  ear.  Diput  and  Dipodomyt  iihistrato  these  couditions 
very  strongly. 


i^^i^H'^'. 


immtrnkk 


SA(XX)MYir)iB— CIIARA0TER8  OP  THE  FAMILY,  ETC. 


493 


OEOMYIUiE. 

(Geomya  and  Tkomomyt.) 

Sqnamosals  rooflog  most  of  cerebrnl  cavity,  from 
roof  of  which  mastoids  are  uxoluded. 
TympauicB  contracted,  tabular. 
Petrosals  widely  discrete. 

Occipital  brood,  forming  most  of  occipital  plane, 
bat  not  mounting  on  top  of  sknll. 

Molars  rootless. 

LaT|;e,  erect,  falcate  uoronoid  overtopping  condyle. 
Lower  jaw  large  and  strong. 
General  form  heavy,  squat,  clumsy — Arvicoline. 
Fore  limbs  highly  fossorial ;  the  claws  much  en- 
larged, fitted  for  digging. 
Eyes  and  ears  minnte. 
Tail  much  shorter  than  body. 
Pelage  usually  soft,  lustrous,  mole-like. 
Habits  completely  subterranean. 


SACCOMYIDiE. 
{Perognalhm,  Cricetodipm,  Dipodomyi.) 

Squamosals  mostly  or  wholly  restricted  to  the 
orbits ;  mastoids  roofing  much  of  cerebral  cavity. 

Tympanies  more  or  less  inflated,  vestibular. 

Petrosals  approximating  or  in  actual  contact  at 
their  apices. 

Occipital  conti  acted,  scarcely  or  not  entering 
occipital  plane,  but  mounting  top  of  skull,  to  there 
embrace  interparietal  between  its  forks. 

Molars  rooted  (except  in  Dipodomys), 

Small,slopiDg,prickle-like  coronoid  below  condyle. 

Lower  jaw  small  and  weak. 

General  form  light,  lithe,  and  graceful— Murine. 

Hind  limbs  more  or  less  saltatorial.  Fore  claws 
not  enlarged  or  specially  fossorial. 

Eyes  and  ears  large. 

Tail  nearly  as  long  as  or  longer  than  body. 

Pelage  usually  coarse  and  hispid,  even  spiny. 

Habits  cxposMl. 


I  may  next  illustrate  the  points  of  resemblance  between  SaccomyidcB  and 
Geomyida  as  distinguished  from  other  Rodents,  thereby  showing  the  charac- 
ters of  the  "superfamily"  Saccomyoidea  as  named,  but  not  defined,  by  Gill — : 
the  former  family  Saccomyida  of  Baird,  group  Saccomyina  of  Waterhouse. 

Saccomyid.*  and  Geomyid.*;  =  Saccomyoidea. — Mastoid  bone  inordi- 
nately developed,  occupying  much  of  the  occipital  or  superior  surface  of  the 
skull,  or  both.  Occipital  correspondingly  reduced.  No  postorbital  processes ; 
no  anteorbital  foramen  as  such, — in  its  stead  a  perforation  in  the  side  of  the 
maxillary  far  forward  and  low  down.  Zygomatic  process  of  maxillary  an 
expanded  perforate  plate.  Molars  (pm.  and  m.)  f  Root  of  under  incisor 
more  or  less  protuberant  posteriorly.  Descending  process  of  mandible  an 
obliquely  twisted  plate,  projecting  outward  and  upward.  Large  external  fur- 
lined  cheek-pouches  with  special  muscle  ;  upper  lip  densely  hairy,  not  visibly 
cleft ;  feet  pentadactylc ;  fore  claws  longer  than  hinder  ones.  Pelage  without 
under  fur. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  differences  outweigh  the  resemblances,  not- 
withstanding the  higher  taxonomic  value  of  somr  of  the  latter..  The  pecul- 
iar state  of  the  temporal  bone,  the  position  of  the  anteorbital  foramen,  the 
shape  of  the  jaw,  and  the  presence  of  the  pouches,  are  the  main  common 
characters.  In  contrasting  the  two  families,  the  very  peculiar  genus  Dipodo- 
mys offers  the  strongest  points  of  difference ;  but,  when  we  come  to  consider 
Perognathus  and  Cricetodipm,  many  of  the  expressions  applicable  to  Dipodo- 


lii' 


494 


MONOGUAPIIS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


^f 


;;■•■'••'"  ' 


ii'l '■:!*' 


mys  require  modification.  Perognathus  is  a  link  between  the  two  families, 
just  as,  in  its  own  family,  Cricetodipus  is  between  Perognathus  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  extraordinarily  modified  Dipodomys  on  the  other. 

This  brings  us  to  the  consideration  of  what,  if  any,  <livision  may  be  made 
of  the  family  Saccotnyidce  into  groups  of  more  t'lau  generic  value.  The  genus 
Dipodomys  is  so  exaggerated  in  some  of  its  peculiarities  that,  as  it  seems  to 
me,  its  characters  may  properly  he  set  over  against  those  whicli  Perognathus 
and  Cricetodipus  share  together.  The  leading  antitheses  may  be  indicated  in 
the  following  manner:  — 


Subfamily  PehdgnatiiidinjE. 
(Perognalhm  aud  Cricetodiptii).) 

Cervical  vertebrte  free  (t). 

Molars  rooted, 

Auterior  molar  with  a  lobe  in  addition  to  the 
main  prism. 

Skull  half  as  wide  as  long,  and  two-lbirds  as 
high  as  wide. 

Mastoids  moderately  developed  (for  this  family). 

Tympanic  little  inflated. 

Occipital  plane  not,  or  not  much,  omarginate. 

Petrosals,  though  approximate,  not  in  tontact 
with  each  other,  but  with  basi-occipital  throughout. 

Zygomatic  plate  of  maxillary  of  ordinary  Bodont 
character. 

Farietals  pentangular. 

Interparietal  wider  than  long. 

No  pit  on  inner  side  of  lower  jaw  near  the  molars- 
Hind  limbs  little  if  any  longer  than  the  fore,  not 
very  obviously  saltatorial. 

Inner  hind  digit  well  developed  and  low  down. 

Soles  naked  or  sparsely  pilous. 

Pelage  comparatively  coarse  and  harsh. 


Subfamily  Dm>DUMVlNJS 

(Dipodomys  alone.) 

2d,  3<1,  and  4th  cervical  vertebrie  anchylosed. 

Molars  rootless. 

Ant«rior  molar  a  simple  prism. 

SknU  two-thirds  as  wide  as  long,  and  half  as  high 
as  wide. 

Mastoids  extraordinarily  developed  (even  for  this 
family). 

Tympanic  completely  bullous. 

Occipital  plane  deeply  emarginate. 

Petrosals  in  mutual  contact  at  their  apices,  and 
Assured  away  from  basi-occipital. 

Zygomatic  plate  of  maxillary  roofing  much  of  tho 
orbit. 

Farietals  triangular. 

Interparietal  longer  than  wide. 

A  deep  pit  on  inner  side  of  lower  Jaw  near  tho 
molars. 

Hind  limbs  elongated,  Jerboa-like,  highly  salta- 
torial. 

Inner  hind  digit  rudimentary  and  elevated. 

Soles  densely  hairy,  like  a  rabbit's. 

Pelage  comparatively  soft  (for  this  family).— 


Having  never  seen  a  specimen  of  Heteromys,  I  am  unable  to  say  how 
nearly  this  genus  may  coincide  with  the  characters  of  Perognathidina  as  here 
established  ;  Mr.  Alston*  seems  to  consider  it  closely  related  to  Perognathus ; 
80  does  Hr.  Peters  ;t  but  it  is  my  impression  that  it  will  prove  to  constitute 

*  See  his  characters  of  these  genera,  as  quoted  in  foot-note  on  a  foregoing  (page  490.) 
t  Hr.  W.  Peters  (loc.  supra  cit.  p.  355),  endorsing  Waterhonse's  and  Baird's  views  of  tho  constitution 
of  the  group,  proposes  to  divide  it  as  follows :  — 

a.  Dlpodomyina,  with  rootless  molars,  grooved  upper  iDoisots,  aud  no  spines  in  the  pelage. 

Dipodomys  Gray  =  Maorocoliu  Wagner. 

b.  Heteromyina,  with  rooted  molars. 

t  Upper  incisors  grooved. 

Perognalhut  Maxim,  and  the  subgenera  Abromyt  Gray  and  Cricelodipm  Peale. 
1 1  Upper  incisors  broad  and  smooth  in  front. 

Jletcromya  Desmarest  and  Saccomya  Vr.  Cuv. 
In  characterizing  his  new  species  of  Hcleromyt,  H.  adipernu,  Hr.  Peters  gives  (loc.  snpro  oit,  pp. 


SACCOMYIDJE-BUDFA-MILY  PEKOGNATUIDIN^. 


495 


a  third  sublamily.  In  such  case,  sonu:  few  of  the  characters  of  the  three 
would  be  as  follows :  — 

DiPODOMYiN^. — Molars  rootless ;  upper  incisors  compressed,  sulcate 
Temporal  region  enormously  inflated.     Pelage  comparatively  soft. 

PERCKiSATHiDiNA;. — Molars  rooted ;  upper  incisors  compressed,  sulcate. 
Temporal  region  moderately  inflated.     Pelage  comparatively  hispid. 

Het£ROmyin.£. — Mohxrs  rooted ;  upper  incisors  broad,  smooth.  Tem- 
poral region  "not  inflated".     Pelage  "mixed  with  flattened  spines". 

Subfamily  PEllOGNATHIDTN^. 

■=  PerognaUat  (g«tiDi>),  of  AL'TIIOItti. 

s=  PengMatkidima,  Coce^,  Proc.  Pliilii.  Acud.  lt)7'>,  S78. 

The  characters  of  the  group  having  been  already  sufficiently  elucidated, 
it  remains  to  note  the  two  genera  by  which  it  is  represented  in  North  Amer- 

357-359)  a  mote  satisfactory  accoDnt  of  the  cburoctvr^of  tho  genus  tbau  I  have  seen  elsewhere.  As  this 
aoeoani  fomisbe*  importaot  infurmation  iiertinont  to  tho  general  sabjcct,  I  transcribe  his  diagnosis  of 
the  geous,  and  give  a  version  of  those  portions  of  the  description  of  the  species  which  tend  to  further 
elucidate  the  generic  characters. 

"  Deatfs  iodiiiTi  pagina  antica  laevigali  exserti,  molares  ^  complicati  radicati ;  labrnm  integmui; 
rictus  pefparros ;  n»tmm  prominens,  rhinario  undo ;  sacculi  buvcules  externl  piloai ;  auriculae  mediocres ; 
Tellug  aetcMam,  setis  lanceolatis,  caualiculatis;  pedes  penta<lactyli ;  cnudu  annulata,  brevipilosa.  Os 
ioterparietale  latum,  tempora  non  infiata. 

"  Habitos  of  Mtu.  Tbamb  prominent,  with  rounded  nail,  shorter  than  the  other  digits,  which  run 
5tb,  2d,  4th,  and  3d,  the  latter  longest.  Relative  lengths  of  the  digits  of  the  bind  foot  as  in  lumnB ;  Gth 
but  little  longer  than  1st,  3d  longest ;  claws  rather  longer  than  those  of  the  fore  foot,  that  of  the  2d  toe 
longest,  couTex  on  the  inner  side,  flat  on  tho  outer.  Sules  naked,  with  the  usual  tubercles.  Incisors 
compressed,  the  horizontal  croxa-scction  triangular,  with  rounded  hinder  ongle,  and  apparently  broader 
than  long.  Molar  series  parallel ;  lost  molur  in  oacb  jaw  smallest ;  Sid  and  3d  upper  molars  of  equal  size 
and  notably  sataller  than  the  Ist ;  anterior  molar  of  lower  jaw  but  little  larger  than  the  next  two  .... 

**  Inciaors  yellow,  the  lower  paler  colored  than  the  upper.  Anterior  superior  molar  with  three 
separate  enamel-tubes — an  anterior,  longer  and  uarruwer,  a  posterior  shorter  and  broader,  and  a  third 
mach  smaller  oral  one  on  the  inner  side  of  the  tooth  in  a  recess  where  the  other  two  stand  apart ; 
seeond  upper  molar  with  a  deep  internal  and  slight  external  emargination,  or  fold  of  enamel ;  third  with 
a  slight  exterior  emargination,  which  is  either  contionons  with  a  transversely-elliptical  interior  island 
of  enamel,  tbn«  forming  a  deep  enamel-fold,  or  else  only  just  roaches  this  island  without  fasing  with  it ; 
back  upper  molar  with  the  enamel-pattoru  like  that  of  tho  socoud  ouo,  but  the  posterior  half  of  the 
tooth  ooDsiderably  smaller  than  the  anterior  portion. 

"Anterior  inferior  mjlar  with  two  enamel-tubes,  tho  auterior  of  which,  Humewhat  smaller  than 
tjie  other,  is  emarginate  before  and  behind ;  the  three  following  teeth  with  a  deep  inner  and  alight  outer 
emargination,  as  on  the  upper  teeth,  which  are  cither  separated  or  fused  together,  in  which  latter  case 
two  separale  enamel-tnbes  result. 

"Tbe  rostral  portion  of  tho  skull  in  narrow  ;  the  nasal  bones  and  intermaxillaries  project  beyond 
the  iuciaan  as  in  allied  genera,  and  tho  intermaxillaries  form  anteriorly  a  sharp  perpendicular  ridge. 
The  sttiictiire  of  the  small  incisive  foramina,  the  shape  of  the  lachrymal  bones  and  infraorbital  foramina 
are  quite  as  in  Gtomf.  The  latter  are  wholly  in  the  superior  maxillary  and  are  separate  from  the 
naaal  cavitjr.  Since,  however,  the  bony  septum  is  in  this  case  extremely  thin ,  and  easily  mutilated,  the 
deceptive  appearance  of  communication  between  the  infraorbital  foramina  and  the  nasal  passages  may 
be  aceidenlally  produced.  The  frontal  boue,aH  in  Mu»,  formsa  sharp  supraorbital  ridge,  which  continues 
on  to  the  parietal,  thas  forming  with  its  fellow  of  tho  opposite  side  the  bonndnry  of  a  level  area,  with 
which  the  inltrparietal,  twice  as  broad  as  long,  is  posteriorly  continuous,  whilst  the  temporal  fossa  is 
excavated  [a  stioog  character  uf  //c(«iomyiii<z— there  is  no  such  formation  in  Pirog«atk.dince. — ^Tii.].  1  ho 
lower  jaw  strongly  resembles  that  of  Perognalhu»  in  the  form  of  the  coronoid  process  and  mandibular 
angle;  the  deep  pit  which  is  fnu'id  in  Ommiie  to  the  outer  side  of  tho  posterior  molar  is  here  waiitiug." 


496 


MONOGRAPnS  OP  NOIlTn  AMBUICAN  RODBNTIA. 


ica.     These  may  be  readily  distiiiguisliecl  by  much  stronger  characters  than 
any  hitherto  adduced  by  other  writers:  — 


Geuns  Perogiialhua. 

Ocoipnt  nearly  plane,  i.  c,  the  mastoidH  not  pro- 
jecting noticeably  backof  tbo  occipital  bouc. 

Apices  of  polronals  separated  by  the  whole  width 
of  tbo  basisphcnuid. 

Pnrietuls  perfectly  pentagonal,  with  nearly  equal 
sides. 

luterpariotol  elliptical,  much  broader  than  long, 
embraced  between  narrow  plates  of  occipital. 

Ear  with  a  dist  iuct  upright  lobo  of  the  antitragus, 
and  generally  also  a  lobe  of  the  tragus. 

Sole  nuked  to  the  heel,  at  least  along  a  central 
stripe. 

Size  of  Mu»  mueculm,  or  much  larger. 


Qenaa  CricetoJipm, 

Occipnt  with  a  broad  omarginatiou,  i.  t,,  the 
mastoids  bulging  decidedly  buck  of  the  occipital 
bone. 

Apices  of  petrosals  almost  meeting  beneath  the 
basispheuoid. 

Parietals  imperfectly  pentagonal,  iniequilateral. 

Interparietal  pentagonal,  shiold-sbaped,embraced 
between  merit  spurs  of  the  occipital. 

Ear  with  no  vestige  of  a  lobe  either  of  antitragus 
or  tragus. 

Solo  entirely  hairy  on  the  posterior  half. 

Very  diminative ;  less  in  size  than  Miu  miuculua. 


The  cranial  characters  above  adduced,  it  may  be  observed,  are  all  coor- 
dinated with  the  single  main  feature  of  much  greater  development  of  the 
mastoid  in  Cricelodipus  than  in  Perognathus,  the  state  of  the  parts  in  the 
former  being  an  evident  approach  to  the  peculiarities  of  Dipodomys  itself. 
The  difference  in  the  shape  of  the  occiput  is  very  striking  when  skulls  of  the 
two  genera  are  laid  beside  each  other ;  the  part  in  Perognathus  being  quite 
flat,  as  in  most  Rodents,  while  Cricelodipus  shows  an  emargination,  much  shal- 
lower and  comparatively  much  broader  than  in  Dipoilomys  indeed,  but  still 
well-marked.  These  cranial  peculiarities,  substantiating  a  genus  Cricelodipus 
distinct  from  Perognalhus,  do  hot  appear  to  have  been  noted  before  the 
appearance  of  my  "Review".  They  arc  correlated  with  the  excellent  and 
readily  appreciable  external  characters  of  the  feet  and  ears  presented  by 
Professor  Baird. 

Genus  PEROGNATHUS,  Maxim. 

=  Perognathus,  Maxim.,  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Cies.-Loop.  Carol,  six,  1839, 369.  (Type  /'.  /a»cio<u».)— Codes, 

Proo.  Pbila.  Acad.  1875,  !f79.    (Excludes  Cricelodipiu.) 
<  Perogiiatliiu,  LeComtk,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  ^ii.    (Includes  CricetoiiijiiM.)— Baird,  Hamm. 

N.  A.  1857,  416.    (Includes  CrieefodipiM.)— Alston,  Proc.  ZoOl.  Soc.  Lond.  1876,  88.    (Inolndca 

Cricetodipug.) 
=:tAbr<m!it,'  Gray,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1868,202.    (Type  "A.  lordi",  sp.  n.  =P.  nuniioolat.) 

Having  already  indicated  the  generic  characters  of  Perognathus,  I  need 
only  here  give  some  further  details  respecting  the  skull  and  teeth,  following  with 

*  Auct.  E.  B.  Alston,  epitt.  ined,  Londini,  25  A^oti.  1876.— In  penning  my  original  account  of  this  gronp 
for  Proc.  Phila.  Acad,,  I  was  at  a  loss  to  know  what  to  do  with  Abromys  ;  so  I  simply  rxipied  Qray's  notice 
into  my  text,  stating  that  I  could  not  make  it  ont  at  all,  though  I  failed  to  see  any  difference  between 
"Alironiys  "  and  Perognathus,  and  suspected  "A.  lordi  "  to  be  P.  montioola.    In  this  impression,  it  seems,  I 


umiiiTnii— iMwiwi 


M 


SACCOMYIDJi— PEUOGNATillDIN^— PEB0GNATHU8. 


497 


an  analysis  of  the  species.  I  have  before  me  skulls  of  all  the  known  valid 
North  American  spejcies  excepting  P.  fasc'uttux.  They  are  so  nearly  similar 
that  (lescription  of  one  will  suffice  for  all,  barring  some  slight  ultimate  details 
of  size,  &c.  I  select  that  of  P.  peniciilatus  for  description,  omitting  gener- 
alities already  presented.  The  description  may  be  compared  with  that  of 
Dipodotnys  given  beyond. 

Although  the  temporal  bone  is  largely  developed  in  the  mastoid  element, 
that  lacks  the  enormous  iiiHution  seen  in  Dijtodomys,  the  general  shape  of  the 
skull  being  not  dissimilar  to  that  of  several  allied  Rodents.  Nevertheless,  the 
mastoid  represents  the  postero-exterior  aspect  of  the  skull,  anrf  is  large 
enough  to  crowd  the  squamosal  into  the  orbit,  causing  a  slight  protuber- 
ance beyond  the  actual  plane  of  the  occipital  bone  But  this  is  insufficient 
to  produce  even  the  moderate  emargination  of  this  surface  witnessed  in  Crke- 
todipm,  and  is  nothing  at  all  like  the  regular  clefl  or  chink  seen  in  Dipodomys. 
The  ends  of  the  petrosals  are  fairly  separated  by  the  width  of  the  basisphe- 
noid ;  they  lie  in  contact  throughout  with  the  basioccipital,  and  show  a  con- 
spicuous foramen  posteriorly  on  the  inner  side.  The  meatus  auditorius 
appears  as  a  mere  flange-like  projection,  intermediate  in  character  between 
the  swollen  vestibule  of  Dipodomys  and  the  contracted  tube  of  Geomyidee, 
though  nearest  the  latter.  T!  "  occipital  is  broader  than  in  any  other  genus 
of  the  family;  the  forks  whic.  mbrace  the  inter])arielal  being  fairly  laminae, 
instead  of  mere  linear  spurs.  The  interparietal  is  much  wider  than  long. 
The  parietals  are  almost  perfectly  pentangular.  A  slight  spur  of  the  squamo- 
sal {pushes  out  toward  the  meatus,  but  does  not  extend  as  a  long  clasp  over 
the  tympanic;*  the  squamosal  is  otherwise  wholly  orbital.  The  frontal  is 
quite  flat  on  top,  squarely  and  straightly  truncate  behind,  serrate  in  front  for 

was  right.  I  quote  ftom  Mr.  Alston's  letter  some  passages  wbioh  bear  opon  the  case,  and  show,  farther- 
uiore,  with  what  oaation  ninst  not  Dr.  Oraji'H  statemonts  be  received :  —  "  The  type  of  Ahromgt  lordi  is  in 
ba4  oouditioD,  the  ears  being  hopelessly  distorted,  but  it  seems  to  mo  lo  be  DDdonbtodly  P.  monticola. 
P.  bicolor  Qray,  (from  Honduras,)  appears  to  I>e  a  good  species,  bat  has  been  onriously  badly  drscribed. 
It  is  daric  lirown  above,  not  blacic,  and  tho' the  thr  is  sparse  and  somewhat  bamh.itis  not  iu  the  least 
bristly  I  Qray  aeeins  to  have  had  both  this  specimen  and  bis  Heltromni  mtla»olt»eu»  in  his  bands  when 
be  wrote  and  to  have  confused  one  with  the  other.    H.  ie»mare»iianH$  Or.  and  B.  adipenu*  Ptn.  will 

prove,  I  fancy,  to  be  identical Dr.  GUnther  bas  lately  got  a  perfect  spirit  specimen  of  B.  anoma- 

itu  Tbomps.,  so  we  may  expect  a  full  aoconnt.  of  its  anatomy.  As  yon  surmised,  Oray's  fonr  other 
species,  B,  melaiiol«Heit$,  longicaudatiu,  imratui,  and  alboUmhalM,  seem  to  belong  to  one  rather  variable 
species.    . . , ." 

*  (n  a  specimen  of  CrioffodijiKt,  I  clearly  see  Ibat  a  long  slender  spur  is  sent  ont  from  the  squamosal, 
like  a  clasp  or  hasp,  lying  above  and  reaching  back  of  the  meatus.  Cf.  what  is  said  of  an  appar- 
ently similar,  but  not  well  made  out,  appearance  in  Dipodamf,  beyond.  It  is,  in  this  case,  a  slender 
remnant  of  sqnamosal  bone,  left  in  an  ordinarj-  place,  after  most  of  the  bone  has  been  shoved  into  the 
orbit  by  the  uncruachmont  of  the  mastoid. 
32  M 


mmmmmmtm 


\lWt 


"1 


498 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  Rt)DENTlA. 


Ifir::  " 


!i  m<.i 


t  ; 


articulation  with  tlie  rostral  bones,  and  with  straight  sides  co'ivergent  posteri- 
orly.* There  is  a  large  lachrymal  of  very  irregular  shape,  extensively  scroll- 
like,  very  delicate  in  texture,  and  loosely  attached  ;  it  closes  a  large  aperture 
lending  into  the  nasal  chamber.  The  orbit  is  also  perforated  behind  by  a 
single  very  large  foramen  of  exit  of  cranial  nerves.  It  is  bounded  in  front, 
but  not  roofed  over,  by  the  zygomatic  plate  of  the  maxillary,  not  noticeable 
in  character.  The  extremely  delicate  malar  sutures  in  front  for  a  long  dis- 
tance, clasp-like,  against  the  zygomatic  process;  behind,  it  simply  abuts 
against  a  slight  heel  of  the  squamosal,  almost  in  relation  with  the  tympanic. 
The  singularly  displaced  "anteorbital"  foramen  is  a  large  rounded  aperture 
in  the  side  of  the  snout,  communicating  directly  with  the  nasal  cavity.  The 
nasal  bones  are  parallel-edged  for  most  of  their  length,  but  widen  a  little  and 
become  semitubular  anteriorly  where  they  project;  they  are  truncate  behind, 
reaching  opposite  the  middle  of  the  jagged  fronto-maxillary  suture.  The 
sides  of  the  rostrum  are  contracted  below,  leaving  a  very  narrow  bridge  of 
bone  between  molars  and  incisors ;  the  contracted  incisive  foramina  are 
bounded  behind  l)y  the  maxillaries,  though  they  are  chielly  pierced  in  the 
intermaxillaries.  The  intermolar  portion  of  the  palate  is  longer  than  wjde, 
and  a  little  convergent  anteriorly  ;  the  maxillo-palatine  suture  is  opposite  the 
second  molar;  there  is  a  pair  of  deep  palatal  pits  opposite  the  last  molars; 
behind  there  is  a  pair  of  much  larger  vacuities  bounded  by  palatals  in  front, 
sphenoid  behind,  and  pterygoids  internally.  The  latter  are  simple,  straight, 
nearly  parallel  processes,  bounding  the  contracted  posterior  nares,  and  abut- 
ting against  the  petrosals.  The  orbital  plate  of  the  sphenoid  is  of  moderate 
extent,  owing  to  the  size  and  site  of  the  squamosal. 

The  molars  in  this  genus,  as  in  others  of  the  family  excepting  Dipodomys, 
are  all  rooted.  They  have  been  said  to  have  four  roots,  but  such  is  not  the 
case  in  the  specimens  I  have  examined.  In  P.  penicillatus,  all  the  upper 
molars  have  three  roots  apiece,  and  all  the  under  molars  have  two  roots 
apiece,  excepting  the  back  upper  one,  which  has  but  one.  The  front  upper 
molar  has  one  root  in  advance,  corresponding  to  the  anterior  lobe  of  this 
tooth,  and  a  pair  of  roots  obliquely  side  by  side  behind.  The  next  two  upper 
molars  have  each  an  exterior  pair  of  roots,  lengthwise,  and  a  larger  single  root 

'Neither  this  nor  any  other  North  American  genus  shows  the  ridge  of  the  frontal,  which  in  Htttromft, 
asflgtired  by  Peters,  makes  a  boss,  or  bead,  along  the  margin  nf  the  orbit, and  thence  extends  into  the 
parietal  region.  This  would  seem  to  be  a  good  character  of  Heteromjiina  ;  and  the  akuU  of  the  latter  is 
peculiar  iu  other  respecte — to  Judge  ih)iu  Petera'a  flgnre. 


SACCOMYID^— PEltOGNATHIDINiE— PBROGNATHD8. 


499 


oil  the  interior  side;  the  bnck  upper  molar  is  simply  single-rooted.  Tlie 
under  molars  linve  each  n  pair  of  roots,  aligned  lengthwise  in  a  single  series, 
but  the  two  roots  of  the  back  lower  molar  are  imperfectly  distinguished. 
With  these  last  exceptions,  each  root  of  ad  the  teetli  has  its  own  distinct 
socket  in  the  alveolus. 

In  the  perfectly  unworn  state,  the  crowns  of  the  molars  are  studded  with 
tubercles  in  regular  transverse  series.  In  the  upper  jaw,  the  anterior  molar 
has  four,— an  anterior,  a  posterior,  an  exterior,  and  an  interior,  with  perhaps 
another  one  part  way  up  the  anterior  lobe.  The  second  and  third  upper 
molars  have  each  six  tubercles,  in  two  straight  transverse  rows  of  three  each, 
these  rows  separated  by  a  deep  sulcus.  The  smaller  cir- 
cular back  upper  molar  tends  indistinctly  to  a  similar  state. 
In  the  lower  jaw,  the  tuberculation  is  very  similar;  but 
the  four  tubercles  of  the  first  molar  are  in  an  anterior  and 
posterior  pair,  and  on  the  last  one  the  tubercles  become 
indistinct.  The  teeth  present  a  very  different  aspect  when 
the  tubercles  are  ground  offwith  wear.  Each  transverse 
row  of  tubercles  becomes  converted  into  an  island  of 
dentine,  there  being  thus,  on  the  intermediate  molars  at 
any  rate,  a  pair  of  such  transverse  dentine  islands  separated 
by  a  double  ridge  of  enamel  partition,  between  which  is 
the  bottom  of  the  sulcus  already  mentioned.  This  enamel 
fold  makes  in  from  the  out«r  side  of  the  tooth  nearly 
to  the  inner  side.  The  front  molar  shows  a  little  isolated 
island  of  dentine  anteriorly,  nearly  circular,  and  a  broad 
transverse  one  posteriorly.  The  state  of  the  under  teeth 
is  substantially  the  same.  ExpianaHon  of  fig,.- 

The  upper  incisors   are  small,  compressed,  with  a  ^'*  «""■•  '■>  »"«•'  «»»«> 

twice  the  natural  size: 

strong  backward  set.  Their  face  is  deeply  channelled  upper  flg.  r.  moii<i<»/o; 
with  a  longitudinal  groove,  and  the  exterior  moiety  is  rab-  "t^fxo^l^l^^cMMX- 
beted  down  so  that  the  groove  is  visible  laterally  as  well  pu*  ./in""'- 
as  from  the  front.  This  is  a  prominent  character  (shared  by  Cricetodlyus  and 
Dijtodomys)  in  distinction  from  Heteromys.  The  under  incisors  are  small 
and  simple. 

Before  leaving  this  portion  of  the  subject,  I  may  as  well  mention  a  curi- 
ous circumstance :  the  ease  with  which  tlie  skulls  of  Perognathus  and  Crke- 


ill 

1 1 1  ■' 


I 


m 
m 


500 


MONOGJiAPUH  OF  NOKTU  AMEItlUAN  liUUENTIA. 


todipuH  break  npnrt  across  Ihe  nii(l<llo.  Tli'm  seetns  to  be  chiefly  due  to  the 
delicate  state  of  tlie  zygomata,  wliich  alFonl  no  stable  connection  between 
tiie  fore  and  aft  parts.  Tiie  breait  occurs  at  the  l)asis|»lioiio-occipitaI,  sijuaino- 
niasloid,  and  t'ronto-parictal  sutures;  the  parielals,  temporals  excepting Mjunm- 
osals,  witjj  the  occiptal,  coming  away  from  the  rest  of  the  skull. 

There  appears  to  be  something  peculiar,  in  the  habits  |)crhap8,  rather 
tiian  in  the  scarcity,  of  Ihe  species,  which  prevents  the  acquisition  of  largo 
series  of  specimens  in  this  family.  While  hundreds  of  examples  of  animals 
no  larger  or  more  conspicuous  than  these  are  readily  omassed,  collections  are 
all  deficient  in  Perognothus  and  Cricetodipun,  and  not  very  fiill  in  Dipodomys. 
I  have  not  been  al)le  to  examine  more  than  a  hundred  specimens  altogether, 
and  of  these  more  than  half  were  Dipodomi/.t.  Of  Perognathus,  I  have,  how- 
ever, specimens  of  all  the  described  North  American  species,  including  all 
of  Baird's  types  and  considerable  additional  material.  After  protracted  exam- 
ination, I  endorse  the  validity  of  all  the  species  admitted  by  that  author  in 
18.57,  and  find  indications  of  the  probable  existence  of  one  or  two  more.  This 
point  is  fully  discussed  beyond.  The  species  that  appear  to  be  established 
may  be  readily  determined  by  the  following  analysis:  — 

Analgiii  of  Ihe  Specie$  of  I'kiioonatiius. 

A.  Notch  of  the  ear  bonnded  iu  front  by  n  aliglit,  though  distinct,  lobe  of  the  tragns.    Whole  fore  Ifg 

white. 
a.  Toil  peuicillute,  crested  nt  the  end,  rather  longer  than  the  body  and  head.    Sides  with  uo  fulvona 

stripe ; PENICILLATUS. 

ft.  Tail  simple ;  sides  with  a  strong  fulvons  stripe. 

1.  Tail  decidedly  shorter  than  the  body  and  hea<1.    Length  aboat  4  inches.    Pelage  niuderitely 

stiff.    Mixed  saudy  and  blackish fasciatl's. 

2.  Tail  not  sliorter  than  head  and  body.    Length  about  3  inches.    Pelage  very  hispid.    Mixed 

cinnamon  and  blackish : iiisPiDf  j. 

B.  Notch  of  car  formed  in  front  directly  by  the  edge  of  the  conch.    Fore  leg  mostly  colored  like  the  back. 

Tail  simple;  lateral  stripe  obscure monticoiji, 

■  PEROGNATHUS  FASCIATUS,  Maxim. 

PerosniMiut  fmeiatut,  Maxim.,  N.  Act.  Akad.  Leop.-Cies.  Nat.  Cnr.  xiz,  pt.  i,  1839,  369,  pi.  34  ;  Reise  Nord- 
Am.  i,  ISSg,  449 ;  Arch.  f.  Natnrg.  1861,  p.  — ;  Verz.  Heiso,  186i,  175,  pi  4,  f.  6, 7.— Wagn., 
Arcb.  f.  Naturg.  1841,  45 ;  Snppl.  Schreb.  iii,  1843, 613.— Schinz,  8yn  Mamm.  ii,  1845,  859.— 
LeC,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Pbiia.  vi,  1853,  824.— Aud.  &.  Bacr.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1854,  341  (com- 

1  piled.— OiEBEL,  Siingeth.  1855,  572  (compiled).— Bd.,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  421  (Chihnahna).— Bd., 

U.  8.  Hex.  Bound.  Snrv.  ii,  pt.  ii,  1859,  Mamm.  42.— Scckl.,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  pt.  ii,  1860, 101 
(compiled).— Gray,  P.  /  3. 1868,  SOI.— Coues,  Proo.  Phila.  Acad.  1875,  284  (monographic). 

Perognatut  fasceatiit,  LmCECtJM,  Am.  Nnt.  vi,  1872,  p.  369  (habits). 

Prognathut  faoeatut,  Linoecum,  Am.  Sportsman,  Feb.  23, 1874  (habits). 

Diagnosis. — Largest  of  the  genus ;  considerably  exceeding  Hexperomys 
leucopus,  and  approaching  Tomias  quadrivittatus,  iii  bise ;  length  four  inches 


'f&fi 


aACCOMYII)^:— rRKOONATIIIDINili:— p.  r'ASCIATUH. 


501 


or  more;  tailless;  hind  loot  nboiit  ono  incili.  'J'nil  dccidodly  shorter  than 
head  and  hody,  not  penicillutc!.  Kars  Jiirffc;  antitra/^im  distinctly  loljod. 
Soles  nuked  to  the  heels, — at  leiist  lUoojj;  a  median  strip.  Above,  niddish-yel- 
low,  elosely  lined  with  blackish;  below,  includiug  fore  leg  nil  urouiid,  while; 
tli.  e  two  colors  separated  by  u  conspicuous  stripe  of  tiiwn-color  or  salmon- 
red  running  the  whole  length  of  the  body  ;  tail  distinctly  bicolor. 

Haihtat. — United  States,  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  east  of  the  R(K'ky 
Mountains,  and  northern  portions  of  Mexico.  (Originally  described  from  the 
mouth  «»f  the  Yellowstone;  redescribed  from  Chihuahua.  Specimens  exam- 
ined by  me  from  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Texas,  and  Chihuahua.) 

I  regret  that  the  material  before  me  includes  no  specimens  in  the  flesh, 
since  I  am  thereby  prevented  from  giving  the  size  and  form  of  the  8|)ecic8 
with  desirable  precision  ;  fortunately,  however,  in  this  instance  the  characters 
of  the  species  are  so  strongly  marked  that  lack  of  elaborate  details  of  form 
will  result  in  no  misunderstanding.  The  coloration,  alone  distinctive,  can  be 
accurately  given  from  several  well-prepared  skins  before  me. 

This  speciesi  the  type  of  the  genus,  exhibits  very  distinctly  the  two  lead- 
ing features  of  external  anatomy  which  distinguish  Perognathus  proper  from 
Cricetodipus ;  namely,  the  lobe  of  the  nntitrugus  and  the  nuked  strip  of  the 
sole  extending  quite  to  the  heel.  It  is  much  the  largest  species  of  the  genus 
known  to  inhabit  the  United  States,  considerably  exceeding  P.  penicMitus 
(which  about  equals  Hesperomijii  leucopus  in  size),  and,  in  fact,  some  speci- 
mens are  little  if  any  smaller  than  lamias  quadrkntlatm.  For  the  reason 
above  given,  the  dimensions  cannot  be  stated  with  precision;  but  the  length 
from  nose  to  root  of  tail  is  obviously  more  than  four  inches  in  all  but  one  of 
the  specimens  before  me;  the  tail  is  decidedly  shorter  than  the  head  and 
body  (in  all  the  other  species  treated  in  this  paper  it  is  as  long  or  longer). 
The  vertebne  of  the  tail  of  the  only  specimen  before  me  in  which  these 
bones  remain  in  situ  measure  less  than  4.00  inches,  the  length  of  the  head 
and  body  of  the  same  specimen  being  about  4.50.  Likewise,  the  hind  feet 
are* proportionally  shorter  than  in  any  of  the  other  species ;  they  average  only 
one  inch  in  length,  thus  not  exceeding  those  of  P.  jienicillalus,  which  is  a 
smaller  animal,  On  the  contrary,  the  ears  are  larger,  both  absolutely  and 
relatively,  than  those  of  any  other  species,  standing  about  0.40  high,  meas- 
ured from  the  notch;  the  ears  thus  project  conspicuously  above  the  fur  of 
the  parts;  the  flap  is  suborbicular  in  outline;  the  antitragus  develops  a  very 


I;  '' 


'f 


:  ■  i 


502 


MONOGEAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMEEICAN  EODENTIA. 


prominent  lobe,  boumiing  tbe  notch  posteriorly ;  and  in  front  of  the  notch 
there  is  also  a  little  prominence,  just  behind  the  termination  of  the  margin 
of  the  car.  The  flattened  portions  of  the  auricle  are  sparsely  pilous  inside 
and  out,  and  a  tuft  of  lengthened  hairs  springs  from  the  front  border  of 
the  ear. 

The  attenuated  and  elongated  muzzle  is  densely  pilous,  excepting  a 
small  T-shaped  nasal  pad,  divided  by  a  median  depression.  The  upper  lip, 
in  particular,  \s  thickly  covered  with  stiffish,  flaring  hairs,  completely  con- 
cealing any  median  cletl  which  may  exist,  and  forming  a  heavy  fringe  which 
droops  over  and  almost  hides  the  incisors  ;  there  is  an  antrorse  tuft  of  bristly 
hairs  on  the  chin.  The  openings  of  t!ie  cheek-pouches  seem  to  have  no 
peculiar  character,  being  much  as  in  other  species  of  the  genus  ;  the  cavity 
admits  the  first  joint  of  one's  little  finger.  The  whiskers  are  very  numerous 
and  fine ;  the  shorter  colorless  ones  seem  like  mere  lengthening  of  the  hairs  of 
the  muzzle;  otiiers,  stifl'er  and  colored,  reach  rather  beyond  the  head. 
There  are  also  some  long  special  bristles  over  the  eye,  and  others  between 
the  eye  and  oar 

The  palm  proper,  and  under  surfaces  of  the  digits,  are  perfectly  naked, 
though  a  considerable  fringe  of  hairs  falls  down  from  the  wrist.  There  is  a 
large  and  conspicuous  smooth  tubercle  on  the  outer  side,  at  the  base  of  the 
fifth  digit;  two  others,  one  on  each  side,  at  the  wrist,  and  oth^irs  at  the  bases 
of  tlie  intermediate  digits ;  the  disposition  of  these  smaller  ones  is  not  very 
evident  in  the  dried  specimens.  The  thumb  is  rudimentary,  a  mere  stamp, 
bearing  a  flattened  obtuse  nail;  the  other  digits  are  armed  with  ordinary 
compressed,  acute,  and  moderately  curved  claws ;  the  3d  is  longest ;  then 
come  4th,  2d,  and  5th  in  succession.  Of  the  hind  foot,  the  sole  is  perfectly 
naked  for  its  wliole  length  along  a  median  strip,  narrowed  by  encroachment 
on  either  side  of  a  fringe  of  hairs,  On  the  outer  side,  about  half-way  from 
heel  to  base  of  digits,  is  a  small  tubercle ;  there  is  another  near  the  base  of 
the  1st  digit,  and  a  much  larger  one  near  the  base  of  the  5th  digit,  with  others 
still  at  the  bases  of  the  intermediate  digits;  but  their  precise  disposition,  and 
the  character  of  the  naked  sole,  cannot  be  made  out  perfectly.  The  first  digit 
is  very  small,  \vith  a  smooth  buluous  end  and  short  blunt  claw  ;  the  other 
claws  are  of  a  more  ordinary  character,  but  relatively  shorter,  blunter,  less 
compressed,  and  less  curved  than  those  of  the  hand ;  they  are  excavated 
underneath.  ^ 


8ACCOMYID.D— PEROGNATHIDIN^— p.  FASCIATUS. 


503 


The  tail  is  completely  hut  rather  thinly  haired,  and,  especially  toward 
the  end,  the  iiairs  stand  apart  and  are  somewhat  lengthened  (as  is  usual  in 
the  genus)  ;  still  they  do  not  develop  into  the  decided  comb  or  crest,  or  tuft 
nt  the  end,  which  is  characteristic  of  P.  penicillatus. 

The  pelage  of  this  species  is  coarse,  iiarsh,  and  stiffish  (as  in  other 
species  of  typical  Perognathus),  but  not  to  a  degree  whicii  could  bear  the  term 
"spiny",  or  even  "bristly";  it  has  been  likened  to  fine-spun  glass,  though 
such  expression  might  be  considered  strong,  unless  excessively  delicate  glass 
is  meant.  The  fur  has  considerable  gloss  ;  tliere  is  no  under  fur  whatever. 
The  character  seems  to  me  to  be  much  as  in  the  Murine  Sigmodon  hispjAus, 
and  in  fact  the  specimens  before  me  have  considerable  superficial  resemblance 
to  the  young  of  that  species  A  likeness  to  Zapus  kudsonius  is  perhaps  even 
stronger.  The  color  of  the  upper  parts  is  a  light  sandy-yellowisii,  closely 
lined  throughout  with  blackish,  producing  a  fine  grizzle.  The  greater  part 
of  tile  length  of  the  individual  hairs  is  the  color  of  barely-tarnished  cut  lead  ; 
it  is  rather  light,  and  unlike  the  heavier  plumbeous  of  most  Rodents.  This 
is  succeeded  by  the  sandy  ends  of  the  hairs ;  a  part  of  them  are  of  this  last 
color  to  the  very  end,  while  others  have  the  tips  blackish,  producing  the 
grizzle  above  mentioned.  The  line  of  demarcation  of  this  color  begins  on 
the  side  of  the  nose,  and  runs  straight  over  the  shoulder  and  sides  of  the 
body,  descending  the  hind  limb  to  the  heel.  To  this  succeeds  a  strip  of  rich 
reddish-yellow  or  salmon-color,  beginning  on  the  cheeks  and  following  the 
line  already  indicated  to  the  heels,  but  also  descending  a  little  way  on  the 
fore  leg.  This  color  is  pure,  the  hairs  being  so  colored  to  the  roots,  there 
being  no  plumbeous  basal  portions  and  no  blackened  tips.  The  whole  under 
surface,  together  with  the  feet,  most  of  the  fore  leg,  and  the  inner  aspect  of 
the  hind  leg,  is  white,  and  on  these  white  areas  the  hairs  are  of  this  color  to 
the  roots.  The  line  of  demarcation  with  the  fawn-color  is  pretty  sharp,  but 
less  so  in  some  cases  than  in  others,  sometimes  the  whole  belly  showing  a 
tawny  shade.  The  tail  is  bicolor;  a  brown  or  dusky  stripe  runs  the  whole 
length  of  the  upper  surface ;  the  sides  and  under  surface  being  white  or 
tinged  with  rusty — the  latter  particularly  when  the  white  of  the  belly  is  simi- 
larly tinged.  Besides  these  s-^'^cial  markings,  there  is  decided  indication  of 
a  dusky  stripe  from  the  nose  u.nder  the  eye  and  ear  to  the  side  of  the  neck, 
produced  by  increase  of  the  bluckenod  tips  of  the  hairs  along  the  line.  Some 
of  the  whiskers  are  black,  others  being  colorless.  The  poucho-s  are  whitt? 
inside.     The  claws  are  colorless. 


504 


MONOGRAPHS-OP  XOKTn  AMERICAN  RODENTFA. 


iii]|i 


ii^-»i,'^ 


My  series  of  specimens  does  not  suffice  for  n  complete  exposition  of  the 
variation  in  color  of  this  species.  In  all,  the  lateral  stripe  is  conspicuous,  and 
the  other  characters  ditTer  little  I  note,  however,  a  decidedly  richer  tone 
in  Mexican  and  Texan  specimens  than  in  those  from  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 
It  is  probable  tiiat  the  skull  of  this  animal,  when  examined,  will  alFord  some 
specific  characters,  in  size  nt  least,  if  not  in  details  of  conformation.  The 
veneral)le  Dr.  G.  Lincecum,  of  Texas,  lately  deceased,  lias  given  notes  on  the 
habits  of  this  species,  in  two  special  articles,  below  cited.* 

.  PEROGNATHUS  PENICILLATUS,  Woodh. 

,   •   '  ■  Tuft-tailed  Pooket-ir    se. 

Peroyiittlhut  peneciUatm,  WfiODri.,t  Proc.  Acod.  Nut.  Sii.  Pbila.  vi,  18.5:1,200  (San  FriinciBco  MU.,  Arizonn). 

PerognalliHs  pmicillatuttVfooDii.,  8it|;r<avr»'K  Rup.  Kxpl.  Znfli  niiil  Coi.  K.  IK^i^,  4!),  pi.  3.— LkC,  PriMi. 
Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Pbilu.  IK>\,  225  (iiiuro  iiieiitioii).— Add.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1(^4,  a08 
(copiiMl  from  Wixidh.).— lll>.,  M.  N.  A.  1657, 41H,  pi.  EC,  f.  5.— Giiav,  P.  Z.  8.  IWW,  aoi  (wrong 
locality  assigned)  t— ColiEs,  Am.  Nut.  i,  1SC7,  ;iU7  (Arizona)  —CoUKS,  Proc.  Pbilu.  Acnd. 
ia75,  8M7  (nu.u(>;;rapbii;).— ColKs  &  Yaurow,  Zuol.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1876, 110. 

Peroynalhtti  parvus,  LeContk,  Pioc.  Acul.  Nat.  8i-i.  Pbila  vi,  1853, 826  (in  part.  Not  Crieelodipua pairtu, 
Peale.)  (The  npucinieu  noticed  from  the  Colorado  Desert  is  now  before  me ;  it  ih  apparently 
»  very  youug  azumple  of  i*.  peniciUatun.) 

DiAONOSis. — About  the  size  of  Hespfiomys  leucopus.  Tail  vertehrse  obvi- 
ously longer  than  head  and  i)ody.  Hind  foot  more  'han  one-fourth  the  length 
of  head  and  body.  Tail  crested  above  toward  the  end,  .mri  with  long  term- 
inui  pencil  of  hairs.  Soles  <listinclly  naked  to  the  heels,  at  least  along  a 
median  .strip.  Antitragus  distinctly  lobed,  with  a  sharp  teat-like  projection, 
opposite  which  is  another  smaller  but  distinct  lobe  of  the  tragus,  the  notch 
of  the  ear  being  defined  by  these  two  prominent  jioints,  the  edge  of  the  ear 
itself  not  bounding  the  notch  at  all.  No  appreciable  fulvous  stripe  along  the 
sides,  where  the  color  of  the  upper  parts  meets  the  white  of  the  under  parts 
without  intervention  of  a  third  color.  Aliove,  "gray" — an  intimate  mixture  of 
■yellowish-gray  with  a  dull  gniyish-brown ;  below,  including  whole  fore  leg, 
fore  and  hind  feet,  and  itiner  aspect  of  thighs,  white ;  tail  bicolor — dark  al)ove, 
white  below.  Length  about  3.25  inches  T"  .,--3fiJ);  tail  vertebrm  about 
4.00  (ii.aO-iAO),  with  a  tuft  half  an  inch  or  more  longer.  Soles  about  0.95 
(0.90-1.00);  ear  above  notch,  0  83  (0.30-0.35). 

•  Poncbe<l  UaL     <  Ain.  Nat.  vi,  Inli,  pp.  Hfi'J,  370. 

y  Tbe  AuimulH  of  Texas.     <  Am«r.  Sports  .liin  (newspaper)  of  Feb.  28,  1874. 

)  Special  pnper :  "  Description  of  u  new  speciiis  of  Perngnatbns,  Wied."    <  he.  cit.,  pp.  200, 2C1 
(TbuSan  Francisco  Mountains  are  several  bnndred  niibs  from  San  I'^ancisco  City,  Calllbrnia, 

Doorly  in  the  middle  of  Arizona— formerl;  a  part  of  New  Mexico.    The  locality  appeani  to  pntr.lc  soma 

writers. 


aACCOMYID^.— PEROONATniDIX^E— p.  PENICILLATUS. 


505 


Habitat.— The  Basin  of  the  Colorado  River.  (The  very  few  specimens 
at  present  known  to  naturalists  have  all  come  from  Arizona  and  the  adjoining 
border  of  Southern  California.) 

(Description  from  Wood  house's  type,  which  is  mounted,  and  several 
more  recent  specimens,  dry  and  alcoholic.)  In  all  the  other  species  of  Pero- 
gnathus  given  on  these  page.*,  the  tail,  whether  longer  than  the  body  or  decid- 
edly shorter,  is  simply  haired,,  with  the  terminal  hairs  no  longer  than  those 
surrounding  the  tail.  Tiie  present  species  is  tiierefore  remarkably  distin- 
guished by  the  comb  or  crest  of  long  hairs  on  the  terminal  third  or  more  of 
the  ineml)er,  produced  by  a  gradual  lengthening  until  those  at  the  end  are 
half  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  producing  a  penicillate  brush  proportionally 
as  long  as  that  of  some  species  of  Tamias  or  even  Sciurus.  With  this  singu- 
lar character  others  of  equal  tangibility  are  coordinated.  The  description  to 
be  given  will  include  some  points  common  to  the  genus,  as,  with  one  excep- 
tion, the  present  is  the  only  species  of  Perognathus  of  which  I  have  speci- 
mens in  the  flesh. 

The  head  is  about  one-third  of  the  total  length  of  head  and  body;  broad 
and  full  across  the  temporal  and  orbital  regions,  thence  tapering  ropiliy  to 
the  produced  but  rather  blunt  snout.  The  muzzle  is  entirely  and  densely 
pilous  excepting  a  small  nasal  pad,  with  a  median  furrow ;  tiie  nostrils  are 
very  small  and  irregular  in  contour.  The  long  upper  lip  is  heavily  clothed 
with  stitfish  hairs,  forming  a  fringe  which  droops  over  and  iiides  the  incisors. 
The  whiskers  are  numerous  and  very  fine;  besides  the  labial  set,  the  longest 
of  which  much  exceed  the  head  in  length,  there  are  others  about  the  eye  and 
ear.  The  eye  is  of  moderate  size,  and  situated  much  nearer  to  the  ear  than 
to  the  nose.  The  ear  shows  very  conspicuously  the  prominent  lobe  of  the 
antitragus,  which  is  the  chief  external  peculiarity  of  tliis  genus  as  compared 
with  Cricetodipus ;  and  opposite  to  it,  on  the  other  side  of  the  notch,  there  is 
a  similar  and  smaller,  but  still  very  evident,  tubercle  just  within  the  border 
of  the  ear.  Those  two  i)rominences  together  cause  the  notch  of  the  ear  to 
be  very  strongly  defined;  and  the  margin  of  the  external  ear  is  altogether 
excluded  from  the  notch.  The  contour  of  the  ear  is  broadly  rounded.  The 
slit  of  the  cheek-pouch  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  beginning  on  the  side  of 
the  upper  li|)  and  curving  around  with  a  free  border  to  near  the  angle  of  tlie 
jaw,  there  being  but  narrowly  separated  from  its  fellow. 

The  details  of  the  palms  and  soles,  as  clearly  made  out  from  the  material 


506 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOUTH  AMBRIOAN  RODENTIA, 


; 


before  me,  are  probably  applicable  also  to  tbose  other  species  of  tlie  genus 
of  which  only  dried  skins  are  before  me.  The  palm  is  entirely  naked ;  it 
presents  posteriorly  a  pair  (inner  and  outer)  of  immense  smooth  tubercles, 
reminding  one  of  the  state  of  the  parts  in  Geomys.  Anteriorly,  there  are  three 
smaller  but  still  very  conspicuous  l)ulbs;  one  proper  to  the  base  of,  respect- 
ively, the  '2d  and  5th  digits,  and  one  common  to'  the  base  of  the  3d  and  4lh. 
The  palm  is  otherwise  uniformly  studded  with  small  elevated  graimlations, 
and  the  digits  are  similarly  roughened  underneath.  The  minute  thumb  ends 
club-shaped,  bearing  upon  its  back  a  flat  nail,  which,  like  that  of  the  human 
finger,  does  not  project  at  all  beyond  the  end  of  the  digit.  The  whi>'  thumb 
is  no  more  conspicuous  than  one  of  the  palmar  pads.  The  other  dibits  bear 
ordinary  claws ;  the  3d  is  longest ;  the  2d  and  4th  are  subequal  to  each  other 
and  but  little  shorter  than  the  3d ;  the  5th  is  more  abbreviated,  but  its  claw- 
tip  etill  falls  beyond  the  base  of  the  4th  claw. 

As  a  consequence  perhaps  of  the  desert  habitat  of  this  species,  the 
nakedness  of  the  soles,  which  is  one  of  the  secondary  characters  distinguish- 
ing all  the  species  of  Perognathus  from  those  of  Crieetodipus,  is  here  carried  to 
an  extreme.  The  sole  may  be  called  naked  without  qualification ;  for  the 
fringe  of  hairs  which  droops  over  its  sides  does  not  encroach  in  the  least 
upon  the  under  surface  except  just  at  the  side  of  the  contracted  posterior 
part  of  the  heel  itself  The  whole  sole  is  uniformly  paved  with  minute  gran- 
ulations. Among  these,  one  constantly  larger  than  the  rest  is  always  observed 
on  the  inner  side  about  half-way  down  the  metatarsus;  and  a  similar  one  is 
found  at  Ihe  base  of  each  of  the  digits.  The  digits  are  marked  beneath  with 
transverse  lines  of  impression,  and  end  in  smooth,  slightly  clubbed  tips.  The 
first  digit,  though  small,  is  perfectly  formed,  and  iiears  an  ordinary  claw, 
tiie  tip  of  which  falls  opposite  the  base  of  the  second  digit ;  the  longer  3d 
digit  but  slightly  exceeds  the  2d  and  4th,  which  are  about  equal  to  each  other; 
the  end  of  the  claw  of  the  5th  digit  falls  opposite  the  middle  of  the  4th  one. 

In  the  development  of  the  hind  limbs  of  this  and  the  next  closely  allied 
species  of  Perognathus,  there  is  more  indication  of  a  saltatorial  tendency  thun 
appears  in  the  case  of  /'.  fasciatus,  but  the  difference  is  not  very  striking;  it 
is  no  more  than  that  which  may  be  inferred  on  comparison  of  Crieetodipus 
parvus  with  C.  JUwus,  and  it  falls  far  short  of  the  state  of  the  case  exhibited 
by  Dipodomys.     Still,  the  supposed  saltatorial  character  is  further  borne  out, 


m 


SACCOMYID^— PEUOGNATniDIN^— p.  PENICILLATUS. 


507 


upon  nnalojiy,  by  the  peculiar  character  of  the  long  penicillate  (ail,  already 
fully  described. 

I  fin«l  it  difficult  to  describe  the  color  of  the  upper  parts  satisfactorily. 
It  was  called  by  Baird  "a  light  dull  yellowish-brown  or  tawney,  lined  with 
dark-brown".  The  prevailing  tone  is  decidedly  "gray''  in  comparison  with 
the  strong  mixed  yellowish  and  blackish  of  P.  fascialus — somewhat  the  shade 
of  dilute  coffee  and  milk.  The  lighter  hairs  are  dull  yellowish-gray,  with 
darker  lining  of  hair  brown.  There  is  a  general  tinge  of  the  palest  possible 
cinnamon.  All  the  bases  of  the  hairs  are  of  the  color  of  fresh-cut  lend. 
There  is  no  appreciable  lateral  stripe  of  different  color  from  the  upper  parts, 
although,  just  along  the  line  of  junction  with  the  white,  the  color  lightens  a 
little  for  lack  of  the  darker  brown  lining.  The  extreme  tip  of  the  snout,  the 
cheeks,  the  whole  fore  leg,  the  inner  aspect  of  the  hind  leg,  the  feet,  under 
side  of  tail,  and  under  parts  generally,  are  white ;  the  line  of  demarca'ion 
runs  straight  from  nose  to  hind  leg,  where  it  drops  down  to  the  heel.  The 
upper  surface  of  the  tail  and  the  brush  at  the  end  are  hair-brown.  Some  of 
the  whiskers  are  black;  others,  like  the  claws,  are  colorless. 

The  external  sexual  characters  of  this  and  other  species  of  the  family 
are  readily  recognizable.  In  consequence  of  the  development  of  the  os  penis, 
the  prseputial  sheath  is  a  resisting  prominence  immediately  in  advance  of  the 
anus.  The  same  part  in  the  female  shows  a  conical  flap  depending  from  the 
front  of  the  vulva. 

Having  only  about  a  dozen  adult  specimens  of  this  species  to  examine, 
the  full  range  of  variation  can  only  be  given  with  approximate  accuracy. 
Still  the  series  is  a  very  good  one  as  far  as  it  goes,  and  the  number  of  alco- 
holics afford  reliable  measurements.  Dr.  Woodhouse's  type  is  much  fiided  by 
twenty  years'  exposure  to  the  light.  The  others  agree  perfectly  in  colora- 
tion, and  the  differences  in  size  are  slight.  I  may  here  remark  that,  in  Pro- 
fessor Bnird's  table  of  measurements  the  dimension  (nose  to  tail)  given  from 
the  dried  8j)ecimen8  there  enumerated  is  certainly  over  the  mark.  Thus, 
Woodhouse's  type  is  given  as  4.12  long,  whereas  the  original  description  of 
the  same  specimen  says  3.50. 


■ilit 


508 


IMOSOOUAPnS  OP  NORTH  AMKIIIO.AN  UODBNTrA. 


Tablk  l.—Meaturemeiils  of  eleven  apecimeiit  o/PKnoGXATiius  pknicillaivs. 


•36;ri 
1333 

i.m 
lin 

8010 
433 'a 

tymb 

4a34e 
493«<i 
4g34e 
493  (/ 


LuoaUty. 


San  FranciMc  MoiiDtaiiiB,  Artx  . 

(lolonitlo  Rlvor,  Cal 

Tori  Yuma,  Cal 

Colorado  Desert,  Cal  — 

Camp  Grant,  Ariz 

Mojnvo  Village,  Ariz 


.ilo. 


.do. 
.do  . 
.do  . 
.do. 


From  tip  of  11080  to— 


O.SO 

o.ca 

0.  C'l 
(t.  53 
0.  D.-. 

o.uo 

0.63 
0.  00 


O.DO 
O.OJ 
1.00 
0.00 
0  01 
0.03 
0.03 
0.00 


1.00 
1.10 
,1  3J 
1.10 
1.10 
l.SM 
l.tO. 
l.CO 


3.  CO 
S.00 
3  30 
3.  CO 
3  00 
2.00 
3.50 
3.00 


Tail  to  end 
of- 


3.70 
3.00 
3.6J 
3.19 
3.  SO 

3.30 
4.(0 
4.33 
4.30 
4.41 


3.00 
4.13 


4.00 
4.00 
4.  80 
4.00 
5.00 


Lcugthof- 


0.33 
0.15 
0.40 
0.40 
0.40 
0.40 
0.40 


1.00 
0.00 

a  OS 

0.S5 

i.no 

0.03 

o.co 

0.05 
1.00 
1.00 


a 

•0 

•s 

e 

p 

m 

'A 


0.30 
0.33 
0.35 

o.:io 

0.33 
0.33 
0. 33 


Mounted. 
Diy. 
...do. 
Alcohnlio. 
...do. 
...do. 
...  do. 
...  do. 
...  do. 
..  d... 
...  do 


*  MoaflnrameotA  of  length  and  of  taiI'Vert«b' »  f  rom  WtMxIhoiiHe.    In  ilN  pre&ent  Hlatr,  the  tall,  att  Wi?ll  aa  can  Ik;  JnilKed, 
Im  almat  4.50  long,  oxoIumIvo  of  the  terminal  pencil,  which  id  half  an  inch  rooru.    Tbu  dry  measnronionta  arc  not  icllablo. 

Taking  the  last,  seven  sets  of  measarements  of  tlie  foregoing  table  (all 
made  from  sexed  specimens  in  the  flesh,  and  taken  by  the  same  person,*  so 
that  a  source  of  error  which  lies  in  different  methods  of  measurement  is 
avoided),  we  observe  that  the  total  length  varies  from  2.90  to  3.60 — a  difl'er- 
ence  of  0.70 — a  fair  rate  of  variability  for  a  species.  The  tail,  as  usual,  varies 
more  than  tiie  body,  or,  in  this  instance,  about  an  inch,  whether  the  vertebrae 
alone  are  considered,  or  the  terminal  pencil  be  taken  into  account.  The 
relatively  shortest  tail  (vertebrae  alone)  is  half  an  inch  longer  than  the  head* 
and  body,  or,  with  the  hairs,  an  inch  longer.  The  relatively  longest  tail 
(vertebrae  alone)  is  an  inch  and  a  cjuarter  longer  than  the  head  and  body; 
with  the  hairs,  nearly  two  inches  longer.  Much  as  usual,  the  rate  of  relative 
variability  is  greater  than  that  of  absolute  difference  in  dimension.  The  soles 
vary  a  tenth  of  an  inch  in  length,  or  about  %\  per  cent,  of  their  average  length. 
Other  smaller  measurements  give  corresponding  results  The  rates  of  varia- 
tion which  are  determined  for  the  present  species  are  doubtlees  equally  appli- 
cable to  others  of  the  genus  of  which  I  have  no  alcoholic  specimens. 

Upon  the  supposition  that  the  other  allied  species  described  in  this  paper 
are  really  distinct  from  P.  penicillatus,  this  has  a  remarkably  restricted  geo- 
graphical distribution.     So  far  as  I  am  aware,  there  are  no  specimens  extant 
xvt\\\  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Colorado  Valley  in  that  portion  of  its  extent 

*Ia  tuuosuriug  tails,  I  tuku  as  nearly  08  pu^^4iblo  tho  tiuo  k'tiglb,  by  p1aoin|{  one  le;;  uf  tlio  com- 
osses  snugly  above  tho  anus.    The  length  to  which  .the  tail  projects  beyond  tbu.bcdy-iiaii'i,  or  ita  ONlen- 
rtiblo  diinenaion,  ia  mnaldernbly  less. 


-^:i"' 


..  .i.!kUi^'f'.^9&^l;Si:i. 


SACCOMYIDyE— PEKOGNATUlDlNiE— p.  MONTICOLA. 


509 


which  e.nbraces  Arizona  and  the  contiguous  part  of  California  on  ll>e  oppo- 
site side  of  the  river.  Specimens  are  rare ;  there  may  be  none  whatever  in 
Eura|>e.  Woodhoiise,  LeConte,  Bnird,  and  myself  are  possibly  the  only  nat- 
uralists who  siieak  of  the  species  from  autoptical  examination. 

The  relationships  of  some  allied  species  being  considered  under  other 
heads,  the  only  \wuit  here  arising  for  discussion  relates  to  the  ^'  Cricelodipus 
pa/vus"  of  LeConte,  /.  c.  The  specimen  upon  which  that  writer  based  his 
remarks  is  now  before  me  It  is  not  adult,  as  supposed,  but  very  young  and 
ungrowD,  as  shown  by  the  unworn  state  of  the  teeth  ;  although  Ihe  tail  is  not 
crested,  there  arc  indications  tiiat  it  would  have  become  so ;  the  relative  pro- 
portions and  colomtion  are  exactly  as  in  P.  penicillatus,  to  which  I  have  little 
hesitation  in  referring  it.  In  any  event,  it  is  a  true  Perognathus,  and  not 
Cricelodipuf  at  all,  as  shown  beyond  question  by  the  obviously  naked  soles' 
and  distinctly  recognizable  lobe  of  the  antitragus. 

PEROGNATHUS  MONTICOLA,  Baird. 

Konntain  Fooket-monse. 

PcrayMfln  utmllcoU,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  423,  pi.  51,  figs.  3a-A  (St.  Mary's,  Rocky  Sloantains).— 
Seen.,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  pt.  ii,  1S60,  101  (notice  of  the  same  specimeD).— CouKfi,  Proc. 
Pbila.  Acad.  1(475,  293  (described  from  another  specimen  from  Fort  Crook,  Cal.). — TCoUES 
&  Tarrow,  ZuuI.  Exp],  W.  100  Merid.  1H75, 110  (two  si>ecimen8  donbtfnlly  referred  here). 

PmfMiku  wUipilfM*,  CoCES,  Proc.  Acad.  N.kt.  Sci.  Phila.  1875,  29<t  (provisional  appellation). 

T  Jtromf  lonR,GtAX,  P. Z. 8. 1468, 202.    {Telle  Ahtoii,epi»l.) 

•  Duoxosis  (No.  7251,  Mus.  Smiths.  Inst.,  ?,  Fort  Crook,  Cal,  J. 
Feilner). — Size  of  Mm  musculus.  Tail,  including  hairs,  an  inch  longer  than 
the  head  and  body,  the  vertebrae  alone  over  half  an  inch  longer.  Hind  foot 
nearly  one-third  as  long  as  head  and  body ;  naked  strip  on  sole  very  narrow 
jxwteriorly;  antitragus  with  a  great,  flat,  rounded,  upright  lob6,  but  no  lobe 
of  tragus  opposite,  the  notch  being  defined  in  front  by  the  outer  edge  of  the 
ear  itself.  Tail  not  penicillate  nor  crested;  rather  thinly  but  nearly  uniformly 
haired  throughout.  Pelage  very  soft  and  smooth  for  this  genus — much  as  in 
Cricetodipus.  Color  of  upper  parts  descending  on  the  fore  leg  to  the  wrist 
A  fulvous  lateral  stripe,  indistinct  but  evident;  hairs  of  under  parts  pure 
white  to  the  roots ;  tail  bicolor.  Above,  yellowish-cinnamon  lined  with  black- 
ish, the  latter  predominating ;  below,  white. 

DafENSioNS. — Lei     h,  2  50;  tail-vertebrae,  3.20;  hind  foot,  0.80. 

Habitat. — St.  Mary's  Mission,  west.of  Ricky  Mountains,  to  Otter  Creek, 
Utah,  and  Fort  Crook,  California. 


^ism: 


kiMk 


m 


(■  ;i 


nt. 


510 


MONOGKAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


The  generalities  of  form  of  this  nnitnal  are  much  the  same  as  those  of 
its  nearest  allies.  In  relative  length,  the  tail  nearly  equals  that  of  P.  jnnicil- 
latus,  but  it  is  uniformly  haired  throughout,  without  indication  of  crest  or 
penicilia'ion.  The  soles  are  v  so  extensively  denuded  as  those  of  P.  penicil- 
iatus,  owing  to  encroachir  of  hairs  from  the  sides;  still  there  is  a  fairly 
naked  strip  to  the  extreme  heel  The  tuberculution  of  the  palms  and  soles, 
and  the  proportions  of  all  the  digits,  are  substantially  as  in  that  species.  The 
animal  is  mucli  smaller  than  any  other  species  of  the  genus,  not  much  exceed- 
ing a  Cricetodipus  in  size.  But  the  most  remarkable  character  is  found  in  the 
structure  of  the  ear:  it  is  singular  how  sharply  distinguished  some  species 
of  tiie  genus  are  in  this  respect.  In  P.  penicillatus,  a  sharp  leat-like  pro- 
jection of  the  antitragus  defines  the  notch  posteriorly,  and  opposite  to  it,  on 
the  other  side  of  the  notch,  there  is  a  similar  but  smaller  prominence  of  the 
tragus  bounding  the  notch  anteriorly;  thus  the  external  edge  of  the  ear  itself 
is  altogether  excluded  from  the  formation  of  the  notch.  Now,  in  P  montkola, 
the  lobe  of  the  ar  t.itragus  is  a  broad,  flat,  upright  flap,  both  relatively  and 
absolutely  larger  than  that  of  P.  penicillalus,  but  there  is  no  corresponding 
h)be  of  the  tragus  on  the  other  side  of  the  notch,  the  front  border  of  the 
notch  being  formed  by  th6  external  edge  of  the  ear  itself  This  state  of  the 
parts  is  an  approach  to  the  condition  seen  in  Cricetodipus,  and  is  a  perfectlj' 
distinctive  mark  of  P.  monticola  in  its  own  genus.  This  important  distinction 
escaped  the  describer  of  the  species ;  but  it  should  be  added  that  it  is  only ' 
fully  appreciable  upon  examination  of  fresh  or  alcoholic  specimens,  and  that 
tlie  type  of  the  original  description  had  been  mounted  when  examined.  Fur- 
thermore, the  ears  of  P.  monticola  are  smaller  than  those  of  P.  penicillatus, 
and  scarcely  more  than  half  the  size  of  those  of  P.  fasciatus. 

Another  good  character  of  the  species  is  found  in  the  softness  and  fine- 
ness of  the  fur.  The  pelage  is  not  so  stiff  and  firm  as  in  P.  penicillatus  even, 
and  has  nothing  of  the  "spun-glass"  character  seen  in  P.  fasciatus,  and  still 
more  noticeable  in  P.  hispidus. 

The  coloration  of  the  species  is  mainly  distinctive  in  the  circumstance 
tliiit  the  dark  color  of  the  upper  parts  descends  the  fore  leg  to  the  wrist, 
whereas  on  all  the  other  species  examined  the  whole  fore  leg  is  white.  The 
upper  parts  are  an  intimate  mixture  of  tawny  and  blackish,  much  as  in  /'. 
fasciatus.  There  is  an  evident  but  not  very  distinct  lateral  fulvous  stripe. 
The  under  parts,  in  the  s|)ecimen  described  (No.  7251),  arc  light  yellow,  but 


SACCOMS IDJS— PBROGNATHIDIN-S!— P.  MONTICOLA. 


511 


tliia  is  undoubtedly  the  efiect  of  alcoholic  discoloration,  tiie  parts  being,  no 
doubt,  white  in  life.     The  tail  is  biculor,  to  correspond  with  the  body  colors. 

While  there  is  no  question  whatever  of  the  distinctness  of  the  subject 
of  the  present  article  from  any  others  described  in  tills  paper,  tiiore  are  some 
points  to  be  considered  respecting  its  reference  to  P.  monticola  of  Baird.  The 
type  of  this  species,  now  before  me,  has  been  mounted  and  exposed  to  the 
light  for  about  twenty  years ;  it  is  faded  and  otherwise  in  poor  state,  the  end 
of  the  tail  and  much  of  the  fur  being  lost.  The  color  is  now  a  uniform  dull 
grayish-brown,  much  like  the  natural  color  of  P.  jjeidcillatus,  instead  ot 
"mixed  cinnamon  and  dusky",  as  originally  described;  and  the  tail  is  uni- 
formly dingy  white,  instead  of  being  "colored  to  correspond";  the  hairs 
below  are  all  white  instead  of  "plumbeous  at  base" ;  and  no  lateral  stripe  is 
now  appreciable,  though  an  "indistinct"  one  was  mentioned.  But  the  nuuu 
peculiarit}'  of  the  species  as  to  coloration,  namely,  the  descent  of  the  dark 
color  down  the  fore  leg  to  the  wrist  is  still  evident;  and,  in  short,  I  find  no 
color-differences  not  explicable  upon  consideration  of  the  comparative  state 
of  the  two  specimens.  We  may  therefore  turn  to  the  matter  of  size  and  pro- 
|K)rtions.  Professor  Baird  says,  "tail  rather  shorter  than  head  and  body," 
giving  the  length  of  the  former  as  2.67 -{-,  and  of  the  latter  as  3.00;  whereas 
my  animal  is  but  2.50  long,  and  has  a  tail  of  3.20.  But  the  decided  discrej)- 
ancies  in  these  stat«ments  and  measurements  are  readily  reconciled  upon  tlie 
simple  consideration  that  the  tail  is  defective  and  the  body  overstuffed  in  the 
type  of  monticola.  This  brings  about  an  agreement  further  borne  out  by  the 
other  measurements.  In  the  following  table,  the  first  line  of  measurements 
is  copied  from  Baird ;  the  other  is  taken  from  the  Fort  Crook  specimen, 
upon  which  this  article  is  based,  before  skinning  out  of  alcohol. 

Tablb  II. — Meatunmrntt  of  two  apeoinuiit  of  Pekoonathus  monticola. 


i 


Ml 
TOSl 


LoosUty. 


8b  Huy'a,  Booky  Mounbiiiw. . 
Fort  Crook,  C«l 


From  tip  of  nose  t 


0.M 
0,35 


O.M 

ass 


i.oe 

l.W 


3.00 

a.  so 


Tail  to  end 
of— 


a.87+ 

3.  so 


LeDgthof— 


0.30 


o.eo 

0.80 


0.95 
0  iO 


MouDtOfl. 
AloolloHo. 


The  principal  discrepancy  being  explicable  as  above,  there  is  nothing 
whatever  in  the  foregoing  table  incompatible  with  specific  identity.     Moie- 


;I,M 


'  ;•! 


m 


512 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


over,  it  so  Imppens  tliiit  (lie  left  ear  of  the  type  is  in  sufiiciently  good  preser- 
vatitm  to  enable  me  to  clearly  recognize  the  pecnliar  conformation  whicli 
distinguishes  the  present  species  from  the  others. 

To  this  same  species  I  am  also  inclined  to  refer  two  specimens  recently 
collected  l)y  Mr.  H.  W.  llenshaw  on  Otter  Creek,  in  Utah.  These  are  appar- 
ently young  aninmis,  hut,  as  they  are  not  accompanied  witii  the  skulls,  the 
iiict  cannot  be  determined.*  The  tail  of  each  has  been  skinned,  and  is  now 
so  shrivelled  tliat  nothing  can  be  predicated  as  to  its  length,  cither  relative  or 
absolute.  The  specimens  are  quite  small ;  they  have  been  overstufled,  meas- 
uring now  about  2J  inches,  but  were  probably  not  much,  if  any,  ()ver  2,  witb 
a  hind  foot  of  0.80 ;  in  fact,  they  might  be  taken  at  first  sight  for  Criceiodipus. 
But  the  soles  are  naked  along  a  nariow  strip  quite  to  the  heel;  the  autitragus 
has  a  very  prominent  lobe;  and  even  from  the  dried  skins  I  detdrmine,-with 
no  appreciable  chance  of  mistake,  that  the  ear  has  the  other  peculiarity  oi  P. 
monficola.  Tlie  pelage  is  remarkably  sotl;  (he  coloration  is  different  from 
that  of  any  other  Perognathi  I  have  seen,  being  plumbeous  (like  the  plum- 
bago-colored specimens  of  Geomys  and  Tliomomys),  with  little  admixture  of 
lighter  color;  and  the  soles  show  a  decided  fulvous  stripe.  But  these  speci- 
mens exhibit  the  fore  leg  colored  quite  to  the  wrist,  and  I  am  inclined  to 
attribute  the  dark  color  to  their  immaturity.  I  shall  therefore  assign  them  to 
P.  monticuln. 

The  four  specimens  noticed  are  the  only  ones  which  have  come  under 
my  observation.  To  sum  the  case  in  a  few  words,  we  have  here  an  anitnal 
unquestionably- distinct  from  any  of  the  other  species  descrii)ed  in  this  paper, 
the  only  question  being  whether  all  the  specimens  referred  to  it  are  specifi- 
cally identical.  They  ostensibly  diflTer  to  a  degree  that  might  have  caused 
them  to  be  described  as  distinct  at  the  period  when  Professor  Baird's  work 
was  prepared.  This  question  must  await  the  reception  of  additional  material 
for  its  satisfactory  solution.  I  can  only  say  that  I  am  at  present  unable  to 
see  more  than  one  species.  Should  the  contrary  be  determined,  the  present 
article  is  to  be  held  as  based  upon  the  Fort  Crook  specimen,  for  which  I 
have  suggested  the  name  of  P.  mollipilosus  as  a  provisional  designation. 

*  Since  tliis  was  writteu,  Mr.  Henabaw  tells  Die  the  animals  are  very  yonnf;  iudeetl— tbey  bnd  not 
left  tbe  nest  when  captured.  These  nr»  the  speoiinens  donbtfully  noticed  by  Dr.  Yarrow  and  myself,  in 
Wheeler's  Report, «.  o. 


SAOCOMYIDiB— PEROONATniDINvE— p.  niSPIDDS. 


513 


PEROQNATHUS  HI8PIDU8,  Baiid. 

Hispid  Fooket>monie. 

PengnaihM  Mtpidiu,  BAinn.Hi  N.  A.  1857,  M\,  pi,  51,  fl|;.  4a-j)i.— Baird,  U.  S.  and  Mex.  B.  giirv.  ii,  |it. 
ii,  IRSO,  Hamni.  4J.— Quay,  P.  Z.  8.  1868,  auj  (compiled).— Coukh,  Proe.  Pbilii.  Acad.  1H75, 
806  (rt-diaciused,  but  wItbuDt  msteriul  addiliuual  to  (but  in  Baird'a  buuds  In  1857). 

DiAQNOSis. — Ear  smull,  not  projecting 'beyond  the  fur;  its  structure  as 
in  P.  fasciatus  and  penicillatus  (tragus  and  antitragus  both  lobed).  Soles 
naked.  Tail  not  penicillate,  rather  longer  than  head  and  body.  Fur  exceed- 
ingly stiff  and  coarse.  Above,  yellowish-cinnamon,  closely  lined  vvitii  blackish, 
the  color  not  descending  on  the  fore  leg  at  all.  Sides  with  a  conspicuous 
fulvous  stripe.  Tail  bicolor..  Under  parts,  with  hind  feet  and  whole  of  fore 
leg,  white. 

Length  between  3.00  and  3.50 ;  tail  rather  more.    Sole  of  hind  foot  0.90. 

Habitat. — 'J'he  only  two  specimens  known  of  this  species  were  procure*! 
by  Lieut.  D.  N.  Couch  at  Charco  Escondido  and  Matamoras,  Tamaulipas. 

Since  the  introduction  of  this  species,  as  above,  no  additional  specimens 
have  come  to  hand ;  and  as  we  have  no  further  material  for  amplification  or 
verification  of  the  original  description,  there  is  little  more  to  be  said  about  it 
at  present.  The  animal  appears  to  be  perfectly  distinct  from  any  other 
described  in  this  paper.  With  much  the  same  size  and  proportions  as  those 
of  P.  monticola,  it  is  immediately  distinguished  by  the  radical  difference  in 
the  conformation  of  the  ear,  the  stouter  as  well  as  rather  longer  feet,  and  the 
whiteness  of  the  whole  fore  leg.  From  penicillatus  it  differs  in  the  much 
shorter  and  not  penicillate  tail,  less  extensively  denuded  soles,  and  presence 
of  a  strong  lateral  fulvous  stripe.  It  is  decidedly  smaller  than  P.  fasciatus, 
with  which  it  shbres  the  fulvous  stripe,  with  a  tail  longer  instead  of  shorter 
than  the  body ;  ears  scarcely  half  as  large,  &c.  From  all  these  species,  finally, 
it  differs  in  the  extraordinarily  harsh,  stiff,  coarse  hair ;  this  is  of  great  length 
and  devoid  of  under  fur,  as  in  other  species,  but  represents,  in  an  exagger- 
ated degree,  the  pelage  which  is  characteristic  of  the  genus  in  distinction 
both  from  Dipodomys  and  CricetoHpus. 

The  coloration  of  the  species  cannot  be  given  with  sufficient  accuracy. 
Both  the  specimens  have  been  skinned  out  of  alcohol,  and  the  tints  are  prob- 
ably Romew4mt  modified.  One  of  them  has  been  so  discolored  by  long  immer- 
sion in  a  dirty  fluid  as  to  be  of  a  uniform  dingy  greenish-brown,  in  which  the 
33  H 


il; 


M4 


MONOGUAPna  OF  SOUTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


i     } 


V.i- 


origiiml  colore  cniiiiot  be  in  llio  least  discovered.  The  oilier,  in  lictlcr  state, 
kIiows  the  characters  pretty  well.  There  is  n  strong  fulvous  or  salmon- 
colored  stripe  along  the  whole  body,  just  as  in  P.  fascidtun.  The  light  color 
of  the  iijiper  parts  is  rntiier  n  pale  cinnamon  than  the  sandy  yellowish  of 
P.  fmcialiis.  The  hairs  are  light  plumbeous  at  base,  and  many  of  them  arc 
lipped  with  Idack,  giving  the  tiark  surface-lining.  The  tail  is  sharply  bicolor, 
lo  corrcsj)ond  with  the  body.  The  under  parts,  including  the  whole  fore  leg 
and  the  foot  and  inside  of  the  hind  leg,  are  white. 

As  in  the  case  of  /'.  monticoln,  further  information  rcs|>ecling  tiiis  species 
is  much  to  be  de.<iired,  particularly  as  there  appear  to  be  some  Mexican  ani- 
mals of  this  gcnufi  with  which  we  are  at  present  not  well  acquainted.  The 
following  measurements  are  those  given  by  Buird  in  his  original  notice : — 

Tahlr  III. — J/«uHreiiwiif(a/fi(«<j)gciin«iiai/PRRoo2iATii8  uisriDua. 


i 

a 

g 

a 
••J 

Locillty. 

M 

From  lip  of  note  to- 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

Leogth  of— 

i 

•8 

1 

•s 
n 

0 

4! 

k 

1 

i 

1 

1 

i 

1 

577 
S70 

9 

0.64 
0.07 

o.g-j 

I.CO 

1.33 
1.33 

3.19 
3.M 

0.49 

0.45 

0.84 

o.g3 

0.37 
0.37 

Aleuholio. 
...Uo. 

3.60 

3.M 

In  my  previous  "  Review  ''  of  this  family  (Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1876,  29H), 
I  quoted  the  original  noti-.T*  of  "Abromys  lordi"  of  Gray  (P.  Z.  S.  1868,  202), 
observing  that  "we  may  suppose  the  animal  to  be  a  Perognathus,  from  (he 
general  tenor  of  Dr.  Gray's  remarks,  and  his  curiously  mixed-up  quotations  ; 
and  it  is  perhaps  P.  monticola "    This  supposition  is  probably  verified 

r  *  Tko  followiu);  Is  tbe  origiual  notice  of  tbo  g<!iiai)  and  iipeaieH  iu  fnll :  — 

"3.  ABKOMYS,Gray. 

"  Upper  cutting  teeth  with  a  lonfjitudinal  Rroovo ;  far  soft,  abundant,  nniform,  long,  and  close. 
Tiiil  tapering,  cylindrical,  covered  with  abort  hair  almost  biding  tbe  rings  of  scales. 

"  Perognathiu,  sp.,  8.  Baiid,  Hamm.  N.  A.  423. 
"AflnoMYS  i.i>i(Di.  B.  H. 

"  Fnr  soft,  abnndnnt,  gray-woHbrd,  with  blackish  tips ;  chin  and  nndcr  side  of  body  whitish  ;  tail 
tnporing,  grny,  with  ft  blackish-brown  upper  snrface  and  tip ;  hair  of  tbe  back  dark  lead-color,  with  a 
short  gray  Irand  and  niinnte  black  tip. 

"  Perognathus  inoiiticolor  [sio],  Lord,  in  B.  H. 

"  f  Perognathus  monticola,  S.  Baird,  Hamm.  N.  A,  48S,  t.  51,  f.  3  (skull). 

"Hab.  British  Columbia  (£ord). 

"The  l«eth  destroyed.  Length  of  body  and  bead  3  inches,  of  tail  3  inches.  It  differs  from 
Dipodoniys  phillipsii  and  other  species  of  that  genua  in  having  no  white  spot  over  tbe  eye  at  tbe  base 
uf  tbo  ear,  or  white  band  ooroas  the  thigh." 


>Mi 


SACCOMYIDiB— rEUOGNATniDINVB-CltlCBTODIl'UB. 


51  r> 


by  Mr.  E.  R.  Alston,  from  exnminntion  of  thn  originnl  sppcimon,  Uindly 
inntlc  nt  my  request,  Mr.  Alston  writes  :  —  "  The  typeof 'Abromys  lordi'  is 
in  bad  condition,  the  ears  being  hopelessly  distorted  ;  but  it  seems  to  me 
to  be  undoubtedly  P.  monticolu." 

PEROONATHUS  HICOLOR,  Gray. 

Hondnrai  Focket-monse. 

rirognathiu  Mcalor,  Gray,  P.  Z,  8. 1866,803.    (Hoiiiluriia.    Dmcriptlon  oonfiinml  with  that  of  a  upeoios  of 
Iltitromf — fttto  AUTtiN,  epkt.) 

Though  not  an  inhabitant  of  North  America  as  zoologically  understood, 
this  species  is  introduced  to  complete  an  account  of  the  genus,  and  to  furnish 
the  occasion  for  correction  of  an  important  error  into  which  the  describer 
was  led.     The  original  notice  is  subjoined.* 

Mr.  Alston  writes  me,  afler  examination  of  the  type  : — "  P.bicolorOrny, 
(from  Honduras,)  appears  to  be  a  good  species,  but  has  been  curiously 
badly  described.  It  is  dark  brown  above,  not  black,  and  tho'  the  fur  is 
sparse  and  somewhat  harsh,  it  is  not  in  the  least  bristly!  Gray  seems  to 
have  hod  both  this  specimen  and  his  Heteromys  melanoleucus  in  his  hantls 
when  he  wrote,  and  to  have  confused  one  with  thq  other." 

Gekus  CRICETODIPUS.  Baird. 

=  T  Crictiodipin,  Tralk,  U.  8.  Expl.  Expod.  1848,  SB.     (Type T) 

=  Crlc'eHptii,  Baihd,  H.  N.  A,  1858, 4 18.    (Type  Ptrugaalhu*  fiaviu.)—Otixr,  P.  Z.  8.  ISCS,  303.— CoDBS, 

Proo.  Phila.  Acad.  1875, 300. 
=  OlognoiU,  CouKS,  Proo.  Pbila.  Aoail.  1875, 305.    (ProvisloDal  unme.    Type  Perognathm  flaviu.) 

In  treating  of  this  form  as  a  subgenus  of  Perognalhus,  Professor  Baird 
clearly  showed  its  external  peculiarities,  namely,  absence  of  lobation  f)f  the 
antitragus,  hairy  soles,  and  diminutive  size.  To  these  points  are  to  be  added 
the  cranial  peculiarities  coincident  with  decidedly  greater  development  of  the 
mastoid  than  that  seen  in  Ptirognathus.  The  characters  having  already  been 
given  (p.  496),  it  is  needless  to  repeat  them. 

*  "  PbroonatIius  bicolor,  B.  H. 

"  Ptroffnatkiu  monUeola,  OerMrd,  Cat. Ronea  B. H. (not  Baird).  Black;  npper  lip, lower  edge  of 
the  oboek-poocb,  head,  and  ander  side  of  body  and  ioner  aide  of  limba  white.  Fur  uniform  bristly ; 
bristles  olungatu,  slender,  wiih  a  slender  point,  and  intermixed  with  very  slendrr  elongated  hairs.  Tail 
as  long  aa  the  body,  with  rings,  sqnare  scales,  and  short  bristly  hairs. 

"  Hob.  Honduras  (SalU). 

"  There  is  a  8piny  Rat  from  Hoodnras  *  with  a  longer  tail  and  smooth  frontteeth,  agreeing  in  color 
with  the  above."   Tho  confusion  of  ideas  intimated  by  Mr.  Alston  is  here  obvious. 


*  CbsruterlSMl  on  p.  904  of  the  P.  Z.  8.  for  IMS  m  Btltntimt  mtlanaUittiu,  with  "  Ferofiuithiu  muotieolor  [slol, 
Qemird,  B.  M  not  8  B«ltd  ",  quoted  m  ■  Bynonym. 


;:•;■: 


niC) 


MONOc.RAPna  OP  north  American  rodentia. 


iiiui: 


iilliiliii 


As  noticed  i'liitlRT  dii,  tlio  Cricetodipus  parvus  ^A'  Pealo  iti  nn  uiicertnin 

animal.     In  erecting  Cricetodipus  into  a  genug,  I  take  C.  Jlavus  of  Bainl  ns 

the  type,  and  follow  tiiis  author  in  distinguishing  a  second  species,  whicii  latter 

is  prol)al)ly,  hut  not  certainly,  the  C.  parvus  of  Peale.     The  two  appear  to 

(.onstantly  differ  in  the* following  characters:  — 

Tuil  Dcarcely  or  not  longer  tlian  tbe  hcwl  and  body ;  bind  f(.ot  Bcstoely  or  iiot  one-third  as  long  as  head 
nnd  UHly.  flavus. 

Tail  ducidcxlly  longer  than  hood  and  body  ;  bind  foot  more  than  one-third  oa  long  ns  Ueati  ond  body, 

PAUV'is  (of  Oaird). 

CRICETODIPUS  FLAVUS.  Baird. 

•' 
•■ 

Tellow  Fooket-monse. 

Ptrognathtit  flavui,  Biikd,  Proc.  Aoad.  Nat.  8ri.  Phila.  1855,  ."m.— Baihd,  M.  M.  A.  1857,  ii3,  pi.  8,  f.  3,  pi.  2\ 
t.Sa-f  (assigned  to  Ci'ioefo({i>«ii).— Baiiid,P.  K.  R.  Rup.  x,  1859,  'iunnison's  and  Beckwith'a 
Rout«,  Maniiu.p.8.— BAriiD,U.8.  Mex.  B.  8urv.  ii,  pt.  ii,  1859,  Mamm.  42.— SuCKL.,  P.  U.  B. 
Rep.  xii,  pt.  ii,  1860, 101  (Montana).— Hayd., Trans.  Am.  Phil.  8oc.  zii,  1863, 147  (Lonp  Fork  of 
Platte).— Allkn,  Pioc.  Bast.  8oc.  N.  H.  xxii,  1874, 42  (Yellowstone  River). 

Crieeodiput  flavut,  Giiay,  P.  Z.  8.  1868,  203  (compiled  ).—CouE8,  Proo.  Phila.  Aoad.  1875,  300  (mouo- 
gniphic).— CouES  &  Yar;iow,  ZoOI.  Expl.  W.  100  Merid.  1875, 109. 

Oloijiiotit  JIaea,  CoiiRs,  Proc.  Fill's.  Acad.  1875, 305  (provisional  name). 

Diagnosis. — Much  snialler  than  Mus  musculm;  head  and  body  two 
inches ;  taU  the  same ;  hind  foot  0.65 ;  ear  small,  not  overti  '^g  the  fur, 
simple,  without  lobe  of  antitnigus  or  tragus.  Soles  entirely  hairy  on  the  pos- 
terior half.  Tail  not  decidedly  longer  than  the  head  and  body.  Hind  foot 
scarcely  or  not  one-third  as  long  as  head  and. body.  Above,  pale  buff,  inti- 
mately blended  with  blackish ;  below,  including  whole  fore  leg,  snowy  white; 
sides  with  a  clear  buff  stripe;  tail  obscurely  bicolor;  white  touches  often 
found  about  the  ears.  ' 

Habitat. — Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  Staves  and  eastward  in 
the  Middle  Faunal  Province,  from  the  British  Possessions  (lat.  49°,  Coues)  to 
Chihuahua,  Mexico.     (In  the  Pacific  region  replaced  by  C.  parvus.) 

(Dcscripiion  from  numerous  alcoholic  nnd  dry  specimens,  including 
Baird's  types) — In  general  points  of  exterior  conformation,  this  animal  is  so 
similar  to  species  of  Perognathus  already  fully  treated  that  the  account  of 
theF-<;  fentures  may  be  abridged,  ^he  generic  character  of  structuie  of  the 
oar  and  hairiness  of  the  sole,  with  the  diminutive  size,  are  the  chief  iwinls. 
The  ear  is  very  small  and  simple,  not  overtopping  the  fur  of  the  parts.  It 
is  evenly  rounded;  there  is  no  lobation  whatever  of  either  ant'tragus  or 
tragus,  the  slight  notch  w  hich  exists  being  formed  in  '"ront  by  the  fol»L  -over 
edge  of  the  ear  itself,  and  behind  by  the  antitrngal  ridge.     The  head  is  full, 


SACCOMYID^— PEltOGNATUIDINiB— C.  FLAVUS. 


517 


especially  in  the  frontiil  regii)n,  tapering  to  a  l>]imtly  conical  snout,  which  is 
densely  hairy  excepting  n  minute  nasal  pad;  the  upper  lip  is  heavily  pilous 
with  a  fringe  of  hairs  which  droop  over  and  hide  the  incisors.  The  eye  is 
rather  small,  and  nearer  to  the  ear  than  to  the  nose.  The  whiskers  are  verv 
numerous  and  fine,  the  longest  exceeding  the  head.  On  the  i)alms  are 
observed  posteriorly  two  great  tubercles,  of  which  the  inner  is  much  tlie 
largest;  there  are  others  at  the  base  of  the  2d  and  5th,  and  of  the  conjoined 
3d  and  4th  digits,  respectively ;  otherwise  the  palm  is  studded  with  minute 
granulations.  The  thumb  is  rudimentary,  bearing  a  small  Hat  nail;  the  other 
claws  are  of  ordinary  character ;  3d  longest ;  4th  little  less;  2d  shorter;  5th 
still  shorter.  The  hairiness  of  the  soles  posteriorly  is  a  generic  character  in 
comparison  with  Perognathus ;  anteriorly  they  are  granular,  with  a  tubercle  at 
the  base  of  each  digit,  and  another  on  the  outer  side  of  the  metatarsus  u  little 
way  up.  The  small  size  of  the  hind  feet,  however,  is  one  of  the  most  obvi- 
ous distinctions  from  C.  parvus.  The  longest  hind  foot  measured  in  upward 
of  twenty  cases  is  only  0.70  long,  or  barely  one-third  of  the  length  of  head 
and  body,  while  the  average  is  much  below  this,  and  the  minimum  is  otdy 
about  one-fourth  of  the  length  of  the  head  and  body.  We  may  say  simply 
that  the  foot  iii  usually  nearer  one-fourth  than  one-third  of  this  dimension. 
Similarly,  the  shortness  of  the  tail  is  a  second  character.  In  a  large  series, 
the  vertebrsB  of  the  tail  average  exactly  as  long  as  the  head  and  body ;  in  no 
case  does  the  tail  exceed  the  body  and  head  by  more  than  0.2.'j  of  an  inch, 
and  this  length  is  only  exceptionally  reached.  In  most  cases,  any  difference 
which  may  be  oitserved  is  the  other  way,  the  tail  being,  if  anything,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  head  and  body.  The  tail,  as  in  other  species  of  this  genus 
and  of  Perognathus  (except  /'.  penicillatus),  is  closely,  but  not  very  thickly, 
haired  uniformly  throughout ;  the  terminal  pencil  is  about  0.10  of  an  inch  long. 
The  pelage  is  extremely  fine,  soft,  and  glossy.  The  pattern  of  coloration 
is  the  same  as  in  other  species  of  this  genus  and  Perognathus,  namely,  c 
ored  above  with  blended  lig'nt  and  dark  tints,  white  below,  with  a  clef.., 
single-color  stripe  along  the  sides.  The  upper  parts  are  an  intimate  mixture 
of  pale  yellowish-buff  with  dark  brown  or  blackish  ;  the  hairs  are  clear  lead- 
color  basally,  then  buff-ringed,  then  (most  of  them)  dark-tipped.  The  result- 
ing tone  is  nearly  uniform  over  all  the  upper  parts;  but  there  are  liable  to 
appear  whitish  or  tawny  touches  about  the  ears  and  eyes,  and  an  appearance 
of  a  dark  streak  along  tl.j  side  of  the  head.  'I'he  fawn-coli  id  lateral  stripe 
h  uninterrupted  from  nose  to  hee! ;  the  tint  is  rather  brighter  than  the  buff 


618 


MONOORArnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


m' 


of  tlie  upprr  parts,  and  piiif,  being  not  mi.xed  with  any  dusky,  and  the  color 
extending  to  tiie  roots  of"  the  linirs.  The  entire  nn<ler  parts,  including  tiie 
whole  fore  leg,  the  hind  (bet,  and  inner  side  of  hind  leg,  are  snowy  white, 
tin  hairs  having  no  basal  color.  The  tail  is  obscurely  bicolor,  white  below, 
and  liot  very  sharply  colored  above  to  correspond  with  the  areas  of  the  body. 

Very  young  specimens,  though  nearly  full  grown  and  showing  a  sharp 
lateral  streak,  are  more  simply  colored  above  than  the  adults,  being  grayish, 
with  extremely  faint  buffy  lining,  instead  of  sharply  blackish  and  buif.  There 
is  also  ol)servable,  in  the  series  before  me,  a  tendency  to  exhibit  two  differ- 
eit  tones  of  coloration.  Those  from  dry  regions  east  of  the  mountains  are 
mixed  grayish-brown  and  gruyish-buff,  with  the  lateral  pale  buff  stripe  not 
very  conspicuous.  In  New  Mexico,  Southern  Texas,  and  southward,  the  ani- 
mal frequently  assumes  a  ruddier  shade  oi  the  light  color,  mixed  with  much 
less  blackish ;  in  these,  the  lateral  stripe  is  quite  indistinct,  because  the  upper 
parts  in  general  arc  not  very  different.  But  the  distinctions  in  these  cases 
are  not  strong  enough  to  require  anything  further  than  this  notice  of  the  fact 

The  following  table  of  measurements  will  illustrate  the  size  and  shape 
of  the  species  very  fairly,  and  to  some  extent  expose  the  range  of  varirtion : — 


Table  lV.—^fe<uuremenl»of 

eighteen 

ipecimeni  of  Cricrtodipus 

FLAVU8. 

1 

1 

o 

MIS 

i\tm 

4331 
3097 
SOU 
ig31 
3-J34 
7340 
3090 
4873 
7343 
«0 

1041 
1043 
M33 
3613 

LocalHy. 

H 

From  tip  of  noae  to— 

Tail  to  end 
of— 

I^ODgth  of— 

£ 
1 

s 

1 

i 

a. 

^ 

5 

JO 

> 

i 

1 

1 
1 

0.40 

0.15 

0.85 

3.39 

9.19 

0.90 

0.70 
0.70 
0.70 
0.60 
0.65 
0.60 
0.63 
0.99 
0.68 

o.a> 

a55 
0.60 

Alcobolio 

Dry. 

...do. 

...do. 

Alcobolio. 

...do. 

Dry. 

AlooboUo. 

Dry. 

Alcobolio. 

...  do. 

nrv. 

Black  Hills 

0.99 
0.89 

3.00 
3.40 
1.89 

3.30 
S.S0 
1.90 

KeoFork,  "Nub." 

0.43 
0.40 

0.80 
0.70 

0.30 
0.93 

lU'publicau  River,  "Neb." 

■■ 

do     

? 
9 

0.49 

0.40 
0.  4.'i 
0.40 
0.4o 

0.711 
0. 7.-. 
0.    ■ 
0.80 

0.85 

0.8.1 
0.05 
O.ft". 
0.»3 

3.  SO 

2.39 
3.10 
3.19 
1.63 
1.90 
3.00 
3  30 
I.  85 
3.19 

3.30 

3.30 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
1.90 
1.80 
4  20 
i.OO 
3.40 

Fort  Bliss.  N.Mcx 

9 

0.60|Alo<ibollo. 
0.60  1  --.  do. 

do 

0.35 
0.30 
0.35 

0.65 
0.60 
n  .1.1 

...do. 
...do. 
...  do. 

...  da 

1 
i 

.San  Antonio,  Tei 

0.  39     0. 63 
0.  30     U.  03 

0.43 

0.74 

0  <J0 

3.07 

3.06 

BACCOMYID^— PEROGNATniDIN^-C.  PARVUS. 


510 


CRICETODIPUS  PARVUS.  Buird  (nn.l  Pcalol). 
Least  Pocket-mouse. 

f  Cricttodipw parvus,  Pkalb,  U.  8.  Expl.  Exped.  1A18,  5.1,  "  pi.  13,  f.  2 ".— Oikiikl,  SiiuR.  1855,  fiOO  (compiled 
from  Peale).— Gray,  P.  Z.  8. 1808,203  (compilation  of  doulitfiil  references). 

t  Ferognalhua  (Cricetodipue)  parvut,  Aui>.  &  IIacii.,  Q.  N.  A.  iil,  1854,  328  (copied  from  Peule). 

Perognathiu parmu,  Baiiid,  M.  N.  A.  18^7,  iH  (bnsod  on  a  Bpeoimon  from  Kln<;'H  Kiver,  Cal..  duubtfnlly  re- 
ferred to  C.  parvut.  of  Peale).— BAllin,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  x,  1659,Willlam8uu'8  liouto,  82  (Hnuio 
specimen). 

Cricelodipua  parvus,  CoUKS,  Proc.  Pliiln.  Acad.  1875, 303  (monographic).  , 

Otognoait  longimembrii,  CouES,  Proc.  PLilu.  Acad.  1875, 305  (proviaioual  name). 

DiAONOSis. — Quite  like  C.  Jtavus ;  tail  and  feet  longer.  Hind  foot  0.70 
or  more,  one-third  or  more  as  long  as  head  and  body.  Tail  decidedly  longer 
than  head  and  body;  the  vertebra;  about  2.60  inches  to  a  body  of  2.00. 

Habitat. — United  States,  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  California, 
Utah  (and  ?  Oregon,  Peak). 

Of  this  supposed  species,  I  have  two  specimens  additional  to  the 
material  in  Professor  Baird's  hands  in  1857.  One  of  them,  alcoholic,  in  good 
preservation,  enables  me  to  give  the  dimensions  with  accuracy. 

(No.  9856,  Mus.  Smiths.  Inst.  9;  Fort  Tejon,  Cal,  J.  Xantus.)  Nose 
to  eye  0.45,  to  ear  0.70,  to  occiput  0.90,  to  tail  2.00;  tail  vertebrro  2.50,  with 
hairs  2.75;  fore  foot  0.25;  hind  foot  0.70;  ear  above  notch  0.25. 

Another  specimen,  from  Utah  (No.  439,  Mus.  Smiths.  Inst.,  formerly 
referred  by  Baird  to  CJlavus),  seems  to  belong  to  C.  parvus;  \he  hind  feet 
ar6  still  longer — nearer  0.80  than  0.70 — and  the  tail  at  least  as  long  as  in 
No.  9856. 

A  third  specimen,  recently  collected  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw  in  Califor- 
nia, seems  to  be  unquestionably  referable  to  this  species.  These  three  are 
all  I  have  seen. 

As  well  as  can  be  judged  from  the  insufficient  material  before  me,  this 
species  does  not  differ  materially  in  color  from  CJlavus ;  and  in  fact  the  only 
diagnostic  characters  at  present  appreciable  are  the  greater  Icngtli  of  the  hind 
feet  and  tail.  There  is,  however,  a  decided  difference  in  these  respects. 
Further  material  will  be  required  to  confirm  the  specific  distinctness  here 
accorded,  or  to  show  that  the  two  supposed  species  inlergrade.  Leaving  this 
matter,  we  may  turn  to  the  history  of  the  species,  some  points  of  which  call 
for  remark. 

In  the  first  place,  it  is  not  certain  that  the  animal  called  pareus  by  Baird 


520 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


in  1857,  and  l)y  myself  in  the  prescnl  instance,  is  really  the  C.  parvus  of 
Poiilc.  Professor  Baird  spoke  guardedly  in  the  matter,  although  he  did  not 
formally  query  his  citations,  as  I  have  done,  and  I  find  myself  equally  in 
donI)t.  Nor  do  I  see  how  the  point  is  to  be  determined.  For  Peale's  type, 
iiaving  been  lost  or  mislaid,  is  not  at  hand  to  testify;  and  Peale's  description, 
tliongli  elaborately  detailed,  will  be  found  to  consist  entirely  of  supergeneric 
characters,  shared  by  all  the  species  of  Perognathus  and  Cricetodipus,  except- 
ing the  jdirasc  "color  above  sepia-brown",  which  is  applicable  to  none  of  the 
species  known  to  me.  The  dimensions  assigned  agree  exactly  with  those  of 
the  animal  defined  in  this  article;  but  they  are  equally  applicable  to  a  very 
young  Perognathus.  In  fine,  there  is  no  proof  that  Peale's  genus  and  species 
were  not  based  up(m  a  young  Perognathus — possibly  monticola.  Therefore, 
while  glad  to  concede  that  the  probabilities  are  the  other  way,  I  think  it  safest 
to  query  the  citation  of  Peale's  animal  and  tlie  compiled  references  that  go 
with  it ;  and  I  rest  upon  the  Perognathus  parvus  of  Baird,  about  which  there 
is  no  uncertainty.  LeConte's  P.  parvus,  as  I  have  already  shown,  is  doubt- 
less based  upon  a  very  young  example  of  P.  penicillatus. 

Baird's  animal,  from  King's  River,  Cal.,  is  very  immature,  as  shown  by 
the  state  of  the  teeth,  though  nearly  or  quite  full  grown.  It  curiously  resem- 
bles a  very  young  P.  penicillatus  (like  LeConte's  specimen  for  instance)  ;  and, 
indeed.  Professor  Baird  was  led,  by  its  immaturity  and  defective  state  of 
preservation,  to  suggest  that  it  n)ight  not  impossibly  belong  to  P.  penicillatus, 
though  he  proceeded  to  m!,'e  it  the  basis  of  his  P.  parvus.  It  is,  however, 
unquestionably  a  Cricetodipus,  as  I  can  affirm  without  qualitication  from 
inspection  of  the  skull,  which  clearly  shows  the  bulge  of  the  mastoid  back  of 
an  occipital  emargination  and  other  cranial  characters  diagnostic  of  Cricetodi- 
pus, to  say  nothing  of  the  hairy  soles  and  unlobed  antitragus.  I  therefore 
accept  the  species  as  first  clearly  defined  by  Baird,  without  necessarily  involv- 
ing the  question  by  including  the  doubtful  animal  of  Peale. 

As  already  suggested,  the  chances  are  that  Baird  was  right  in  identifying 
his  species  with  that  of  Peale,  so  that  the  name  Cricetodipus  parvus  will  prob- 
ably stand.  But  should  the  contrary  prove  to  bo  the  case,  and  Cricetodipus, 
Peale,  1848,  be  conclusively  shown  to  be  a  synonym  of  Perognathus,  Maxim., 
1839,  a  new  name,  geno-ic  and  specific,  will  be  required  for  the  subject  of 
the  present  article.  The  name  OrooNosis  would  be  ai)propriatc,  in  allusion 
to  the  facility  vith  which  the  species  may  be  distinguished  from  those  of 


SACCOMYID^— DIPODOMYIN^— DIPOUOMYS. 


521 


Perognathus  by  the  structure  of  the  ear.  Tlie  present  species  may  be  called 
O.  longiinfrnhris,  as  the  length  of  the  hind  limbs  and  tail  is  its  specific  char- 
acter ill  comparison  with  O.JUiva. 

Subfamily  D  IPODOMYIN^.     , 

=  Dipodomyi  (KcmiH),  of  AuTitoiiH. 
=  DipodomijiKW,  Codes,  Proc.  Pbila.  Acad.  1875, 877. 

=iIacroa)lini,  Brandt,  Bvit.  KcDut.  Siiuf;.  UubsI.,  viette  Abb.,  Fortsoh.  Qrapp.  Nugor,  18&5,  p.  831  aud 
p.  311. 

The  characters  upon  which  this  group  is  based  having  been  given  on  a 
preceding  page  (p.  434),  we  may  at  once  proceed  to  consider  the  single 
genus  by  which  it  is  represented. 

Genus  DIPODOMYS,  Gray. 

=  I>0M(7omva,  tORW, Ann.  Mag,  Nat  Hist.  Tii,  1811,  521.    (Type  D.  phitlipii.)  ''       ' 

=  Macrocolui,  *  Wao.nbii,  Archiv  fUr  Vatnrg.  1846,  Jld.  i,  172.    (Type  M.  haWcH$.) 

Chars. — (a.  Cranial.) — Skull  light,  thin,  papery,  depressed,  broad  behind 
with  swollen  curves,  tapering  in  front ;  rostrum  acuminate,  produced  beyond 
i  j'oors;  no  interorbital  constriction;  palate  plane;  occipital  surface  deeply 
emarginate.  Zygomata  straight,  thread-like,  depressed  to  palatal  plane ;  abut- 
ting against  tympanies.  Anteorbital  foramina  represented  by  a  circular  per- 
foration of  the  front  of  the  maxillaries.  Large  excavated  lachrymals.  Parietals 
triangular;  an  elongate  interparietal  embraced  between  forks  of  occipital. 
Squamosals  reduced  to  small  plates  bounding  the  orbits  posteriorly ;  other 
elements  of  the  temporal  bone  extraordinarily  developed,  thin,  and  bladdery, 
their  sinuses  of  nearly  as  great  capacity  as  the  cerebral  cavity ;  the  mastoids 
especially  enormous,  conf?tituting  nearly  all  the  occipital  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  superior  (behind  the  parietals)  surfaces  of  the  skull ;  the  tympanies 
proportionally  inflated,  with  large  non-tubular  orifice  of  meatus ;  the  petrosals 
bullous,  their  apices  in  contact  across  the  median  line  be.ow  the  basisphenoid. 
Tympanies,  mastoids,  and  parietals  entering  orbits.  Occipital  singularly 
reduced  and  narrowed,  bent  into  three  planes  nt  right  angles;  supra-occipital 
bifurcate  to  inclose  an  interparietal ;  paroccipitals  narrow,  flange-like ;  basi- 


*  Tbree  special  pa^rars,  substantially  the  same,  differing  in  some  particnlars,  vi?..: — 
"On  a  new  Oenns  of  Mexican  Olirine  Haminalia."     <  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  vii,  1841,  pp.  521,  522.    (The 

oriKiual  notice ;  genus  'lamed  on  p.  521 ;  species  D.  phillipii,  same  page.) 
"  On  a  New  Glirine  Animal  from  Mexico.''     <  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Soi.  foi  1841,  1842,  Trans,  of  the  Scc- 

ons,  p.  70.    (8ii.;ie  orthography  of  name.) 
"  On  a  ne>.  Jlirine  Animal  from  Mexico."    <  Araer.  Jnuin,  Sci.  and  Arts,  xlil,  1^.2,  pp.  334,  335.   (Editorial 
reprodnotion  of  the  last ;  name  D.  phillipsii  on  p.  335.) 
I  Special  paper : — 
"Macrocolns,  cine  ncuo  Nagcruottiing  ans  dor  Farnll'i  der  Springer."     <  Arcb.  illr  Natnrg.,  zwolfler 
Jahrp;,  Bd.  i,  1846,  pp.  1*2-17'^.    (Speciee  M.  b..llicuB  named,  p.  176.) 


(* 


Y 


<  \' 


'  !    I?   1 


Jl 


wnMm. 


M 


I   5; 


522 


MONOGllAPDS  OF  NOKTO  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


(iceipitiil  seimrnted  l)y  a  continuous  fissure  from  petrosals.  Mnndible  small, 
stout,  witli  u  very  slight  coroiu)i(l.  (Z>  Dental.) — Superior  incisors  sulcate,  con- 
riivent,  ])()iuting  strongly  backward  ;  deeper  than  wide.  Molars  (pm.  and  m., 
f4)  simple,  rootless,  (c.  External.) — General  form  Jerboa-like;  hind  legs  very 
long,  sallatorial.  Tail  rather  longer  tluin  head  and  body,  penicillate.  Soles 
densely  furry.  Feet  with  1st  digit  rudimentary,  l)ut  bearing  a  claw.  Eyes 
large  and  full.  Ears  large,  orbicular.  Snout  produced,  acute,  pilous,  except 
the  small  nasal  [md.  Wiiiskers  half  as  long  as  the  wliole  body.  Ujjper  lip  not 
cleft.  Cheek-pouches  ample.  Pelage  long  and  very  soft.  Pictura  of  body 
and  tail  bicolor.     Size  of  a  half-grown  rut  {Mus  decumanus). 

The  skull  of  Dipodomijs,  whether  taken  as  a  whole  or  considered  in 
several  of  its  details,  is  of  extraordinary  characters  not  nearly  matched  out- 
side the  family  to  which  it  belongs.  Many  of  its  features  are  shared,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent,  by  Perognathus ;  but  the  unusual  characters  are  pushed 
to  an  extreme  in  Dipodomys.  The  foregoing  paragraph  merely  indicates  the 
more  salient  peculiarities ;  the  skull  is  described  in  full  beyond.  The  enor- 
mous developrhent  of  certain  elements  of  the  temporal  bone,  and  the  results 
of  this  inflation  upon  the  connections  of  the  bone,  and  general  configuration 
of  the  skull,  arc  the  leading  characteristics.  With  this  is  co-ordinated  the 
reduction  of  the  squamosal  and  occipital,  and  the  curious  shape  of  the  latter, 
as  well  as  the  anomalous  abutment  of  the  thread-like  zygoma  against  the 
tympanic,  and  the  contact  of  i\\z  petrosals  with  each  other.  In  Geomyidce, 
the  temporals  are  of  great  size,  but  there  is  much  less  distortion  of  the  topog- 
raphy of  the  parts,  both  squamosal  and  occipital  maintaining  ordinary  charac- 
ters. The  temporal  sinuses  together  are  scarcely  less  capacious  than  the 
brain-cavity  itself;  the  sense  of  liearing  must  be  exquisitely  acute,  if  co-ordi- 
nated with  the  osseous  state  of  the  parts. 

Notwithstanding  the  singular  condition  of  the  skull  of  Dijtodomys,  result- 
ing from  the  hypertrophy  of  certain  parts  and  the  reduction  of  others,  the 
relations  with  that  of  Geomyidce  are  both  close  and  clear;  while  Perognathus 
constitutes,  in  many  respects,  an  excellent  connecting  link.  Numerous  coin- 
cidences could  be  pointed  out  showing  hov/  the  hint  afforded  by  the  presence 
in  these  two  families  of  ample  external  cheek-pouches  is  borne  out  in  more 
essential  features,  notwithstanding  the  all  but  complete  difference  in  general 
outward  appearance. 


m 


msm 


SACCOMYID^— DIPODOMYlNiE— D1P0D0MY8. 


523 


Description  of  the  xkull  of  Dipoihnnys. — As  in  other  cases,  it  will  lie  ftMiiKJ 
most  convenient  to  consider  tiie  skull  ns  n  whole  First,  and  afterward  to  exam- 
ine its  individual  hones.  An  imiriature  specimen  is  preferable  for  the  latter 
purpose,  though  many  or  most  of  the  sutures  persist  to  extreme  ol<l  age. 

In  many  respects,  tlie  skull  of  Perognatlius  approaciit's  or  closely  resem- 
bles that  of  DiiHxlomys,  hut  the  family  peculiarities  reach  their  extreme 
development  only  in  the  latter.  Comparative  expressions  used  in  the  following 
paragmphs  arc  tu  be  considered  exclusive  of  Pcrognathus,  unless  the  contrary 
is  stateil. 

The  skull  is  much  depressed ;  elongated  and  acuminate  in  front ;  very 
broad  behind,  where  tiic  width  is  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  total  length ;  and, 
viewed  from  above,  presents  in  general  a  triangular  shape,  with  the  lateral 
angles  completely  rounded  off,  and  a  deep  cmargination  in  the  middle  of  the 
base.  Zygomatic  arches  scarcely  come  into  this  view  at  all ;  the  width  of 
the  skull  midway  being  much  less  than  the  intermastoid  diameter.  The  out- 
line of  the  zygomata  is  perfectly  straight ;  between  the  turgid  mastoid  region 
and  the  expanded  plate-like  zygomatic  process  of  the  maxillary  there  str'?tches 
the  thread-like  malar,  depressed  to  the  level  of  the  palate.  The  outline  of 
the  orbits  is  a  quadrate  notch  between  the  saliences  just  mentioned.  There 
is  DO  interorbital  constriction  ;  were  it  not  for  the  laminar  zygomatic  expan- 
sion of  the  maxillaries  and  the  bullous  mastoids,  the  space  between  the  orbits 
would  be  the  broadest  part  of  the  skull.  The  attenuate  acuminate  rostrum 
springs  directly  opposite  the  broad  zygomatic  part  of  the  maxillaries,  and 
extends  beyond  the  incisors;  it  is  at  least  one-third  of  the  total  length  of  the 
skulL  The  postero-Iateral  aspects  of  the  skull  present  enormous  bulging 
masses  rounded  and  somewhat  ovate — the  extraordinarily  developed  mastoids. 
The  same  swellings  constitute  also  nearly  all  the  occipital  region,  the  median 
line  of  which  is  a  deep  cmargination.  This  character  is  perhaps  unique ; 
nothing  like  it  is  seen  even  in  Perognathus ;  its  peculiarity  is  on  a  par  witii 
the  immense  ro!,tral  development  in  a  walrus  for  example.  The  resulting 
figure,  as  one  author  has  aptly  remarked,  bears  a  ludicrously  (dose  resem- 
blance to  the  buttocks  of  the  squatting  human  figure,  the  mastoids  being  the 
nates,  the  emargination  being  the  cleft  between,  and  the  foramen  magnum 
having  an  obvious  suggestiveness.  The  whole  surface  of  the  skull  is  smooth, 
and  gently  convex  in  all  directions.     There  are  no  ridges  or  roughnesses;  the 


W'^U 


UMil 


Mm 


524 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOBTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


Kuturcs  persist  plainly  visible  in  adult  life ;  and  nil  the  bones  arc  remarkably 
thin  and  papery.  -      ].     ■  '  •'■.:../■ 

Viewed  in  profile,  the  skull  showH  notal)lc  features.  The  highest  point 
is  over  the  orbits,  where  the  I'rontal  and  parictals  are  seen  to  be  swollen; 
thence  Hie  superior  outline  sweeps  gently  down  to  the  occiput,  and  in  the 
otiicr  direction  proceeds  in  a  nearly  straight — if  anything,  slightly  concave — 
lino  to  the  tip  of  the  snout.  The  great  projection  of  the  nasals  l)eyond  tlio 
intermaxillaries  is  well  shown.  The  incisors  in  profile  are  seen  to  curve  far 
backward  as  well  as  downward.  Tlie  palatal  outline  is  nearly  straight,  and 
declivous  from  before  backward.  Behind  the  palate,  a  small  pterygoid  hook 
is  seen  ;  but  beyond  this  the  whole  outline  is  the  inflated  portions  of  the  tem- 
l)oral  bone  hiding  everything  else.  On  the  side  of  the  rostrum  midway,  there 
is  a  large  circular  foramen,  low  down,  but  little  above  the  palatal  level ;  this 
is  tlie  orifice  corresponding  to  the  "anteorbital"  foramen,  h'ere  singularly  dis- 
placed. From  its  fellow  of  the  opposite  side,  it  is  only  separated  by  a  very 
thin  vertical  septum,  apparently  ethmoidal.  This  delicate  partition,  being 
often  broken  tlirough  in  prepared  skulls,  has  occasioned  the  statement  of  the 
intercommunication  of  the  two  foramina.  But  I  find  the  septum  complete 
and  intact  in  some  specimens,  and  nltliough  a  vacuity  may  very  possibly  nat- 
urally occur,  such  does  not  appear  to  be  the  rule.  The  orbit  appears  as  a 
subcircular  fossa,  largely  roofed  over  in  front  l)y  the  thin  expanded  zygomatic 
plate  of  the  maxillary,  and  bounded  below  by  the  malar.  Independently  of 
its  laminar  maxillary  portion,  the  zygoma  is  a  slender,  straight  thread  down 
to  the  palatal  level,  and  abutting  behind  against  the  tympanic.  The  actual 
suture  is  squamosal,  of  course,  but  there  is  a  curious  appearance  of  connection 
with  one  of  the  otic  bones.  In  the  general  inflation  of  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  skull  appears  the  large  orifice  of  the  meatus  auditorius — a  simple  cir- 
cular opening  in  the  bullous  mass. 

Viewed  from  below,  the  general  contour  is  substantially  the  same  as  that 
already  noted  from  above ;  but  many  special  parts  claim  attention.  So  great 
is  the  backward  obliquity  of  tlie  incisors  that  their  faces  show  in  this  view 
witii  comparatively  little  foreshortening.  The  incisive  foramina  aie  a  pair  of 
contracted  slits  midway  between  the  incisors  and  mohus.  The  palatal  sur- 
face in  advance  of  the  molars  is  mucii  compressed ;  that  between  these  teeth 
is  broader  and  quite  flat;  its  width  posteriorly  is  little  less  than  its  length; 
it  contracts  somewhat  anteriorly,  where  it  is  niarked  by  a  median  ridge  con- 


SSsassaarsBBSBe* 


SACUOMYIDiE-DIPODOMYIN^— DIPODOMYB. 


52r» 


I  'Si 


tinuoa9  with  the  septum  between  the  incisive  rurnmina.  That  pnrt  of  the 
palate  constituted  by  the  palatal  bones  is  marked  with  several  minute  tbrainina. 
The  palate  ends  behind  with  a  sharp  median  spur;  on  either  side  of  this  is 
an  emargination,  and  external  to  this  a  large  fossa  perforated  with  two  fora- 
mina anteriorly,  and  a  third  and  much  larger  one  behind.  Beyond  the  palatals 
themselves,  the  walls  of  the  posterior  nares  are  continued  by  the  pterygoids, 
which  are  small  and  hamulate,  the  hook  abutting  against  the  petrosals. 
Betwean  the  ends  of  the  pterygoids,  and  right  across  the  middle  line  of  the 
skull,  the  apices  of  the  petrosals  meet  each  other,  forming  a  bridge  beneath 
the  basisphenoid.  The  posterior  parts  of  the  skull,  behind  those  already 
considered,  are  almost  entirely  occupied  by  the  inflated  elements  of  thp  tem- 
])oral  bone,  between  which  lies  the  reduced  basioccipital ;  this  bone  is  nar- 
rowly acuminate,  and  is  separated  from  the  petrosals  for  its  whole  length  by 
a  continuous  iissure,  like  that  which,  on  the  other  side  of  the  petrosals,  sep- 
aratf^s  these  bones  from  the  alisphenoid  and  squamosal.  The  foramen  magnum 
appears  partly  in  this  view,  flanked  by  the  slight  condyles,  outside  of  which 
are  seen  the  small,  distinct,  flange  like  paroccipitals. 

The  posterior  view  of  the  skull  shows  little  but  the  inflated  mastoids, 
with  a  cleft  between,  mostly  occupied  by  the  large  foramen  magnum,  around 
which  the  contracted  occipital  bone  appears  as  little  more  than  the  rim  of  this 
foramen. 

All  the  bones  of  the  skull,  as  well  as  those  of  the  top  already  so  described, 
are  thin  and  light ;  and  the  base  of  the  cranium  is  remarkable  for  its  exten- 
sive vacuities.  Not  only  are  the  petrosals  separated  from  their  surrounding 
by  great  fissures  on  either  side,  rendering  it  almost  necessary  to  their  stability 
that  they  should  abut  against  each  other  at  their  extremities;  but  there  is  also 
a  singular  separation  of  the  alveolar  portion  of  the  maxillaries  from  the  super- 
incumbent parts  by  a  horizoiital  fissure,  so  that  the  palate  appears  as  a  sort 
of  bridge  between  the  fore  and  aft  parts  of  the  skull.  Various  peculiarities 
will  appear  more  clearly  from  the  following  descrip  ions  of  individual  bones. 

The  complex  temporal  "bone"  will  be  first  considered,  since  the  prime 
peculiarities  of  the  skull  result  from  the  singular  condition  of  hypertrophy 
under  which  several  of  the  elements  of  this  bone  exist.  The  topography  of 
the  parts  and  the  connections  of  the  bone  are  curiously  remodelled,  as  a  con- 
sequence of  the  enormous  inflation  of  the  various  otic  elements  and  corre- 
sponding reduction  of  the  squamosal.     In  the  absence  of  investigations  into 


% 


■V-  ■''1 


-* 

1 


52G 


MONOOUAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMEIUCAN  KODENTIA. 


I       ! 


llifi  (lovrlopmmit  <»f  Hid  temporal  l)oiio,  T  ciin  only  drsrribo  it  ns  it  nppcnrH  in 
the  udult  uiiiiiml,  imiiff  tlio  toims  "mastoid",  "petrosal",  and  "tympniiic"  in 
thoir  current  acceptation,  without  reference  to  tlie  primitive  otic  elements. 
Respecting  the  scpiamosal,  there  is  no  difficulty;  the  petrosal  a)>pears  under 
its  usual  condition  of  a  bulla  ossea.  I  regard  as  "tympanic"  the  inflated  vesi- 
cle in  wiiich  the  meatus  auditorius  is  pierced,  which  appears  as  a  tui)ular  pro- 
longation of  the  bulla  in  the  nearest  allied  family,  Geomyidce.  The  rest  of 
the  inflation,  forming  the  greater  part  of  the  occipital  surface  and  much  of  the 
roof  of  the  cerebral  cavity,  I  shall  simply  designate  as  "mastoid". 

The  two  temporal  bones  together  are  little  less  bulky  than  all  the  rest 
of  Hie  skull.  Excepting  the  reduced  squamosal,  all  the  elements  arc  sub- 
jected to  extraordinary  inflation,  as  well  as  peripheral  enlargement;  they 
appear  as  papery  vesicles,  light,  thin,  and  siuooth,  without  ridges  or  angles, 
inclosing  extensive  antra,  the  collective  capacity  of  which  is  scarcely  less  than 
that  of  the  whole  brain-case.  These  vaulted  walls  are  supported  by  delicate 
bony  arches  or  trabecule  within,  and  imperfectly  partitioned  into  several 
cavities  by  thin  septa.  The  mastoid  constitutes  the  greater  part  of  tiicsc 
bulging  masses.  Its  backward  protuberance  occupies  nearly  oil  the  occipital 
surface  of  the  skull  on  each  side,  the  occipital  bone  being  reduced  to  a  nar- 
row margin  of  the  foramen  magnum,  sunk  in  an  emargination  between  the 
mastoid  and  its  fellow.  On  the  top  of  the  skull,  the  mastoid  similarly  expands, 
tilling  the  whole  of  the  area  usually  occupied  by  the  squamosal,  and  forming 
the  greater  part  of  the  roof  of  the  brain-case.  Thus  we  have  the  curious 
circumstances  of  extensive  mastoideo-occipital  suture  on  top  of  the  skull,  and 
still  more  prolonged  mastoideo-parietal  suture — for  the  whole  of  the  longest 
side  of  tlie  right-angled  parietal  articulates  with  the  mos'toid;  while  so  great 
is  the  anterior  prolongation  of  this  same  bone,  that  a  small  part  of  it  fairly 
enters  the  orbit  at  the  back  outer  corner  of  the  latter.  This  extensive  line 
of  sutures  with  squamosol,  parietal,  and  occipital  bones,  respectively,  is  dis- 
tinct throughout ;  but  the  boundaries  of  the  mastoid  with  other  otic  elements 
can  only  be  inferred  by  certain  lines  of  impression  which  appear  to  mark  it 
off  from  petrosal  and  tympanic.  Another  point  is  to  be  considered  here :  the 
flattened  and  entirely  superior  jwrtion  of  the  mastoid  (that  which  lies  in  the 
ordinary  site  of  a  squamosal)  is  incompletely  distinguished  from  the  occipital 
portion  of  the  same  bone  by  a  line  of  impression  running  straight  across  from 
the  margin  of  the  meatus  auditorius  to  the  median  line  of  the  skull ;  and  this 


SACCOMYIDiE— DIl'OUOMYINiE— DIl'ODOMYS. 


r,*i 


■)27 


mnrk  corresponds  to  n  ncmrl)'  complete  bony  wall  williin  tlu!  hone,  whicli  piii- 
titions  off  one  sinus  (Voin  nnother.  This  tm\y  he  hc^realter  lounii  (o  imlieate 
the  respective  parts  wiiicli  certain  primitive  otic  elements  tiiiie  in  the  rorinu- 
tion  of  the  "mastoid".  .'.'•-•, 

The  petrosal,  i.  c,  the  bulla  ossca,  is  less  peculiar  than  the  mastoid ;  it 
is  not  more  inflated  than  in  very  many  mammals,  and  is  chiefly  remarkable 
for  its  contact  with  its  fellow,  and  for  the  extensive  uninterrupted  fissures 
which  separate  it  itoth  from  basioccipital  and  alisphcnoid.  In  general  shape 
it  is  conoidal,  moderately  swollen,  with  the  npex  of  the  cone  produced,  and 
curiously  curved  toward  tlie  median  line  of  the  skull,  where  it  meets  its  fel- 
low, forming  a  bony  bridge  beneath  the  basisphcnoid.  The  claw  of  tlie 
hamular  pterygoid  rests  against  the  end  of  the  petrosal ;  and  close  to  this 
there  is  an  abutment  of  a  piece  of  the  sphenoid ;  otherwise,  there  is  a  great 
Assure  betwixt  it  and  the  sphenoid.  It  is  only  in  contact  with  occipital  ele- 
ments by  means  of  the  flange-like  exoccipitals;  the  whole  extent  of  the  basi- 
occipital being  separated,  as  just  said,  by  a  large  fissure.  Posteriorly  it  is 
confluent  with  the  mastoid,  with  imperfect  indication  of  the  precise  line  of 
union;  exteriorly  it  is  continuous,  without  appreciable  indication  of  original 
distinction  with  the  special  inflation  in  which  the  meatus  is  situated.  This 
papery  vestibule  I  presume  to  be  analogous  with  the  tubular  meatus  cxt<ernuN 
in  QeomyidtB  and  elsewhere;  the  orifice  is  large,  subcircular,  and  simply  a 
hole  without  raised  brim,  pierced  in  the  back  upper  corner  of  the  bulb.  Ante 
riorly  the  tympanic  bulges  so  far  as  to  form  part  of  the  orbit.  Wliile  this 
special  inflation  is  not  otherwise  distinguished  from  the  general  bulla  ossea 
than  by  a  slight  constriction,  it  is  remarkably  divided  off,  above  and  behind, 
from  the  mastoid,  by  a  strong  line  of  impression,  of  which  I  shall  say  more 
presently. 

Coincidently  with  the  hypertrophy  of  these  otic  elements  of  the  tempo- 
ral, the  squamosal  is  peculiarly  reduced  in  extent,  and  pushed  into  the  orbit, 
to  which  it  is  almost  entirely  restricted.  It  is  simply  a  small  irregularly 
shaped  plate  of  bone  lining  the  back  part  of  the  orbit,  with  a  slight  spur  just 
exceeding  the  orbital  brim  in  a  little  notch  between  corners  of  the  frontal 
and  parietal  bones.  The  squamosal  remains  long  discrete  from  all  its  sur- 
roundings. In  full-grown  though  youngish  animals,  the  squamo-sphenoidal 
sutures  may  be  readily  traced^that  with  the  alisphenoid  just  below  the 
glenoid  cavity,  that  with  orhito-sphenoid  within  the  orbit.     The  zygomatic 


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Sciences 

Corpora[?on 


33  WIST  MAIN  STtKT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  14SM 

(716)S72-4S03 


f 


52S 


MONOORAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


■m 


process  of  the  squamosal  is  of  peculiar  character;  instead  of  a  slender  curved 
epuv  reaching  around  to  grasp  the  malar,  there  is  a  short  abrupt  heel  appresscd 
against  the  tympanic,  and  to  the  roughened  face  of  this  heel  the  clubbed  end 
of  the  necdic-likc  nminr  is  affixed.  The  relation  of  the  part«  is  such  that  the 
zygoma  appears  to  articulate  l)ehind  with  the  tympanic — it  actually  has  an 
abutment  ogninst  that  bone,  though  no  real  articulation  with  it 

From  tile  lower  back  edge  of  the  squamosa!,  a  curious  thread  of  bone 
starts  off*  and  occupies  the  deep  groove  already  mentioned  as  se|)arating  the 
tympanic  from  the  mastoid.  No  break  from  the  squamosal  can  be  seen  in 
this  thread,  which  curls  around  the  orifice  of  the  meatus,  still  in  the  groove 
mentioned,  and  ends  by  a  slightly  enlarged  extremity  below  and  behind  tlio 
meatus,  exactly  in  the  position  of  an  ordinary  "mastoid  process".  I  am 
uncertain  of  the  meaning  of  this.  The  end  of  this  ligule  or  girdle  of  bone 
thus  encircling  the  tympanic  is  in  the  site  of  the  iiostero-lateral  angle  of  the 
skull  in  Ofomtfida,  in  which  such  angle  is  formed  by  a  corner  of  the  squamo- 
sal;  and  the  inference  is  self-suggestive  that  this  delicate  bony  strap  may 
rcully  be  squamosal — an  edge  of  the  squamosal  persisting  in  situ  after  the  rest 
of  that  bone  has  been  crowded  down  into  the  orbit  by  the  encroachment  of 
the  mastoid.  Such  a  view,  however,  will  bear  further  scrutiny.  Even  if  a 
slender  spur  of  actual  squamosal  does  run  out  into  the  tympano-mastoid 
groove,  it  does  not  follow  that  the  whole  of  the  fold  in  this  groove  is  squamo- 
sal ;  and  certainly  the  enlarged  extremity  of  this  ridge,  behind  the  meatus, 
has  every  appearance  of  an  ordinary  mastoid  process. 

Next  after  the  squamosal,  the  occipital  bone  suffers  most  from  the 
enlargement  of  the  otic  elements ;  it  is  singularly  restricted  in  extent,  and 
presents  itself  in  unique  shape,  compressed  between  the  swollen  mastoids. 
All  the  lateral  occipital  saturation  is  with  the  mastoid,  excepting  the  basi- 
occipitul.  The  occipital  lies  in  three  planes,  nearly  at  right  angles  With  each 
other.  The  basioccipital  is  horizontal,  as  usual,  upon  the  floor  of  the  skull; 
the  exoccipitals,  wi(h  probably  part  of  the  supraoccipital,  are  per|)endicular 
behind^  the  rest  of  the  bupraoccipital  is  horizontal  again,  on  top  of  the  skull. 
The  basioccipital  is  wedge-shaped,  and  offers  nothing  very  peculiar,  except- 
ing its  entire  disconnection  from  the  {letrosals,  between  which  it  lies;  its 
sphenoidal  articulation  is  just  behind  the  joined  opices  of  the  petrosals.  ■ 
£xt)ccipit«l8  appear  as  a  pair  of  flaring  flange-like  processes,  just  outside  the 
condyles,  apprcdsed  against  the  otic  capsules.    The  foramen  is  very  large, 


mSU, 


SACCOMYID^-DIPODOMTIN^— D1PODOMY8. 


529 


Buhcirculnr,  an«l  mostly  in  ilic  perpendicular  plane  of  tiio  bone.  ARer  in- 
closing this  urifice,  the  bone  rapidly  contracts  as  it  rises  to  tlie  top  of  the 
skull ;  this  jMirt  is  marked  with  a  sharp  perpendicular  median  ridge,  and  the 
edges  of  tlio  bone  being  affected  in  coming  into  apposition  with  the  swelling 
mastoids,  there  results  a  pair  of  deep  narrow  fossa:  upon  the  fuccof  the  bono. 
The  portion  of  the  supraoccipital  which  mounts  the  top  of  the  skull  to  there 
lie  horizontal,  almost  immediately  forks  to  embrace  a  small  shield-shaped 
interparietal  bone  between  its  prongs.  The  ends  of  these  prongs  touch 
jtosterior  comers  of  the  parietals. 

The  sphenoid  bone  is  of  rather  small  extent,  owing  to  the  situation  of 
tlic  squamosals  in  the  orbit.  It  is  wideiy  fissured  from  the  petrosids.  The 
alisphenoid  is  very  short ;  its  termination  may  be  seen  in  the  jagged  suture 
with  the  squamosal;  but  short  as  it  is,  it  only  misses  taking  part  in  the 
mandibular  articulation,  since  it  extends  to  the  margin  of  the  glenoid.  The 
orbi to-sphenoid  is  comparatively  smaller  still,  the  place  it  occupies  in  Geo- 
myidtt  for  instance  being  here  largely  occupied  by  the  squamosal.  Tiie 
spheno-palatal  suture  may  be  traced  in  young  specimens  with  a  zigzag  but 
still  in  general  transverse  course,  from  the  side  a  little  behind  the  maxillary 
alveolus  across  the  middle  line  of  the  skull.  There  is  no  vertical  orbital 
plate  of  the  palatal  bone ;  it  all  lies  flat,  and  extends  forward  on  the  palate, 
wedge-shaped,  but  with  square  termination  to  a  point  opposite  the  first  true 
molar.  A  backward  spur  of  this  bone  forms  with  its  fellow  a  sharp  median 
process.  There  are  various  foramina  already  noted.  The  pterygoids  are 
small  claw-hammers  abutting  at  their  extremity  against  the  petrosals. 

The  parietals  are  nearly  right-angled  triangles,  with  one  side  of  mutual 
apposition  along  the  median  line  of  the  skull,  another  transversely  articulating 
with  the  frontal,  and  the  hypothenuse  postero-exterior,  for  the  mastoid  suture. 
The  back  curners  meet  the  prongs  of  the  occipital  nnd  slightly  embrace  the 
interparietal.  The  outer  corner  is  prolonged  into  a  spur  which  attains  the 
brim  of  the  orbit  And  here,  the  remarkable  construction  of  the  orbit  by  an 
unusual  number  of  bones,  may  be  noted.  Following  the  brim- of  the  orbit 
around  we  find — zygomatic  process  of  maxillary ;  lachrymal ;  frontal ;  spur 
of  parietal ;  back  upper  corner  of  squamosal ;  front  end  of  mastoid ;  fore 
bulge  of  tym|)anic ;  zygomatic  heel  of  squamosal ;  whole  of  malar,  and  sc 
back  to  maxillary. 

The  portion  of  the  frontal  which  appears  on  the  surface  of  the  skull  is 


080 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMBRIGAN  RODBNTIA. 


Mi 


(Ml 


:ii!  i 


ko}-8tone-8hn|)ecl  nnil  strniglit,  broad  behind  to  articulate  with  both  parietuls, 
narrowing  anteriorly  with  nearly  straight  edge,  and  in  front  irregularly  trans- 
verse to  accoinmoduto  its  several  rostral  sutures.  It  sends  a  sharp  spur  on 
either  hand  into  a  recess  between  the  maxillary  and  intermaxillary,  and  each 
intermaxillary  causes  a  shorter,  more 'obtuse  re-cntrance;  the  middle  part 
articulating  with  the  nasals  is  transverse.  The  orbital  portion  of  the  frontal 
is  a  simple  plate  suturing  behind  with  the  orbito-sphenoid  and  squamosal,  and 
in  front  with  maxillary  and  lachrymal.  The  latter  is  of  considerable  extent, 
and  much  excavated ;  its  edge  appears  upon  the  surface  of  the  skull,  margin- 
ing the  back  of  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  maxillary. 

The  mnlar  is  very  peculiar.  In  allied  Rodents,  this  bone  is  a  stout  arch, 
ond  very  Hhort,  in  consequence  of  the  close  approximation  of  the  ends  of  the 
zygomatic  processes  of  both  maxillary  and  squamosal.  But  here  there  is,  to 
all  intentt),  no  such  squamosal  process,  and  that  of  the  maxillary  ends  abruptly ; 
so  the  malar  is  a  long  bone,  to  complete  the  arch ;  it  is  a  straight  rod,  of 
thread-like  tenuity,  with  the  fore  end  slightly  elbowed  and  sharpened  to  lie 
by  oblique  suture  against  the  maxillary,  on  the  inner  side,  and  the  hind  end 
slightly  clubbed  to  suture  by  a  roughened  flat  surface  with  the  heel  of  the 
squamosal ;  and  such  are  the  relations  of  the  parts  that  the  malar  seems  to 
run  against  the  otic  capsule.  The  depressed  position  of  this  bone,  which  lies 
down  on  the  level  of  the  |)alate,  has  bcetualready  noticed. 

The  maxillary  bone,  with  a  general  shape  and  connections  which  scarcely 
require  notice,  has  two  peculiarities ;  one  of  these  is  the  singular  position  of 
the  "  ante-orbital"  foramen — here  a  large  circular  perforation  at  the  anterior 
border  of  the  side  of  the  bone,  altogether  remote  from  the  orbit.  It  lies 
above  and  even  in  advance  of  the  incisive  foramina.  Its  fellow  is  onlysefNir'- 
atcd  by  the  width  of  the  compressed  muzzle ;  there  is  a  thin  partition,  proba- 
bly ethmoidal,  between  them.  The  other  peculiarity  of  the  maxillary  is  the 
unusually  extended  and  vaulted  zygomatic  plate,  which  thus  roofs  over  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  orbit.  This  inflated  lamina  suddenly  comes  to  a  point 
where  the  malnr  joins  it.  Its  suture  with  the  frontal,  or  the  surface  of  the 
skull,  is  a  straight  line. 

The  incisive  foramina,  in  Qeomyida,  are  wholly  in  the  intcrmaxillaries ; 
in  Dipodomys  they  are  formed  by  both  bones,  the  ii  'xxillaries  Iwunding about 
a  third  of  their  periphery.  The  nasal  spur  of  the  intermaxillary  extends  upon 
the  forehead  a  little  way  beyond  the  ends  of  the  nasals ;  while  a  sharp  pro- 


SACCOMYID^— DIPODOMYlNiE-DirODOMYS. 


531 


CC68  oftlic  frontal  separates  it  from  the  nmxillury.  Tlie  alvcolur  imrtiun  is 
remarkably  curved  backward,  to  suit  the  trend  of  the  incisors,  and  a  strong 
alveolar  plute  separates  the  teeth  for  about  iiulf  tlicir  length. 

The  nasals  are  chiefly  notable  for  their  length  and  tenuity;  they  reach 
fur  beyond  the  incisors ;  the  buck  half  is  linear  and  superficiul ;  anterior  to 
this,  wiiere  the  intermaxillaries  bond  down,  the  nasals  become  sonicwiuit 
volute,  prolonging  a  semi-tubular  snout.  Within,  delicate  turbinal  scrolls  arc 
seen  extending  Ut  the  orifice.  The  nasals  are  supported,  nearly  to  their  ends, 
by  small  intermaxillary  spurs. 

The  mandible  remains  for  consideration.  This  bone  is  remarkably  smoll, 
considering  the  size  of  the  rest  of  the  skull,  and  is  further  notable  for  its 
slight  elevation  posteriorly,  its  short  incomplete  symphysis,  and  the  thickness 
of  the  body  of  the  bone.  The  coronoid  process  is  remarkably  small,  not 
nearly  attaining  the  level  of  the  condyle,  at  the  root  of  which  it  appears  os  a 
minute,  backward  sloping,  prickle-like  spur.  Tiic  condyloid  ramus  itself  is 
small,  compressed,  and  oblique.  The  principal  feature  of  the  bone  is  an  im- 
mense flaring  lamina,  which  arises  upon  the  back  part  of  the  lower  border  of 
the  body  of  the  bone,  and  expands  obliquely  outward  and  upward,  with  a 
peculiar  twist.  This  plate-like  process  is  longer  than  the  condyloid  ramus 
itself,  ond  ends  in  an  acute  point,  so  that  the  back  of  the  jaw  appears  two- 
pronged.  There  is  a  deep  pit  between  the  alveolus  and  the  root  of  the  coro- 
noid plate.  The  mental  foramen  is  conspicuous  upon  the  outside  of  the  jaw 
close  to  the  incisors.  The  small  size  and  lowness  of  the  jaw  is  seen  in  the 
peculiarly  retreating  chin  of  the  species ;  and  it  is  probable,  to  judge  especially 
from  the  condition  of  the  coronoid,  that  the  biting  power  is  comparatively 
slight. 

The  vertebral  formula  of  Dipodomys  ordii  is  given  by  Baird  as  7  cervical 
(with  anchyloses  of  ?d,  ?a,  and  4th),  12  dorsal,  9  lumbar,  4  sacral,  and  28 
caudal,  =  60 ;  tk'^re  is  doubtless  an  individual  variability  of  several  of  the 
caudal  segments.  There  are  five  metacarpals  and  metatarsals,  though  the 
inner  one  of  each  is  reduced.  There  are  perfect  clavicles.  The  tibia  and  fibula 
are  united  below. 

Dentition  of  Dipodomyt. — The  dentition  of  D^ndomya  is  simple.  Of 
the  four  grinding-teeth  above  and  below,  the  anterior  one  is  a  premolar,  being 
preceded  by  a  deciduous  tooth,  which,  however,  is  long  persistent.  This  one 
is  rooted  and  with  a  more  complicated  crown  thnn  the  rest ;  the  molurs 


.liiiiii 


it'U'l 


532 


MONOORAPnS  OF  KORtH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


proper  are  rootless  and  pcrcnniul.  In  both  jaws,  tlic  set  of  the  inulnrs  id  ver/ 
oblique;  in  the  upper,  the  anterior  tooth  bends  strongly  backward,  andihe 
])ustcrior  one  somewhat  forward,  thus  bringing  their  crowns  in  close  apposi- 
tion, though  their  roots  are  divergent  It  is  the  same  in  the  lower  jaw,  though 
the  greatest  obliquity  there  is  in  the  strong  forward  set  of  the  ])osterior 
tooth.  The  teeth  are  all  simple,  compressed  prisms,  broader  in  the  trarisversn 
than  in  the  fore  and  aft  direction.  In  the  worn  state,  the  crowns  of  the  two 
intermediate  molars  are  simply  elliptical;  that  of  the  anterior  molar  is  rather 
n  spherical  triangle,  with  convex  posterior  and  two  concave  anterior  sides ; 
tlic  back  molar  is  small  and  subcircular.  It  is  much  the  same  in  the  lower 
jaw.  The  crowns  show  simply  the  brim  of  enamel,  with  a  depressed  island 
'uf  dentine.  In  the  unworn  state,  however — such  as  may  be  observed  in  spec- 
imens with  the  milk-tooth  still  in  position — there  are  some  decided  differ- 
ences. The  outer  border  of  the  two  anterior  teeth  shows  a  deep  nick,  where 
there  is  a  re-entrant  fold  of  the  enamel;  and  the  back  molar  has  a  similar 
indentation  of  the  inner  side.  This  diminishes  regularly  with  the  continuous 
growth  of  the  incisors,  until  the  crowns  are  ground  down  beyond  the  extent 
of  the  infolding,  when  it  ceases  to  appear  and  the  plain  elliptical  form  of  the 
crown  is  assumed. 

The  incisors  are  small  and  delicate  in  both  jaws,  contrasting  with  the 
stout  scalpels  of  Geomyidtt,  The  superior  pair  are  much  compressed,  being 
narrower  than  deep,  and  strongly  curved.  Their  face  is  marked  by  a  deep 
median  groove,  and  the  outer  portion  is  rabbeted  away,  so  that  the  groove  is 
visible  in  a  profile  view.  The  teeth  emerge  from  the  sockets  some  distance 
apart,  separated  by  an  intervening  alveolar  plate,  but  they  are  convergent,  and 
their  tips  are  in  close  contact  Ths  under  incisors,  no  larger  than  the  upper 
ones,  are  of  much  the  same  general  character,  but  are  not  grooved,  the  smooth 
faces  being  simply  rounded  off.  Their  roots  make  a  slight  protuberance  at 
the  outside  of  the  base  of  the  condyloid  ramus. 

External  characters  of  Dipodomyt. — ^The  general  configuration  of  this 
animal  is  lithe  and  graceful,  indicating  agility  and  incessant  activity.  The 
body  is  slender,  the  neck  distinct ;  the  head  large,  with  tapering  muzzle ;  the 
eyes  and  ears  are  prominent;  the  fore  limbs  small  and  neat  indicating  pre- 
dominance of  prehensile  over  merely  gressorial  faculties;  the  hinder  limbs 
are  of  great  size,  as  perfectly  saltatorial  as  those  of  a  Kangaroo  or  Jerboa ;  and 
the  tail  is  longer  than  the  body.     Notwithstanding  the  saltatorial  nature  of 


SAGGOMTID^— DIPOD0MYlMiE-DIPODOUY& 


533 


the  nniiiml,  there  is  none  of  that  preponderance  of  organization  of  (he  hinder 
parts  witnessed  in  the  Kangaroo,  with  its  massive  baunclics  and  enormous  tail ; 
the  whole  body  is  equally  slender,  the  leaping  (mwer  beinf(  tnanifcstcd  in  tite 
enlargement  of  the  hind  limbs  alone ;  the  tail,  too,  is  slender  throughout. 

The  head  is  distinguished  Tivm  the  body  by  a  well-defined  cervical  con* 
striction.  The  broad  high  occipital  region  dips  suddenly  down  to  the  nape. 
The  upper  corners  of  the  head,  upon  which  the  ears  rest,  are  elevated  and 
wide  apart;  the  top  of  the  head  has  in  general  a  triangular  shape,  tapering 
from  each  ear  to  the  snout  with  but  slight  swelling  in  the  orbital  region,  and 
is  quite  flat  across,  with  the  most  gentle  longitudinal  curve  in  the  frontal 
region,  and  nearly  straight  nasal  profile.  The  muzzle  is  acuminate  and  much 
produced,  appearing  longer  still  in  consequence  of  tlic  remarkably  small 
retreating  chin.  The  muzzle  is  entirely  hairy,  excepting  a  small  nasal  pad  ; 
this  shows  a  median  depression,  but  there  is  no  cleft  of  the  upper  lip,  the 
whole  of  which  is  thickly  clothed  with  stout  hairs,  that  form  a  dense  fringe 
drooping  over  and  concealing  the  superior  incisors.  The  lower  lip  is  thick- 
ened and  densely  hairy;  and  there  is  also  a  hairy  commissure  of  the  upper 
lip  behind  the  superior  incisors,  so  that  these  teeth  are  shut  out  of  the  true 
(mucous-lined)  buccal  cavity.  For  the  rest,  the  lips  seem  to  come  together 
vertically  instead  of  horizontally,  closing  the  oral  aperture  sideways,  though 
of  course  the  buccal  cavity  or  mouth  proper  shuts  as  in  ordinary  mammals. 
All  this  is  essentially  the  same  as  in  the  Oeomyidte;  and  further,  as  in  these 
last,  there  is  a  great  pouch  on  each  side  of  the  bead,  entirely  disconnected 
with  the  mouth,  formed  of  a  duplication  of  ordinary  integument,  hairy  through- 
out. These  sacs  will  admit  the  first  joint  of  one's  little  finger;  they  run  the 
whole  length  of  the  head,  but  not  beyond  to  the  shoulder.  In  relative 
capacity,  they  about  equal  the  least  developed  pouches  of  OeomyiAt — those 
of  Geomjft  hupidua  for  instance.  The  opening  is  crescentic ;  the  inner  limb 
of  the  semiluno  being  the  skin  of  the  jaws,  while  the  outer  limb  is  a  free 
fold  or  border  arising  on  the  side  of  the  snout  half-way  between  nostrils  and 
incisors  and  a  little  back  of  both,  and  curving  I'Msely  around  to  the  side  ot 
the  under  jaw  near  its  middle. 

The  whiskers  are  extremely  numerous,  and  some  of  them  are  very  long. 
A  bunch  of  short  fine  ones  springs  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout,  on  each 
side,  by  insensible  lengthening  of  the  fringe  of  liairs  that  clothe  the  upper 
li^k    Others  grow  ia  the  usual  site,  and  the  longest  of  these  usually  exceed 


534 


MONtKJRAPUS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


!-;;ii 


l''ii:l;i     ,i!i 


liiilf  (he  totnl  length  of  tlic  body.  There  are  other  long,  sicntlcr,  bristly  liairn 
ill  wcnk  clumps  iibout  the  ryes  and  ears,  and  a  bunch  of  short  antrorsc  bris- 
tles springs  rn)in  the  chin.  The  eyes  arc  large  and  prominent,  in  life  remark- 
nlily  sod  and  exiircssive,  in  striking  contrast  to  the  small  and  inconspicuous 
ryes  of  the  Geomi/ida;  in  consequence  of  the  production  of  the  muzzle,  they 
are  situate  much  nearer  to  the  ears  than  to  the  nose,  and  rathi'ir  above  a  lino 
connecting  the  tvo.  The  ears,  similarly,  arc  large  and  "leafy",  appearing 
the  more  prominent  because  they  rest  upon  the  most  protuberant  part  of  the 
skull.  When  pressed  out  flat,  the  auricle  is  nearly  orbicular.  In  the  natunil 
state,  the  fore  border  is  lurgely  folded  over,  the  duplication  extending  from 
(he  extreme  root  to  the  highest  point  of  the  ear,  and  representing  about  one- 
third  of  the  width  of  the  ear.  This  fold  causes  a  slight  pointing  of  the  ear. 
The  posterior  border  is  more  rounded  than  the  anterior;  and  within  its  base 
is  developed  a  large,  conspicuous,  obtusely-angular  antitragus,  so  broad  that 
its  inner  edge  is  extensively  overlapped  l)y  the  fold  of  the  onterior  border  of 
the  auricle ;  a  fringe  of  long  hairs  springing  from  the  base  of  the  anterior 
fold  is  directed  backward  over  the  antitragus;  otherwise  the  auricle  is  closely 
and  completely  pilous  on  both  sides,  the  hairy  clothing  of  the  open  part  of 
the  concavity  being  heavier  than  that  on  the  buck  of  the  ear. 

The  fore  limbs  are  shortened,  in  sacrifice  of  locomotive  ability  to  increase 
of  prehensile  faculty.  The  arm  and  fore  arm  are  stout ;  the  latter  tapers 
very  abruptly  and  contracts  to  A  delicate  wrist  and  very  small  bond.  There 
are  four  perfect  digits,  and  a  rudimentory  thumb ;  the  longer  digits  rather 
exceed,  even  excluding  their  claws,  the  length  of  the  hand  pro|)er  (meta- 
carpus); the  3d  and  4th  ore  approximately  equal  in  length  and  longest;  the 
2d  and  5th  are  successively  reduced  a  little  in  length ;  the  1st  is  a  mere 
stump;  its  claw  is  a  knob;  the  other  claws  are  well  formed,  slender,  com- 
pressed, acute,  little  curved,  nearly  as  long  as  their  respective  digits.  The 
back  of  the  whole  hand  is  pilous,  and  longer  hairs  fringe  the  sides  of  the 
digits;  but  the  palm  is  naked,  minutely  tubercular  throughout,  these  number- 
less little  elevations  showing  no  recognizable  special  distribution.  The  hand 
ends  behind  with  an  enormous  smooth  bulb,  a  little  to  the  inner  side,  and 
with  a  smaller  external  bulb,  likewise  smooth,  separated  from  the  main  one 
by  a  narrow  hairy  interval. 

The  hinder  limbs  offer  the  opposite  degree  of  development.  While  the 
fore,  from  the  elbow  outward,  is  only  a  fourth  of  the  total  length,  the  corre* 


SACCOMYIDiE— DIPODOMYIN^— DIPODOMY8. 


535 


sponding  measurement  of  the  hind  limb,  that  i8,  from  the  knee  ontwani,  is 
(hrcR-fiilhs  or  more  of  the  whole  length,  and  the  hind  foot  ulone  iH  nhout  one- 
thinl  of  such  dimension.  There  is  no  noticeable  biilkincss  of  llic  huunclios, 
but  the  hams  are  massive,  fluttencd-conoidai,  suddenly  contracting  at  the 
lower  third,  where  the  crus  is  of  much  less  calibre  than  the  foot.  Tlierc  is 
a  prominent  heel,  and  an  obvious  tendo  Achillis.  The  metatarsus  is  subcylin- 
drical,  widening  to  a  broad  foot  with  strong  digits.  The  whole  foot  reminds 
one  of  a  rabbit's ;  a  resemblance  heightened  by  the  dense  furring  of  the  whole 
sole,  excepting  a  small  calcaneal  tuberosity.  There  are  four  perfect  digitH, 
of  which  the  3d  is  the  longest,  the  4th  and  2d  are  successively  a  little  shorter, 
and  the  5th  is  much  shorter  still;  while  the  1st  is  a  mere  rudiment,  entirely 
removed  from  the  z*^^,  nearly  lialf  way  up  the  foot.  This  bears  a  stumpy 
claw;  tlie  other  claws,  though  small,  are  well  formed,  stout  at  base,  com- 
pressed, little  curved,  and  acute. 

The  tail  exceeds  the  head  and  body  in  length,  even  without  the  peniciU 
late  tuft  of  hair<i  at  the  end,  which  projects  on  inch  or  more  beyond  the  ver- 
tebrae. It  is  of  somewhat  quadrangular  shape,  the  flattening  being  especially 
appreciable  on  the  under  side,  and  is  of  nearly  uniform  calibre  thmughout, 
springing  directly  from  the  body  without  any  basal  enlargement,  and  but  little 
ta|>er  at  the  end.  It  is  closely  and  uniformly  clothed  with  rather  stiffish  hairs 
iur  most  of  its  length,  the  hairs  gradually  lengthening  on  the  further  half  into 
the  well-formed  terminal  brush. 

The  pelage  diflfers  from  that  of  the  allied  genus  PerogneUhua  in  its  soft- 
ness, length,  and  fineness,  and  has  a  silky  gloss  in  life.  It  also  lies  with 
extreme  smoothness  on  the  colored  areas  of  the  body;  the  hairs  are  plumbe- 
ous basally,  as  usual ;  on  the  white  parts  they  are  unicolor  to  the  roots. 

In  the  male,  during  the  rutting  season,  there  is  an  immense  perino^nl 
enlargement,  strictly  circumscribed  from  neighboring  parts,  due  to  the  turgid- 
ity  of  the  virile  organs  within.  The  anus  presents  in  the  centre  of  this 
enlargement  with  the  sheath  of  the  penis  just  in  front>  quite  prominent. 
There  is  a  comparatively  large  os  penis.  In  the  female,  the  anal  and  genital 
orifices  are  in  still  closer  relation ;  the  ostium  vaginse  is  prolonged  in  front 
into  a  dependent  lobe,  occupying  the  site  of  the  peuial  sheath  of  the  male. 

The  pattern  of  coloration  of  Dipodomys  is  peculiar  and  diagnostic  of  the 
genus — the  striped  tail  and  white  band  across  the  hips  are  not  found  eUc- 
where.     All  the  upper  parts  are  fulvous  or  tawny-brown,  closely  lined  with 


I'!  i; 


53G 


MONOORAFHS  OF  NORTH  AHEBICAN  BODBNTIA. 


i-'i' 


fuscous  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  and  intensity.  Some  specimens,  yvitli  the 
least  dusky,  are  very  light  colored — a  pale  ycHowish-cinnamon ;  others 
approach  mouse-color,  hut  even  in  the  darkest  specimens  the  decided  fulvous 
Nhadc  apiMsars  at  least  upon  the  sides.  All  this  colored  (Mrtion  is  plumbeous 
beneath,  excepting  a  little  space  along  the  middle  of  the  sides,  where  baolly 
white  hairs  have  the  tawny  tips.  All  the  under  surface  of  the  animal  is  snow- 
white  to  the  roots  of  the  hairs.  The  line  of  white  begins  on  the  side  of  the 
muzzle  and  runs  along  the  side  of  the  head,  including  the  pouch ;  the  entire 
furc  limb  is  white ;  the  stripe  rises  a  little  on  the  side  of  the  belly,  and  tlience 
runs  along  the  middle  of  the  outside  of  the  hind  limb  from  the  knee  to  the 
heel,  sending  a  sharp  white  stripe  from  the  knee  across  the  haunches  to  the 
root  of  the  tail.  The  hind  foot  is  white,  with  a  dusky  stripe  along  the  sole. 
The  whiskers  are  partly  black,  partly  colorless;  their  conjoined  bases  make  a 
conspicous  black  spot  on  each  side  of  the  muzzle.  There  is  some  wbitish- 
ncss  in  most  cases — sometimes  altogether  wanting — about  the  eye,  and  a  white 
patch  just  back  of  the  ear.  The  front  of  tlie  car  is  sometimes  light  The 
tail  is  dusky-slaty,  or  sooty-brown,  or  even  blackish,  with  a  broad,  firm,  white 
stripe  on  each  side  from  base  to  near  the  tip.  At  the  extreme  base,  the  white 
usually  encircles  the  tail ;  at  the  other  end,  the  color  of  the  tufl  is  altogether 
indeterminate;  sometimes  the  white  lateral  stripes  give  out  before  reaching 
the  end,  leaving  the  tip  entirely  dark;  sometimes  the  white  extends  to  the 
very  end  of  the  brush,  cutting  off  the  dark  altogether;  and,  moreover,  the 
white  may  encroach  upon  the  under  side,  cutting  off  the  dark  frbm  more  than 
half  tlietail;  oftcner,  the  brush  is  mixed  dusky  and  white.  Thus  the  tail 
may  end  either  white  or  dark,  or  a  mixture  of  both.  It  is  as  variable  in  this 
respect  as  the  tail  of  a  skunk.  The  eyes  are  lustrous  black ;  the  nose-pad 
and  palms  flesh-colored  ;  the  claws  pale. 

In  old  museum  spccitnens,  long  exposed  to  the  light,  the  above  descrip- 
tioii  may  not  be  verifiol'ie  as  regards  any  of  the  darker  markings  and  shades 
mentioned;  for  all  the  colored  portions  of  the  fur  finally  fade  to  a  dull,  pale 
brownish-yellow,  or  even  dingy  yellowish-white.  Under  soch  circumstances, 
even  the  rich  purplish-chestnut  of  a  mink,  for  example,  ends  in  dingy  whitish. 

Ditcusidon  of  the  xpecies  of  Dipodomyt. — Having  thus  fully  exposed  the 
characters  of  the  animals  of  this  genus,  it  remains  to  consider  the  mode  in 
which,  and  extent  to  which,  tlm  genus  has  become  differentiated  into  recog- 
nizable forms,  if  there  bo  more  than  one.     Various  species  have  been  pro- 


8A0GOHYIDJB— OIFODOMTIN^-DIPODOUYS. 


r)37 


posed  and  recognized.    As  they  reat  mnitdy  upon  site  and  pruirartiuns,  thcao 
pointa  will  bo  Brat  discussed. 

The  following  tables  of  measurements  of  a  series  of  Dijfodomi/s,  frvnh 
and  alcoholic,  will  serve  to  show  whether  or  not  two  species,  commonly  sup- 
posed to  bo  distinguished  by  size  and  pmportioni),  intcrgrado  in  these  resiiects. 
The  specimens  are  arranged  without  reference  to  locality,  according  to  tho 
chief  point  in  question,  namely,  leng(h  of  tail. 

Tabls  v.— JlMfi>r«n«ii>(  cfmtnltm  tptdwuni  <\f  DiroDOMTil. 


nm 

MM 
4»T1 


MM 


TMO 
rM4 

mm 


ions 
rm 


LoMUIy. 


Caps  Rl.  Locu , 

Fort  Wlli|>pl^  Aril., 
ClmamM,  N.Mvs.... 

C«|MM.I.m*i 

Fort  Whipplo,  Aril.. 

(Duknowii) 

CapaSt.  Looai 


do 

(Uakiuwn) 

I>lau«  Vallr; 

rbrtnanllBg,  .Cal.. 


"Uallliiiiib"..., 

Mmtcray 

Kict  T^loii,  Cal . 
"IfawkyHta.".. 


Artnp. 


Frai  Up  of  BOM  l»— 


CM 


1.00 


kOO 
OiN 


tlM 

0.M 

aie 


LM 

i.w 

AW 


0.M 


I.4S 


LH 
I.H 


l.« 
1.40 

i.ae 

1.43 


k40 

I.  as 
i.e 


1. 00 
LiO 
I.4S 


I.SS 
I.M 
I.7S 
I.4S 


I.SS 
t.90 
I.M 
LSS 


1.10 
I.B 
1.40 


I.7S 
1.80 
1.70 


l.«l 


aso 
4.n 

4.W 

aiao 
cso 

4.  IS 

xn 

xn 
xn 


4.90 

X» 

&«s 

&00 

its 

4.90 


Tall  to  sad 

€lf- 


Laaglk  of 


MO 
S.00 
S.00 
9.  IS 

xta 

SiSO 

9lTS 
9.U 

xn 

S.7S 

^1s 

0.00 

xw 
xn 
roo 

7.00 


fciO 
9.7S 


9i«S 


XK 

xn 
xn 

0.90 

7.1V 


7.10 
7.7S 
7.79 
iLtO 


9i70     t.H 


I.SS 
I.9S 
I.SS 
1.40 

I.ae 

1.10 
1.40 
1.40 
L4S 
LIO 
I.SS 
I.W 
1. 10 
1.10 
1.10 
1.70 
1.70 


Alaokoll*. 
Pnab. 
Alookolle. 
...it. 
rrrl*. 
Alcobolle. 


...ao. 

...do. 

...do. 
...dc 
...da. 


The  foregoing  table  of  mensureroents  of  only  17  speAimens,  all  adult, 
suffices  to  prove  an  uninterrupted  gradation  in  size  of  every  part  of  the  body 
and  its  members.  There  is  no  break  whatever  in  any  of  the  absolute  dimen- 
sions. The  specimens  range,  by  minute  fractions  of  the  inch,  from  3.2.5  to 
5.00  inches  in  length  of  head  and  body,  averaging  about  4.00.  The  tail  vertebree 
range  from  5.00  to  7.00  inches,  averaging  about  5.75 ;  with  the  hairs,  the  tail 
is  from  5.75  to  8.00  inches,  averaging  a  little  less  than  7.00.  The  hind  foot 
runs  from  1.95  to  1.70,  settling  at  an  average  of  1.58.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  lengths  of  tail  and  feet  bear  no  constant  ratio  to  each  other,  some 
sjiecimcns  with  relatively  smallest  feet  having  relatinftly  the  longest  tails.  It 
will  further  be  evident  that  absolute  lengths  of  tail  and  feet  arc  not  indicative 


h  ! 


538 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AUBBIOAN  BODENTIA. 


ui  Kc^ogmpliicnl  limitations;  Cor  the  specimens  which  nrc  nrrnnged  in  the 
t;il)le  with  referoncc  tu  ul*Holuto  Icnf^th  of  tuil  vortebra;  (with  wliich  iibHolutu 
length  of  feet  is  uppnixiniotcly  corrci)|M>ndcnt)  sliuw  complete  intcrmixtiiro 
of  localities.  Measurements  of  a  hundred  or  a  thousand  specimens  would, 
of  course,  only  tend  to  place  these  facts  in  stronger  light.  It  may  be  safely 
stated  as  a  fact,  then,  that  differences  in  absolute  size,  either  of  the  body  or 
of  any  of  its  members,  are  not  avalluldc  for  distinction  of  two  s|)ecie8 ;  and, 
furthermore,  that  no  set  of  absolute  dimensions  is  correlated  with  geographi- 
cal distribution. 

Nevertheless,  one  cannot  fail  to  be  struck,  in  examining  the  table,  with 
the  extraordinary  discreimncy  in  relative  length  of  the  btnly  and  tail.  In  No. 
4871,  for  example,  the  tail  (vertebrst)  is  only  half  an  inch  longer  thon  the 
lintid  and  body  (4.50-5.00);  that  is  to  say,  it  is  but  one-ninth  of  the  head  and 
bmly  length  longer.  In  No.  2626,  the  tuil  is  two  and  three-quarter  inches 
longer  than  the  head  and  b<Mly;  that  is  to  sny,  almost  twice  as  long.  It  would 
apiicur  improbable  that  such  unusual  difference  as  this  should  not  signify 
something  more  than  mere  individual  variability.  In  order  to  discover 
whether  or  not  the  proportionate  (as  distinguished  from  absolute)  dimensions 
of  body  and  tail  may  not  lead  to  some  tangible  result,  the  following  table  is 
constructed,  in  which  the  same  specimens  are  arranged  geographically.  It  is 
necessary  to  exclude  four  of  them,  however — Nos.  if478,  734!>,  from  unknown 
localities,  together  with  the  two  respectively  marked  "California"  and  "Rocky 
Mts.",  as  I  have  reason  to  believe  that  these  indications  of  locality  are  not 
reliable. 

Tablb  VI.— jrMMrmnita  ^  iUrtttn  iftelment  1/  Dipodomyr. 


NOCKT  MUUnAW  UOtOII. 


ArlioDa 

no 

New  Mexico... 
l-l*U«Vall«7.. 

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BACCOMYIDiK— DIPODOMYIN.H— DirOD()MY8. 


This  second  tublc^aii  far  as  it  goes,  leads  to  some  tangible  nnd  itrnctical 
results.  Mure  specimens  would  undoubtedly  modify  the  exact  figiircH,  but 
would,  I  think,  only  confirm  the  general  statement,  that  there  is  r  dccidi-d 
diflcrenco  in  relative  length  of  head  and  liwly  and  of  toil  between  specimens 
fmni  the  interior  and  those  from  the  coast  region— just  as  there  is  in  the 
genus  CricetodipuB.  This  substantiates,  in  effect,  the  broad  distinction  estab- 
lished by  Baird  in  1857,  though  the  details  given  by  that  author  rctiuire 
qualification.* 

In  the  animals  from  the  interior,  with  an  average  length  of  nearly  4.50 
inches,  the  tail  is  scarcely  or  not  an  inch  longer  than  the  body;  that  is  to  say, 
it  is  about  one-fi)urth  as  long  again  as  the  head  and  body. 

In  the  coast  region  specimens,  with  an  average  length  of  less  than  4 
inches,  the  tail  is  about  2  inches  longer  than  the  iiead  and  body;  that  is  to 
say,  it  is,  if  anything,  i.iore  than  half  as  long  again  as  the  body. 

The  feet  do  not  r  resent  any  very  tangible  characters.  We  find  them  of 
all  sizes,  coupled  with  different  extremes  of  tail  length.  Nevertheless,  '.  will 
be  observed  that  the  Cape  SL  Lucas  specimens  alone  of  the  coast  scries  |irc- 
sent  small  feet,  under  1.50;  and  that,  without  these,  the  coast  scries  would 
show  a  length  of  foot  of  l.GO-l.TO,  thus  correlated  with  the  greater  length 
of  tail. 

To  these  data  may  be  added  some  others,  tending  to  substantiate  a  dif- 
ference between  the  two  forms  of  the  genus.  The  western  animal  averages 
smaller  and  of  more  slender  build,  with  larger  ears  and  longer  limbs,  and 
especially  longer  tail.  It  is  darker  in  color,  the  prevailing  tone  being  a  mouse- 
brown,  overcast  with  tawny  or  fulvous.  The  animal  from  the  interior  is  larger, 
and  noticeably  more  stoutly  built,  with  smaller  eare  and  shorter  limbs,  and 
particularly  shorter  tail.    It  is  lighter  in  color,         ))revailing  tone  being  the 

•  llanm.  N.  Am.  1857,  p.  409.—"  Whirtavar  the  nunber  of  qwcks,  aU  bilberto  detoctad  Id  North 
Amerin  baloog  to  the  two  fullowinn  aaotioM  :— 

**  Saolfcm  I.  Hind  foot  not  eioeadiog  IJiO  inohaa,  nraally  appreciably  lew ;  abont  one-tbird  tba 
length  of  bead  and  body.  Tall  vartabna  abont  1}  tlnaa  tba  laogth  of  bead  and  body  iu  nature ;  rarely 
exoaedlng  6  Inohaa,  never  6^.    D.  artUI. 

"  Seotkm  II.  Hind  foot,  IM  inohaa,  aoaetimea  more ;  a)  waya  eooaiderably  ezoaading  l/>0 ;  almoat  half 
aa  long  aa  bead  and  body  In  the  Siat  apeoimaoa.  Tail  Tertebna  l|  tlmea  the  length  of  bead  and  body, 
alwaya  exoeadtng  5}  Inebaa ;  oanally  ftom  0  to  7  inebaa.    D.  pUtlippi,  D.  mfilU." 

fbe  propottlona  of  body  and  tall  here  laid  down  I  Terlfy  exactly,  thongb  the  limits  of  extrami  • 
giveii  rtqnira  to  be  enlarged.  On  the  oontrary,  the  atatementt  made  reapeetlng  the  feet  do  not  buM, 
npon  examination  of  more  material.  In  flwt,  the  Cape  St  Loeaa  are  the  iborteat-footed  animals  of  tba 
whole  eerier ;  and  In  one  very  large  Texaa  apecimen  (dry),  not  given  in  the  table,  tbo  foot  is  almoat  > 
tncbea  long. 


A  tUAI>i->I.^  .-iv-i^  r- 


In'l 

1  H 

1 

iS« 

■jiii'l 

t 

\ 

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II!  ir 


540 


MONOQBAPHS  Oi    NOBTH  AMERICAN  EODBSTIA. 


peciiliar'tawny  or  fulvous  of  the  genus,  deepened  somewhat  on  a  dorsiil  area 
witli  mouse-brown. 

These  ore  simply  observed  matters  of  fact,  not  open  to  question.  Cer- 
tain differences  which  actually  exist,  as  well  as  the  insensible  blending  of  these 
differences,  may  '>»'*.h  be  fairly  signalized  by  the  following  formulee  of  nomen- 
#.l"*"re  and  descripticn,  in  which  the  various  names  wliich  have  been  proposed 
are  relegated  to  their  proper  place,  covering  diagnosis  of  typical  (».  c.  extreme) 
characters,  and  indication  of  the  region  in  wliich  such  form  more  especially 
prevails :  — 

DIPODOMYS  PHILLIPSI,*  Gray. 
Fhillipi'i  Pooket-rat;  "Kangaroo  Bat". 

Dipodomp  pUnipii,  Gray,  Add.  Mag.  N.  H.  vii,  1841,  Ml ;  Rep.  Brif .  A««>r.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1841, 1843,  Trans, 
of  the  SeotioDs,  70.  Real  del  Monte,  Mex.  (Type  of  goon*.)— Waon.,  "  Suppl.  Scbnib.  iii, 
1H43,8U5."— LeC,  Pruo.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Philu.  vi,  1853,  i234.  (Sacrameiito  Vulloy,  Cul.)— GlKU., 
Sung.  1855,  600.  (Compiled.)— BAino,  H.  N.  A.  1857, 41^2.  (Califarnia,  &c.)— Coor.  &  gucKi., 
P.  B.  R.  Bep.  zii,  18,'>0,  Muiti.u.  100,  137. 

VipodoMgtpliUUpirii,  OnAY,  Am.  Joarn.  Sci.  xl)i,  1843,  335 ;  List.  Momm.  Dr.  Mns.  1843,  liW.— GuiR.,  Cut. 
Bones  Ur.  Mas.  1803, 173.— Gray,  Proe.  Zoul.  Soc.  1868,  300. 

Dipodomi)! pUlippi,  ScniMZ,  Syn.  Maniiu.  ii,  1845,  03.    (Compiled  from  Gray.) 

Dipadomsi pkilHppM,  AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853, 137,  pi.  130.    (From  Gray's  type.) 

ViiKidumgii  pkitlippii,  Baiiid,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  x,  1850,  Williamson's  Route,  Mauini.  83.    (I'oea  Creek,  Cain.) 

Dipoiomyi  pkiUipii,  CouES,  Proo.  Phila.  Acad.  1875,  :<85. 

UaencotM  kalUeu$,  Waonkr,  Ait:h.  f.  Natnrg.  1840,  176  ;  "Abb.  K.  Baier.  >  Vad.  xxii,  1848, 310,  pi.  vii " 

OiKBKL,  Sung.  1855, 599.    (Compiled.) 

Dipoiomjft  agilit,  Gahd.,  Proo.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sci.  Pbila.  iv,  1848, 77.t  (Los  Angeles,  Cal.)— Gamo.,  Ann.  klag. 
Nut.  Hist,  iii,  1849,  318  (Bame).-LKC.,  Proc.  Acail.  Nut.  Sci.  Pbila.  vi,  itSOS,  334.— AuD.  & 
Bach.,  Quad.  N.  A.  iii,  1854,  3:19.  (Compiled.)— Gikb.,  Sung.  1856,  COO.  (Compiled.)— Bl>., 
Proo.  Aca<l.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1855,  334  (San  Divgo,  Cal.) ;  M.  N.  A.  1857, 414,  pi.  0,  f.  1.— GuAV, 
P.Z.S.1868,301. 

TtipoioMft  heerwianKi,  LrC.,  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  185.3, 334.    (Sierra  Nevada.) 

Dipodorngt  keermannii,  Baird,  Mnmm.  N.  Am.  1857, 415.    (Compiled.) 

l>ipodomt>  kermamnii,  Gray,  P.  Z.  8. 1868,  801.    (Compiled.) 

l>iliodomgtwagi>eri,t  LkC,  Proo.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1853, 334.— Bd.,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  itf:.  (Compileil.)— 
Gray,  P.  Z.  8. 1868,  301.    (Compiled.) 

Habitat. — PaciGc  region  at  large,  from  Washington  Territory  to  Capo 
St.  Lucas ;  Nevad*' ;  and  portions  of  Mexico  (Real  del  Monte,  Phillipn). 
Specimens  examined  from  Fort  Walla- Walla,  Cupe  St.  Lucas,  and  numerous 
localities  nearly  throughout  Upper  and  Lower  California. 

*  Tbis  name  is  found  rarinosly  spelled  by  authors,  as  well  as  by  Gray  himself  ;  bat  if,  as  stated  by 
Gray,  the  species  was  named  nttor  Juhu  Phillips,  the  rendition  here  adopted  appvnm  to  ho  oorreot. 

t  Special  paper :  Description  of  Two  New  Califurnian  Quadrnpeds  [D.  agilis  and  Mas  califonil- 
ons].  <  lorn.  cit.  pp.  77, 78.  (Also,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (am.  df.  pp.  318, 319,  with  aome  literal  modiHca- 
tion  of  title.) 

t  The  ascribed  locality  is  nnqnestinnably  erroueons.  The  label  "  Jimes  Beed,  South  Carolina", 
like  that  on  some  other  spc    mens  of  varioni:  animals  I  have  aeon,  indicates  the  dooor  and  Ait  rmUeooe, 


'"'i''""-^'^'^^"" 


BACCOMTID^— DIPODOMTINJ?!— D.  PHILLIPSI  OBDI. 


541 


CiiABS. — Small:  rather  under  than  over  4  inches  in  length  of  head  and 
body,  with  slender  8hai)e,  large  ears,  long  limba,  and  especially  long  tail. 
Tuil  vertebrae  2  inches  (more  or  less)  longer  than  the  head  and  body,  bearing 
a  proportion  of  about  (rather  more  than  less)  1.50  to  1.00.  Coloration  heavy : 
upper  parts  rather  dark  mouse-brown  or  even  dusky  in  general  tone,  light- 
ened, especially  on  the  sides,  with  the  peculiar  tawny  shade  of  the  genus. 

This  animal  served  as  the  type  of  the  gcnns  described  by  Gray  in  1840. 
It  figures  in  various  treatises,  mainly  under  compilation.  Audubon  guve  an 
excellent  illustration,  taken  from  the  type-specimen.  Miicrocolus  halfkus  of 
Wagner,*  described  soon  afterward,  is  undoubtedly,  as  suggested  by  both 
Gray  and  Baird,  the  same  animal,  though  no  mention  is  made  of  the  pouches. 
Some  other  unquestionable  synonyms  are  cited  above. 

DIPODOMYS  PHILLIPSI  ORDI.  Woodh. 

Ord'i  Tookei-nt;  "Kangtroo  Bat". 

Dipoiomf  oniti,  "  Woodh.",  L«C.,  Proe.  Acad.  Mat.  Rci.  PhUa..  vi,  1853,  9SU.  (Notice  of  Woodhonae's 
typa.)— Woodh.,  Proo.Aead.  Nat  Svi.  Pbi)«.  vi,  ISSt, 835.— WooOB.,  Sitgr.  Bep.  Eipi.  Znlli  aud 
Col.  a  lKi3, 60,  pi.  4.  (El  Paao,  Texaa.)— Auo.  tt  Bach.,  Q.  M.  A.  iil,  1854, 317.  (Compiled.)— 
Bairo,  H.  M.  a.  1867,  410,  pi.  5,  f .  1 ;  pi.  ill,  f.  1 ;  pi.  51,  f.  1, 8.— Baird,  P.  R.  R  Rep.  x,  \«Ji, 
OanniaoD'a  and  Bockwith's  Ronte,  Uamni.  8.— Bawd,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  x,  1850,  Wbipple'a 
BoDte,  Ifamm.  14.— Hayd.,  Traoa.  Amer.  Phil.  Boo.  xii,  1808, 147.  (Niobrara  R.)— Gkiir., 
Cat.  Bonea  Br.  Hoa.  1802, 176.-CouB8,  Am.  Nat.  i,  1867, 396.  (Uabita.)-aRAy ,  P  Z.  B.  1868, 
Ml.— Allkn,  Proo.  Boat  Boo.  xvii,  1874,  43.    (Txllowatone.) 

Dipoitmt*  Moatemu,  Baird,  Pioo.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  1855,  334. 

il^MiMiytjykKHjMionK,  CouES,  Proo.  Pbila.  Acad.  1876,  386.— CouM  4k  Tariiow,  ZoSI.  EzpL  W.  100 
Uerid.  1875, 109. 

Habitat. — Rocky  Mountain  region  at  large,  and  somewhat  eastward,  from 
the  region  of  the  Yellowstone  into  Mexico.  Limit  of  southern  extension  not 
precisely  determined.  Specimens  examined  from  the  Yellowstone,  Powder, 
Niobrara,  Platte,  and  Arkansas  Rivers ;  from  various  localities  in  Texas,  and 
nearly  throughout  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  from  Sonora,  Durango,  and 
Coahuila,  Mexico. 

Chars. — Larger :  rather  over  than  under  4  inches  in  length  of  head  and 
body,  with  (comparatively)  stout  sli«pe,  small  ears,  short  limbd,  and  short 
tail.  Tail  vertebrse  1  inch  (more  or  less')  longer  than  the  head  and  body, 
bearing  a  proportion  of  about  (rather  less  than  mure)  1.25  to  1.00.  Coloration 
light :  upper  parts  nearly  uniform  tawny-brown,  of  the  shade  peculiar  to  the 
genus,  darkened  u  little  with  mouse-brown  on  a  dorsal  area. 

*  Beitrt|(e  lar  Kenntotia  dar  SSagetbiere  Amerikaa.  <  Abhandl.  d.  math.  phy*.  Claaae  d.  kSnigl. 
bayiir.  Akod.  Mttocben,  v,  1847-49, 319,  p].  Tit  (forming  vol.  zzil  of  tbe  terlea  of  DeukKbriftan).  [(Quoted 
bom  BaU:d.] 


M 


0 


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I  T;ik.:.<jtiB  'miiiil 


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t  "tin? 


■W'i 


543 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOBTH  AMEBIOAN  ItODE^tlA. 


This  form  of  the  genus  nppcars  to  have  been  first  noted  hy  Dr.  Wood- 
house  in  1 853.  His  specimens  were  from  EI  Pnso.  The  known  limits  of  its 
distribution  were  enlarged  in  1857  to  include  the  regit-n  of  the  Platte ;  while 
specimens  still  more  recently  examined  show  that  it  extends  northward  to  the 
Yellowstone  ot  least,  further  east  in  Dakota,  Nebraska,  and  Kansas  than  was 
formerly  8up|)osed,  and  even  reaches  to  Arkansas,  where  specimens  were 
lately  procured  at  Fort  Cobb. 


Note. — The  special  papers  in  which  the  Saccomyida  have  been  treated 
will  be  found  quoted  pamm  in  this  article;  these  citations  constituting  that 
portion  of  the  bibliography  of  the  family  which  I  have  compiled. 


.S-lhLlism 


.;_'f..^^_-U(.--:::  J  >i«:''.^i:„^i«".;^*^A 


im. 


3SSSS3ES8S8S 


warn 


,.k<*^ 


MONOGRAPHS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


No.  IX -HAPLODONTIDJ;. 


By  ELLIOTT   OOUEB. 


mm 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Office  op  United  States  Geological  amd 
Geoobapbical  Subvey  of  the  Tebbitories, 

Washington,  D.  C,  December  1,  1876. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  fur  publication  as  one  of 
the  series  of  "Monographs  of  North  American  Rodentia",  a  memoir  on  tho 
family  T'aplodontida;. 

To  the  single  species  which  constitutes  this  family,  unusual  interest 
attaches,  in  the  facts  that  its  structure  has  remained  very  imperfectly  known 
up  to  the  present  time,  and  that  its  systematic  position  consequently  has  been 
a  matter  of  dispute.  The  anatomy  of  the  species  is  herewith  presented  at 
considerable  length,  from  original  dissections ;  and  a  notice  of  its  history  and 
habits  follows  the  description  of  its  structure. 

Like  my  other  menxirs  of  this  series,  the  present  is  based  upon  the 
material  contained  in  the  ^  'ional  Museum,  for  the  opportunity  of  examining 
which  I  am  indebted  to  the  liberal  policy  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
I  am.  Sir,  &c., 

ELLIOTT  COUES, 
Assistant  S'urgeon  United  States  Army, 
Secretary  and  Naturalist  of  the  Survey, 
Vroi  F.  V.  Haydem, 

United  States  Geologist-in-charge. 


35  u 


ik:^ilJiiii^>^iK 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Family  HAPLODONTIDA 643-555 

deoni  HjkPLODON ., 555-557 

BapMUmnrfiu 557-599 

»         a.  External  oharaeten '. 657-56-^ 

h.  Dental  obaraoten 568-564 

0.  Skeletal  Btrnotare 664-583 

d.  Tieceral  (truotare 683-500 

•.  Hiatoiy  and  habita 590-598 

/.  Tablei  of  moaaanmeott,  &e 596-509 

M7 


Family  HAPLODONTID^. 


=  Gonns  JploihmUa,  Richardhon  and  Authors  (we  beyond). 

<  Soltirida  or  CtutorUa,  of  some  Authoiw. 

<  Cailorina,  Baird,  Hamm.  N.  Am.  1H&7,  350  (nnitod  with  Cattor  in  a  subfamily  C<utori»a  of  SiAuHia). 
=  Jlaphodotiiida,  Lilukdoro,  Syit.  Ofv.  Onag.  D&kh^IJ.  1806,  41  (oa  family  of  tlie  HyBtricomorph  scries). 
=  naploodonlida,  Qiix,  Arrons.  Fam.  Hamm.  1S73,  22  (as  family  of  a  special  series,  Baploodontoidva). 

==  Baplodoniida,  Alston,  Proo.  ZoCl.  Soo.  Lood.  1870,  78  (oa  family  of  Uie  Soiuromorpli  series). 


CBkUB.— Teeth:  I.{^\;  C.§£|;  Pm.?^;  M.  |^=?4=U=22;  all  root- 
less, prismatic,  simple,  of  unique  pattern  of  the  molar  crowns.  Vertebra:  C.  7 ; 
D.  13;  L.  6 ;  S.  5 ;  Cd.  11  =  42.  Seventh  cerctc/i/semicostiferous,  without  ver- 
tebrarterial  canal.  Clavicles  perfect.  Scapula  triangular,  with  prominent  spine 
and  well-developed  acromion  and  coracoid.  Tibia  and  Jibula  not  anchylosed, 
though  closely  apposed  below.  Ulna  with  long  olecranon;  radius  perfect, 
admitting  of  rotatory  movements.  Carpus  and  tarsus  each  with  nine  bones, 
including  an  os  intermedium.  Humerus  with  well-developed  greater  and  lesser 
tuberosities,  deltoid  ridge,  and  tubercle ;  the  inner  condyle  perforate.  Femur 
with  prominent  greater  and  lesser  trochanters,  glutseal  ridge  and  tubercle. 
A  large  osseous  patella.  Pelvis  straight  and  narrow ;  ilia  prismatic,  project- 
ing beyond  the  sacrum.  Thorax  capacious,  contracted  anteriorly,  with  13 
ribs,  7  sternal,  the  first  borne  partly  upon  the  last  cervical  vertebra.  Skull 
with  no  trace  of  postorbital  processes  (so  conspicuous  in  Sciurida),  massive, 
greatly  depressed,  very  broad  behind;  zygomata  widely  separated  behind, 
chiefly  constituted  by  the  malars.  Anteorbitai  foramen  low  in  position,  small, 
oval,  oblique,  transmitting  a  fascicle  of  the  masseter.  Lachrymal  large,  scale- 
like. Nasals  broad,  not  protrusive.  Mandible  massive,  the  descending  ramus 
broadly  laminar,  twisted  into  the  horizontal  plane;  coronoid  h\gh,  falcate.  A 
large  hyoid,  connected  with  the  skull  by  long  osseous  cornua.  Right  lung 
quadrilobatp ;  l^  lung  bilobate.  Salivary  glands  enormous  (as  in  Castorida). 
Stomach  with  the  cardiac  portion  produced  into  a  horn-like  process.  Liver 
quadripartite,  the  led  lobe  with  a  long  process,  the  Spigelian  lobule  bifid. 

549 


iV    ( 


I    I 


!.^ 


m 

N't- 


r, 


550 


MCNOGKAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Intestines  muny  (nbout  eleven)  times  ns  long  as  the  body.  Ccccum  very  largfi 
(as  long  as  the  body).  Outlets  oi  genito-urinary  and  digestive  organs  distinct 
from  each  other  (compare  Castorid^).  Testes  aiidominal.  Os  penis  very 
large,  cleft  at  the  end.  Urethral  glamts  few  and  simple  (no  other  pcrinseal 
glands  ?) 

For  other  characters,  derived  from  the  external  structure,  and  properly 
to  be  considered  as  rather  pertaining  to  the  genus  than  to  the  tamily,  see 
under  next  head. 

As  may  be  gathered  from  the  foregoing  epitome  of  the  more  salient 
anatomical  characters,  the  present  is  a  remarkably  peculiar  group,  entitled 
to  full  family  rank,  if  not  to  still  higher  appreciation.  Like  the  equally  pecul- 
iar Castorida,  it  has,  as  one  author  has  remarked,  long  proved  a  stumbling- 
block  in  the  way  of  a  systematic  arrangement  of  the  Rodents ;  but  for  no 
other  reason,  as  it  seems  to  me,  than  because  authors  long  regarded  the  type 
of  structure  as  only  significant  of  a  genus,  a  place  for  which  was  to  be 
found  perforce  among  the  then  established  families,  instead  of  recognizing  its 
claims  to  higher  valuation.  It  would  be  idle  to  recount  the  various  forced 
associations  to  which  the  family  considered  as  a  genus  has  been  subjected.* 
The  general  tendency  has  been,  however,  of  late  years  at  any  rate,  to  associ- 
ate Haplodon  more  or  less  intimately  with  Castor,  and  to  refer  both  genera  to 
the  Sciurine  series,  if  not  to  the  Sciurida  itself  Thus,  In  1858,  Professor 
Baird  made  Castor  and  ^'Aplodoniia^'  together  a  subfamily  Castorina  of  the 
family  Sciurida,\  inquiring  pertinently  whether  the  two  were  not  typical  of 
as  many  distinct  subfamilies,  themselves  forming  a  group  of  full  family  rank. 
Professor  Brandt  had  already,  in  18.55,  placed  the  genus  next  to  Castor.  In 
1864,  Herr  W.  Peters  discussed  the  genus,  comparing  the  skull  with  that  of 
Arctomys,  and  noting  the  strong  resemblance  observable  in  many  respects ; 
he  is  considered  by  Mr.  Alston  t  to  have  "definitely  established"  the  Sciurine 
affinities  of  the  genus.  In  1866,  Professor  Lilljeborg  (I.  s.  c.)  first,  as  far  as 
I  can  ascertain,  cleared  the  way  for  the  required  improvement  in  classification, 
by  raising  the  genus  to  the  rank  of  a  family,  which  he  called  Haploodontidx, 
and  placed  next  after  Sciurida ;  although,  as  Mr.  Alston  (/.  i.  c.)  observes,  he 

*  For  examplu,  in  1840,  Schinz  threw  "Aplodoutia  "  into  his  VII  ■•  family  "  of  Gttrai,  "  Cmleularia  " 
wliioh  coDBisted  of  an  odd  Jamble  of  Baptodon,  "Atcomj/i"  (=OeoMj)<),  Tkomomtt,  SipkMiM,  Clnomgt^ 
Spalax,  and  varlouB  other  burrowing  Rodent* ;  ua  gacb,  Iwing  beneath  eerions  criticism. 

t  Baird's  family  Sdvrida,  however,  incloded  the  Uariue'  family  ifyoiMo,  traated  as  a  sabfamlly 
MfoxiHa. 

t  P.  Z.  S.  1876, 66. 


HAPLODONTIDJE— TAXONOMIO  GONHIDEBATIONB. 


551 


"strangely  relegated  it"  to  the  Hystricine  series  of  Rodents.  Dr.  T.  Gill 
(/.  t.  c.)  followed  Lilljeborg  in  1872  in  recognizing  a  family  ILiploodontida, 
the  taxonomic  value  of  which  he  raised  still  higher  by  separating  it  from 
other  Oliret  as  the  type  and  sole  member  of  a  "  supcrfamily "  Hoploodontoidea, 
coming  next  after  Castoridte;  also  made  the  basis  of  a  superfnmily  Outoroidea. 
Lastly,  in  1876,  Mr.  Alston  (/.  s.  c.)  endorsed  u  family  Haplodontida,  which 
he  placed  next  to  Castorida  among  Sciuromorpha. 

To  waive  for  the  moment  the  question  of  absolute  rank  of  the  type 
Haplodon,  nothing  in  the  way  of  classifying  the  Rodents  seems  to  me  clearer 
than  that  the  affinities  of  Haplodon  are  with  Castor,  and  that  both  these 
genera  appertain  to  the  Sciurine  "series",  " superfamily  ",  or  "line  of  develop- 
ment"— at  any  rate,  neither  to  the  Murine  nor  to  the  Hystricine  series ;  the 
next  nearest  relationship  of  Haplodon  being  with  Arctomys,  and  so  with  the 
Sciurida  itself.  The  more  or  less  complete  agreement  of  such  views  with  those 
of  the  writers  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  paragraph  will  he  evident  without 
further  comment ;  the  better  informed  authors  have,  in  fact,  differed  less  among 
themselves  respecting  the  immediate  relationships  of  Haplodon  and  Castor  than 
in  regard  to  the  location  of  these  forms  in  the  general  series  of  simplicidentate 
Rodents ;  Haplodon,  at  any  rate,  whether  considered  as  genus  or  as  family, 
having  been  relegated  successively  to  (1)  the  Sciurine,  (2)  the  Murine,  (3) 
the  Hystricine  series,  and  (4)  having  formed  the  type  of  a  different  series 
from  any  of  these ;  this,  too,  at  the  hands  of  those  who  are  at  one  respecting 
its  immediate  affinities. 

This  brings  up  the  question  of  the  absolute  standing  of  Haplndon.  Is 
it  referable  to  bne  of  the  established  series  of  Rodents,  or  is  it  to  stand  alone 
as  the  represer .ative  of  a  separate  series!  Regard  for  a  very  strict  equiva- 
lency of  groups  might  urge  the  latter  appreciation  of  the  value  of  the  pecul- 
iarities of  Haplodon ;  and,  in  the  sense  that  (he  family  Haplodontida  differs 
more  from  all  other  families  of  Rodents  than  those  of  the  same  series  usually 
do  from  each  other.  Dr.  Gill's  special  superfaraily  Haploodontoidea  may  be  jus- 
tified. But,  practically,  no  exact  equivalency  of  groups  is  attainable ;  and,  if 
it  were,  I  should  not  be  satisfied  of  the  necessity  of  considering  Haplodon  to 
represent  a  separate  series  from  the  Sciuromorpha,  in  view  of  the  closeness  of 
relationship  which  I  insist  is  found  between  Haplodonlitke,  Castorida,  and 
Sciurida. 

In  so  stating,  it  becomes  necessary  to  give  my  appreciation  of  the  limits 


552 


MONOGRAPnS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


:i:i;l 


ij  ' '. 


vl 


h\  I  ■  ^  i"' 


(>r  the  Sciurino  «cri(;s.  lliiefl}',  tlicn,  I  at  present  ncccpt  n  superiainily  grouii 
Sciuromorpfia  in  I  lie  sense  lately  attached  to  it  by  Mr.  Alston,- as  including 
the  genus  Sciuruis  and  its  unquestioned  allies,  as  well  as  Haplodon,  Castor,  and 
Anoma/uru*,  with  which  latter  I  am  acquainted  only  by  descriptions.  Since 
Waterhouse,  many  years  ago,  foreshadowed  n  more  refined  classification  of 
the  Rodents  by  his  four  families  of  Sciurida,  Murida,  Hystridda,  and 
Lejioridce,  there  has  been  a  close  general  agreement  among  leading  writers 
that  these  groups,  whatever  their  absolute  rank,  represent  as  many  natural  major 
divisions  of  existing  Kodcnts.  The  Lcporidtt,  by  nearly  common  consent,  are 
now  considered  as  one  of  two  primary  divisions  of  recent  Glires,  as  such 
comparable  in  value  to  all  the  families  of  "sim])iicidentate''  Rodents  com- 
bined. The  Sciurida,  Murida,  and  Hystricida  of  Waterhouse,  with  whatever 
modification  in  details,  yet  stand  as  indices  of  groups  of  Rodents,  of  whatever 
value  we  may  assign,  the  members  of  each  of  which  are  much  more  nearly 
interrelated  than  any  one  of  them  is  to  any  member  of  either  of  the  other 
groups.  In  the  paper  already  several  times  cited,  Mr.  Alston  seems  to  me  to 
have  defined  the  three  groups,  which  he  calls  simply  "sections",  in  a  very 
satisfactory  manner;  and  he  certainly  has  given  us  an  easy  means  of  distin- 
guishing them.  "Even  if  it  were  not  possible  to  separate  the  first  three  of 
Watcrhouse's  great  families  by  |>erfectly  constant  characters,"  says  Mr.  Alston, 
"they  ought,  as  it  appears  to  me,  to  be  recognized  as  indicating  three  distinct 
)ine8  of  development.  But  by  the  help  of  the  characters  of  the  leg-bones, 
pr'iited  out  by  Professor  Lilljeborp,  the  difficulty  is  overcome.  In  the  few 
cases  in  which  the  cranial  diiferences  fail  us  in  separating  the  Sciurine  rodents 
from  the  Murine,  and  the  latter  from  the  Hystricine,  the  complete  anchylosis 
of  the  lower  part  of  the  tibia  and  fibula  in  the  second  group  comes  to  our 

ai<l The  first  and  third  groups,  which  agree  with  one  another  in  this 

point  [distinction  of  fibula],  are  at  once  separated  from  each  other  by  the  form 

of  the  mandible,  as  well  as  by  the  whole  type  of  cranial  structure 

The  first  secion,  Sciuromorphn,  has  for  constant  characters  the  combination 
of  a  peculiar  form  of  mandible  with  the  persistence  of  the  fibula  as  a  distinct 
bone  throughout  life.  The  former  character  at  once  separates  it  from  the 
Hystiicomorpha,  the  latter  from  the  Myomorpha."  This  is  the  sense,  then, 
in  which  I  am  to  be  understood  to  accept  the  Sciuromorpha,  in  my  present 
reference  of  the  Haplodonlida  to  that  series  as  one  of  its  component  fiimilies. 


DAPLODONTIDvE— DISCUSSION  OF  AFP1NITIK8. 


553 


coming  between  Caatorida  nnd  Sciuru/a,  with  close  relntiunHliip  on  (lie  one 
liaiul  with  Castor,  and  on  tlic  otiicr  with  Arctomya. 

My  views  of  tiie  |N>8ition  in  the  Rodent  series,  nnd  relative  mnk  in  the 
scale,  of  the  Ilaplodont  type  rest  upon  an  examination  of  the  wiiole  structure 
of  the  animal.  I  do  not  find  that  any  one  has  hitherto  examined — at  any  rate, 
given  an  account  of — the  viscera,  or  even  the  skeleton,  excepting  the  skull  and 
leg-bones ;  our  knowledge  having  thus  far  rested  \\\m\\  these  |)ortions  of  the 
bony  frame-work,  the  teeth,  and  the  external  characters.  I  nin,  consequently, 
enabled  to  add  many  new  particulars  to  substantiate  the  position  here  taken. 
Detailed  descriptions  are  ofTcicd  beyond  under  head  of  the  species ;  here  I 
shall  simply  advert  to  some  of  the  leading  ])oints  involved. 

The  skull  of  HaplodoHtid(t  is  strongly  and  unmistakably  Sciuromorphic, 
not  only  in  its  general  structure,  but  in  many  ultimate  details.  In  fact,  it 
resembles  in  superficial  ospect  the  skull  of  certain  typical  Sciurines  more 
closely  than  some  of  these  resemble  each  other.  For  example,  no  one  who 
compares  the  skull  of  Haplodon  with  that  of  Arctomya  can  fail  to  be  struck, 
as  Dr.  Peters  was,  with  their  close  general  resemblance.  In  comparison  with 
Sciurua,  or  even  with  such  a  Marmot-like  form  as  Cynomys,  the  skull  of  Arc- 
tomya is  seen  to  be  much  more  massive,  much  more  depressed,  broader  behind, 
and  with  a  straightness  and  mutual  perpendicularity  of  various  planes,  all  of 
which  features  wonld  require  little  exaggeration  to  match  those  of  Haplodon, 
Even  the  shape  of  the  angle  of  the  mandible,  peculiar  to  Haplodon,  is  really 
approached  in  Arctomya,  where  further  twisting  of  the  already  oblique  plate 
of  the  descending  ramus  would  bring  it  into  the  nearly  horizontal  plane 
which  it  occupies  in  Haplodon.  The  most  prominent  diiference  is  the  totiil 
absence  of  postorbital  processes  in  Haplodon,  and  their  full  development  in 
Arctomya  as  in  other  Sciurvla.  It  may  be  fairly  questioned,  however,  whether 
the  presence  of  these  processes  is  more  than  a  character  of  th"  family  Sciu- 
ridce  itself;  for  they  are  lacking*  in  the  three  other  families  referable  i 
Sciuromorpha.  The  preponderance  of  recent  genera  and  species  of  Sciuridt 
may  have  unconsciously  led  us  to  attach  too  great  importance  to  this  feature. 
Obviously,  the  fact  that  the  family  Sciurida  at  present  contains  many  genera, 
while  the  other  three  Sciuromorph  families  have  but  one  genus  apiece,  is  no 
argument  for  the  making  of  postorbital  processes  a  requisite  for  any  scries  of 
Sciurines  of  higher  value  than  a  family.    The  argument  is  the  other  way,  in 

*  Mr.  Alston  calls  tbom  "  obsolote  "  iu  Ammalurida. 


554 


MONOGBAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  EODENTIA. 


view  of  the  fact  that  out  of  four  Sciurine  families  only  one,  Sciurida,  possesses 
these  processes.  ,  ,     ,, 

I  Tiight  extend  tliis  comparison  of  Haplodon  with  Sciuromorpha  into 
many  other  points  of  structure,  and  enlarge  upon  various  Marmot-like  char- 
ncterc ;  but  the  indications  afforded  by  the  skull  seem  to  me  so  unmistaka- 
ble, that  such  course  becomes  unnecessary.  I  will  only  refer,  further,  to  the 
general  mode  of  life,  in  which,  as  is  well  known,  the  Sewellel  agrees  with  the 
Marmot-squirrel  section  of  Sciurida.  It  lives  in  communities  in  subterra- 
nean burrows,  exactly  like  the  species  of  Cynomys  and  of  Spernwphilus. 
Various  resemblances,  in  fact,  have  caused  some  authors  to  refer  the  species 
to  the  genus  Arctomys,  and  Rafinesque  made  it  congeneric  with  Cynomys. 

The  condition  of  the  molar  teeth,  whether  rootless  and  prismatic,  or  rooted 
and  tubercular,  usually  gives  good  indications  among  Rodents.  In  this  im- 
portant respect,  Haplodon  agrees  with  Castor ;  and  although  the  dental  for- 
mulae are  not  identical,  yet  the  only  discrepancy  is  in  the  presence  of  a  very 
small  upper  anterior  premolar  in  Haplodon, — a  tooth  functionally  insigniGcant, 
and,  in  fact,  appearing  as  if  it  were  far  on  the  way  toward  suppression,  lo 
comparing  Haplodon  with  Castor,  we  indeed  find  many  discrepancies,  even  to 
the  presence  in  the  latter  of  an  additional  rib  and  dorsal  vertebra,  common 
outlet  of  genito-urinary  and  digestive  systems,  peculiarly  developed  perinaeal 
glands,  &c  ;  but  we  should  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  the  secondary  or 
adaptive  modificativ..is  of  Castor,  in  fitting  it  for  an  aquatic  life,  are  impressed 
with  unusual  strength,  and  are  consequently  liable  to  obscure  those  points  of 
structure  more  valuable  in  indicating  affinities.  Even  in  some  of  its  soft  parts, 
however,  Haplodon  shows  special  relationships  with  Castor,  mch  as  the  pres- 
ence of  a  glandular  collar  formed  by  the  enormous  salivary  organs. 

I  am  inclined  to  consider  the  Haplodont  type  as  probably  the  oldest 
among  existing  Sciuromorphs,  and  as  nearer  the  ancestral  type  from  which 
also  diverged  Castor,  Anomalurus,  and  Sciurus  with  its  numerous  allies, — the 
latter  being  the  most  specialized  and  diversified  forms  which  have  been 
evolved  from  a  primitive  stock,  and  having  become  its  largely  predominant 
representatives  in  the  present  epoch.  This  view  is  strengthened  by  the 
remarkably  restricted  geographical  distribution  of  the  single  known  species, 
and  the  numerical  proportion  of  its  individuals, — altogether  inconsiderable  in 
comparison  with  the  abundance  of  the  typical  Sciuridte.  Tiie  simple  molars 
of  Haplodon,  as  the  very  djimc  indicates,  may  be  regarded  as  further  evi- 


HAPLODCNTID^— GENUS  HAPLODON. 


555 


denceof  an  "early"  or  "generalized"  type,  in  comparison  with  the  highly  com- 
plicated teeth  of  many  recent  Rodents ;  no  simpler  tooth  than  the  anterior 
upper  premolar — a  mere  cylinder — can  well  be,  while  the  other  molars  are 
simply  cylinders  pinched  into  a  fold  on  one  side;  being  thus  remotely  removed 
from  such  remarkably  intricate  and  "specialized"  aggregations  of  numerous 
prisms  as  are  shown  by  many  recent  Rodnnts. 

Genus  HAPLODON,  (Rich.). 

X  Anisongx,  gp.,  Rafinesqce,  Amer.  Month.  Mog. )!,  1H17, 45  (genua  based  on  a  Bpocies  of  Cgnomyi,  with  a 
epeoies  of  HaplodoH  incladed). 

■.=Apl3donUa,  Bichabdsok,*  Zool.  Journ,  iv,  18S9,  334  (original  cbaraoterization).— Rich.,  Fn,  Uur.- 
Am.  i,  1839,  210  |,anbRtantialIy  tbo  same).— Audubon  Sc  Bachman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  iii,  1853, 
98  (copied  from  Rtcbardson).— Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Amer.  1857,  350  (elaborately  recharacter- 
ized). 

=  ApUdontia,  Fisciibr,  &;q.  Hamm.  1829,  598  ("  398  "  by  err.  of  pagination). 

z=Haplodon,  Waglkb,  Syat.  Amphib.  1831,  23.— WAOysB,  "Sappl.  Sohreb.  iii,  1843,395".— Fitters, 
Monatab.  Akad.  Berlin,  16S4, 177  (discuaBion  of  afflnitiea).- AuiTON,  Proo,  ZoSl.  Boo.  1876,  78 
(claaaificatory). 

•  ApUiodontia,  Siohabi>80H,  Sixth  Ann.  K..p.  Brit.  Aaaoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1836,  1837, 150, 157. 

~  Baplooion,  or  Bapludm,  Brandt,  "  Beit.  Kennt.  Siing.  Bne^l.  1655, 160". 

=  Saploodm,  Lilusboro,  Syat.  Ofvera.  Onag.  Diigg^j.  1866,  48. 
(Other  forma  of  the  word  are  donbtleaa  to  be  fonnd.) 

Chabs. — Form  stout,  heavy,  low ;  body  cylindrical ;  limbs  short,  of  pro- 
portionate lengths  before  and  behind ;  no  appreciable  neck ;  head  broad,  flat, 
somewhat  triangular,  with  blunt  muzzle,  hairy,  except  the  margin  of  tlie 
nostrils  and  cleft  of  the  upper  lip.  Tail  very  short,  terete,  hirsute.  Whisk- 
ers very  long,  bristly.  No  cheek-pouches.  Eyes  diminutive.  Ears  of 
moderate  size,  rounded  above,  lobate  below,  with  antitragal  fold.  Fore  and 
hind  feet  pentadactyle,  hairy  on  top ;  palms  and  soles  naked ;  former  5-tuber- 
culate,  latter  6-tuberculate ;  digits  of  hind  feet  not  webbed;  fore  claws  much 
longer  and  stouter  than  the  hinder,  fitted  for  digging.  Pelage  of  two  kinds, — 
long  bristly  bairs  and  woolly  under  fur.  Progression  apparehtly  plantigrade. 
Habits  terrestrial,  fossorial,  gregarious.  Regimen  exclusively  vcgctariun. 
Voice  shrill. 

To  the  structural  characters  already  given,  being  those  upon  which  a 
family  Haplodontida  is  established,  may  be  added  the  foregoing,  derived  from 

*  Special  paper :  On  Aplodontia,  a  new  genns  of  the  order  Rodentia,  constituted  for  the  reception 
or  tbo  Sewellel,  a  burrowing  animal  which  inliabita  the  north-westeru  coast  of  America.  <  Op.  torn.  cil. 
pp.  333-337. 

On  a  second  described  species  of  Haplodm,  c(,  Peters,  Ueber  nene  Arteu  <!<jr  Siiugethiergattungen 
Geomys,  Haplodou  uud  Uosypus.     <  Monutsb.  Akad.  Wiaa.  Berlin,  1864,  pp.  177-180. 

A  third  special  paper  is :  The  Hnntiog  Fie'da  of  the  Paoiflo  C<  tst,  Oregon.  Capturing  the  ShowtL 
By  J.  H,  Uorpby.     <  "  Bod  and  Gnu  "  (newa^per)  of  Hay  20, 1876.    [Popular.] 


'    'i 


ilii 


!il« 


1' 


556 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


consideration  of  external  form,  upon  which  a  genus  Haplodon  may  be 
properly  based.  In  the  account  of  the  species  which  is  to  follow,  much  of 
ti>e  structure  of  the  animal  is  given  in  detail,  without  reference  to  the  sys- 
tematic significance  of  any  of  the  features  described. 

The  genus  "Aplodoniia"  was  established  by  Richardson  in  1829,  and, 
with  varying  orthography,  has  since  been  universally  employed.  Nor  is  it 
necessary  to  supersede  it  by  Anisonyx  of  Rafinesque,  1817.  This  generic 
term,  besides  arising  in  a  misunderstanding,  was  based  upon  the  "Burrowing 
Squirrel "  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  is  equivalent  to  Cynomys,  of  same  author 
and  date.  It  therefore  becomes  a  synonym  of  Cynomys,  as  the  type  species, 
"Anijsonyx  brachiura^',  also  is  of  Cynomys  columbianus  (Ord).  Rafinesque, 
however,  added  to  his  genus  Anisonyx  a  second  species,  A.  ru/us,  based  ex- 
clusively upon  the  Sewellel  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  which  causes  Anisonyx  to 
be  partly  synonymous  with  the  subsequent  "Aphdontia^'  of  Ricbardson. 

The  construction  of  the  generic  word  has  apparently  given  trouble, 
though  there  need  have  been  none,  had  the  rules  for  the  formation  of  com- 
pounds from  the  Greek  been  duly  considered.  While  some  latitude  is  allow- 
able in  such  cases,  unwarrantable  liberties  have  been  taken  with  this  word 
The  etymology  is  an-Aoof  (contr.  dnXovi),  simplex,  simple,  and  oSovi,  dens, 
tooth  The  original  form,  Aplodontia,  is  clearly  wrong  in  ignoring  the  aspi- 
ration of  the  initial  Alpha,  and  is  further  modified  arbitrarily  by  the  suffixed 
syllables.  As  to  the  mode  of  joining  the  two  words,  in  which  three  Omicrons 
come  together,  it  may  be  observed :  that  the  latter  o  in  d/rXooi  would,  of 
course,  suffer  elision  before  the  initial  vowel  of  (dovi;  and  then  the  former 
o,  still  coming  before  a  vowel,  would  either  be  separated  by  a  diaeresis  over 
the  second  o,  or  else  be  contracted  with  it  into  ov;  so  that  the  word  might 
be  written,  with  propriety,  Haplciidon  or  Haphudon,  the  latter  perhaps 
being  preferable,  especially  in  view  of  the  contracted  form  dnXovi,  in 
which  the  original  is  also  found.  But  euphony  lias  rightly  so  much  to 
do  with  these  formations  that  the  former  o  in  drrXooi,  as  well  as  the 
latter,  may  be  struck  out  before  the  d  of  oSovi  (just  as  the  latter  o  may 
be  omitted  before  a  consonant,  contrary  to  general  rule,  as  in  dirXort]?, 
compounded  of  d7TX6o<;  and  the  abstract  termination  rt}?,  or  in  djrXoatp^- 
/(coy),  and  tlu;  word  be  properly  written  Haplodon,  the  form  I  have 
adopted.  In  any  event,  Apludontia  and  Apluodontia  are  inadmissible, 
and   liapludon   is  objectionable   from  excessive  contraction.     In  strictness, 


'■*mm 


■wmf* 


gggg 


nAPLODONTID^— SYNONYMY  OP  HAPLODON  RUFUS. 


557 


we  should  rather  write  HaploiJdus,  Haplodus,  or  Haploudus ;  but  the  form  of 
iSov?,  in  which  the  stein  odovr-  is  preserved,  is  so  firmly  established  by 
precedent  and  custom,  that  it  would  be  finical  to  insist  upon  the  purer 
orthography. 

HAPI-ODON  RUFUS,  (Raf.)  Coues 
The  Sewellel. 

Stmllel,'  Lewis  &  Clares,  Trav.  lat  Am.  od.  in  2  vols.  8vo,  ti,  1814,  176  (Isl  EngliBh  ed.  in  1  vol.  4to, 
1814,  470;  2d  EngliBb  ed.  in  3  vols.  8vo,  181.5,  iii,  39).  (Original  description.)— CouES,  Bull. 
U.  S.  Geol.  &  Oeogr.  Snrv.  Terr.  8d  ser.  no.  6, 1876,  437. 

^HiMtiyx  n^fa,  Rafinesque,  Amer.  Month.  Hag.  ii,  1817,  45  (aotnally  baaed  entirely  npon  the  Sewellol  ot 
Lewis  and  Clarke).— Dbsh.,  Mamm.  ii,  1822,  330.— Less.  Man.  1827,  240,  no.  647. 

Aretomyt  nfa,  Haiu.aii,  Fn.  Amer.  1825,  308.-18.  Obofpr.,  "  Diet  Claaeiqae,  z,  p.  186 ".— GRiFFint, 
An.  Kingd.  V,  1827,  245,  no.  636  (compiled). 

Aplodontia  Uporina,  BicnAKOSON,  Zo51.  Jonrn.  iv,  1829,  335,  no.  15.— Richardson,  Fn.  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1829, 
211,  pi.  zviii  C,  figs.  7-14  (sknll).— SciiiNZ,  Syn.  Mamm.  .i,  1.340,  138  (description,  &o.).— 
Pealr,  Ham.  &  Birds  U.  8.  Expl.  Exped.  1848,  66,  'pi.  av",  fig. on  p.  57  (sknll).- Auuubon 
&.  Bacbman,  Qnad.  N.  Amer.  ill,  1853,  99,  pi.  cxxiii  (animal).  (Description  and  acconnt  of 
habits,  mostly  fVom  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  from  Richardson.)— Newberry,  Poc.  R.  R.  Rep.  vi, 
1857,  Zoology,  58  (habits,  &o.).— Baird,  Mamm.  N.  Amer.  1857, 353,  pi.  xx,  flgs.  4  a-d  (details 
of  external  form),  and  pi.  xlix,  figs.  2a-«  (sknll  and  teeth). — Cooper,  Pacific  R.  R.  Rap. 
xii,  pt.  ii,  1860,  82  (bobits).-8ucKLRY,  Poc.  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  pt.  ii,  1860,  lOO  (habits,  &c.).— 
8CCKLBY  &.  OiBBS,  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  pt  ii,  1860, 124  (description,  habits,  &c.). 

AplnSontia  hpoHna,  Fischer,  Syn.  Mamm.  1829,  598  ("  398  "  by  error  of  pagination). 

JptuodoKiia  leporiim,  Rich.,  Sixth  Ann.  Rop.  Brit.  Assoc,  for  18.16, 1837,  157. 

Haplodon  Iqforinum,  Waonbr,  "  Zool.  Jonrn.  1829,  —  ". 

IlapMon  /«i)ori»iM,  Waoleh,  "  Syst.  Amphib.  1830,  —  ".—Wagner,  "Sappl.  Schr&b.  iii,  1843,396".— 
OlEDEL,  SSag.  1855,  527. 

(f)  Haplodon  liKioriniM  var.  caUfbrniout,  Peters,  Monatsb.  Akad.  Berlin,  17.  MSrz  1864,  179  ("Qoblrgen 
Califomiens  "). 

Chaes. — About  as  large  as  a  Muskrat.  Length,  a  foot  (more  or  less)  ; 
head,  3.00  inches;  tail-vertebrae,  1.00;  tail  with  hairs  about  half  as  much 
again;  fore  foot,  1.7fi;  hind  foot,  2.10;  longest  fore  claw,  0.50-0.60,  Color 
brownish,  mixed  with  more  or  less  black,  lighter  and  more  grayish  below ; 
basal  portions  of  the  pelage  mostly  plumbeous.  Whiskers,  claws,  and  upper 
surface  of  foot  colorless,  or  nearly  so ;  incisors  yellow. 

Habitat. — Washington  and  Oregon  Territories  from  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains to  the  Pacific ;  upper  portions  of  California,  and  probably  also  southern 
portions  of  British  Columbia. 

A. — DESCRIPTION  OF  EXTERNAL  CHABACTEB8. 

The  Sewellel  approaches  the  Maskrnt  in  size;  and  in  some  superficial 
aspects  is  not  very  dissimilar  to  that  well  known  animal.  The  general  form 
is  stout  and  clumsy ;  the  body  is  of  large  calibre  in  comparison  with  its 
length ;  the  trunk  is  nearly  cylindrical,  broadly  rounded  ofi!*  behind,  in  front 

*  See  beyond  in  this  memoir  for  other  forms  o(  this  Indian  word,  and  its  moaning. 


558 


MONOGRAPI 


WRTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


ii'! 


'  t 


without  appreciable  constricnon  of  tlie  neck,  upon  which  the  shoulders  seem 
to  encroach  ;  the  head  is  especially  broad,  the  width  across  the  occiput  being, 
if  anything,  greater  than  the  breadth  across  the  shoulders ;  the  limbs  are 
short,  of  approximately  equal  lengths,  massive  above  the  wrist  and  ankle  ; 
the  tail  is  very  short;  the  muzzle  is  thick  and  blunt;  the  whiskers  are  long 
and  stiff;  the  ears  are  of  moderate  size;  the  pelage  is  soft.  The  whole  organ- 
ization, viewed  externally,  indicates  terrestrial  and  highly  fossorial  habits.  In 
moving,  the  animal  carries  the  body  low,  almost  sweeping  the  ground ;  at  rest, 
the  back  is  arched. 

The  head  is  broad  and  massive,  much  compressed  in  the  horizontal 
plane  (being  wider  than  deep),  and  especially  noticeable  for  the  flat  expanse 
of  its  upper  surface,  which  is  continuous  with  that  of  the  shoulders  without 
depression  of  the  nape,  and  with  scarcely  any  constriction  of  the  sides  of  the 
neck  behind  the  ears.  Viewed  from  above,  the  sides  of  the  head  taper 
gradually,  in  nearly  straight  lines,  from  the  broadest  point  (at  the  ears)  to  the 
snout,  which  is  extremely  obtuse.  The  profile  of  the  forehead  is  likewise 
nearly  straight.  The  chin  is  retreating ;  its  under  surface  is  nearly  flat ; 
the  end  is  broadly  convex,  like  the  rest  of  the  obtuse  muzzle.  The  opening 
of  the  mouth  appears  contracted  from  the  thickness  of  the  swollen  fleshy 
lips.  The  .upper  incisors  are  probably  always  exposed.  The  peculiar  shape 
of  the  head  as  a  whole  is  correlated  with  the  remarkable  preponderance  of 
planes  and  right  lines  which  the  skull  shows.' 

The  thick  lips  are  entirely  hairy,  the  upper  lip  especially  being  clothed 
with  short,  stiffish,  antrorse,  adpressed  hairs  for  some  distance  within  the 
apparent  buccal  orifice,  and  there  being  a  special  brush  of  similar  hairs 
directed  inward,  near  the  commissure  of  the  lips.  There  is  a  narrow  naked 
muffle,  cleft  with  a  well-marked  vertical  line  of  impression ;  a  naked  pad 
projects  from  this  to  the  interspace  between  the  upper  incisors ;  a  narrow 
margin  around  each  nostril  is  also  naked ;  othe'rwise  the  snout  is  entirely 
hairy.  The  whiskers  are  numerous,  very  long,  and  extremely  stiff — more 
like  hog's  bristles  than  the  whiskers  of  most  Rodents.  The  longest  ones, 
when  laid  backward,  reach  entirely  beyond  the  shoulders.  These  bristles 
are  mostly  colorless;  some  of  the  shorter  upper  ones,  however,  are  brownish. 
Besides  the  labial  set  proper,  there  are  other  long  bristles,  also  mostly  color- 
less, in  tufts  over  the  eyes,  and  scattered  about  the  ears ;  both  lips  are  thickly 
fringed  with  similarly  colorless,  short,  but  still  stiff,  bristly  hairs,  in  addition 


'■<«i1iW 


nAPLODONTIDiE— EXTERNAL  CHARACTERS  OF  n.  RUFDS.     559 


to  the  pelage  proper  of  the  parts;  while  there  is  a  scattering  patch  of  the 
same  on  the  chin.  The  countenance  of  the  animal  literally  "  bristles";  anil, 
as  we  shall  see,  similar  long  colorless  bristles  occur  on  other  parts  of  the 
body. 

The  eyes  are  situated  in  a  line  between  the  extremity  of  the  snout  and 
the  middle  of  the  ear,  about  half-way,  but  rather  nearer  the  ear.  They  are 
remarkably  small,  the  diameter  between  the  canthi  being  only  about  a  quarter 
of  an  inch,  and  appear  somewhat  sunken  and  inexpressive,  from  the  tumidity 
of  the  lids.  The  ear,  it  has  been  said,  "  strongly  resembles  the  human  one  in 
form",  and  may  be  conceded  to  be  not  strongly  dissimilar  in  some  respects,  the 
auricle  being  rounded  above,  with  a  folded-over  anterior  edge,  having  a 
thickened  projection  near  the  base  in  front  to  represent  the  human  antitragus, 
and  a  fleshy  dependent  part  opposite,  in  the  place  of  the  human  lobe.  The 
ear  is  situated  upon  the  most  prominent  postero-superior  aspect  of  the  head, 
and  rises  about  as  high  as  the  fur  of  the  surrounding  parts ;  an  anterior 
fourth  of  the  auricle  is  folded  over ;  when  pressed  out  flat,  the  contour  of  the 
auricle  is  nearly  semicircular.  The  antitragal  prominence  continues  far  into 
the  cavity,  forming  a  fold  which  bounds  the  meatus  above;  the  lower  bound- 
ary of  the  external  meatus  is  the  large  thick  fleshy  lobe  already  alluded  to ; 
it  seems  to  be  mobile,  and  is  probably  capable  of  closing  the  orifice  by  its 
apposition  with  the  antitragal  ridge.  The  ear  is  clothed  uniformly  with  short 
soft  hairs ;  there  are  some  longer  ones  cm  the  concavity  which  overtop  the 
auricle,  thus  forming  a  decided  frinfr  ,  and  other  long  ones  in  tufls  on  the 
borders  ot  the  ear  near  its  base.  '''.  nese  longer  hairs  are  colored  ;  the  very 
short  ones  on  the  back  of  the  ear,  and  others  on  the  fleshy  lobe,  are  colorless. 

The  fore  limbs  are  close  to  the  head ;  the  outline  from  the  head  down 
the  front  leg  is  a  continuous  curve,  and  the  point  of  the  shoulder  seems 
scarcely  half  an  inch  from  the  back  lower  corner  of  the  skull.  The  massive- 
ness  and  muscularity  of  the  upper  portions  of  the  limb,  no  less  than  the 
structure  of  the  hand,  indicate  great  fossorial  powers,  reminding  one  of  the 
condition  of  the  parts  in  Geomyida.*  From  the  stout  shoulder  and  prominent 
elbow,  the  fore  limb  becomes  conoidal,  tapering  rapidly  to  the  contracted 
wrist,  where  the  ordinary  long  pelage  of  the  body  ceases.    The  back  of  the 

*  If  A opIoiiM  pimcMed  external  ponohes,  ito  inperfleial  Appenranoe— the  atout,  eqnst,  lampy 
flgare,  the  large  heitd,  apparent  abeenoe  of  neck,  short  legs,  highly  fossorial  fore  feet,  with  enorinous 
fore  olaws  and  great  tnberclea  at  the  wrist— wonld  more  strongly  resemble  Otvmy  than  any  other 
animals  of  this  oonntry. 


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500 


MONOGRAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


hand  is  rather  thinly  but  uniformly  clothed  to  the  ends  of  the  fingers  with 
i»hort  adpressed  hairs  like  those  on  the  concavity  of  the  ear.  The  palms  and 
under  surfaces  of  the  fingers  are  perfectly  naked.  The  hand  is  large,  measur- 
ing in  length  from  the  wrist  to  end  of  the  claws  but  little  less  than  the  dis- 
tance from  wrist  to  elbow.  There  are  five  perfect  digits.  Of  these,  the  Ist, 
or  thumb,  is  very  short,  its  tip  falling  far  short  of  the  base  of  the  2d  digit ; 
its  axis  is  very  oblique  to  the  line  of  the  other  digits,  from  which  it  stands 
apart  quite  as  much  as  the  human  thumb  does  from  the  fingers ;  nor  can  it 
be  readily  pressed  into  line  with  the  other  digits,  on  account  of  its  intimate 
connection  with  the  inner  one  of  two  great  palmar  tuberosities,  to  be 
presently  noticed.  The  thumb  bears  a  small,  stumpy,  obtuse  claw,  com- 
pressed nevertheless,  and  a  true  claw,  not  a  flat  nail,  as  is  so  frequently 
witnessed  in  Rodents  when  the  thumb  is  very  short  or  rudimentary.  The 
thumb  in  this  case,  though  relatively  very  short,  is  functionally  developed 
beyond  doubt,  and  its  curious  opposition  to  the  other  digits  almost  indicates 
true  prehensile  or  grasping  powers  of  the  hand.  The  remaining  digits  are 
long  and  well  formed  ;  the  3d  is  longest ;  the  4th  and  ■2d  successively  shorten 
in  nearly  constant  ratio ;  the  5th  is  relatively  shorter,  the  tip  of  its  claw 
falling  but  little  in  advance  of  the  base  of  the  4th  claw.  The  clav/s  are  all 
nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  their  respective  digits,  reaching  about  the  develop- 
ment witnessed  in  Geomyidce.  They  are  little  curved,  and  much  compressed  ; 
for  most  of  tiieir  length  underneath  their  sides  come  together  in  a  single 
ridge,  leaving  but  a  slight  scooped-out  portion  toward  the  ends.  The  tuber- 
culation  of  the  naked  palms  is  conspicuous.  Near  the  wrist,  opposite  the 
thumb,  are  two  immense  prominences,  side  by  side  (inner  and  outer) ;  the 
ulnar,  or  outer  one,  about  in  the  site  of  the  human  pisiform  bone,  is  smaller, 
and  more  compressed  than  the  radial  tubercle,  at  the  base  of  the  thumb, 
which  attains  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  is  irregularly  nodular,  with  a  tendency 
to  lateral  compression  and  the  formation  of  a  decided  lengthwise  keel.  These 
wrist-tubercles  have  almost  the  development  seen  in  Geomys.  At  the  bases 
of  the  digits  are  three  large,  smooth,  flattened  tubercles,  one  common  to  the 
3d  and  4th  digits,  the  others  respectively  proper  to  the  2d  and  5th.  The 
ends  of  the  digits  are  somewhat  callous.  For  the  rest,  the  palm  is  smooth, 
with  an  irregular  network  of  lines  of  impression,  and  the  under  surfaces  of 
tlic  digits  arc  strongly  annulate  with  similar  transverse  lines. 

The  hind  limbs  correspond  in  length  with  the  fore.     The  massive  thigh 


BBI 


HAPLODONTIDiB— EXTERNAL  CHARACTERS  OF  H.  RUFUS.  561 


is  entirely  enclosed  in  the  comnaon  integument  of  the  body,  which  even  de- 
scends a  little  below  the  knee.  The  bulging,  compressed  crus  tnpers  rapidly 
to  the  ankle,  where  the  ordinary  pelage  of  the  body  is  arrested,  the  instep 
and  tops  of  the  toes  being  clothed  with  very  short,  adprcssed,  colorless  hnirs, 
and  hence  appearing  almost  naked,  as,  indeed,  they  have  sometimes  been 
described.  But  the  clothing  is  uniform  and  complete,  and  nearly  as  heavy 
as  that  on  the  back  of  the  hands.  Tlie  foot  is  rather  longer  than  the  hand, 
even  including  the  claws,  which  are  so  highly  developed  on  the  fore  limb. 
The  axis  of  the  foot  appears  to  be  nearly  at  right  angles  with  that  of  the  leg 
in  ordinary  postures  of  the  animal ;  the  heel  is  prominent,  and  the  whole 
sole  is  evidently  applied  to  the  ground  in  walking.  Such  plantigrade  char- 
acter of  the  bind  feet  is  indicated  by  the  strong  flattening  of  the  sole  to  the 
very  heel,  and  ts  complete  nakedness  The  sole  is  perfectly  smooth,  with 
a  moderate  number  of  irregular  lines  of  impression,  more  numerous  anteriorly 
than  toward  the  heel.  There  are  six  prominent  tubercles  on  the  sole ;  four 
at  the  bases  of  the  digits,  and  two,  side  by  side,  about  half-way  to  the  heel. 
Of  the  anterior  tubercles,  one  is  common  to  the  .Sd  and  4th  digits,  and  three 
others  are  respectively  proper  to  the  1st,  2d,  and  5th  digits.  Of  the  posterior 
pair  of  tubercles,  a  larger  one,  conical  and  very  prominent,  is  situated  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  sole ;  the  other,  much  less  conspicuous,  is  also  further  re- 
moved from  the  edge  of  the  foot  There  are  five  perfect  digits,  with  nearly 
parallel  axes,  though  the  lateral  opes,  and  especially  the  inner  one,  stand  a 
little  away  from  the  line  of  the  other  three.  These  lost  are  much  the  longest, 
and  of  approximately  equal  lengths.  The  end  of  the  claw  of  the  5th  only 
attains  the  base  of  the  4th  claw  ;  that  of  the  Ist  does  not  quite  reach  the 
base  of  the  2d.  The  claws  of  all  the  digits  are  much  alike,  and  peculiar  in 
no  respect. 

The  tail  is  a  mere  stump,  shorter  than  the  foot ;  it  is  cylindrical,  thickly 
clothed  with  pelage  like  that  of  the  body,  and  the  terminal  pencil  of  hairs 
equals  in  length  that  portion  of  the  vertebrse  which  projects  beyond  the  but- 
tocks. Short  as  this  member  is,  it  is  not  "concealed"  in  any  of  the  specimens 
betbre  me.     It  is  much  more  conspicuous  than  that  of  Lagomys  princtps. 

The  general  pelage  has  been  likened  to  that  of  a  rabbit  when  out  of 

season ;  it  seems,  however,  to  be  coarser,  owing  to  the  number  of  long,  stiff, 

almost  bristly  hairs  which  are  mixed  with  the  dense,  soft,  woolly  under  fur. 

These  staring  hairs  are  specially  noticeable  on  the  limbs  and  under  parts  gen- 

36  M 


,;;■« 


f^ 


66d 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


erally.  Some  of  them  are  colorless,  like  the  hairs  upon  the  face ;  and,  indeed, 
there  is  upon  the  bacU  of  the  fore  arm  n  special  tuft  of  long  colorless  bristles, 
quite  like  the  shorter  whiskers.  The  long  scattered  hairs  of  the  upper  parts 
are  black,  giving  a  darker  tone  to  the  reddish-brown  or  chestnut  of  these  parts ; 
on  the  under  parts,  the  cast  is  more  grayish.  The  basal  portion  of  the  pelage 
is  dark  plumbeous  above,  paler  or  grayiaii  below.  I  have  not  sufficient  mute- 
rial  to  indicate  the  range  of  individual  color-variation.  Some  specimens  are 
said  to  be  quite  blackish.  None  of  those  examined  show  a  pure  white  thront- 
patch,  spoken  of  by  some  writers ;  but  it  is  indicated  in  some  cases  by  a  few 
white  hairs.  The  hands,  feet,  and  ears  appear  whitish,  at  least  in  contrast 
with  the  general  dark  body  colors ;  and  the  short  pelage  of  the  lips,  anus, 
and  priEputial  sheath  is  usually  more  or  less  whitened.  The  claws  are  nearly 
colorless;  the  incisors  are  yellow. 

The  anus  is  situate  a  considerable  distance  from  the  root  of  the  tail.  In 
the  male,  owing  to  the  size  of  the  os  penis,  the  sheath  of  the  penis  forms  a 
large  conical  projection  immediately  in  front  of  the  anus,  and  is  directed  more 
or  less  backward  i  it  is  hairy,  with  a  long,  slender,  terminal  pencil.  The  penis 
may  be  readily  protruded  in  alcoholic  specimens.  There  is  no  appearance  of 
a  glans.  The  bone  extends  to  the  end  of  the  member;  it  is  elsewhere 
described.  I  have  seen  no  female  specimens.  There  are  said  by  Richardson 
to  be  six  mammBC,  tiie  position  of  which  is  indicated  by  brown  circular  marks, 
the  anterior  pair  being  situated  between  the  tore  legs. 


B. — DE8CBIPTI0N   OP   TIIE   TEETH. 

The  incisors  offer  nothing  specially  noteworthy.  They  are  very  stout 
for  the  size  of  the  animal,  their  anterior  faces  perfectly  smooth,  convex  in 
both  directions,  the  sides  much  bevelled.  The  under,  as  usual,  protrude 
farther  than  the  upper,  and  also  incline  farther  forward  as  they  ascend,  the 
upper  being  perpendicular.  The  upper  are  separated  from  each  other  at  base 
by  a  considerable  alveolar  interval,  but  incline  toward  each  other,  their  points 
being  in  contact ;  the  under  are  more  nearly  parallel. 

The  molar  series  occupies  a  more  posterior  position  than  may  be 
usual  in  Rodents,  the  anterior  true  molar  being  opposite  the  middle  of 
the  skull.  The  whole  series  is  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  skull.  The 
inner  alveolar  border  is  parallel  with  its  fellow;  the  outer  is  slightly 
divergent,  owing  to  increase  in  size  of  the  teeth  from  behind  forward, — from 


u,ii4i 


HAPLODONTID^— TEETH  OP  HAPLODON  RUFUS. 


563 


the  last  to  the  next  to  the  first  in  the  upper  jow,  from  last  to  first  in  the  lower. 
In  the  upper  jaw,  the  crenate  border  of  the  teeth  is  interior,  the  straight 
spurred  border  exterior ;  in  the  lower  jaw  the  reverse.  All  the  molars  are 
rootless  and  prismatic,  as  in  Cattor,  but  not  in  other  Sciuromorphs.  The 
dental  formula  is  as  usual  in  Sciurula  {\^\),  but  not  as  in  Castor.  The  pattern 
of  the  molar  crowns  is  simple,  not  complicated,  as  in  (all?)  other  Sciuromorphs. 
In  the  upper  jaw,  the  anterior  premolar  is  very  small,  and  otherwise  different 
from  the  rest  of  the  teeth  ;  the  other  premolar  resembles  the  true  molars.  In 
the  lower  jaw,  all  the  teeth  are  similar  to  each  other. 

The  anterior  upper  premolar  is  a  small  simple  cylinder,  lying  very 
obliquely  against  the  antero-interior  corner  of  the  succeeding  tooth ;  an  oblique 
bevelling  of  its  face  remedies  the  obliquity  of  the  shall,  causing  the  plane  of 
the  crown  to  coincide  nearly  with  that  of  the  other  teeth.  The  other  pre- 
molar and  the  three  molars  proper  may  be  most  conveniently  described 
together,  afterward  noting  a  slight  peculiarity  of  the  former.  These  teeth 
are  set  witli  strong  obliquity  outward ;  they  regularly  decrease  in  size 
from  before  backward ;  the  shape  of  the  crowns  is  substantially  the  same, 
and  presents  a  pattern  probably  unique.  The  horizontal  section  of  each 
tooth  gives  a  half-elliptical  or  semicircular  figure,  with  a  prominent  spur  pro- 
jecting from  the  straight  side.  The  spur  is  exterior,  the  convexity  of  the 
half-ellipse  interior;  so  that  the  molar  series,  taken  together,  presents  a 
crenate  inner  margin,  and  a  straight  outer  margin  with  four  equidistant 
projections.  The  hindmost  tooth  is  semicircular;  the  increasing  width  of 
preceding  teeth  changes  this  into  the  semi-elliptical  shape,  the  anterior  tooth 
being  further  modified  by  a  slight  emargination  where  the  small  anterior  pre- 
molar abuts  against  it,  and  further  by  a  slight  concavity  of  the  straight  outer 
border  on  each  side  of  the  spur.  In  some  specimens,  the  regularity  of  the 
semicircular  or  elliptical  curves  is  interfered  with ;  and  the  back  premolar 
may  show,  in  addition  to  the  emarginations  just  noted,  an  emargination  of  the 
antero-exterior  corner. 

The  lower  series  of  molars  substantially  repeats  the  figures  of  the  upper 
in  the  reverse  direction,  the  spurs  and  straight  edges  being  interior,  the  con- 
vexities exterior.  For  the  rest,  the  four  teeth  (1  Pm.,  3  M.)  differ  less  in 
size  among  themselves  than  those  of  the  upi>er  series  do ;  the  spurs  are  much 
less  prominent,  and  the  sides  of  the  teeth  from  which  they  spring  are  not  so 
straight ;  the  regularity  of  the  convexity  of  each  tooth  suffers  from  an  emar- 


i'    ii::' 


;!  >\ 


If:  \% 


l!   .iii.    ,,>!i 


564 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


gination  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  tooth,  which  is  so  strongly  pronounced 
on  the  anterior  one  as  to  produce  a  decided  lobation.  For  the  rest,  the  under 
teeth  are  smaller  than  the  upper,  and  especially  narrower ;  though  the  lengths 
of  the  two  series  (excluding  the  small  upper  premolar)  are  the  same. 

There  is  no  involution  of  the  enamel  sheet,  nor  any  other  complication 
of  the  molar  crowns,  the  island  of  dentine  being  surrounded  with  a  wall  of 
enamel  with  the  contour  just  described. 

C. — DESCRIPTION  OF   TIIK   SKELETON. 

Skull. — The  skull  of  Haplodon  is  remarkable  for  its  flatness  or  great 
depression,  its  average  depth  (jaw  and  molars  excluded)  or  dimension  per- 
pendicular to  the  horizontal  longitudinal  plane  being  little  over  one-fourth  of 
its  length ;  for  its  great  width,  especially  behind  the  interzygomatic  dimension, 
being  between  three-fourths  and  four-fiflhs  of  its  length  ;  and  for  the  prepon- 
derance, as  Baird  has  remarked,  "of  horizontal  planes  and  straight  lines  per- 
pendicular to  the  three  coordinate  planes.  Thus  the  plane  of  the  occiput  is 
vertical  and  perpendicular  to  that  of  the  base  of  the  skull,  which  itself,  as 
nearly  as  may  be,  is  horizontal.  The  general  outline  of  the  top  of  the  head 
is  parallel  with  that  of  the  bottom ;  the  lower  edge  of  the  occiput  is  horizontal, 
and  perpendicular  to  the  horizontal  [longitudinal]  axis  of  the  skull.  The 
lower  edge  of  the  zygoma  is  nearly  rectilinear  and  parallel  with  the  plane  of 
the  palate.  In  the  lower  jaw,  a  vertical  plane  would  be  tangent  to  the  con- 
dyles and  the  nearly  horizontal  posterior  edgo  of  the  inferior  ramus.  The 
planes  of  the  broad  coronoid  processes  are  vertical,  though  inclined  to  each 
other."  Great  as  is  the  zygomatic  width  relatively  to  the  length  of  the  skull, 
such  width  but  little  surpasses  that  of  the  occiput,  owing  to  the  great  lateral 
production  of  the  mastoid  and  auditory  bullae,  the  latter  in  some  cases 
extending  beyond  the  mastoids.  The  skull  is  further  remarkable  among  Sci- 
uromorpha  forms  for  the  total  lack*  of  iwstorbital  processes,  the  interorbilal 
constriction  being  much  narrower  than  the  rostrum,  ns  in  Arvicola,  Geomys, 
and  many  other  Myomorpha.  Aside  from  tiie  absence  of  these  processes,  so 
strongly  characteristic  of  the  Sciuromorph  skull,  the  skull  of  Haplodon  bears 
a  decided  general  resemblance  to  that  of  some  Sciurines,  as  Arctomys,  for 
example ;  a  resemblance  so  close,  that  much  the  same  descriptive  terras  of 
contour,  &c.,  would  apply  to  both,  and  the  comparison  might  be  pushed  to 

'Shared,  however,  by  Cottar ;  in  AfkonMlwnt$,  these  proceaaes  are  said  to  be  "obsolete". 


DAPLODONTIDiE— SKULL  OP  HAPLODON  ItUFUS. 


565 


include  many  details,  deinonstratiog  the  really  cluso  relationships  of  the  ani- 
mal to  the  Sciurida.  The  interorbital  foramen  (u8iially  a  considerable  index 
of  affinity  in  Rod^ntia),  however,  is  little  like  thotof  Sciuromorphs  generally, 
v\  nile  it  is  not  at  all  like  that  typical  of  Myomorphs. 

Viewed  from  above,  without  taking  the  rostrum  into  consideration,  tiie 
general  contour  of  the  skull  represents  a  nearly  equilateral  triangle  with 
rounded-ofT  |K>8tero-lateral  angles,  somewhat  convex  sides,  and  sinuous  base. 
There  is  a  very  deep  notch  or  cmargination  just  behind  the  zygomata,  some- 
times almost  converted  into  a  foramen  by  apposition  of  the  posterior  angle  of 
the  zygoma  against  the  wall  of  the  produced  auditory  bulla.  Within  this 
triangular  contour  are  a  pair  of  triangular  vacuities — the  conjoined  orbital  and 
temporal  fossa;.  The  posterior  extremities  of  the  zygomata  arc  much  further 
apart  than  a  distance  equal  to  their  extreme  length.  The  rostral  portion  of 
the  skull  forms  rather  more  than  a  fourth  of  the  total  length ;  the  rostrum  is 
stout,  its  width  being  contained  only  about  4^  times  in  the  total  length ;  it  is 
approximately  cyliDdrica),  with  nearly  parallel  sides  converging  anteriorly, 
and  tumid  nasal  portion.  The  nasal  bones  are  truncate  anteriorly,  and  do  not 
project  beyond  the  plane  of  the  incisive  alveoli.  From  the  base  of  the  ros- 
trum on  each  side^  the  zygomata  suddenly  stand  oiT,  overshadowing  the  ante- 
orbital  foramina,  which  are  therefore  not  visible  in  this  view.  Thence  the 
zygomata  curve  gently  outward  and  backward,  then  rather  suddenly  contract, 
the  point  at  which  they  are  farthest  apart  being  but  little  in  advance  of  their 
posterior  ends.  Behind  their  ends  is  the  deep  emargination,  as  seen  also  in 
Arctomys,  Castor,  and  other  Sciuromorphs,  but  in  this  case  narrower  for  its 
depth,  appearing  almost  like  a  fissure.  This  separates  the  zygomatic  arch 
from  the  prominent  angular  postero-lateral  corner  of  the  skull,  formed  by  the 
mastoid  and  auditory  bullae.  The  posterior  outline,  on  the  whole  exactly 
transverse,  is  sinuous,  like  the  human  lip  or  "Cupid's  bow'';  for  the  promi- 
nent sharp  occipital  ridge  which  defines  the  occipital  plane  from  that  on  top 
the  skull,  curves  backward  at  first  from  the  corner  of  the  skull  and  then  more 
strongly  forward  to  the  median  line,  this  latter  anterior  convexity  sufficing  to 
throw  some  of  the  occipital  surface  into  view  from  above.  The  roof  of  the 
brain-case  is  strongly  convex  and  sloping  ou  the  sides,  though  little  arched 
longitudinally ;  it  then  spreads  more  horizontally  to  form  the  occipital  flanges. 
This  surface  is  marked  lengthwise  with  a  pair  of  raised  lines,  indicating  the 
boundaries  of  the  temporal  foesse ;  at  the  back  border  of  the  orbit,  just  within 


^|!|'- 


!  :  ) 


I  ■■(I: 


;  i. 


566 


MONO0RAPH8  OF  NOUTH  AMERICAN  ItODKNTIA. 


tlin  posterior  root  of  tlin  zy^ornn,  tlieru  in  n  (l(!ciHcil  tlnproxsioii.  Another 
superiiciiil  depression  of  considoraltle  size  is  silu(  led  hctwcen  the  orhits,  just 
in  ailvane<!  of  the  point  of  greutost  conslriclion.  This  iwtiiit  of  greatest  con- 
strielion  lies  considerably  licliind  the  nii(hlle  of  the  skull;  the  width  is  there 
nuieh  less  than  tiie  width  of  the  rostrum.  The  shape  of  the  opening  repre- 
senting the  (;onjoined  oriiital  and  temporal  fos^e  is  that  of  tin  ino(piilateral 
triangle,  with  tho  shortcsl  side  an<ero-internal,  the  next  postero-inlernal ;  the 
longest,  formed  hy  the  malar,  being  antero-cxternal.  In  adults,  all  the  sutures 
of  the  top  of  the  skull  arc  obliterated,  excepting    he  naso-mnxillary. 

The  profde  view  of  the  skull,  the  lower  jaw  being  removed,  exhibits  the 
remarkable  flatness  and  approximate  straightness,  horizontality,  and  parallelism 
of  the  upper  and  under  outlines,  to  which  the  planes  of  the  occiput  and  of  n 
tangent  to  the  incisors  and  ends  of  nasals  are  both  perpendicular.  Along  the 
top  of  the  skull  there  is  n  slight  bulge  in  the  outline  of  the  i>arietal8,  and 
an  equally  slight  depression  over  the  orbits,  whepce  (he  profile  of  the  rostrum 
slopes  slightly  downward  to  the  end  of  the  nasals.  The  occiput  is  perpen- 
dicular, and  appears  nearly  straight,  though  the  condyles  and  paroccipital  pro- 
cesses project  a  little  backward,  and  the  end  of  the  occipital  crest  curves  a 
little  forward.  The  outline  of  the  palate  is  nearly  a  continuous  straight  hori- 
zontal line  from  incisors  to  ends  of  pterygoids;  behind  these,  the  buUse 
ouditoriER  project  a  little  downward  from  the  general  plane.  The  antcorbital 
foramen  is  not  visible  from  the  side,  being  hidden  witliin  the  anterior  projec- 
tion of  the  zygomotic  process  of  the  maxillary.  Both  anterior  and  posterior 
roots  of  the  zygoma  dip  nearly  or  quite  down  to  the  level  of  the  palate;  in 
its  continuity,  the  malar  rises  with  a  gentle  arch. 

Seen  from  below,  the  skull  presents,  of  course,  substantially  the  same 
contour  as  from  above;  so  we  may  at  once  proceed  to  notice  the  details. 
It  is  only  in  this  one  of  the  three  views  here  described  that  the  anteorbitol 
foramina  appear.  These  are  small,  simple,  oval  apertures  not  prolonged  into 
canals,  circumscribed  by  the  two  roots  of  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  max- 
illary ;  they  are  oblique  to  all  three  coordinate  planes  of  the  skull,  their  long 
axes  being  directed  upward,  forward,  and  outward.  Notwithstanding  their 
small  size  and  seemingly  inconvenient  position,  they  transmit,  as  usual,  along 
wilh  the  nerve,  a  little  fascicle  of  the  masseter  muscle.  The  incisive  fora- 
mina, of  moderate  length,  but  narrow,  reach  nearly  or  quite  to  the  maxilla' 
ries,  but  their  sides  are  entirely  bounded  by  the  intermaxillaries.     The  septum 


•■liU 


HAPLODONTlDiB— SKULL  OF  IIAPLODON  UUFU8. 


r)67 


dividing  them  seems  to  be  constantly  formed  l)y  a  piiir  of  plates  not  com- 
pletely fuHcd;  nnd,  just  in  advance  of  the  main  fommina,  there  is  it  Hiiigle 
medinn  nzygos  foramen  lending  into  the  nnsnl  cavity.  This  singular  opening 
appears  to  be  conntnnt,  and  it  is  of  notable  size.  The  palate  anterior  to  the 
intermolar  iN)rtion  has  its  sides  rapidly  sloping  upward  from  the  middle  line, 
the  actually  flat  and  horizontal  portion  being  extremely  narrow,  and  boun<led 
by  a  pair  of  ridges  leading  from  the  outer  borders  of  ."ie  incisive  foramen, 
with  some  sulcation  between.  The  intermolar  portion  of  tne  palate  is  per- 
fectly flat  as  well  as  horizontal,  and  also  rectangular,  the  lines  of  the  molar 
series  being  parallel ;  this  portion  equals  in  length  the  portion  anterior  to  the 
molars,  and  reaches  back  of  the  molars  for  a  distance  equal  to  the  width  of  a 
molar,  ending  behind  with  a  simple  concave  edge.  There  are  two  pairs  of 
small  fommina  respectively  opposite  the  last  and  the  penultimate  molars,  while 
behind  and  n  little  to  the  inner  side  of  the  last  molar,  on  each  side,  is  the 
larger  palatine  foramen  proper.  The  portion  of  the  palate  anterior  to  the 
molars,  that  between  the  molars,  and  the  post-pn'atal  remainder  of  the  base 
of  the  skull,  are  all  of  approximately  equal  lengths.  The  pterygoids  are, 
unfortunately,  defective  in  all  the  specimens  before  me ;  they  appear,  to  judge 
by  what  is  left  of  them,  to  have  been  simple  laminse,  probably  hamulatc  or 
falcate,  and  approximately  parallel  with  each  other.  The  large  foramina 
appear  external  to  their  ends,  as  in  other  Sciuromorphs.  The  interpterygoid 
space  is  directly  continuous  with  the  basioccipital,  though  with  some  down- 
ward trend.  The  basioccipital,  in  consequence  of  the  approximation  of  the 
ends  of  the  auditory  bullae,  rapidly  narrows  in  front,  having  a  general  trian- 
gular shape,  bounded  behind  by  the  condyles  and  paroccipital  processes,  on 
the  sides  by  the  bullae,  in  front  by  the  narrow  basisphenoid ;  its  surface  shows 
lateral  paired  depressions  separated  by  a  median  lengthwise  ridge.  The  audi- 
tory bullae  are  of  large  size,  and  horizontal  as  well  as  nearly  transverse  in 
position,  their  long  axes  being  nearly  coincident ;  in  shape  they  are  somewhat 
flask-like,  being  regularly  hemispherical  at  base,  then  contracting  beyond  the 
swollen  part,  with  a  tubular  prolongation,  which  extends  outward  to  or  some- 
times even  beyond  the  extremity  of  the  mastoids,  and  ends  with  a  simple 
circular  orifice  of  large  calibre,  with  very  thin  walls.  Their  boundaries  may 
be  traced  in  the  adult,  which  is  the  case  with  few  of  the  bones  of  the  skull. 
Behind  the  bullae  appear  the  paroccipitals  and  mastoids.  The  glenoid  fossae 
are  of  large  size,  especially  long  antero-posteriorly,  broad  ood  shallow,  nearly 


i  i'- 

,i 

;i 

',i^i'   \ 

'«! 

! 

j|i 

it 

I'f 

) 

'  i'T 

1 

ii 

If 

568 


MONOOIiAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMEBIOAN  BODENTIA. 


plane  lengthwise,  but  much  arched  in  the  opposite  direction.  To  the  outer 
side  of  the  glenoid  fossae,  the  zygomata  form  a  broad  flat  expansion  or  horizontal 
plate,  which  widely  separates  the  ends  of  the  malars  from  each  other, 
and  largely  increases  the  zygomatic  width  of  the  skull,  so  conspicuous  in 
this  species.  Nothing  of  the  sort  is  seen  in  Arctomys,  Sciurus,  etc.,  where 
the  zygomatic  process  of  the  squamosal  bends  downward  from  the  outer 
border  of  the  glenoid ;  while,  in  Haplodon,  it  forms  a  broad  horizontal  shelf 
for  articulation  to  the  malar  (f).  At  any  rate,  the  broad  plate  is  there,  but 
how  much  of  it  is  squamosal  and  how  niuch  is  malar,  the  obliterutiun  of  the 
suture  prevents  me  from  determining.  . 

The  occipital  view  of  the  skull  is  flat,  more  or  less  perpendicular,  though, 
especially  in  younger  skulls  with  decided  forward-upward  obliquity,  two  or 
more  times  as  wide  as  high,  with  the  general  contour  of  a  low  isosceles  triangle. 
The  straightness  of  the  basal  line  is  chiefly  broken  by  the  downward  projec- 
tion of  well-developed  paroccipital  processes;  the  upper  outline  curves  as 
already  described,  in  speaking  of  the  superior  view  of  the  skulls.  The  general 
surface  is  a|>proximately  plane  as  well  as  perpendicular,  though  appearing 
depressed  at  the  sides,  owing  to  the  projecting  of  the  flange-like  occipital 
ridge.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  back  walls  of  the  bullae  auditorise  appears 
upon  this  plane  of  the  skull,  as  irregularly  quadrilateral  plates  bounded 
exteriorly  by  the  mastoids,  interiorly  by  the  paroccipitals,  and  them^lves 
forming  a  part  of  the  superior  border  of  the  occipital  plane  on  each  side.  The 
foramen  magnum  appears  mostly  in  the  plane  of  the  occiput,  its  lower  margin 
merely  making  a  shallow  emargination  of  the  base  of  the  skull  (more  con- 
spicuous in  youngish  than  in  old  skulls).  Tiic  perpendicular  portion  of  the 
orifice  is  subcirrnlar,  but  somewhat  broader  than  high ;  its  upper  semicir- 
cumference  is  thin-edged,  the  rest  being  occupied  by  the  condyles,  the 
articular  surfaces  of  which  arc  remarkably  narrow  for  their  length,  and 
closely  approximate  to  each  other  inferiorly. 

As  well  as  can  be  judged  without  actual  measurement,  the  capacity  of 
the  cranium  is  decidedly  smaller,  in  com|>arison  with  the  rest  of  the  skull, 
than  ii  Sciurus  proper,  or  even  such  a  form  as  Cynomys;  nevertheless,  there 
does  not  appear  to  be  much  difference  in  this  respect  between  the  cranium 
of  Haplodon  and  that  of  Arctomys.  Viewed  from  the  inside,  the  walls  of  the 
brain-cavity  show  a  decided  impression  for  the  cerebellum,  distinguished  by 
un  arched  ridge  from  the  cerebral  impressions,  while  the  petrosals  oiTer  a 
larg'j  8ul>circular  prominence  with  two  conspicuous  perforations. 


■jjj,;- 


HAPLODONTID^— SKULL  OP  HAPLODOK  RUFDS. 


569 


The  lower  jaw,  as  Richardsoa  originally  observed,  is  altogether  heavier 
Uian  usual  among  Roden  s  ;  and  it  is  peculiar  in  the  condition  of  the  descend- 
ing process,  which  in  this  case  is  a  b'oad,  flat  plate,  so  far  twisted  around  that 
it  is  horizontal,  and  its  back  edge  is  a  straight  transverse  line.  When  the 
two  halves  of  the  jaw  are  separated,  each  will  stand  alone  upright  ujXin  the 
table,  supported  by  this  broad  plate,  which  has  twice  the  width  of  any  other 
part  of  the  jaw.  When  the  two  halves  of  the  jaw  are  in  situ,  the  distance 
across  from  tip  to  tip  of  these  plates  equals  the  distance  from  each  of  them 
to  the  ends  of  the  incisors;  so  that  the  three  extreme  points  of  the  whole 
jaw  represent  the  angles  of  an  equilateral  triangle ;  while  the  imier  corners 
of  these  plates  arc  only  separated  by  a  distance  equal  to  the  molar  interspace. 
From  the  back  outer  corner  of  this  plate,  which  is  knobbed,  and  represents 
the  angle  of  the  jaw  proper,  there  sweeps  up  to  the  condyle  with  gentle 
concavity  the  edge  of  a  thin  plate,  which  trends  strongly  obliquely  inward 
and  forward  as  well  as  upward,  so  far  is  the  angle  of  the  jaw  carried  out  from 
the  general  axis  of  the  bone.  The  inner  end  of  this  plate  rounds  off  to  the 
body  of  the  bone ;  it  projects  so  far  inward  that  it  is  separated  from  its  fellow 
by  a  distance  only  equal  to  the  intermolar  space.  The  condylar  process  is 
rather  low,  rising  upward  vertically  in  one  plane,  but  with  strong  backward 
ol)liquity  (about  45°  from  the  plane  of  the  molar  crowns).  The  articular 
head  is  nodular,  with  some  posterior  prolongation,  excepting  which  latter  it 
is  rather  broader  across  than  in  the  longitudinal  direction.  The  coronoid 
process  is  very  conspicuous,  reaching  far  abore  the  condyle ;  it  is  a  thin 
vertical  lamina,  broadly  falciform,  with  the  ape:(,  which  is  not  as  high  as  the 
convex  edge  anterior  to  it,  twisted  somewhat  outward.  The  anterior  border 
of  this  plate  forms  a  letter  S,  very  convex  above  where  it  curves  almost  semi- 
circularly  over  to  the  apex,  less  strongly  concave  below  where  it  sinks  into 
the  body  of  the  bone.  Similarly,  the  emargination  between  the  condyle  and 
apex  of  the  coronoid  is  nearly  semicircular.  The  body  of  the  jaw,  on  the 
outer  side,  opposite  the  middleof  the  molar  series,  shows  a  strong  oblique  ridge, 
indicating  the  limit  of  the  muscular  impression.  There  is  a  large  foramen 
at  the  base  of  the  condylar  process  on  the  inner  sidei  the  mental  foramen 
is  situated  on  the  outer  side,  midway  betweeti  the  molars  and  the  incisors. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  maturity  of  all  the  specimens  (5  in  number) 
examined  prevents  recognition  of  most  of  the  individual  bones  of  the  skull, 
most  of  the  sutures  being  already  obliterated.     The  part  taken  by  the  malar 


570 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


>■'"'■■'  ■: 


ill  tire  formation  of  the  zygoma,  vvhicli  often  affords,  especially  by  its  anterior 
connections  with  maxillary  or  lachrymal,  or  both,  valuable  indications  of 
affinity  among  Rodents,  remains  unknown.  I  can  discern  no  trace  of  the 
sutures.  I  conjecture,  however,  from  the  line  of  fracture  of  an  accrdentully 
broken  specimen,  that  the  malar  is  anteriorly  wedged  ))etween  two  (anterior 
and  posterior)  zygomatic  processes  of  the  maxillary,  and  extends  nearly  or 
quite  up  to  the  lachrymal, — a  supposition  strengthened  by  the  observed  state 
of  the  parts  in  Cynomys  and  Arctomys,  tor  example.  Similarly,  I  am  of 
opinion  that  posteriorly  the  end  of  the  malar  will  be  found  to  represent  the 
prominent  angle  or  corner  of  the  zygomatic  arch,  being  splinted  underneath 
a  horizontal  forward  spur  of  the  squamosal.  The  malar  helps  to  define  the 
brim  of  the  bony  orbit  by  a  small  projection  from  its  upper  edge  near  the 
fore  end  ;  this  is  better  marked  in  younger  skulls,  being  obsolete  or  nearly  so 
in  very  old  ones.  With  only  aged  skulls  before  him,  Baird  recognized  a 
lachrymal  in  a  tubercle  at  the  fore  upper  corner  of  the  orbit ;  in  a  younger 
specimen,  I  sec  nearly  the  whole  contour  of  a  large  lachrymal,  lying  mostly 
within  the  orbit,  as  a  thin  scale,  thickening  only  at  the  ed^je  to  form  the 
nodule  just  mentioned ;  it  has  a  conspicuous  canal.  The  suture  of  the 
palatal  plates  of  the  maxillnries  and  palatines  will  probably  be  found  opposite 
the  interspace  between  the  last  and  penultimate  molars.  Anteriorly,  the 
maxillo-premaxiliary  and  fronto-maxillary  sutures  are  preserved  in  one  speci- 
men ;  the  former  encircling  the  rostrum  below  and  laterally,  then  trending 
obliquely  backward  as  it  mounts  toward  the  forehead ;  the  latter  being  a  short 
backward-outward  suture  opposite  the  site  of  the  lachrymal.  Owing  to  the 
narrowness  of  the  nasals  posteriorly,  the  premaxillaries  gain  the  top  of  the 
skull  in  a  considerable  area ;  their  suture  with  the  frontal  is  a  straight  trans- 
verse line  continuous  with  the  similar  naso-frontal  suture.  Thus  the  frontal 
bone  ends  squarely  in  a  straight  line  across  the  forehead,  with  prominent  lateral 
angles  for!i.<id  by  the  fronto-maxillary  sutures.  The  nasals,  like  the  pre- 
nuixillarios,  arc  perfectly  distinct  all  around ;  their  shape  has  been  already 
noted.  For  the  rest,  the  auditory  bullae  are  the  oiily  other  bones  whose 
whole  periphery  can  be  observed  in  the  specimens  before  me;  their  remarkable 
tubular  prolongation  from  a  globular  base  has  been  sufficiently  described 
above. 

Vertebral  co/«/«».~Formula :— C.  7;   D.  13;  L.  6 ;  8.6;  Cd.  11  =  42 
vertei)r8e.     In  life,  in  a  usual  position,  the  backbone  from  atlas  to  end  of 


HAPLODONTID^— VERTEBRA  OF  HAPLODON  RUPUS. 


571 


sacrum  presents  the  usual  sinuate  S-shape ;  but  the  arch  of  the  back  and  hips 
is  a  long,  gradual  convexity,  while  the  reverse  convexity  of  the  fore  part  of 
the  column,  from  about  the  midway  dorsal  point  to  the  head,  is  abrupt  and 
strong,  the  column  sinking  deeply  between  the  shoulders  and  then  rising 
almost  perpendicularly,  as  if  the  animal  habitually  carried  its  head  thrown  up. 
This  great  dip  of  the  anterior  dorsal  and  posterior  cervical  vertebrae,  how- 
ever, is  not  visible  in  Ihe  external  contour  of  the  animal,  owing  to  the  bulk 
of  the  cervical  muscles,  which  completely  fill  up  the  depression  between  the 
shoulders  and  the  occiput.  The  several  divisions  of  the  spinal  column  are 
well  marked  by  various  easily  recognized  characters. 

The  cervical  vertebrae  are  seven  in  number,  as  usual  in  Mammals ;  of 
these,  only  the  intermediate  three  are  quite  similar  to  each  other,  the  first  two 
and  the  last  two  having  each  their  peculiar  features.  The  centra  of  the  3d 
to  7th  vertebrae  are  equally  short,  much  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  2d 
(axis) ;  they  increase  regularly  from  3d  to  6th,  the  7th  being  abruptly  nar- 
rower (about  as  broad  as  the  4th) ;  they  are  all  strongly  flattened  underneath. 
The  spinous  processes  of  the  3d  to  6th  are  simple,  and  regularly  graduated  in 
length,  decreasing  from  before  backward ;  the  spine  of  the  7th  is  abruptly 
hmger,  and  more  like  one  of  the  dorsal  spines ;  all  these  cervical  spines  are 
much  slenderer,  and  all  but  the  7th  are  much  shorter  than  the  great  stout  nod- 
ular and  ridged  spinous  process  of  the  2d  (axis).  The  "oblique"  articular 
processes  (zygapophyses)  of  all  the  cervical  vertebrae,  excepting  the  atlas,  are 
substantially  alike.  The  "transverse"  (here  supposed  to  be  conjoined  di-  and 
pleur-apophyses)  processes  of  the  axis  and  four  succeeding  (2d  to  6th)  ver- 
tebrae are  substantially  alike,  being  slender,  horizontal,  back',  ardly-pn  -ecting. 
their  two  roots  enclosing  the  vertebrarterial  canal;  but  the  iasi,  such  process, 
on  the  6th  bone,  is  transverse  instead  of  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  column, 
and  moreover  develops  from  the  under  side  of  its  root  a  special  process  pro- 
jecting obliquely  downward  and  backward,  no  trace  of  which  is  seen  on  any 
other  vertebra.  The  atiaii  is  a  simple  ring  of  ordinary  characters ;  slenderest 
in  front,  in  the  position  of  the  centrum  of  other  vertebrae ;  deeply  impressed 
anteriorly  with  the  articular  facets  for  the  occipital  condyles,  bearing  on  the 
other  side  the  flatter  but  miore  prominent  and  more  strongly  margined  facets 
for  the  axis ;  the  impression  of  the  odontoid  process  of  the  lattei  upon  the 
middle  of  the  ring  is  scarcely  perceptible.  A  slight  eminence  upon  t\:°  back 
of  the  ring  stands  in  place  of  the  spinous  processes  of  the  other  cervioals. 


572 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  KOBTH  AMERICAN  BOD&NTIA. 


f^sV'    i 


There  are  broad  flange-like  lateral  plates  or  processes,  perforate,  as  usual,  for 
arterial  canals.  The  axis  d'.s  Rlops  a  stout,  erect  spine,  overtopping  that  of 
any  other  cervical  excepting  tiie  7th ;  it  is  compressed,  prominently  and 
sharply  ridged  anteriorly ;  ridged,  but  less  sharply  and  prominently,  behind ; 
and  its  apex  is  tuberculate.  The  centrum  is  small  and  much  flattened ;  the 
odontoid  is  well  marked,  and  all  the  front  of  the  body  of  the  bone,  including 
tlie  inferior  aspect  of  the  odontoid,  presents  a  continuous  articular  surface  for 
the  atlas.  The  articular  facets  for  the  3d  cervical  scarcely  represent  processes, 
being  simply  borne  upon  the  bases  of  the  neural  laminee.  The  delicate 
"transverse"  processes  are  largely  fenestrate  with  the  circular  vertebrarterial 
foramina.  The  aixik  cervical  is  peculiar  in  the  points  mentioned  above.  The 
seventh  cervical,  as  in  human  anatomy,  is  a  "vertebra  prominens",  its  spine 
being  abruptly  longer  than  that  of  the  preceding  bone ;  it  is  more  than  half 
as  long  as  that  of  the  first  dorsal,  which,  in  general  appearance,  it  resembles 
closely.  In  other  points,  this  last  cervical  foreshadows  the  dorsal  series,  lis 
transverse  process  stands  straight  out  from  the  axis  of  the  column,  like  that 
of  the  6th  cervical,  instead  of  obliquely  backward,  as  in  the  rest  of  the  cer- 
vical series,  and  is  notably  longer  than  any  antecedent  one.  The  centrum  is 
abruptly  narrower  than  the  body  of  the  6th  cervical,  beginning  that  com- 
pression and  cylindricity  which  marks  the  dorsal  and  lumbar  series.  Further- 
more, and  chiefly,  this  lost  cervical  vertebra  is  "dorsal"  in  character,  in  (a) 
possessing  no  vertebrarterial  canal,  and  (6)  in  bearing  on  the  posterior  border 
of  its  centrum  a  demi-facet  which  takes  equal  share  with  that  of  the  Ist  dorsal 
in  the  articulation  of  the  1st  rib. 

Of  the  thirteen  dorsals,  the  1st  is  mainly  discriminated  from  the  last 
cervical  by  the  presence  on  the  apex  of  the  transverse  process  of  a  cupped 
facet  for  the  articulation  of  the  tubercle  of  the  1st  rib ;  for  we  have  just  seen 
how  closely  the  last  cervical  simulates  characters  of  a  dorsal,  even  to  taking 
its  share  in  bearing  a  rib.  Its  spine  is,  however,  abruptly  still  longer ;  its 
transverse  process  is  altogether  stouter  (besides  bearing  a  facet) ;  and  its 
body  is  narrower,  longer,  and  more  nearly  cylindrical.  The  last  (13th)  dorsal 
is  distinguished  from  the  Ist  lumbar  by  presence  of  the  facet  for  the  last  rib, 
and  by  total  lack  of  a  small  anterior  prolongation  or  point  of  the  "transverse" 
process,  wliich  is  readily  recognizable  upon  the  anterior  lumbar,  and  becomes 
very  conspicuous  on  succeeding  bones  of  that  series.  The  centra  of  the  dor- 
sals grow  longer,  narrower,  and  more  protuberant  inferiorly  from  the  Ist  to 


HAPLODONTID-ffl— VERTEBRiB  OF  HAPLODON  RUFUS. 


57? 


about  the  middle  of  the  series,  when,  with  still  increasing  length,  they  also 
widen  again  and  gradually  assume  the  slight  hourglass-like  contraction,  which 
is  more  ;;onspicuous  in  the  lumbar  series.  The  centra  all  bear  costiferous 
demi  facets,  one  at  each  end,  to  the  9th,  which  has  only  one  such  demi-facet 
on  the  fore  end,  and  none  on  the  other  (as  well  as  can  be  determined  in  the 
dried  state  of  the  bones  examined) ;  the  last  four  (10th  to  13th)  have  full 
facets  upon  their  fore  ends.  The  spinous  processes  of  the  anterior  half- 
dozen  dorsals  are  long,  slender,  compressed,  tapering  to  a  knobbed  point, 
excepting  the  1st  one,  which  ends  acute,  and  is  abruptly  shorter  than  the 
next ;  the  2d  to  6th  are  subequal  and  longest ;  all  these  slender  acute  spines 
incline  strongly  backward,  and  are  packed  closely  in  the  concavity  of  this  part 
of  the  spinal  column.  On  the  7th  vertebra,  the  character  of  the  spinous 
processes  begins  to  change ;  they  shorten  rapidly  in  vertical  length,  and  at  the 
same  time  lengthen  horizontally,  becoming  erect  and  laminar  instead  of 
acuminate,  thus  merging  insensibly  into  the  vertically  short,  horizontally  long, 
rectangular,  plate- like  spines  of  the  lumbar  region. 

The  "  transverse  "  processes  of  the  dorso-lumbar  vertebrae  offer  a  means 
of  distinguishing  between  the  two  series  as  readily  as  does  the  presence  of 
true  ribs  in  one  and  their  absence  in  the  other,  whether  we  pay  attention 
to  the  homologies  of  the  various  elemer/  .s  of  which  these  processes  are  re- 
spectively composed,  or  simply  regard  their  physical  appearance.  The  dt)rsal 
diapophysis  proper,  by  which  I  mean  that  portion  of  the  complex  "  trans- 
verse ''  process  whicb  bears  a  facet  for  articulation  with  the  tubercle  of  a  rib, 
is  most  projecting  on  the  1st  dorsal,  and  bears  a  cupped  facet;  this  process 
regularly  diminishes  in  length,  and  in  the  concavity  (soon  lost)  of  its  facet, 
to  the  10th  vertebra,  and  is  entirely  wanting,  to  all  appearance,  on  the  lith  to 
13^h  vertebrae,  with  which  the  corresponding  ribs  have  no  connection  except 
by  means  of  the  respective  centra.  From  the  upper  surfaces  of  these 
diapophyses,  excepting  the  1st  one,  springs  another  series  of  processes,  which 
begins  with  the  2d  dorsal  as  a  simple  spur,  directed  backward,  upward,  and 
outward ;  these  rapid^,  increase  in  size  with  successive  vertebree,  and  with 
the  6th  acquire  a  new  character,  becoming  expanded  and  plate-like,  and 
developing  an  anterior  spur  as  well  as  retaining  the  original  posterior  one. 
The  formation  grows  more  distinct  on  succeeding  vertebree  to  the  10th.  A 
decided  excavation  of  circular  shape  lies  on  the  under  side  of  this  plate ;  the 
anterior  corner  overlies  (he  pre-zygapophysis  of  its  own  vertebra,  and  the  post- 


0 


II  -..i. 


FiM 


674 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


zygapophysis  of  any  preceding  vertebra  is  thus  received  in  the  recess  between 
pre-zygapophysis  and  its  overarching  process.  I  r.tn  uncertain  of  the  lioinology 
of  this  process  tlius  surmounting  the  true  diapophysis ;  but  it  may  he  sup- 
posed to  include  both  anapophysial  and  metapophysial  elements.  Owen  says 
(Anat.  Vert,  ii,  365)  that  in  Rodentia  "  the  met-  and  un-apophyses  commence 
by  a  common  tubercle  at  the  fore  part  of  the  dorsal  series :  the  anapophysis 
begins  to  be  distinct  at  the  back  part  of  the  series,  and  the  metapophyses  to 
project  from  above  the  anterior  zygapophysis ;  botli  processes  are  usually 
well  developed  in  the  posterior  dorsal  and  lumbar  vertebrae ;  the  diapophysis 
subsides  in  the  posterior  dorsals,  and  is  lengthened  in  the  lumbars  by  a  coal- 
esced riblet  (pieurapoj)hysis)  ".  Whatever  the  theoretical  homologies  may 
be  in  this  case,  the  actual  formation  is  as  above  given  ;  the  structure  changes 
suddenly  on  the  11th  dorsal,  from  which  point  backward  on  the  12th  and 
13th  dorsals,  and  several  succeeding  lumbars,  both  anapophyses  and  meta- 
pophyses may  be  recognized,  separate  from  each  other  and  distinct  from  the 
probably  di-pleur-apophyses  of  the  lumbars,  which,  with  the  anapophyses, 
constitute  the  so-called  transverse  processes  of  the  lumbar  series.  On  the 
11th  dorsal,  the  last  vestige  of  a  true  dia|)ophysis  has  disappeared,  and  with 
it  has  gone  (he  above-described  plate  of  bone,  which  surmounted  it  in  the 
antecedent  dorsals.  The  side  of  the  bone  becomes  smooth  and  erect ;  a  long, 
pointed  anapophysis  projects  from  the  hinder  border  of  the  bone,  lying 
parallel  with  the  axis  of  the  spinal  column.  A  small,  though  undoubted 
metapophysis  is  given  off  from  the  pre-zygapophysis,  and  such  metapophysis 
and  pre-zygapophysis  are  together  locked  in  between  the  anapophysis  and 
post-zygapophysis  of  the  antecedent  vertebra.  Coincidently  with  tliis  modi- 
fication, the  planes  of  the  articular  faces  of  the  zygapophyses  change  from 
nearly  horizontal  to  nearly  vertical;  rendering  the  sum  of  the  differences 
between  tlio  10th  and  11th  dorsals  greater  than  that  subsisting  between  the 
last  dorsal  acid  the  first  lumbar,  even  taking  into  consideration  the  different 
formation  of  the  transverse  processes  of  the  lumbar  series.  Such  formation 
continues  through  the  remainder  of  the  dorsal  series. 

In  the  lumbar  series,  we  directly  meet,  on  the  1st  lumbar,  with  a  differ- 
ently constituted  "  transverse"  process.  The  ribs  having  ended  witii  the  last 
dorsal,  the  lumbars  develop  at  once  a  lateral  plate-like  "  transverse  "  process, 
which  may  be  theoretically  regarded  as  a  di-pleur-apophysis.  This  plate 
increases  in  size  with  successive  lumbars,  projects  with  each  one  more  and 


HAPLODONTIDiB— VEBTBBBiB  OF  HAPLODON  KUFUS. 


575 


more  obliquely  forward,  becomes  more  and  more  horizontal,  and  narrows  in 
the  fore-and-afl  direction  coincidently  with  its  increase  in  lateral  projection. 
Metapophyses,  as  distinct  as  those  of  the  posterior  dorsals,  continue  unchanged 
in  appearance  part  way  through  the  lumbar  series.  The  long  acute  nnti- 
pophyses  which  continue  to  be  given  off  from  the  posterior  extremities  of  the 
"  transverse"  processes  gradually  shorten  to  the  4th  lumbar,  and  are  abruptly 
suppressed  on  the  5th  and  6th,  where  the  "  transverse  "  process  appears  as  a 
simple,  &lcate,  acute  process,  projecting  horizontally  outward  with  strong 
forward  obliquity.  For  the  rest,  the  centra  of  the  lumbars  are  stouter,  with 
more  hour-glass  constriction  than  those  of  the  dorsal  vertebrse,  and  the  pinch- 
ing of  their  sides  develops  a  lengthwise  median  ridge  on  the  under  side. 
The  spinous  processes  maintain  their  laminar  character  throughout ;  they 
increase  both  in  length  and  height  to  the  middle  of  tite  series,  then  decrease 
in  length,  but  continue  to  increase  in  height  throughout  the  series ;  the 
anterior  ones  are  perpendicular,  as  on  the  last  dorsals ;  there  is  a  gradually 
increasing  backward  obliquity  to  the  end  of  the  series.  The  zygapophyses, 
both  pre-  and  post-,  rise  higher  and  higher  with  successive  lumbars.  TJie 
last  lumbar  is  entirely  embraced  between  the  anteriorly  projecting  ilia. 

The  sacrum  consists  of  five  vertebrae,  perfectly  anchylosed,  yet  retaining 
evident  traces  of  its  composition.  The  two  anterior  vertebrse  are  mucli 
larger  than  the  other  three,  which  abruptly  decrease  in  size.  The  former 
alone  join  the  ilia ;  their  lateral  elements  are  completely  fused  with  each 
other  and  with  the  centra,  forming  an  indistinguishable  mass,  the  outer 
roughened  surface  of  which  constil  'estbe  sacro-iliac  synchondrosis.  Their 
spinous  processes  are,  however,  distinct  from  each  other,  and  from  those  of 
the  smaller  succeeding  vertebne ;  the  spines  of  which  latter  are,  on  the  other 
hand,  fused  into  a  continuous  ridge,  as  is  also  the  case  with  their  lateral  pro- 
cesses. There  are  five  pairs  of  intervertebral  foramina  on  the  face  of  the 
sacrum,  the  anterior  pair  much  the  largest,  the  posterior  lying  between  the 
last  sacral  and  first  caudal ;  the  corresponding  apertures  upon  the  convexity 
of  the  sacrum  are  less  conspicuous,  though  still  discernible.  The  osseous 
ridge  denoting  the  line  of  fused  zygapophyses  is  plainly  traceable ;  the  pre- 
zygapophysis  of  the  6rst  sacral  bears  a  distinct  facet,  for  movable  articulation 
with  the  last  lumbar.  The  sacrum  is  less  than  one  and  a  half  inches  long,  even 
measuring  the  produced  pre-zygapophyses,  and  therefore  much  shorter  than 
the  ilia,  which  project  far  in  front  of  it;  it  ends  opposite  the  posterior  margin 


576 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


.a 


of  the  acetabulum.  The  axis  of  the  neural  canal,  like  that  of  the  spinous 
processes,  is  gently  convex  ;  but  such  is  the  disparity  in  size  between  the 
two  anterior  and  three  succeeding  centra  that  the  face  of  the  bone  is  strongly 
concave. 

The  caudal  vertebne  ore  eleven  in  number,  of  which  the  first  six  are  per- 
forate with  a  neural  canal,  the  remainder  being  imperforate.  The  series  meas- 
ures one  and  three-fourths  inches,  only  about  half  of  which  length  projects 
from  the  body  to  constitute  the  tail-measurement  of  zoologists.  There  is  no 
trace  of  spinous  processes  on  any  of  these  coccygeals,  the  superior  median 
line  being  formed  by  the  neural  arches,  apparently  bifid  in  front,  where  the 
forking  pre-zygapophyses  embrace  the  less-produced  post-zygapophyses ;  with 
the  subsidence  of  these  formations  on  the  7th  caudal,  the  vertebrae  articulate 
by  their  centra  alone.  The  transverse  processes,  of  undetermined  homology, 
are  all  distinct  from  each  other  as  far  as  they  occur  at  all ;  they  are  largest  on 
the  2d  caudal,  whore  they  form  thin  horizontal  plates  as  long  as  the  body  of 
the  bone,  triangular  in  outline,  the  prominent  angle  posterior.  The  centra 
successively  decrease  in  size  in  every  dimension,  from  first  to  last ;  no  pro- 
cesses of  any  sort  are  fairly  recognizable  after  the  9th  vertebra,and  the  terminal 
one  is  a  minute,  conical,  acute  bone  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long. 

Thorax. — ^This  is  strongly  conical,  much  contracted  anteriorly,  dilated 
and  capacious  posteriorly  in  that  portion  which  lies  behind  the  sternum,  cov- 
ering abdominal  organs.  The  sternum  is  about  two  inches  long  and  very  nar-- 
row,  except  at  the  top.  It  consists  of  six  sternebers  of  nearly  the  same  width 
(excepting  the  manubrium),  but  successively  graduated  in  length.  The  inter- 
mediate pieces  are  similar  to  each  other  in  their  somewhat  hourglass-shape, 
being  constricted  in  the  continuity,  expanded  at  each  end ;  the  outer  surface 
has  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  longitudinal  median  ridge ;  the  inner  surface 
is  flat.  The  last  sterneber,  or  xiphoid,  ends  with  a  flat  rounded  extremity, 
supplemented  by  a  very  slight  cartilage,  if  any.  The  manubrium  is  much  the 
largest  of  the  sternebers,  with  the  best  marked  longitudinal  ridge  on  its 
exterior  face,  and  much  the  strongest  lateral  processes  for  articulation  with 
the  first  pair  of  ribs,  the  bone  being  here  more  than  two-thirds  as  broad  as 
long.  There  is  a  distinct  episternal  process,  like  a  flat,  oval  disk,  sessile  on 
top  of  the  manubrium,  bearing  lateral  facets  for  articulation  with  the  clavicles, 
which  is  eifected  with  the  interposition  of  well-marked  inter-articular  fibro- 
cartilages. 


nAPLODONTID^— THOUAX  OF  HAPLODON  RUFUS. 


r)77 


There  are  thirteen  pairs  of  ribs.  Tlic  first  ten  ribs  articulate  (loubly 
with  the  spinal  culumn  by  both  head  and  tubercle ;  the  last  three  by  the  head 
alone,  there  being  no  processes  for  articulation  with  a  tubercle  on  the  last 
three  dorsal  vertebrie.  The  first  nine  ribs  articulate  l)y  domi-facets  at  the 
ends  of  the  centra  of  two  contiguous  vertebrre,  the  first  dcnii-fucel  being  upon 
the  seventh  cermcul;  the  last  four  ribs  articulate  by  full  facets  upon  tlje  ante- 
rior margin  of  the  corresponding  last  four  dorsals.  Seven  ribs  join  the 
sternum  by  means  of  their  respective  costal  cartilages ;  the  first  articulating  p,t 
the  top  of  the  manubrium  with  the  apices  of  the  lateral  process,  the  second 
to  sixth  at  the  successive  nodes  between  two  sternebers,  while  the  end  of  the 
seventh  reaches  the  sternum  at  the  same  point  as  the  sixth,  perhaps  without 
true  articulation,  and  certainly  having  no  separate  place  of  jointure.  The 
eighth  falls  but  little  short  of  the  sternum ;  the  rest  rapidly  shorten.  All 
the  ribs  bear  costal  cartilages,  excepting,  possibly,  the  thirteenth  (last)  one, 
which  appears  destitute  of  one.  Taken  either  with  or  without  their  respect- 
ive cartilages,  the  ribs  rapidly  increase  in  length  from  the  first  to  the  seventh 
or  eighth,  and  then  less  rapidly  decrease  again,  though  the  last,  apparently  a 
mere  spicule  without  a  cartilage,  is  obruptly  shorter  than  the  twelfth.  Their 
curvature  decreases  continuously  from  first  to  last,  and,  in  the  same  ratio,  dis- 
tinctness of  parts,  including  obliquity  of  neck  to  main  shaft,  diminishes;  their 
tenuity  increases  from  ,st  t<i  last.  The  bony  part  of  the  first  rib  is  only 
half  an  inch  long;  the  cartilaginous  part  is  half  as  much  more;  these  together 
complete  about  a  semicircle.  The  bony  part  of  the  eighth  is  over  two  inches 
long;  its  cartilage  is  about  one  and  three-fourths  inches.  On  the  anterior  ribs, 
the  neck  stands  very  obliquely  away  from  the  shaft,  the  capitulum  and  tuber- 
cle being  both  well  marked.  On  the  succeeding  ribs  which  join  the  sternum, 
the  neck  simply  continues  the  general  curve  of  the  shaft,  here  very  consider- 
able. On  the  floating  ribs,  the  neck  similarly  continues  straight  from  the 
shaft,  but  the  curvature  is  very  slight.  The  under  surface  of  most  of  the 
ribs  shows  the  groove  for  the  vessels ;  the  posterior  border  is  sharp ;  the 
anterior  rounded ;  the  sternal  extremity  expands  and  flattens  (especially  on  the 
more  posterior  ribs)  for  the  ariiculation  of  the  respective  cartilages. 

Scapular  arch. — The  clavicle,  about  1.10  long,  is  perfect,  with  articula- 
tion at  each  end  ;  it  is  somewhat /-shaped  in  one  profile,  considerably  curved, 
ns  well  as  flattened,  at  the  ocromial  end,  which  terminates  with  oblique  artic- 
ular face— the  flattened  part  a  little  convex  on  one  side  and  flat  on  the  other — 
37  M 


\" 


j'%1 


\r 


578 


MONOORAPlia  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


and  knobbed  at  the  sternal  extremity,  where  the  cross-section  would  be 
decidedly  triangular. 

The  scapula  is  about  1.75  inches  long  by  0.90  broad  at  the  widest  part, 
and  presents  numerous  well-marked  features.  The  general  contour  is  that  of 
an  inequilateral  triangle  with  the  postero-superior  corner  rounded  off,  and  the 
anterior  angle  pro(?uced  into  a  neck.  The  lower  border,  which  is  much  the 
longest,  is  nearly  straight ;  the  jwsterior  curves  gently  upward  and  forward, 
and  is  as  long  as  the  superior,  which,  at  first  convex,  then  curves  with  con- 
cave outline  to  the  superior  border  of  the  glenoid.  The  ventral  surface  is 
uneven,  being  marked  by  a  median  line  of  impression,  indicating  the  root  of 
the  spine  on  the  opposite  face,  and  by  two  radiating  ridges  on  either  side  of  the 
median  line ;  while  there  are  also  two  other  ridges,  one  running  the  whole 
length  of  the  superior  border,  the  other  marking  a  small  part  of  the  inferior 
border  near  the  postero-inferior  angle.  Thus  the  l)ed  of  the  subscapularis 
muscle  is  divided  by  these  four  ridges  into  three  compartments.  The  dorsum 
of  the  blade  is  quite  smooth  and  nearly  flat ;  the  very  prominent  spine,  run- 
ning the  whole  length  of  the  bone,  divides  this  surface  into  an  upper,  broader 
but  shorter,  and  an  under,  longer  but  narrow,  portion  for  the  supraspinatus 
and  infraspinatus  muscles  respectively.  The  plate  of  the  spine  is  perpendic- 
ular to  the  body  of  the  bone ;  its  free  edge  is  strongly  convex  throughout,  the 
height  of  the  spine  at  its  middle  being  nearly  as  great  as  at  its  acromial  end, 
and  somewhat  sinuous  from  deflection  of  the  plane  of  the  spine  out  of  the 
perpendicular;  tlie  greatest  height  is  about  0..50,  or  more  than  half  the 
greatest  width  of  the  bone.  At  its  fore  end,  the  spine  develops  a  well 
marked  prominent  acromial  process,  reaching  forward  and  upward,  the  plane 
of  which  is  twisted  nearly  at  right  angles  with  that  of  the  rest  of  the  spine. 
The  fore  edge  of  the  spine  is  a  strongly  concave  line  running  from  the  neck 
of  the  scapula  to  the  apex  of  the  acromion.  The  neck  of  the  bone  is  well 
marked ;  the  lower  part  of  the  shallow  glenoid  fossa  is  nearly  circular,  but 
tiic  articular  surface  is  much  produced  above,  giving  a  somewhat  pyriform 
shape  to  the  outline  of  the  whole  cavity.  There  is  a  conspicuous  coracoid, 
projecting  hook-like  from  the  supero-interior  corner  of  the  glenoid. 

Bones  of  the  fore  limb. — The  humerus,  about  1.75  long,  is  a  stout  bone, 
straight  on  the  whole,  but  with  numerous  salient  points  and  ridges.  The 
articular  head,  rather  less  than  hemispherical,  and  not  circular  in  section, 
being  longer  than  wide,  is  sunken  between  prominent  greater  and  lesser 


)^^m:-:. 


nArLODONTIDiS-LIMB  BONES  OF  nAPLODON  RUFD8. 


579 


trochanteric  tuberosities,  without  appreciable  neck.  There  is  a  strong  dolloid 
ridge,  running  down  from  the  greater  or  external  tul)crosity,  and  terminating  in 
a  stout,  prominent,  roughened  tubercle  just  above  the  middle  of  the  shaft,  from 
which  a  slighter  ridge  runs  down  to  the  inner  side  of  the  ulnar  articular 
facet.  Below,  the  bone  flattens  and  widens  laterally  to  a  breadth  of  O.CO. 
From  tho  external  condyle,  a  sharp  ridge  curves  backward  and  upward  to 
subside  on  the  shaft  at  the  middle  of  the  latter;  the  inner  condyle  project- 
ing laterally  much  farther  from  the  articular  facet  than  the  outer  one,  though 
no  such  condylar  ridge  is  prolonged  up  the  shaft  of  the  bone.  This  condyle 
is  perforated  with  a  large  canal,  oval  in  section,  formed  by  a  bony  trabecule 
thrown  acrosis  in  front.  The  ulnar  portion  of  the  articular  facet,  lying  in  the 
main  axis  of  the  bone,  constitutes,  as  usual,  a  simple  ginglymoid  joint,  being 
very  convex  antero-posteriorly,  concave  in  the  opposite  direction  ;  its  inner 
edge  is  ridged,  its  outer  continuous  with  the  radial  articular  surface,  which 
latter  is  convex  in  all  directions,  just  above  the  joint,  at  the  back  of  the 
bone,  there  is  the  usual  pit  for  the  reception  of  a  process  of  the  ulna ;  but 
the  bone  is  not  here  perforate,  though  very  thin.  The  position  of  the  articular 
surfaces  allows  strong  flexion  of  the  forearm,  but  scarcely  jjcrmits  complete 
extension. 

The  ulna,  two  inches  or  more  long,  presents  a  strong  olecranon  extend- 
ing back  of  the  joint  to  a  distance  greater  than  the  length  of  the  articular 
surface.  The  latter  is  a  semicircular  nick,  very  oblique  in  position  with  refer- 
ence to  the  axis  of  the  bone  ;  the  facet  for  the  articulation  of  the  radios  is 
distinct.  On  its  inner  face,  the  shaft  is  deeply  grooved  for  the  reception  of 
the  radius,  which  lies  in  close  ap|K)sition  with  the  ulna  for  the  m  hole  of  its 
own  length  ;  but  the  ulnar  groove  contmues  up  beyond  the  head  oi  the  radius. 
On  the  inner  face  of  the  bone,  a  somewhat  similar  groove  runs  from  the  side 
of  the  olecranon  past  the  joint,  but  soon  becomes  obsolete.  The  ulna  ends 
below  with  a  simple  conical  extremity,  which  takes  but  little  share  in  the 
formation  of  the  wrist-joint. 

The  radius,  about  1.60  long,  lies  close  to  the  ulna  its  whole  length  ;  the 
shaft  is  much  bent  outward ;  the  head  is  oval  in  section,  with  a  cupped 
facet  for  humeral  articulation,  and  smooth,  convex,  lateral  facet  for  the  ulnar 
joint.  The  tubercle  for  insertion  of  the  biceps  is  recognizable.  The  lower 
extremity  is  enlarged,  bearing  an  ovul  facet,  the  outer  corner  of  which  is 
produced  as  a  slight  process.     Notwithstanding  the  restriction  of  motion 


^ll  II 


i        1' 


I?  ■■ 


S       1 


r)80 


MONOOItAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMICUIOAN  ItODKNTIA. 


wliich  tlie  close  apposition  of  the  iilnn  and  radius  would  indicate,  the  rela- 
tions of  thoir  various  articular  surfiices  arc  tlie  same  as  those  in  cases  where 
pronation  and  supination  are  perfect,  and  such  movements  are  doubtless  con- 
siderable in  extent. 

Manus. — The  carpah  are  nine  in  number,  in  two  rows,  four  in  the  proximal 
and  five  in  the  distal  series.  The  first  bone  of  the  proximal  series,  on  the 
radial  side,  develops  a  large,  flat,  falcate  process  as  long  as  the  Ist  meta- 
carpal, against  which  it  lies ;  this  process  supports  the  outer  one  of  the  two 
large  palmar  tubercles  at  the  radial  side  of  the  hand.*  The  second  bone  of 
this  series,  lunare  if  not  scapholunure,  is  also  of  great  size,  irregularly  semi- 
lunar in  shape,  with  an  oval  convex  facet,  which  forms  most  of  the  radio- 
carpal articulation.  The  outer  two  bones  are  much  smaller.  In  the  distal 
row,  one  of  the  five  bones  is  probably  an  "os  intermedium  ";  this  and  three  of 
the  others  are  extremely  small;  the  remaining  larger  bone  is  somewhat 
uncinate. 

There  are  five  metacarpals,  of  which  the  1st  is  much  shorter  than  the  rest, 
and  directed  obliquely  away  from  them ;  the  others  are  approximately  parallel ; 
the  ratio  of  their  lengths  is  3d,  4th,  2d,  5th,  the  last  shortest.  There  is  the 
normal  number  of  j)kalanges — two  in  the  pollex,  three  in  each  of  the  other 
digits. 

Pelvis. — The  sacral  portion  of  the  pelvis  has  already  been  described 
with  the  vertebrsE.  The^/t'/«  is  rather  long,  narrow,  and  parallel-sided,  about 
two  and  a  half  inches  long  from  apex  of  ilia  to  the  opposite  extremity.  The 
general  axis  of  each  innominate  bone  is  straight.  The  ilia  project  about  one- 
fourth  of  their  length  in  advance  of  the  sae.um  (which  terminates  oJ)po8ite  the 
posterior  border  of  the  iicetabula) ;  their  anterior  prolongations  embrace  the 
whole  of  the  last  lumbar  vertebra.  The  ilia  are  narrow  trihedral  bones.curving 
anteriorly  outward,  and  somewhat  clubbed  at  the  extremity ;  tlie  edges  are 
all  sharp,  but  the  superior  border  is  especially  prominent ;  the  outer  surface 
is  concave;  the  other  two  faces  of  the  bone  are  flatter,  the  internal  being 
roughened  for  the  sacro-iliac  synchondrosis.  The  shaft  of  the  bone  is  con- 
stricted just  above  the  acetabulum,  though  still  markedly  triangular  in  section. 
The  acetabula  are  deeply  cupped,  surrounded  by  a  prominent  rim,  except 
posteriorly,  where  the  lip  of  the  cup  sinks  into  a  deep  notch.     The  ischial 

™*  In  the  Beaver,  there  is  said  to  be  a  liage  "  accessory  "  cvpal  ossicle.  It  may  be  tbat  the  bona 
hero  (lescribi!!)  is  the  lioniologons  osKiulo  of  HaplodM,  which,  if  siilistuntiatud,  wonld  furnish  additional 
evidence  of  aflinity  lietweeu  this  genns  and  Cantor. 


llAPLOUONTIDiE— LIMB  DONES  OF  nAPM)I)ON  KDFU8.        581 


nnd  i>ul)ic  rnmi  ciicIubc  a  very  lnrg(M>l)tiirnt()r  foraiiu-ii,  of  i<iil)triungiilnrHhnpo, 
but  with  all  the  corners  rounded  olF.  'JMie  "  liorizoiit'ir'  ami  "descending", 
in  this  case  nearly  anterior  and  posterior,  rami  of  the  pubis,  are  about  equally 
slender,  notably  more  bo  than  the  ischium  ;  tlie  descending  ramus  is  at  a  right 
angle  with  the  ischium.  There  is  a  well-developed  tuberosity  of  the  ischium, 
but  no  notch  in  the  bone  above  it.  The  pubic  symphysis  is  short,  and  the 
connection  of  the  iiones  slight. 

Bones  of  the  hind  limb. — The  femur  is  a  stout  straight  bone  about  two 
inches  long,  the  shaft:  much  flattened,  the  distinction  of  parts  at  cither  extrem- 
ity well  marked.  The  globular  head  represents  more  than  a  hemisphere ;  it 
stands  oiT  from  the  shafit  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  upon  a  constricted  but 
short  neck.  It  bears  a  well-marked  pit,  denoting  the  insertion  of  the  liga- 
nientum  teres.  The  trochanter  major  is  very  prominent,  rising  as  high  as  the 
head  of  the  bone,  a  deep  notch  intervening;  there  is  a  conspicuous  fossa  on 
its  posterior  face,  while  from  its  outer  as|>ect  a  prominent  "glula-al"  ridge 
runs  nearly  half  way  down  the  shaft  of  the  bone,  like  the  corresponding 
"deltoid"  ridge  of  the  humerus.  There  is  a  strongly  marked  lesser  trochanter — 
a  tubercle  on  the  postero-interna!  aspect  of  the  shaft,  just  below  the  neck  of 
the  bone,  prolonged  downward  as  a  sharp  ridge.  No  third  trochanter  is 
recognizable.  The  condyles  are  well  formed ;  the  inner  is  larger  than  the 
outer,  reaching  farther  down,  especially  farther  back,  and  being  decidedly 
thicker  across;  its  articular  surface  is,  however,  narrower.  Behind,  the  con- 
dyles are  separated  by  a  deep  notch;  in  front,  a  trochlear  surface  (l)road 
groove)  for  the  play  of  the  patella  reaches  far  above  the  portion  of  tlie  joint 
which  entera-into  the  tibial  articulation  proper. 

There  is  a  large  sesamoid  bone  in  the  knee-joint,  i\\G  patella  being  one- 
third  of  an  inch  long,  of  conico-triangular  shape,  with  smooth  concavo-con- 
vex posterior  face  for  articulation  with  the  femond  trochlear  groove  which 
surmounts  the  condyles  in  front. 

Of  the  two  bones  of  tlie  crus,  the  tibia  alone  enters  into,  the  construction 
of  the  knee-joint,  the  head  of  the  fibula  being  much  below  the  articulation. 
The  tibia,  as  long  as  the  femur  or  slightly  exceeding  it  in  length,  is  straight 
when  viewed  from  the  front,  but  from  the  side  shows  a  decided  /-shape, 
having  an  anterior  convexity  above  and  corresponding  posterior  bend  below. 
The  lower  half  of  the  shaft  is  smooth  and  cylindrical,  but  the  upper  develops 
two  large  crests,  one  anterior,  like  the  '.'spine"  of  the  human  shin-bone,  the 


r  I- 


iiiiii 


:|.{|. 

-•■ 

Ill 

i 

;  '\ 

■ .'  '  ■    ■■!• 

■ 

m.m^ 


I 


m 


582 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


other  directly  posterior ;  the  latter  shorter  than  the  former,  but  tliinner  and 
sharper-edged.  The  inner  expanded  surface  of  the  bone  between  these  two 
crests  is  smooth  and  convex ;  tiie  opposite  side  presents  two  hollowed  surfaces 
(the  posterior  one  especially  excavated)  divided  by  a  ridge  which  runs  out  to 
the  point  of  tibio-tibular  articulation.  The  head  of  the  bone  on  top  is  trian- 
gular, the  anterior  angle  represented  by  the  tuberosity  for  attachment  of  the 
extensor  tendon.  The  great  part  of  this  space  is  occupied  by  the  articular 
facets,  of  oval  shape,  the  cuter  one  rather  larger  than  the  inner,  the  two  being 
separated  almost  entirely  by  an  intervening  non-articular  groove.  The  most 
])roiuberant  outer  corner  of  the  head  of  the  bone  bears  a  small  cupped  oval 
facet,  entirely  separate  from  the  knee-joint,  for  the  articulation  of  the  fibula. 
The  enlarged  lower  extremity  has  its  articular  face  divided  antero-posteriorly 
by  a  ridge  into  two  principal  facets ;  similarly,  the  inner  malleolus  is  emargin- 
ate,  presenting  two  (an  anterior  and  posterior)  bony  prominences  instead  of 
a  single  directly  lateral  nodule  of  bone. 

The  Jlbula,  so  important  a  bone  for  purposes  of  classification  among 
Rodents,  is  here  perfect  and  entirely  free  from  bony  connection  with  the  tibia. 
Nevertheless,  in  its  lower  fourth  or  third  it  is  closely  apposed  to  the  tibia 
(that  portien  of  the  tibia  which  bends  outward  and  backward)  and  firmly 
bound  in  such  position,  apparently  capable  of  little,  if  any,  independent  move- 
ment. I  have  not  taken  occasion  to  examine  for  myself  the  state  of  the  parts 
in  Castor;  but  in  that  animal,  in  which  the  fibula  is  apparently  described  with 
l>ropriety  as  "perfect"  and  "free",  bony  union  is  said  to  sometimes  occur 
in  old  individuals;  and  I  should  not  be  surprised  if  such  were  the  case  with 
Haplodon  also.  But,  in  any  event,  such  superimposed,  or,  so  to  speak,  fortui- 
tous and  progressive  consolidation,  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  complete 
true  anchylosis  which  is  characteristic  of  the  Myomorpha.  The  fibula  is  a 
perfectly  straight  bone  (excepting  a  slight  inclination  toward  ihe  tibia  below), 
with  very  slender  shaft,  less  than  two  inches  long,  with  an  enlarged  narrowly 
ovai  liead,  only  a  small  part  of  which  is  articular,  and  with  a  well-formed, 
irregularly  triangular  malleolus,  the  inner  aspect  of  which  forms  part  of  the 
ankle-joint.  A  small  extent  of  the  shaft  is  roughened  for  ligamentous  connec- 
ti(m  with  the  tibia  opposite  a  similar  and  more  extensive  roughened  space  on 
the  latter  bone. 

Pes. — There  are  eight  true  tarsal  bones,  besides  a  supplementary  ossicle 
which  I  do  not  recognize.    The  larg^  calcaneum  reaches  far  back;    the 


HAPLODONTID^—VISCERA  OF  HAPLODON  BUFUS. 


583 


anterior  extremity  is  somewhat  three-pronged  ;  the  inner  anterior  corner 
forms  a  broad  shelf,  upon  which  the  inner  half  of  the  astragalus  is  imposed. 
The  astragalus  has  a  well-marked  trochlear  surface  for  the  tibia,  and  a  large 
forward  projection,  or  plate-like  process,  upon  the  convex  oval  extremity  of 
which  the  lenticular  naviculare  is  articulated  by  a  cupped  facet.  A  large  os 
intermedium  or  centrale  is  wedged  in  between  the  naviculare  and  the  row  of 
cuneiform  bones.  The  latter  are  three  in  number,  side  by  side,  bearing  upon 
their  proximal  faces  the  centrale,  and  supporting  at  their  distal  ends  the  1st, 
2d,  and  3d  metatarsals.  An  irregularly  nodular  cuboid  supports  the  4tli  and 
5th  metatarsals.  On  the  inner  side  of  the  inner  cuneif<»-me,  and  at  the  base 
of  the  1st  metatarsal,  may  be  observed  a  small  flattened  p.nd  somewliat  semi- 
lunar ossicle  close-pressed  to  the  side  of  the  foot 

There  are  five  metatarsals ;  the  three  intermediate  ones  are  of  approxi- 
mately equal  lengths ;  the  5th  is  a  little  shorter,  the  1st  shorter  still,  but  not 
so  much  reduced  as  the  1st  metacarpal.  The  head  of  the  2d  metatarsal  is 
lucked  in  a  recess  between  the  two  lateral  cuneiform  bones. 

There  are  fourteen  phalangeal  bones,  disposed  as  in  the  band ;  two  to  the 
hallux,  three  apiece  to  the  other  digits. 

The  "s  hyoides  and  os  penis  are  described  in  speaking  of  the  soft  parts 
of  the  organs  to  which  they  respectively  pertain. 

D. — DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   VISCERA. 

Heart. — The  heart  is  an  inch  long,  not  peculiar  in  shape.  Both  auricles 
arc  very  distinct,  standing  flap-like  away  from  the  ventricles,  or  only  con- 
nected by  a  constricted  pedicellate  base,  especially  the  left  one.  In  the  state 
observed,  they  were  engorged  with  blood-clot ;  the  ventricles  were  empty. 
The  right  ventricle  is  much  thinner-walled  than  the  left ;  the  aorta  arches  to 
the  left  over  the  pulmonary  artery,  wh'ch  •;  *irst  is  directed  to  the  left.,  and 
then  backward  beneath  the  arch  of  the  aorta,  a^.,  '  which  it  divides  to  right 
and  left,  proceeding  to  the  lungs. 

Respiratory  organs. — There  is  a  well-developed  larynx,  u,  which  the 
principal  parts  are  completely  cartilaginous.  The  thyroid  is  the  largest  of 
thece,  somewhat  semilunar  in  general  outline,  but  with  a  median  superior 
projection,  median  inferior  emargination,  and  rather  long,  slender  postero- 
inferior  corners,  which  are  firmly  attached  to  the  lower  border  of  tiie 
cricoid  at  each  side  of  the  latter.     The  cricoid  is  large,  stout,  and  completely 


i  • 


584 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOUTU  AMUBICAN  UODEHTIA. 


cartilaginous, — tlie  only  cartilage  that  entirely  surrounds  the  wind-pipe.  It  is 
infundibuliform,  the  diameter  of  the  ring  being  considerably  greater  above 
than  below ;  and  it  is  not  so  high  in  front  as  behind,  where  it  bears  the  ary- 
tenoids. These  are  well  developed,  entirely  cartilaginous,  and  of  an  irregular 
shape,  impossible  to  describe  concisely;  when  in  mutual  apposition,  they 
reach  nearly  half  way  ncioss  the  top  of  the  cricoid  ring. 

The  ttachea  is  flattened,  especially  behind,  and  diminishes  somewhat  in 
calibre  as  it  passes  down,  ending  in  the  bronchia  with  a  simple  bifurcation. 
None  of  the  tracheal  rings  are  cartilaginous  posteriorly,  the  membranous  por- 
tion being  nearly  the  semi-circumference.  These  half-rings  are  about  thirty 
in  number;  of  tlie  similar  bronchial  half-rings,  there  are  five  or  six  to  the 
first  bifurcation.  The  tracheal  cartilages  are  not  regular,  either  in  position, 
size,  or  shape ;  some  are  not  directly  transverse  to  the  axis  of  the  tube ;  some 
are  thicker  than  other::;  and  some  are  partially  divided  into  two  on  this  or 
that  side.  The  tube  is  about  two  inches  long.  The  left  bronchus  is  rather 
longer  than  the  right. 

The  lungx  appear  to  be  very  small  in  comparison  with  the  size  of  the  ani- 
mal. In  the  collapsed  state  observed,  and  with  the  lobes  placed  as  nearly  as 
possible  in  the  natural  position,  the  lefl  lung  was  less  than  one  and  a  half  inches 
long ;  the  right  was  a  little  more.  The  two  differ  remarkably  in  their  lobation 
(at  least  ii.  the  specimen  examined).  The  lefl  lung  consists  of  only  two  lobes, 
the  lower  much  larger  than  the  upper ;  they  are  almost  completely  sepcrated, 
only  connected  l)y  a  thin  band  of  parenchymatous  tissue ;  each  receives  a  fork 
of  the  bronchus.  The  right  lung  is  n:uch  more  complicoted,  being  divided 
into  four  very  di  Mnct  lobes,  each  of  which  receives  its  own  branch  of  the 
I)ronchu8 ;  as  in  the  case  of  the  lort  lung,  the  parenchymatous  connection  of 
the  lobes  is  slight.  The  third  lobe  counting  from  above  is  the  principal  one, 
representing  more  than  a  moiety  of  the  lung.  Above  and  to  the  front  of  this 
main  lobe,  overlying  it  much  as  the  auricles  of  a  heart  rest  upon  the  ventricles, 
are  two  small  narrow  and  thin  lobes,  side  by  side,  of  about  equal  size  and 
similar  shape.  The  fourth  lobe  lies  on  the  inner  back  side  of  the  main  one, 
and  eqtmls  it  in  length  ;  but  it  is  very  thin  and  "  straggling  ",  having  about  the 
same  capacity  as  one  of  the  small  upper  lobes.  This  lobe  has  but  the  slightest 
parenchymatous  connection  with  the  main  lobe,  and  is  furthermore  itself 
lol)ulate<l. 

Digestive  organs. — Within   the  apparent   edges  of  the  lips  short  fine 


HAPLODONTIDiE— VISCEKA  OF  UAPLODON  RDFUS. 


585 


hair  extends  some  distance,  upon  modified  papillate  integument,  well  defined 
from  the  smooth  naked  mucous  membrane  proper.  Near  the  angle  of  the 
mouth,  on  the  upper  lip,  there  is  a  curious  patch  of  hair  growing  upon  an 
island  of  papillate  modified  integument  like  that  of  the  edges  of  the  lips,  but 
entirely  separated  by  a  strait  of  smooth  raucous  membrane.  The  roof  of  the 
mouth  presents  a  singular  series  of  elevations  and  depressions,' very  unlike  the 
regular  transverse  ridges  and  lines  of  impression  seen  in  many  mammals. 
There  is  a  smooth  pad-like  eminence  just  behind  the  superior  incisors,  con- 
stricted across  the  middle  by  an  emargination  on  each  side.  Behind  this 
is  another  larger  prominence,  constricted  across  the  middle,  with  regular  con- 
vex termination  posteriorly,  and  jagged  edges  anteriorly,  joined  with  the  first 
pad  by  a  narrow  furrowed  isthmus,  but  separated  behind  from  succeeding 
elevations  by  a  deep  sulcus.  These  formations  are  all  anterior  to  the  molars ; 
the  molar  interspace,  with  a  short  interval  anterior  to  these  teeth,  is  wholly 
occupied  by  a  series  of  paired  prominences,  or  two  rows  of  flattened  oval 
])apilla3  of  large  size,  five  or  six  pairs.  These  pads  rise  nearly  to  the  level 
of  the  molar  crowns.* 

The  tongue  is  thick  and  fleshy,  rounded  at  the  end.  Only  a  small  por- 
tion is  visible  from  the  front,  but  the  member  is  about  two  inches  long,  measured 
from  tip  to  the  epiglottis ;  it  is  nearly  pamllel-sided,  and  about  one-third  of  an 
inch  in  breadth,  the  f-^D  portion,  however,  widening  to  half  an  inch  or  more. 
The  dorsum  of  the  tongue  is  thickly  covered  with  papillie  of  different  kinds. 
Anteriorly,  the  papill»e  are  villous  and  innumerable;  behind,  these  gradually 
change  into  flattened  tubercle-like  projections.  The  villous  portion  of  the 
tongue  shows  a  large  number  of  "conical"  papillse,  irregularly  scattered,  while 
posteriorly  there  are  a  few  large  and  distinct  "circum vallate"  papillse.  The 
phorynx  is  much  contracted.  A  well-formed  but  soft  and  rather  narrowly 
semilunar  epiglottis  guards  the  laryngeol  orifice,  more  complete  closure 
during  deglutition  being  apparently  effected  by  a  forward  movement  of  the 
opi)08ite  side  of  the  aperture.  The  rima  glottidis  is  posteriorly  a  simple 
cleil,  or  chink,  between  the  apposed  arytenoids. 

There  is  a  large  hyoid  bone,  entirely  osseous,  excepting  the  glosso-hyal, 
which  extends  forward  into  the  substAnce  of  the  tongue  as  a  gristly  rod.  The 
basi-hyal  is  broadly  V-shaped,  with  an  anterior  protuberance  beyond  the 
angle  of  the  V.    There  is  no  uro-hyal.    A  slender  bony  style,  over  half  an  inch 


•         *  I  do  not  know  how  mncli  these  appearanoea  may  be  due  to  immeraion  in  alcohol. 
•pecimoD,  Ibo  iwaterior  part  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth  is  quite  amooth. 


In  another 


586 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAK  RODBNTIA. 


ii?!  ii 


h-ii 


long,  suspends  the  hyoid  from  the  back  part  of  the  skull  j  and  there  are  other 
shorter,  but  still  well-developed,  "cornua". 

The  salivary  glands  are  of  enormous  size.*  On  removal  of  the  skin, 
tliesc  glands  present  most  conspicuously  as  a  great  mass  across  the  throat, 
completely  filling  the  space  between  the  jaw  and  the  thorax,  and  between 
the  corner  of  the  skull  and  point  of  the  shoulder  to  the  general  contour  of 
the  body  at  this  part,  and  dipping  deep  behind  and  above  the  angle  of  the 
skull,  where  it  lies  against  the  base  of  the  skull.  It  is  this  glandular  mass 
that  largely  contributes  to  lack  of  distinction  of  neck  observable  in  life,  and  to 
the  rendering  of  the  circumferential  measurement  of  the  head  behind  the 
ears  as  great  as  that  of  the  body  behind  the  shoulders  f  The  two  lateral 
glands,  which  meet,  but  do  not  fuse,  on  the  middle  line  of  the  throat,  are  the 
parotids.  Excluding  the  deep-seated  portion  beneath  the  mastoid  and  audi- 
tory bullae,  the  glands  form  a  flattened  mass  of  irregular  shape,  the  posterior 
border  adapted  to  the  contour  of  the  shoulder  and  thorax,  the  anterior  simi- 
larly fitted  to  the  jaw.  The  duct  proceeds  from  the  anterior  border,  from  a 
point  opposite  the  angle  of  the  jaw,  and  lies  superficial  upon  the  masseter, 
running  forward  along  the  middle  of  the  mandibular  part  of  this  muscle,  to 
empty  in  the  mouth  near  the  commissure  of  the  lips.  Lying  deep-seated, 
covered  by  the  mass  just  described,  is  found  another  pair  of  salivary  glands, 
jjcrfectly  distinct,  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  flattened  amyg- 
daloid sliape.  These  are  the  submaxillaries ;  they  are  in  relation  with  the 
muscles  of  the  root  of  the  tongue  and  inner  border  of  the  jaw,  and  the  duct 
appears  to  open  on  the  side  of  the  tongue  near  its  base.J 

The  wsophagus,  measuring  about  five  inches  in  length,  is  a  simple  tube, 
of  uniform  small  calibre,  peculiar  in  no  respect;  it  pierces  the  stomach  at  a 
point  midway  between  the  pyloric  and  cardiac  ends. 

The  stomach,  undistended  and  lying  smoothly,  flat  on  its  side,  appears 
like  a  thick  V,  or  still  more  like  the  conventijnal  heart  (on  a  pack  of  playing 
cards  for  example"),  though  with  gently  rounded  anglc,and  with  longer  upper 
ends  and  deeper  eniargiuation  than  those  of  the  figure  just  suggested.     The 

*  Apparently  niuoh  aa  in  tbe  Boaver,  and  further  iuOicntiuK  affinity  between  Baplod«»  and  Catlor. 
Tbe  salivary  glandu  "  ore  enormons  in  the  E«aver,  extending  from  before  tbe  ear*  forward  and  downward 
to  contact  with  the  sabmaxillaries,  wbiob  are  alwat  one-twontieth  their  size ;  the  whole  forming  a  sort 
of  glandular  cnllar".— (Owen,  Comp.  Anat.  and  Pbys.  Vert,  iii,  399.) 

t  The  large  mass  of  nuchal  niusclei  on  the  bock  of  the  neck  make  the  line  from  tbe  occipital  crest 
to  tbe  Bhouldorn  straight. 

(There  in  a  large  Incbrynuil  glnnd.  Tbo  eye-ball  is  very  diminativo,  about  an  eighth  of  an  Inch  in 
diuuiuior— it  could  easily  be  inserted  into  tbo  meatus  of  the  oar. 


rikil 


lilk 


HAPLODOlTriD^— VISCERA  OF  HAPLODON  RUFDS. 


587 


oesophagus  enters  at  the  notch.  On  inflating  the  or«[an,  the  elongated  taper- 
ing cardiac  extremity  curls  like  a  horn  around  to  the  right,  and  comes  in 
apposition  with  the  pyloric  end,  when  the  stomach  appears  doubled  on  itself; 
in  fact,  the  two  ends  pass  each  other  for  an  inch  or  more.  The  greater 
curvature  of  the  stomach  is  then  nearly  circular,  the  line  of  the  short  upper 
border  being  a  spiral.  The  cardiac  end  tapers  gradually  to  a  blunt,  rounded 
extremity,  the  pyloric  portion  is  much  shorter;  there  is  a  well-marked 
pyloric  constriction  near  the  end.  The  organ  may  be  distended  to  measure 
about  eleven  inches  around  the  greater  curvature,  with  a  maximum  diameter 
of  three  inches  and  a  depth  of  two.  The  pyloric  portion  of  the  stomach  is 
thicker- walled  than  the  cardiac  prolongation,  and,  as  well  as  can  be  deter- 
mined with  a  hand-lens  of  low  power,  much  more  highly  glandular;  the 
lining  of  the  cardiac  compartment  being  similar  apparently  to  that  of  the 
oesophagus.  I  observe  no  fold  of  membrane  to  constitute  a  pyloric  valve, 
though  there  is  a  constriction  of  the  whole  organ,  apparent  from  the  outside, 
close  by  the  pyloric  end. 

When  the  convolutions  of  the  small  intestines  are  straightened  out 
without  undue  stretching,  and  the  bowel  is  moderately  distended,  this 
portion  of  the  digestive  tract  measures  about  six  feet  in  length,  with  a 
uniform  calibre  of  half  an  inch  or  more.  There  is  no  distinction  of  duodenum, 
jejunum,  and  ileum.  The  ducts  of  the  pancreatic  and  hepatic  secretion 
pierce  the  intestine  close  to  the  stomach ;  the  latter  duct  about  an  inch  from 
the  pylorus.  The  ileum  pierces  the  colon  at  a  right  angle.  A  circular  fold 
of  mucous  membrane  forms  a  valve  to  guard  the  entrance. 

There  is  an  '-nmense  cacum,  at  least  a  foot  long,  and  very  capacious. 
In  its  most  dilated  portions,  about  the  middle,  a  section  of  it  equal  to  the 
stomach  in  length  would  contain  quite  as  much  as  the  latter.  The  extremity 
tapers,  ending  bluntly,  without  a  vermiform  appendage  (very  naturally). 
This  portion  of  the  alimentary  canal  makes  several  convolutions  when  in 
situ;  it  is  sacculated  throughout,  or  with  alternate  constrictions  and  dilata- 
tions, like  the  human  colon. 

The  length  of  the  remainder  of  the  digestive  tube  is  about  five  feet,* 
measured  as  already  said.  This  portion  of  the  canal  presents  no  distinction 
of  colon  and  rectum.  It  is  of  uniform  calibre  throughout,  or  nearly  so,  and 
not  much  more  capacious  than  the  small  intestine — perhaps  half  as  mucli 

*  Making  Ibe  total  lungth  of  tbe  intMtliial  tract  abont  ninveii  feet.  Tbe  animal  being  about  A 
foot  long,'  it  followa  tbat  tbe  into«liuM  are  nboat  eleven  tinioe  an  long  aa  the  body. 


'I 


I 


&m 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  EODENTIA. 


m^ 


Is 


i!) 


ngaiii  in  diameter;  and  it  further  resembles  the  foregoing  portion  of  the  tract 
in  the  total  absence  of  sacculation.  I  ftnd  nothing  answering  to  a  "  sigmoid 
flexure";  but,  for  much  of  its  length  (two  feet  or  more),  the  gut  doubles  on 
itself  when  in  situ,  being  closely  bound  by  a  fold  of  mesentery  not  broader 
than  the  diameter  of  the  intestine  itself  In  the  specimen  examined,  the  - 
contents  of  the  bowel  had  begun  to  sepante  into  faecal  pellets  about  two  feet 
from  tile  anus,  these  masses  finally  assuming  an  ovoidal  shape. 

The  i>ancreas  is  a  small  organ,  and  very  slender ;  it  lies  in  the  usual 
site,  and  its  duct  empties  near  that  of  the  liver. 

The  liver,  of  moderate  size,  is  quadrilobate ;  the  four  lobes  being  as 
distinctly  marked  as  those  of  the  lungs,  already  described.  The  principal 
or  cystic  lobe  is  superior,  and  much  the  largest  one ;  it  is  about  2^  inches 
across  (side  to  side  of  the  animal)  by  \\  in  the  opposite  direction,  and  irregu- 
larly oval,  or  rather  trapezoidal,  in  shape,  with  a  decided  cmargination  of  the 
front  border  near  (to  the  left  of)  the  gall-bladder.  It  is  rather  flat  and  thin 
for  its  length  ;  the  superior  surface  is  smoothly  convex,  apposed  to  the  dia- 
phragm; the  under  is  irregularly  llattened,  being  moulded  upon  the  sub- 
ciimbcnt  lobes.  About  the  middle  of  the  right  half  of  this  lobe  lies  the  gall- 
bladder, of  large  size  (about  that  of  a  small  almond)  ;  its  fundus  reaches  the 
fore  border  of  tiie  lobe.  Beneath  this  main  lobe,  on  cither  side,  and  partly 
covered  by  it,  lie  the  two  next  largest  lateral  lobes,  right  and  left,  having 
very  little  ccmnection  by  hepatic  substance  with  each  other  or  with  the  main 
lobe.  The  right  one  is  the  smaller  of  the  two,  very  flat,  and  irregularly 
circular;  the  other  is  likewise  subcircular  in  most  of  its  outline,  but  it  sends 
off  a  long  tapering  process,  which  reaches  over  into  the  left  hypochondrium. 
The  remaining.  Spigelian  division  of  the  liver  might  in  fact  be  described  as 
two,  since  it  consists  of  two  "tails",  or  processes,  of  hepatic  substance,  nn 
inch  or  more  in  length  ;  one,  much  larger  than  the  other,  and  is  itself  bilobate; 
the  smaller  one,  an  extremely  delicate  process,  about  an  inch  long,  lies,  when 
in  situ,  in  relation  with  (behind)  the  pyloric  portion  of  the  stomach.  The 
cystic  and  hepatic  ducts  unite  in  a  short  (about  half  an  inch)  ductus  communis 
clioledochus,  which  empties  in  the  duodenum  an  inch  from  the  pylorus. 

Genito-urinary  organs. — The  kidneys  are  rather  oval  than  of  the  shape 
most  familiar  to  the  human  anatomist,  and  which  the  name  "kidney"  is  used 
to  suggest  in  other  connections;  they  are  about  an  inch  long  by  two-thirds  ' 
as  broiid.     The  right  kidney  lies  rather  higher  up  than  the  left,  its  apex  being 


nAPLODONTTI)^— VISCKRA  OP  TIAPLODON  RITFUS. 


rm 


noarly  opposite  Iho  Inst.  rib.  The  ureters  pursue  tlic  usual-coursc,  to  open  nt 
the  side,  near  the  base,  of  the  urinary  bladder,  which  is  of  large  size.  Tlic 
kidneys  are  capped  by  well -developed  adrenals,  which  arc  slender  bodies, 
about  half  an  inch  long. 

In  the  condition  observed,  the  (estes  are  abdominal,  lying  in  tile  large 
inguinal  canal,  not  bulging  beyond  the  general  plone  of  the  obliquus  externus 
muscle,  and  consequently  causing  no  visible  swelling  of  external  parts.  There 
is  no  proper  scrotal  dilatation  of  the  integument;  though  in  the  periodical 
increase  in  size,  which  the  organs  doubtless  undergo,  and  their  presumed 
descent  some  way  through  the  inguinal  ring,  it  is  supposed  the  organs  may 
cause  some  turgidity  of  the  exterior  contour.  The  testes  are  enveloped  in  a 
conspicuous  muscular  funic,  an  incompleted  cremaster,  given  off  from  the 
tronsversalis  abdominis.  The  body  proper,  in  the  state  observed,  is  less  than 
an  inch'  in  length,  of  narrowly  oval  shape,  invested  with  a  firm  whitish 
tunica  albuginea;  but  the  organ  has  a  long  tapering  prolongation  upward, 
while  at  the  lower  extremity  is  the  small  mass  of  the  epididymis.  The  vas 
deferens  ascends  the  border  of  the  testes  part  way  before  leaving  the  organ  to 
pursue  a  nearly  straight  course  to  the  urethra,  where  it  empties  close  to 
its  fellow,  at  the  middle  line  of  the  large  transverse  gland,  which  embraces 
the  base  of  the  urethra  posteriorly. 

The  muscular  crura  of  the  penis  are  plainly  traceable  to  the  tuberosity 
of  the  ischium,  fibres  arising  most  of  the  way  along  the  pubic  as  well  as 
ischiatic  ramus.  The  preputial  sheath  of  the  penis  is  freely  movable  along 
the  whole  length  of  the  os  penis.  This  is  of  large  size,  and  in  the  inactive 
state  of  the  member  is  directed  backward,  causing  the  tegumentary  invest- 
ment of  the  organ  to  project  conspicuously,  as  already  noted  in  describing  the 
external  parts  of  the  animal.  The  bone  is  about  an  inch  long  (0.80  in 
the  specimen  examined),  straight  and  flattened,  widening  regularly  and  gradu- 
ally from  base  to  tip,  where  it  is  enlarged,  with  a  clubbed  and  deeply  bifid 
extremity ;  this  end  of  the  bone  suggesting  the  condyles  of  a  femur,  though 
its  cleft  is  much  deeper.  The  dorsum  is  smoothly  convex  from  side  to  side ; 
the  urethral  surface  of  the  bone  is  sulcate;  the  basal  extremity  is  emargin- 
ate.  The  bone  appears  to  continue  to  the  very  end  of  the  organ,  no  glans 
penis  being  evident. 

Muscles. — I  add  notes  on  a  few  of  the  muscles,  as  incidentally  observed 
during  the  examination  of  the  viscera. 


'  Sffliew^fta^ ' 


I  I'i.'  li 


lii 


noo 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOBTO  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


The  temporal  muscle  is  of  moilernte  bulk,  the  fossa  being  comparalively 
shallow.  The  masseteric  and  pterygoid  masses  are  of  great  size.  The  mas- 
seter  forms  a  bulging  mass  on  the  outside  of  the  jaw,  completely  filling  the 
great  fossa  formed  by  the  outward  twist  of  the  angle  of  the  juw,  and  defined 
in  front  by  an  oblique  ridge  already  described  in  speaking  of  the  bone.  A 
special  stout  tendon  arises  from  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  maxillary,  just 
below  the  anteorbital  foramen,  which  latter  opening,  notwithstanding  its  small 
size  and  apparently  inconvenient  relations,  transmits  a  small  fascicle  of  the 
niasseter  along  with  the  superior  maxillary  nerve. 

The  muscles  acting  upon  the  hyoid  bone,  both  from  the  thorax  and  from 
the  jaw,  are  well  developed.  A  pair  of  stout  fusiform  muscles  connect  tiie 
liyoid  with  the  back  of  the  skull.  I  find  no  trace  of  direct  muscular  connec- 
tion between  the  hyoid  and  the  scapula  (omo-hyoid).  Sterno-mastuid  and 
cleido-mastoid  are  well  developed,  and  distinct  from  each  other  for  nearly,  if 
not  quite,  all  of  their  extent,  though  their  thoracic  insertions  are  very  near 
together. 

The  diaphragm  is  very  thin,  even  its  most  muscular  portions,  and  a  large 
port  of  it  is  simply  membranous.  There  is  a  large,  well-defined,  central 
"tendon",  as  broad  as  the  muscular  portion  on  either  hand.  This  is  of  oval 
shape  ill  most  of  its  extent,  but  with  two  posterior  prolongations,  one  on  each 
side,  separated  by  the  fleshy  "pillars"  which  arise  from  the  vert«brjB,  and  pro- 
ceed to  embrace  the  oesophageal  orifice.  Muscular  fibres  are  scarcely  or  not 
developed  laterally  behind,  where  simple  membrane  may  be  traced  to  the 
insertion  of  the  organ  along  the  floating  rib.  The  radiating  muscular  portion 
of  the  diaphragm,  then,  is  a  single  set  of  fibres  arranged  in  fan-shape  around 
the  anterior  oval  portion  of  the  central  tendon  ;  these  fibres  are  continuous 
on  the  median  line  in  front.  The  aortic  opening,  as  usual,  is  close  to  the  ver- 
tebrae ;  the  oesophageal  aperture  is  removed  from  the  spinal  column  by  the 
whole  length  of  the  muscular  pillars.  From  the  middle  line  of  the  diaphragm 
depends  a  broad  peritoneal  fold,  suspending  the  liver,  to  which,  more  posteri- 
orly, it  is  closely  adapted. 

E. — HISTORY  AND   HABITS  OF  THE  SPECIES. 

To  render  the  account  of  this  remarkably  interesting  animal  more  com- 
plete, I  shall,  in  tracing  its  history,  include  some  notices  of  its  habits.  I  have 
already  presented  those  considerations  which  bear  upon  the  history  of  the 
genus  and  family. 


nAPLODONTII)^— niSTOHY  AND  HABITS  OF  U.  RUFUS.        591 


The  Sewellel  was  discovered*  in  1805  or  1806  by  the  I'amous  travellei-8 
Lewis  and  Claike,  whose  account  first  appeared  iii  1814,  in  the  Biddle-Alien 
narrative  of  their  expedition  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia,  Bradford  and  Ins- 
keep),  and  nearly  simultaneously  in  the  Rees  English  edition  of  the  same  date 
(1  vol.,  4to,  Londonf).     The  notice  by  these  authors  runs  as  follows  : — 

"  Sewellel  is  a  name  given  by  the  natives  to  a  small  animal  found  in  the 
timbered  country  on  this  [«'.  e.  Pacific]  coast.  It  is  more  abundant  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  great  Falls  and  rapids  of  the  Columbia,  than  on  the  coast, 
which  we  inhabit. 

"The  natives  make  great  use  of  the  skins  of  this  animal  in  forming  their 
robes,  which  they  dress  with  the  fur  on,  and  attach  them  together  with  sinews 
of  the  elk  or  deer:  the  skin,  when  dressed,  is  from  fourteen  to  eighteen 
inches  long  and  from  seven  to  nine  in  width;  the  tail  is  always  separated 
from  the  skin  by  the  natives  in  making  their  robes.^  This  animal  mounts  a 
tree,§  and  burrows  in  the  ground,  precisely  like  a  squirrel :||  [Description 
here  follows.]  ....  Captain  Lewis  offered  considerable  rewards  to  the 
Indians,  but  was  never  able  to  procure  one  of  these  animals  alive."  (Quoted 
from  text  of  the  London  4(o  ed.) 

Upon  the  Sewellel  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  was  actually  and  entirely  based 
the  Anisonyx  rvfa  of  Rafinesque,  who  alsr  fave  names  to  others  of  the  species 
first  described  under  vernacular  names  these  travellers.  I  have  already 
discussed  the  bearing  of  the  term  Anisonyx,  and  need  not  repeat  that  it  is 
a  synonym  of  Cynomys,  Raf ,  whose  ^^ Anisonyx  brachiura  "  was  based  upon 
the  "Burrowing  Squirrel"  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  as  "Anisonyx  rufa  "  was  upon 
their  Sewellel.  Notwithstanding  that  the  term  was  invented  ujwn  an  errone- 
ous interpretation  of  the  meaning  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  was  applied  to 
two  animals  of  widely  different  genera  (Cynomys  and  Haplodon),  it  seems 
that  Rafinesque's  si)eciGc  term  rufa,  being  based  exclusively  upon  the  Sew- 

*Sir  John  Ricbardsou  is  inclined  to  think  that  a  poasiifte  in  a  inucii  earlier  work  (Mackenzie's 
Voy.  to  the  Paoillo,  &.C.,  p.  314)  refers  to  the  Sewellel.  "  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  saw  ninny  animals, 
wbioh  he  terms  'moles',  on  the  banks  of  a  small  stream  near  the  sources  of  the  Colombia;  but  as  we  are 
led  to  infer,  from  the  way  in  which  he  speaks  of  them,  that  they  were  in  numbers  above  giouud,  I  oin 
inclined  to  think  that  they  were  sewellels,  belonging  to  (he  gennsnplodontia    .   .  .  "—(Ph.  Bor.-Am.  i, 

iwa,p.  It.) 

t  For  "An  acconnt  of  the  varions  publications  relating  to  tlio  Travels  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  with 
a  commentary  on  the  Zoolofjicnl  Results  of  their  Expedition  ",  prepared  by  the  present  writer,  see  Bull. 
U.  S.  Geological  and  Ouographlcal  Survey  of  the  Territories,  No.  6,  M  ser.,  pp.  417-444  (tivo,  Washing- 
ton, Oovernment  Printing  Office,  Febmaiy  8,  187G). 

t  But  </.  Sir  John  Richardson,  as  quoted  beyond. 

)  Doubtless  an  erroneous  statement,  as  supposed  by  Audubon  and  Bavhman,  and  later  by  Gibba 
and  Buckley. 

II  The  "  burrowing  squirrel "  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  was  a  Cfntmyt. 


^  } 


im 


P 

;^ill 


dili  ^INl  ^ 


*!»   ,    '        I     Mill 

1:1        :tS 


r)92 


MONOORAPnS  OP  NOUTn  AMERICAN  RODRXTIA. 


cllel,  slioiild  he  retuincd;  for,  however  IhuUy  the  cliaracterization  of  the 
genus  may  have  been,  this  in  no  way  invnlidiites  (he  specific  designation. 
The  name  rufa,  in  fact,  lias  been  adopted  by  at  least  two  writers,  Harlan,  in 
1825,  and  Griffith  (1827),  who  transferred  the  animal  to  the  genus  Arctoinys. 
Professor  Baird*  uses  the  following  language  respecting  this  matter: — 

"  It  is  j)orhaps  a  question  whether  the  true  name  of  ihis  species  be  not 
Aplodontia  rufa,  after  Ilafinesquc.  Although  his  description  is  incorrect,  it 
was  based  on  the  Sewellel  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  wliich  is  unquestionably  thfl 
Aplodontia  leporitta  of  Richardson.  As,  however,  Rafinesque  asserts  posi- 
tively that  certain  characters  apply  to  liis  Anisomjx  rufa,  which  really  do  not 
exist  in  Aplodontia  kporina,  we  may  be  warranted  in  avoiding  the  use  of  \m 
specific  name  for  Richardson's  animal.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  well  to  repeat 
that  Rafinesque  bases  his  description  entirely  upon  a  partly  erroneous  inter- 
pretation of  the  article  of  Lewis  and  Clarke." 

Although  this  is  perfectly  just  criticism,  it  should  neverthelesft  be  borne 
in  mind  that  Anisonyx  rufa  has  a  definite  and  well  known  basis,  whatever  the 
inapplicability,  insufficiency,  or  other  fault  of  the  accompanying  diagnosis  may 
be ;  and,  consequently,  a  rigid  constructionist  cannot  well  avoid  the  use  of 
the  specific  term  rvfa.  Naturalists  constantly  adopt  and  retain  scientific 
names  given  upon  a  known  basis,  even  when  such  names  are  unqualified 
by  diagnosis ;  and  it  seems  to  me  that  the  admitted  flaws  of  Rafinesque's 
description  are  scarcely  valid  cause  for  the  rejection  of  his  name.  Anisonyx 
itself  is  to  be  thrown  out  rather  upon  consideration  of  the  fact  that  it  is 
chiefly  a  synonym  of  the  same  author's  Cynomys  than  on  account  of  its  own 
intrinsic  demerits. 

The  second  period  in  the  history  of  the  species  began  in  1829,  upon  the 
introduction  of  the  Aplodontia  leporine  of  Richardson,  characterized  in  the 
Zoological  Journal,  and  the  same  year  more  fully  described,  with  figures  of 
the  skull  and  teeth,  in  the  Fauna  Boreali-Americana.  These  were  the  first 
full  and  accurate  accounts  of  the  genus  and  species  under  a  scientific  designa- 
tion, and  long  remained  the  source  of  inspiration  to  the  cortipilers  and  other 
second-hand  writers.  Sir  John  Richardson's  material  was  received,  like 
mtmy  other  specimens  of  mammals  and  birds  described  by  him,  from  Mr. 
David  Douglass  (or  Douglas — I  find  the  name  thus  diflcrently  spelled),  and 
is  supposed  to  be  that  upon  which  Audubon's  subsequent  description  and 

*  Mamm.  N.  Ainer.  1857,  354. 


!«.■ 


HAPLODONTID^— HISTOEY  AND  HABITS  OF  H.  RUFD8. 


593 


figure  were  based.  In  concluding  a  lengthy  nnd  elaborate  description,  botli 
of  the  genus  and  species,  Richardson  alluded  to  the  possible  existence  of  a 
second  species*  in  the  following  terms:  — 

"Amongst  Mr.  Douglas's  specimens,  there  is  a  >iung  one,  with  more 
white  hairu  interspersed  through  its  fur,  and  some  differences  in  the  form  of 
its  scull,  which  seem  to  point  it  out  as  a  second  species.  The  breadth  of  its 
frontal  bone,  between  the  orbits,  where  least,  is  six  lines,  being  twice  the 
breadth  of  the  same  bone  in  A.  leporina.  Its  nasal  bones  are  as  broad  as  in 
the  latter,  but  are  three  *!8  shorter.  Tiie  dentition  is  perfectly  the  sam-*  in 
both,  but  in  the  young  specimen  there  is  a  new  set  of  grinders  in  the  lower 
jaw,  which  have  destroyed  the  bodies  of  tiie  old  grinders,  leaving  merely  a 
long  process  before,  another  bebind,  in  each  socket,  resembling  fangs.  The 
specimen  is  not  sufficiently  perfect  to  enable  me  to  give  its  characters  as  a 
distinct  species,  but  I  have  little  doubt  of  its  being  so." 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  state  that  the  supposed  existence  of  a  second 
species  has  never  been  verified.     While  there  is  something  in  this  account 

t 

of  the  inferior  molars  not  readily  intelligible,  the  cranial  differences  noted 
may  be  ascribed  to  the  immaturity  of  the  specimen  or  its  individual  variabil- 
ity. The  author  continued  with  an  account  of  some  color-variation  observed 
in  the  skins  of  a  robe,  leading  him  again  to  the  inference  that  there  were  two 
species  of  Sewellel: — 

"Since  the  account  of  this,  species  was  published  in  the  Zoological 
Journal,  Mr.  Douglas  has  placed  in  my  hands  an  Indian  blanket  or  robe, 
formed  by  sewing  the  skins  of  the  sewellel  together.  The  robe  contains 
twenty-seven  skins,  which  have  been  selected  when  the  fur  was  in  prime 
order.  In  all  of  them  the  long  hairs  are  so  numerous  as  to  hide  the  wool  or 
down  at  their  roots,  and  their  points  have  a  very  high  lustre.  The  general 
colourof  the  surface  of  the  fur  is  between  chestnut  and  umber  browns,  lighter, 
ond  with  raoi-e  lustre  on  the  sides.  Some  of  the  skins,  which  are  in  the  best 
order,  have  the  longer  hairs  on  the  back  of  the  head,  and  between  the  shoul- 
ders almost  block.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  these  arc  the  skins  of  two 
species  of  sewellels,  in  the  robe,  and  that  one  of  them  wants  the  white  mark 
on  the  throat.  The  down  of  all  the  skins  of  the  robe  has  a  shining  blackish- 
gray  colour." 

The  color-variation  noted  by  Richardson  may  be  com|>ared   witli  that 


38  H 


*  Sv«  alao  bvyond  :  Or.  P,.ten'ii  ebunicterizatioD  of  n  now  vuiety. 


594 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMBRIOAN  RODENTIA. 


{        1; 


)•  r 


■i', 


indicated  by  some  of  the  Inter  authors,  as  quoted  beyond.  From  the  time  of 
Richardson's  account,  I  am  not  aware  that  other  notices  of  the  species,  based 
upon  original  observation  or  any  new  mnterinl,  appeared  until  1848,  when  Mr. 
T.  R.  Peale,  a  naturalist  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  gave 
another  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  animal,  based  on  his  ov/n  experi- 
ences  and  collections.  We  may  therefore  pass  over  various  compiled  accounts 
as  not  material  to  the  present  history,  and  take  up  Mr.  Peale's  article,  above 
cited  in  the  synonymalic  list.  This  consists  of  a  ilescription  and  measure- 
ments, with  remarks  on  the  abuntlance  of  the  species  at  Pugel's  Sound,  and  on 
the  peculiar  form  of  the  skull,  which  is  figured  on  page  57.  This  figure, 
tliough  only  a  slight  woodcut  showing  little  detail,  well  represents  the  general 
contour  of  the  skull,  and  is  notable  as  being  the  tirst  representation  of  the 
whole  cranium,  Richardson's  specimen  figured  having  been  very  defective. 

Shortly  afterward,  in  1853,  appeared  the  general  account  of  the  genus 
and  species,  by  Audubon  and  Bachman,  as  above  cited.  Their  figure  of  the 
species  was  the  first  colored  illustration  of  the  animal,  and  it  may  be  the 
only  one  extant,  though  the  skull  and  teeth  have  been  figured  by  Rich- 
ardson, Peale,  and  Baird.  The  drawing  was  made  by  his  son,  J.  W. 
Audubon,  "from  a  fine  specimen  in  London",  presumedly  one  of  Richard- 
son's types.  These  authors'  notice  consisted  of  a  copy  direct  of  Richardson's 
characterization  of  the  genus,  an  elaborate  description  of  the  species,  a 
quotation  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  account,  a  summary  notice  of  the  robe 
described  by  Richardson,  and  a  few  general  remarks,  chiefly  historical.  They 
alluded  to  two  specimens  then  or  lately  extant  in  the  Patent  Office  at  Wash- 
ington, being  those  collected  by  Peale,  and  which,  they  say,  they  were  "po- 
litely refused"  permission  to  examine.*  The  collection  to  which  the  authors 
referred  was  shortly  aflerward  (1858)  removed  to  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, where  it  now  (1877)  forms  part  of  the  National  Museum.  One  of  Peale's 
specimens  (that  catalogued  by  Baird  in  1857)  remains  at  this  dale,  and  has 
been  examined  in  the  preparation  of  the  present  article;  the  otherf  I  have 
never  seen,  nor  was  more  than  one  of  them  noticed  by  Baird. 

*  Hence  Pruressor  Bair<l'4iitat<'nieDt,inadein  18S7,  reqiiiroaqDaliUcation.  "Tbiaauimal,"  lie  aays, 
"thoaf{h  not  rare  in  the  vicinity  of  Pnget'a  Sound,  ia  yet  very  little  known  to  UBtnraliata,  though  the 
materiala  al  our  command  ore  richer  now  tl.»a  a  few  yeara  ago,  when  Audobon  and  Bachmnn  were  una- 
ble to  find  a  apeoimen  in  any  muaenm  of  the  United  Statea." — (Uamm,  N.  Amer.  1H57,  363.) 

tPealu  (op.  oi(.  >»pri)  apeaka  of  hia  "apecimeot",  leaving  the  impreiaion  that  he  procured  more 
than  one.  Two  of  hia  sknlla  ore  in  the  BniitiMoniao.  On  apeaking  to  tbia  venerable  natnraliat  aboal  it, 
the  other  day,  Mr.  Peale  told  me  he  did  not  remember  that  he  aeeored  more  than  two  gpecimena;  Iheae, 
howuver,  bu  recojiecled  perfectly,  and  he  gave  me  aonie  delightful  gonip  alK>nt  the  grievance  which  ao 
rtfflleil  Auduhon'a  temper. 


.'I 


m 


SSSK 


-,>^.;  ^^ 


'^$ffi':^^40^pl!fi 


It: 


nAPLODONTIDiE— F1I8TORY  AND  nABITS  OF  U.  UUFUS. 


595 


The  last  period  in  tlie  histor)'  of  llio  animal  l)C(^ins  in  ISA?,  witii  llie 
elaboration  hy  ProfeBsor  Uairil  of  the  material  galncrcd  l)y  the  natiiriiliNts  of 
the  Pacific  Railroad  Explorations  and  Surveys,  and  the  field-notes  of  the  nat- 
nralists  themselves,  published  in  the  vi.,  viii.,  ahd  xii.  volumes  of  the  reports 
pertaining  thereto.  Besides  Bainl's  elabt)rate  article  and  figures,  we  were 
given  copi  is  notes  on  tlie  distribution,  habits,  &c.,  by  Newberry,  Cooper, 
Suckley,  and  Gibbs. 

In  1857,  the  genus  and  species  were  fully  treated  by  Professor  Baird,  as 
far  as  the  technical  aspects  of  the  cose  were  concerned  ;  his  characterization, 
especially  of  the  cranial  and  dental  characters,  being  even  more  elaborate 
than  that  given  by  Richardson.  The  skull,  teeth,  and  some  points  of  external 
structure,  were  refigured  in  several  views.  Professor  Baird's  material  con- 
sisted of  an  Exploring  Expedition  specimen  collected  by  Peale,  then  as  now 
mounted,  and  from  which  his  account  of  the  species  was  mainly  derived ;  of 
three  skins  secured  by  Dr.  G.  Suckley  at  Steilacoom,  Wash.  Ter.;  and  an  addi- 
tional skin  taken  by  Lieut.  W.  P.  Trowbridge  at  Astoria,  Oreg.,  together  with 
two  skulls  from  Puget's  Sound,  appertaining  to  Mr.  Peole's  specimens. 

Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry's  note,  published  in  the  zoological  jM)rtion  of  the 
vi.  volume  of  the  Reports  in  1857,  ran  as  follows:  — 

"This  singular  animal,  called  by  Richardson  [after  Lewis  and  Clarke] 
the  Sewellet,  seems  limited  to  a  narrow  district  when  compared  with  most  of 
those  which,  with  it,  inhabit  the  region  it  occupies.  In  Washington  Terri- 
tory it  is  found  from  the  coast  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  it  will  be  found  south  of  the  Columbia,*  either  on  the  coast  range, 
in  the  Willamette  Valley,  or  on  the  Cascades.  Eastward,  however,  toward  the 
base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  it  may  occur.  I  have  seen  two  specimens,  one 
taken  near  Shoal  water  Bay,  Washington  Territory,  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  t  and 
the  other  obtained  near  the  base  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  which  were  abso- 
lutely black,  presenting  a  striking  difference  in  color  from  those  obtained  by 
Lewis  and  Clark,  Douglas,  and  others,  which  were  brown,  and  of  nearly  the 
shade  of  the  muskrat." 

*ADdDboD  and  Bochuian  fay,  witbont  qnaliflcatioD,  tbot  it  bu  "been  procared  in  CBlifornla"; 
and  Baird  remarks,  "  I  bave  beard  of  an  Aplodouiia  from  tbe  monotoioe  of  California,  probably  the  rame 
gpeolee,  bat  have  not  Men  a  (peoiniea  " — poaaibly  allodtDg  to  the  statement  of  Andnbon  and  Bachman, 
Just  quoted,  or  to  lome  earlier  ooconnt,  which  may  have  occasioned  tbo  remarks  of  both  Iheau  anthont. 

t  There  is  some  misapprehension  here ;  for  (see  beyond)  we  find  Dr.  Cooper  saying,  in  ISfiO,  tbnt  be 
never  procured  n  specimen.  The  actual  reference  la  probably  to  Dr.  Suckley,  who  collected  extensively, 
and  was  a  oolUborator  of  Dr.  Cooper's. 


'■1   ;  v 


51)6 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper's  notice,  in  the  second  part  of  the  xii.  volume  of  the 
Pacific  Ilnilroad  Reports,*  was  as  follows:  — 

"The  'Seweliel'  of  Lewis  &  Clark,  appears  to  be  an  abundant  animal 
in  some  districts  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains,  but  from  various  causes  I 
never  conld  obtain  a  specimen.  At  the  time,  of  their  visit  to  the  country  the  ' 
Indians  used  the  skins  as  clothing,  and  as  it  required  a  large  number  of  skins 
to  make  nn  ordinary  sized  blanket,  the  numbers  of  the  animals  caught  must 
have  been  great.  It  was  caught  by  stone  fall-traps,  but  with  what  bait  I  do 
not  know,  probably  some  root.  The  Indians  assured  me  that  none  were  found 
nearer  to  the  coast  than  the  Cowlitz  valley,  but  as  they  have  been  obtained 
at  Astoria,  the  statement  was  not  altogether  correct.  They  seem  to  prefer 
the  soft  alluvial  river  bottoms,  where  they  are  said  to  burrow,  and  probably 
thus  follow  down  the  Columbia.  Now  they  are  rarely  caught  by  the  Indians, 
as  their  skins  are  not  bought  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  except  when 
passed  off  on  a  'green'  clerk  as  muskrat  skins.  Of  their  habits  I  could  learn 
little.  An  old  Indian  hunter,  who  is  row  a  shepherd  in  the  employ  of  Dr. 
Tolmie  at  Puget's  Sound,  told  iiim  that  he  had  frequently  seen  them  rumiing 
over  the  snow  in  the  Nisqually  Valley,  so  that  they  probably  do  not  hyber- 
nate.  A  young  man  who  had  kept  scliool  at  Astoria  told  me  that  the  children 
sometimes  caught  them  about  the  schoolhouse,  where  they  burrowed,  and 
that  they  could  be  caught  by  running  after  Ihem,  as  they  did  not  lun  fast. 
When  taken  they  did  not  offer  to  bite,  and  ale  vegetable  food  readily.  The 
specimen  sent  from  there  was  found  drowned  in  a  tanner's  vat." 

The  same  volume  from  which  Dr.  Cooper's  above-quoted  observation*) 
were  extracted  contained  a  variety  of  further  information,  contributed  by 
T)r.  George  Suckley,  well  known  for  his  natural-iiistory  studies  of  Oregon  and 
Washington,  and  b]^  George  Gibbs,  Esq.,  the  distinguished  ethnographer  and 
philologist.  Among  other  items  of  their  respective  accounts  may  be  specially 
noted  Mr.  Gibbs's  determination  of  the  inapplicability  of  the  name  "Sewellel" 
to  this  animal,  and  his  observation  of  its  curious  habit  of  laying  out  its  pro- 
visions to  dry.  Mr.  Gibbs,  as  quoted  by  Dr.  Suckley  (p.  100  of  the  volume 
referred  to),  said  :  — 

"The  specimen  I  send  you  was  obtained  at  Seattle,  where  it  was  killed 
in  a  garden.     Its  name,  in  the  Nisqually  language,  is  Showt'l.  (Showfiurll,\ 

'  RepubUsbiKl  as  the  "  Nntaral  History  uf  WasbiDdtim  Territory  ". 

\" 8hDWk»rll" — ths,  Id  tbe  original,  wbicb  I  suppooe  to  be  »  typograpbioal  error  for  an  intended 
SiotckurU.  • 


HAPLODONTlD-aj— HISTORY  AND  HABITS  OF  H.  RUFU8.        597 


Suckley.)  ....  This  animal  burrows  extensively  in  the  ground.  It  chiefly 
frequents  spring  heads  in  rich  moist  places,  and  is  found  as  far  up  as  the 
dividing  ridge  of  the  Cascade  mountains,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  divide.  I  • 
noticed  tlieir  burrows  in  1853  at  the  top  of  the  main  Yakima  pass.  Near  their 
abodes  were  small  bundles  of  some  herb  or  plant  cut  with  nicety  and  laid  out  on 
logs  to  dry  or  wilt*  The  Indians  trap  them,  and  value  their  meat  very  much 
as  food." 

On  subsequent  {Miges  of  the  same  volume  (pp.  124-126),  Mr.  Gibbs 
continued : — 

"I  noticed  burrows  of  the  show'tl  in  1853,  at  the  top  of  the  main  Yakima 
Pass,  in  the  Cascade  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  3,500  feet,  and  again  in 
1854,  at  the  Nahchess  Pass  in  the  same  mountains.  .  .  .  •  The  Yakima 
Indians  call  it  Sqtmllah.  Its  range  in  the  Territory  is  quite  extensive,  from 
high  mountain  elevations  to  near  the  salt  water.  Colonel  Simmons,  one  of 
the  earliest  settlers  in  Washington  Territory,  confirms  the  statement  of  the 
Indians  that  the  show'tl,  like  the  prairie  dog,  lives  in  companies.  He  has 
frequently  seen  them  sitting  at  the  entrances  of  their  burrows  early  in  the 
morning,  and  whistling  something  in  the  manner  of  the  prairie  dog.  Lewis 
and  Clark  say  that  this  animal  '  mounts  a  tree  and  burrows  like  a  squirrel.' 

The  statement  that  it  '  mounts  a  tree'  is  probably  an  error I  find 

the  [sic — lege  that]  Lewis  and  Clark's  name  of  Sewellel  for  A.  leporina  is  an 
error.  The  Chinook  name  for  the  animal  itself  is  o-gwool-lal.  She-wal-lal 
{Sewellel,  corrupt)  is  their  name  for  the  robe  made  of  its  skins." 

Said  Dr.  Suckley,  at  the  last-quoted  pages  of  the  same  volume : — 

"  ....  It  is  probable  that  the  Aplodontia,  like  many  other  rcdents,  has 
several  litters  of  young  during  the  seasotr.  The  Nisqually  Indians,  in  their 
mythological  traditions  and  obscure  stories  concerning  the  creation,  say  that 
the  show'tl  was  the  first  animal  created  with  life.  I  cannot  find  out  whether 
they  undergo  a  regular  torpid  hybernation.f  The  natives  say  that  they  move 
about  a  little  during  the  winter,  but  do  not  become  decidedly  active  until  late  in 
the  spring.  They  live  in  burrows,  in  small  companies  of  a  dozen  or  more, 
and  subsist  on  roots,  berries,  &c.  The  Indians  say  that  the  show'tl  of  the 
Cowlitz  river  has  a  white  breast  and  belly.  Those  at  Nisqually,  having  the 
under  parts  dark,  are  said  to  retain  the  same  coloration  throughout  the  year. 

'The  imnage  I  likve  ilBlicized— it  wm  iu  Roman  in  tho  oriKinal — in,  I  think,  the  6rat  inilioatioo 
of  tbo  ourinu*  hsbit  iu  qurstion. 

I  The  probitbilit;  secins  to  b<j  that  thvy  do  not. 


II 


•fi! 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


....    Tliey  are  considered  by  the  Indians  to  possess  liigh  gastronomic  qual- 
ities.    To  ascertain  this  I  had  one  roasted  secundum  artetn.     I  found  it 

excellent " 

Dr.  Suckley  gave  some  measurements,  derived  from  examination  of  three 
fresh  specimens,  as  follows: — 

"MeaiuremenU  of  ipeclaenf. 


'  From  tip  of  noBO  to  base  of  tail 

'  VuitcbrsBof  tail 

'From  InaeOf  tail  to  tip  of  hair 

'  From  occipllal  protubcranco  to  tip  of  nooe 

*  DiHtanco  ItntwcvD  eara 

'  Holglit  of  (.'Hrs  pnstpriurly,  about 

'Easy  Kirtb  of  boail,  measDrcd  around  the  ean 

*  OlfvraDOD  to  wrist 

'  Midillo  nail  of  fore  paw,  about '. 

'  From  wrUt  to  end  of  loujcrat  nail 

'  EsMy  Rirlh  behind  Rhoulders  

'  Extcut  from  moat  projecting  toe  nail  of  bind  foot  to  ditto  of  fo»  foot,  extreme  atietflh  . 

'  From  he*'l  to  end  of  middle  too  nail 

'  LoDgeat  vhinkera,  about 


NaW,* 
rf. 


No.»3,<f. 


t9.73t 
I.M 
8.37 
a.  00 

.75 
7.30 
3.M 

.90 
1.00 
7.1S 
U.00 


13.00 
l.SO 
l.ilSt 
3.00{ 


Ko.04,  $. 


18.35 
1.50 
3.85 

3.75{|| 


.75 


1.87 
7.75 

laoo 

3.85 
3.00' 


*Cultector'8  numbers.       t  Incbef  and  d(%lma1a.        t  Obvious  misprint  for  8  85.       $"  Nearly."       jj  Meant  for  8.751 

A  few  years  later,  in  1864,  Professor  Peters  {I.  s.  c.)  described  specimens 
from  Calif'>rnia  as  constituting  a  new  variety,  to  which  he  applied  the  name 
of  Haplodon  leporimis  var.  californicus.  I  havfi  seen  no  specimens  from  that 
region,  nor  is  the  material  available  at  present  sufficient  to  enable  us  to  come 
to  final  conclusions  respecting  the  normal  rate  of  susceptibility  to  individual 
variation.  The  few  s])eciinens,  however,  indicate  tliat  the  nito  is  at  least  as 
high  as  Ihat  which  lias  been  established  for  various  mammals  more  or  less 
closely  allied ;  and,  should  such  provu  really  the  case,  there  would  be  no  impro- 
priety in  considering  var.  cal{fornicus  as  strictly  synonymous. 

F. — TABLKS   OF    MEASCBEMENT8. 


Tablk  1 

. — tleiumremt»1$ 

of  Ihrm  alcoholic  aped 

tun* 

}f  IUP' 

t  BUrUB. 

1 

D 

a 
o 

Locality. 

1 

From  tip  of  nose  to- 

•■■ail  to  end 
of- 

Uogthof- 

8 

1 
2 

1 

1 

a 

i 

•s  1 
n 

j 

1 
1 

"S 

l.CO 

8.40 

i 

aoo 

1 
11.00 

i 

1.00 

1.75 

i 

i 

t79 

1 

a 

113.10 

Olynipla,W.  T. 

1180 

8.89 

3  90 

0  79 

4.90 

0.55 

Alcoholic. 

IVOA 

...do 

rf 

1.(10 

3.70 

3.30 

I'lOO 

l.OP 

1. 15 

3.10 

8.00 

8.90 

0.80 

4.79 

U.50 

....do. 

1I.T57 

..do 

tf 

1.90 

8.50 

3.00 

11.00 

1.10 

8.00 

1.00 

3.10 

8.10 

3.40 

0.75 

4.00 

ato 

....do. 

HAPLODONTID^— HAPLODON  RUFUS— TABLES. 


599 


Tablk  II. — Me<uurement$  cf  three  skulU  of  HAVLODOii  rufus. 


DlnenaionB. 


XoUl  leDKth(ond  of  nauU  to  occipital  protaberanoe) 

Greateet  width  (across  Eygoraata  posteriorly) 

Next  greatest  with  (soroBS  oodpat) 

Least  width  (at  interorbital  conatrtction) 

Width  across  poat^leuold  notches 

Width  of  rostnim  Jnst  tn  front  of  sygomata 

Depth  of  skoll  at  middle,  exolndlngmolara 

Length  of  bony  palate 

Length  of  naaal  bones 

Greatestwldth  of  nasal  bones 

Length  of  aygoma  ((h>m  anteorbltal  foramen  to  most  posterior  point . . 

Distance  across  enter  mai^n  of  glenoid  fossn 

Length  of  auditory  balls 

length  of  upper  molar  serios 

Width  of  intennolar  portion  of  palate,  about 

Length  of  inciaiTO  foramina 

Horlaontal  diameter  of  foramen  macnnm  (the  vertical  aboat  0.05  less)  . 

Length  of  exposed  poriiwi  of  superior  inolsora 

Jaw,  total  length,  ends  of  incisors  to  back  of  condyles 

Jaw,  total  length,  ends  of  Incisorfi  to  apex  of  oornnold 

Jaw,  totallength,  ends  of  Incisors  to  end  of  deaoending  prooeas 

Length  of  inferior  molar  series 

Lengthof  exposed  portion  of  inferior  inolsora 

Width  of  the  flattened  pUto  at  angle  of  Jaw 


1 

a 

■z& 

o  » 

Sib 
d 


S.00 

ass 
a.  10 

0.40 
1.S0 
0.68 
0.75 
1.6S 


0.53 
1.43 
1.46 
0.90 
0.T0 
0.x 

aas 

0.4S 


1.15 
1.P5 


O.TO 
0.70 


-Oj 


3.80 
3.18 


a33 
1.40 
0.08 
0.70 
1.65 


0.45 
1.40 
1.43 


0.70 
0.35 


0.5.-) 
3.18 
1.85 
3.30 
0.65 
0.80 
0.90 


0.0) 
0.70 
1.65 
1.08 
0.48 
1.40 


0.S0 
308 
1.85 
310 
0.05 
0.65 

ago 


fonrth. 


Length  of  ■knll  to  ita  grwtMt  width,  3.00  :  3.05  : :  1 : 0,77,  or  width  between  t'iiree.fanrtlu  >nd  fonr-flftha  of  length. 
Length  of  eknll  to  lu  depth  (withont  Jaw),  9.U0  i  0.7S  til:  0.80,  or  depth  not  two-flftha  of  length—little  over  one. 


Tablr  III.— £<«<  </<p«o<m«ii<  examined  of  Haplodon  rufus. 


Xat 
Una.  No. 

Locality. 

Soaroe  whence  re- 
ceived. 

Collected  by— 

Katnre  of  apecimen  and  remarka. 

an 
m} 

3801 
3476 
11398 
11354 
11397* 
11355 
113.16 

Pnget'a  Bound . . 

...  do 

...do 

01yuipl»,W.T... 
....do 

V.S.RxpI.]Izpd.. 
...do 

T.RPeale 

....do 

it,  mounted,  with  detached  aknll  uccompaojing. 

Skull  belonging  to  Mo,  4047  -,  figured,  pL  tL 

Skull  1  original  of  Balrd'a  plate,  if  not  alao  of  Foale'a 

Broken  aknll.                                             [woodcut. 

cf.alcobollo,  Inthefleab. 

J,  alcoholic,  in  tbe  fleab. 

cT,  alcoliolio,  in  the  Arab  (ainoe  diaaected). 

(f, alcoholic;  akin  and  akuU. 

— ,  alcoholic.  In  the  fieab. 

...do 

....do 

George  Snokley... 

KCVIngaid 

....do 

George  Snckley... 
E.C.Wlngard  .... 
....do 

..  do 

do 

.do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

*  Na  113ST  was  dlaa«ct«d  fbr  anatomical  dotaila,  the  disarticnlatad  skeleton  preserved,  and  (he  skin  remains  In  con. 
dititm  for  mountiDg.    Two  or  thrss  stafM  aklns,  soppoaed  to  be  atlU  in  the  National  Mnseum  were  not  found. 


■'  i 


^Hn 

1 
i 

1 

i 

i 

U.  8.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  T1U3  TEUKITOKIEfl. 


HAPLODONl'ID^,    PLATE  VI. 


■  ',    ;!fj| 


i-r 


I! 


H 


■kmll  »t  HAPI^ODON  BVVI/S.    Nal.  •!■•.    (}g|f) 


fH 


■-,1 


wm 

ft?^  ■!-■■ 

'si 
id  ^ ' 

mm 

m 

H  ilii 

jH 

■'^ 

MONOGRAPHS 


NORTH   AMERICAN   RODENTIA. 


No.  X.-GEOMYIDiE. 


I  III 


1    \4 

Mi 


By   ELLIOTT   OOUES. 


601 


:^'ii 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Office  of  United  States  Geological  and 

Geoobaiuical  Subvey  of  the  Tesritobies, 

Washinglon,  D.  C,  January  1,  1877. 

S)B:  I  transmit  herewith,  for  publicrition  with  the  series  of  "Monographs 
of  North  American  Rodentia",  a  summnry  statement  of  the  family  Gcomijida, 
which  completes  my  labors  in  this  connection. 

A  word  of  explanation  is  here  required.  I  finished  my  investigation  of 
this  family  of  North  American  Mammals,  and  prepared  a  memoir  on  the  sub- 
ject, before  the  present  series  of  Monographs  of  the  Rodents  was  projected. 
A  very  brief  article,  entitled  "  The  Cranial  and  Dental  Characters  of 
Gcomyidte",  was  published  by  you  in  the  "  Bulletin"  of  the  Survey  (2d  ser. 
no.  2,  pp.  83-90,  May  11,1875);  p,  preliminary  "  Synopsis  of  the  Geomyidse '' 
appeared  in  the  "  Proceedings  "  jf  the  Philadelphia  Academy  for  1875  (pp. 
130-138);  while  the  extended  memoir  itself  formed  "  Part  III. — Zoology" 
(pp.  215-285)  of  Powell's  "Exploration  of  the  Colorado  of  the  West",  and 
was  also  reissued  as  a  separate  pamphlet,  with  a  modification  of  the  title. 
Under  these  circumstances,  it  becomes  inadmissible,  upon  considerations  of 
economy  in  the  expenditure  of  funds,  to  duplicate  the  memoir  at  the  public 
expense.  Yet  it  is  considered  in  the  last  degree  undesirable  and  inexpedient 
to  leave  the  present  ceries  of  Monographs  incomplete.  I  have  accordingly 
prepared  a  short  article,  which,  omitting  all  details  of  description  and  criti- 
cism not  necessary  to  the  integrity  of  the  paper,  gives  the  gist  of  the  subject ; 
for  the  rest,  I  must  refer  you  to  the  original  memoir.  I  should  add,  however, 
that  the  present  paper  contains  no  little  new  matter,  derived  from  study  of 
specimens  additional  to  those  in  hand  in  1875,  and  serving  to  check  the  results 
previously  reached. 

I  am,  Sir,  &c., 

ELLIOTT  COUES, 

Assistant  Surgeon  U.  S.  A., 

Secretary  of  the  Survey. 
Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden, 

U.  S.  Geologist-in-charge,  &v.,  Sec. 

G03 


■Mi 


"f!^  ■ 

ii 

'jMifflaii. 

i 

1 

Hi 

i^li^P' 

1 

Pl 

lifK    : 

1 

ml 

^  '  llil 

1 

Mkil 

.fjyi  ■■ 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Vtftt. 

PRBUMINAaV  CONSIDMUTIOMB 607-609 

Family  OEOHriD^B 609-Ull 

OennsOKOHYS 611-018 

Oeom;*  bnnoriiM U12-014 

taut 015-010 

ciutanoiM 616-617 

meziesniu 617-010 

hlipidna 019-021 

Ocnna  Thomomys esi-6i{3 

Thomomystalpoides OKt-OSS 

balbWonu...... 

ambriniu i 

eloaioa 639-010 

606 


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Family  GEOMYID^. 


The  group  to  be  here  treated  corresponds  to  the  Sciurospalacoide*  of 
Brandt,  the  subfamily  Geomyina  of  Baird,  the  family  Geomyuia  of  Gill, 
including  only  the  two  genera  Geotnys  of  Rafinesque  and  Thomomys  of  Maxi- 
milian. Of  the  former,  five  species  hove  been  estahhshcd  ;  of  tiie  hitter,  two. 
These  animals  are  confined  to  the  cold-temperate  and  warmer  portions  of 
continental  America,  from  portions  of  British  to  Central  America ;  their 
centre  of  distribution  being  the  United  States  from  the  Mississippi  Valley  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

By  all  late  authors,  so  far  as  I  know,  excepting  Brandt,  Gill,  aiid  myisclf, 
these  animals  have  been  united  with  Dijiodomyn,  Perognathus,  and  Heteromys, 
in  a  single  family,  usually  called  Saccomyida,  a  leading  character  of  which  is 
possession,  unique  among  Mammals,  of  external  fur-lined  pouches  on  the  sides 
of  the  head,  not  directly  connected  with  the  mouth,  nntl  thus  of  entirely 
different  construction  and  relations  from  the  ordinary  cheek-pouches  of  vari- 
ous Rodents.  The  classification  afforded  by  these  singular  organs,  which 
are  present  in  two  groups  of  animals  widely  different  iii  general  aspect,  is 
undoubtedly  n  safe  clue  to  natural  affinities,  since  it  is  borne  out  by  the  gen- 
eral structural  relationships  of  the  animals ;  these  being  so  close,  that,  after  all, 
no  great  violence  would  be  done  by  embracing  the  two  groups  under  a  single 
family.  Yet  their  respective  peculiarities  seem  sufficient  to  justify,  if  not  to 
require,  the  recognition  of  two  separate  families. 

The  characters  in  question  need  not  be  here  discussed  nor  even  formally 
presented,  as  those  which  arc  shared  by  the  two  groups  (being  the  basis  of 
the  superfamily  Sacromyoidea  of  Gill),  as  well  as  those  in  which  the  two 
groups  differ,  have  been  presented  on  foregoing  pages  of  this  work,  where 
the  general  bearings  of  the  case  are  further  discussed. 

The  history  of  the  family  begins  at  a  very  early  (pre-Linnsean)  period, 
though  nearly  everything  relating  to  it  is  of  much  later  date.  The  "Tucan" 
of  Hernandez  appears  to  ba/e  been  the  animal  long  afterward  first  technically 

607 


608 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


named  Ascomys  mexiravns  hy  Licliteiisteiii,  and  his  account,  may  be  the  earli- 
est literature  of  tim  suiijeet.  We  have  no  Linm  -m  name  iu  this  fiiniily. 
Bartrani  noted  the  Floridan  animal  in  1791  ;  but  the  first  "species"  pre- 
sented in  technical  nomenclature  appears  to  be  the  Mus  hurmrius  of  Shaw 
(1800).  The  earliest  generic  names  are  Geomys  and  Dijdoxtoma,  imposed  by 
Rafinesque  in  1817.  Various  circumstances  conspired  not  only  to  a  vague 
understanding  of  the  generic  characters,  but  also  to  long  delay  in  allocation  of 
the  genera  under  major  heads.  Richardson,  who,  in  1829,  handled  various 
species  more  effectively  than  his  predecessors  had  done,  merely  adopted 
Rafinesque's  genera,  falling  into  a  misunderstanding  respecting  the  character 
of  the  pouches.  So  far  as  I  am  aware,  ailer  the  period  when  "Mus"  and 
"Cricetus"  vyere  current  appellations  of  these  animals,  the  first  attempt  to 
dispose  of  them  in  a  formal  classification  was  made  by  W.ierhouse  in  1839, 
when  he  treat  J  of  Geomys,  the  only  genus  recognized  by  him,  as  a  Muroid,  and 
as  a  member  of  his  "family"  ArvicoKdee.  The  same  year  (1839),  Maximilian 
established  the  second  valid  genus,  Thomomyn,  the  various  generic  names 
before  proposed  having  been  synonyms  of  Geomys.  In  1848,  Waterbf^xse 
made  the  first  decided  step  toward  a  correct  appreciation  of  the  subject,  ^ 
bringing  Geomys  into  relation  with  Dipodomys,  and  by  proposing  the  group 
Saccomyina  to  contain  them  both.  Gervais  is  said  to  have  established  or 
recognized  at  the  same  time  a  family  Pseudostomidce,  equivalent  to  Water- 
house's  Saccomyina.  Soon  aftdrward,  in  1855,  Brandt*  established  the  first 
super-generic  name  Sciurospalacoides  for  these  animals  exclusively,  relegat- 
ing the  Saccomyinc  forms  elsewhere.  GeomyincB  of  Baird,  Altton,  and 
others,  and  Geomyida  of  Gill  and  Coues,  are  other  terms  of  exclusive 
pertinence  to  this  group,  which  certainly  belongs  to  the  Myomorphic  series  of 
Rodents,  as  originally  sketched  by  Waterhouse  and  more  fully  developed  by 
Alston,  tiiough  the  question  of  its  exact  position  among  Myomorpfia,  aside 
from  its  obvious  aftinities  with  Sacconiyidce,  perhaps  remains  open.  Its 
Murine  affpiltles  may  perhaps  prove  to  hpvc  l)een  indicated  by  the  name 
Brandt  applied,  but  its  Sciurine  relationships  are  not  so  clear. 

*  1855— BiiANUT  (J.  I''.).  Bfitriigo  znr  uiihcru  KunnliiitiH  dor  SUugetbivTe  KuwIaudH.  Vicrto 
J  nndlung.  Bliuko  auf  dio  ulliiialigeu  ITortschritto  in  dci  Griipplrnnf;  dor  Wa<;ur  niit  speciollor  UoKic- 
bnii);  anf  dio  Gesc'oi  hte  dor  Gattuiig  Custur,  beBoudcm  der  altwoltlicbun  Uilwr.  4to.  St.  I'otcrHbnri;. 
1855.  )>ii.  >0-3o0,  pi.  i-xi  (AuH  don  Mdui.  Mutli.  ttc.  du  I'Acnd.  Imp.  d.'B  BiionccR,  ton.j  v  I,  bcHoiidorH 
nliged'iH'kt.) 

[SciuTotpa^  soidiis,  p.  'MO.  Kuliitoil  fcrou[i8  cwlnVlialinl  In  ttilH  paper  are  Hicrocallul  {=:DipodotnyB),  p  Q.I1  unit  {i. 
ail,  an<l  PeroQiMtht  fi*u  2'  Tea  n^iurtupataevid^,  p.  305.. 


it?! 


OEOMYID^E-SYNONYMY  AND  BlULIOGltAI'nY. 


Family  GEOMYID^. 


ouy 


m 

i 


SYNONYMY. 


<  Sacoomyina,  Waterhouse,  Nat.  Hist.  Mamm.  ii,  1848,  8,    (As  a  group  of  iluridm.    lucliuled  tlie  Sao- 

comyidw,  now  made  u  separate  family.    Equivalout  to  tlio  suporfaiuily  Sacnmnoidea  of 
Gill,  1872.) 

<  i'«euifo«f(mi<I(F,GKiiVAl8,  "Diet.  Univ. (I'Hist.  Nat.  xi,  1848".    (Family.   Equivalent  to  (.be .Saccofflj^M of 

Waterhouse.) 

<  Saccomyidcc,  Lii.ijkuoro,  Syst.  (Efv.  Gnai;.  DUggtlJ.  l^GO.    (Family     Equivalent  to  Saocomyina  of 

Waterhouse.) 
=  iSe<uroii|ia(acot(Je»,  Brandt,  Dull.  8e.  Acad.  St.  Pdtersb.  18I>4,  t.  xiii,  no.  7;  Mdlang.  Biol,  ii,  i;i8;  Bcitr. 

Kennt.  SUug.  Russlands,  1855,  18d.    (Group  composed  of  the  geueru  Ucomyi  aud  Thamomyn.) 
=  SciurotpaUuiHi,  Giebel,  AUg.  Ziml.  i. 
~  Ucomyinw,  Baird,  Mamm.  N.  A.  1857,  3C6.    (Subfamily  of  Saccomyida ;  the  group  of  this  name  with 

this  author  being  equivalent  to  Saocomyina,  Waterhouse.) 
=:G(!0»ii/ii!a!,  Gnx,  Arrang.  Fam,  Mamm.  1S72,  71.    (Family.) 
=  Geamyida,  Coues,  Proe.  Acad.  Phila.  1875,  130.     (Family.) 
:— Genera  Geomye  {=  Diploatoma,  Sactophorui,  Paeudmtomn,  Aioonyi)  nnd  Tliomomyi  of  AuTUORS. — Codes, 

Powell's  Kep.  Expl.  Colorado  River,  1875,  217. 


!■■  '!! 


^ff 


SPECIAL   BIBLIOGRAPUT. 

1800— SflAW  (G.).    Description  of  the  Mus  borsarins  [etc.].     <  Trans.  Linn.  Soo.  v,  1800,  pp.  227 . 

1802— MiTCHilx  (S.  L.).    Undeseribed  Little  Qnadrupe<l  of  Georgia.     <  N.  Y.  Med.  Repos.  v.  1602,  p. 

89,  ag. 

[yoTE.— Not  named ;  described  by  J.  Mllledpo.] 
1817 — Rapinesqde  (C.  S.).    Descriptions   of  seven    new  genera   of   North    American    QnadrupodK. 

<  Amer.  Mouth.  Mag.  ii,  1817,  pp.  44-40. 

fNoTB,  — Masama,  Bfploatonia,  p.  H  \  Ocotnya,  Cynomys.  Mynomcs,  p.  45-  LjDX,  p.  46.] 
1819— Dksmarest  ( — ).    [Hamster  de  Virginie.]    <  Jonrn.  de  Physique.  Ixxxix,  1819,  p.  159. 
1821 — MrrcHiu.  (8.  L.).    Desnrip^.ou  of  t  wo  nmmmiferons  Animals  of  North  America  [Sciurns  trido- 

cem-lineatns,  Mus  saocatu.?].     <  N.  Y.  Med.  Repos.  xxi,  1821,  pp.  248-250. 
[Note.— With  the  sabbead,  "The  Gopher,  or  Pouohod  Bat  of  North  Amerioa,  (Una  boraariai.)"] 
1822 — MiTCUlu.(S.  L.).    Detection  of     mistake  iuto  which  naturalists  have  been  led  in  relation  to  the 

Mus  bnrsarins  or  Pouched  Rat  of  Canada.     <  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  iv,  1823,  p.  183. 
162.'! — LiCBTENSTEiN  (K.  W.  H.).    Ueber  iiusst^re  Baokeutosohen  an  Nagetbiereu.     <  Kongl.  Akod.  Wiss. 

Berlin,  Abb.  der  pbys.  Clagse  (1822-23),  11:25. 
1839 — Maximilian  ( — ).    Ueber  oinigo  Nager  mit  iiusseren  Backentaschen  aus  dem  wntlicbcn  Nord. 

Amerika  [Thomomys  und  Perogiiuthue,  geun.  nn.].     <  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Cffis.-Leop.  Nat- 
Cur,  xix,  i,  1839,  pp.  3«ft-384. 
1841— CnARLE8WORTH(E,).    [On  Habits  of  Ascomysmex'oanuB.]     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lend,  ix,  184l,p.  CO. 
1847-49 — W.iONER  (A.).    Beitriige  zur  Kenntuiaa  der  Siiugethiero  Amerika's.     <  Abhandl.  math.-phys. 

C'asse,  Kongl.  bayer.  Akad.  Wiss.  v,  1847-49,  p.  405.    [Ober  Ascomys  canadensis.] 
ISoii— LkConte  (J.  L.).    An  attempt  at  a  synopsis  of  t'lo  genus  Geomys  [iucl.  Thomomys].     <  I'roc. 

Phila.  Acad.  1852,  pp.  l.W-. 
1808 — ^WooDHousE  (S.  W.).    Description  of  a  new  species  of  Pouched  Rat  of  the  genus  Geomys  [O. 

fulvus].     <  I'roc.  Phila.  Acad.  1852,  p.  201. 
I806— Baird  (8.  P.).    Characters  of  snuio  now  spociesof  North  American  Mammalia,  etc.  [Geomys  clarkii], 

<  Proe.  Phila.  Acad.  1855,  333. 

^^'55— Farvin  (J.  B.).    On  the  habits  of  the  Gopher  of  Illinois  (Geomys  bnrsarins).     <  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths, 

Inst,  for  1854,  ia'-|5,  pp.  293-294. 
IHOl— Oesnkh  (W.).     Ou  the  habits  of  "10  Pouched  Rat,  or  Salimandor,  (Geomys  pineti,)  of  Georgia, 

<  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst,  for  :S80, 1861,  pp.  431-43.3. 

1804~P"TEiis  (W,).     Ueber  none  Artcu  der  SUu.ethiergattungen  Geomys  [bt.arodus],  Huplodo;i  und 

Dasypus.     <  Monutsb.  Akad.  (Viss.  Uerliu,  1864,  pp.  177  181. 
1867— Li         'J.)     [On  a  skull  of  Geomys  bursarius  from  the  loess  of  the  Missouri,]     <  Proc,  Acad. 
lila.  18C7,  p.  99. 

39  M 


ft 


m 


.u| 

m 


.Jm 


I 


III"? 

'■■rr^rBR 

i- 

;io 


MONOGUAl'IlS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


187G— CoL'KS  (!•;.)•    ConriTniiiK  '•  I'ockct"  (iopliprH.     <  Aiiicricnn  Sportsman  of  Juno  5,  1875, 
[NCTE.~A  popular  iiccnutit  (f  (fcoiuymu'.  I 

IH/f)— CoUKs  (K.).  TIk^  cranial  mill  (liMitttl  cliarnpterB of  Gtwinjiilm.  <  Ilnll.  II.  8.  (ieol.  &  Oeogr.  Snrv. 
Terr.  2(1  Mcr.  nii.  U,  \>\i.  ril-DU,  May  U,  IWrj.  [Koiirintcil,  with  hohio  modilicutioii,  ua  Addeuiluni 
A  of  llio  memoir  bt'low  cited.] 

1«75— CoiJi'.s  (E.).  Sjuopsis  of  tbo  Gconijidu).  <  Troo.  I'hilo.  Acad.  1875^  pp.  130-13a.  [A  brief 
abHtraci  of  tbo  u>onioir  next  below  cited.] 

1^75— Ci>ui:k  (E.).  Exploration  of  the  Colorado  River  of  tlie  Wost  and  its  tributaries.  Explored  iu 
lH(i<.),  1H70,  1871,  and  1872,  under  tlie  direction  of  tbo  Secretary  of  the  Smitbsonian  Inxtitn- 
ti<m.  Wuxbinjjton :  Government  Priuting  Ofilce.  1875.  Part  III. — Zoiilogy.  By  Elliott 
Couen.  Chapter  XII. — AbHtroct  of  resultH  of  a  stiuly  of  tbo  genera  Geoniys  and  TbomoniyH, 
pp.  215-385,  tig.  80.  ( Reissued  an  separate  pamphlet  with  tbo  title  "Abstract  of  results  of  a 
study  of  the  Kciiera  Geoniys  and  Tboniomys,  with  addenda  on  the  osteology  of  Geomyida) 
and  on  the  habits  of  Geoniys  tiiza".    The  reissue  only  diffura  from  the  original  in  the  title.) 

1875— GOODE  (G.B.).     Notes  on  tho  "Salamander"  of  Florida  (Geomys  tuza).     <  Powell's  Rep.  Colorado 
R.  1875,  pp.  281-285. 
t  N'OTR.— On  tho  liablu  of  tho  spociua ;  beiug  Addendnm  B  of  the  article  but  cited.] 

For  cliaractcis,  especially  in  comparibon  and  contrast  with  those  of  Snc- 
comyidcp.,  sec  antea,  pp.  402,  493.  -  - 

The  cranial  and  dental*  characters  are  very  fully  presented  in  my  paper 
in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Survey,  above  cited. 

The  external  characters  are  detailed  at  length  in  the  descriptions  of  the 
leading  species  of  tiic  two  fenera,  Geomys  hursarius  and  Thomomys  talpoidm, 
in  the  zoological  portion  of  Powell's  Report,  above  cited. 

The  two  genera  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  profoundly  suicatc  inci- 
sors, enormously  developed  fore  claws,  and  rudimentary  ears  of  Geomys,  con- 
trasted with  the  smooth  incisors,  moderately  fossorial  claws,  and  distinct 
though  very  small  cars  of  Thomomys.  There  are  also  many  cranial  charac- 
ters, as  given  beyond.  The  two  genera  offer  the  further  curious  difference, 
that  in  Geomys  a  number  of  species  appear  to  have  been  firmly  established, 
while  the  differentiation  of  Thomomys  has  not  progressed  so  far.  There  is 
probably  a  difference  in  the  number  of  maminw  in  the  two  genera  ;  Thomomys 
usually  liaving  six  pairs,  while  in  no  Geomys  have  I  recognized  more  than 
three  pairs.     The  pouchcsf  are  substantially  the  same  in  the  two  genera. 

*  Tho  dental  forninia  may  he  rendered  more  precisely,  as  follows :  — 


I.?-|;C.''-'!:P.!-liM.»-=' 


0-0.  p  1-1. 


5-6^10^^» 
5—5      10      *  ■ 


1—1'  0—0'  1— I'.  ;i— 3 
t  "The  ponchos  .  .  .  —at  first  supposed  to  he  pendulous  hags  hanging  from  tlio  mouth,  then  with 
some  correction  found  to  ho  not  penilnlous,  yet  believed  to  open  into  the  mouth  from  witliin — are  wholly 
cxteriial,  ami  have  no  more  connection  with  the  buccal  cavity  than  thj  belly -p<iuch  of  a  Ksngr.roo  or 
Opos.suni  has  to  do  with  the  genital  organs.  These  sacs  are  simply  a  purse-shaped  duplicature  of  tbo 
loose  skin  of  the  side  of  the  head  and  neck.  The  free  margin  of  the  pouch  arises  from  the  side  of  tho 
upper  jaw,  about  half-way  from  noso  to  rye,  just  underneath  the  wh.riker-pateh,  and  curves  loosely 
around  the  siile  of  the  bead  to  the  angle  of  the  jaw.  The  general  ontliuo  of  tho  orifice  is  semicircular 
(or  rather  semipyrifuriii,  si.ico  the  broadest  p-  •»  ■'  'vu  a  little);  the  inner  border  being  the  proper 

iutegumeut  of  the  sido  of  tho  head.    Tbo  linin,^  aoo  in  ordinary  integnment,  of  rather  moru  deU- 


d:i.^ 


GEOMYID.E— OEOMYS. 


Gil 


Tlio  species  of  hotli  are  subject  to  a  ciirioiis  dichroniatism,  being  soiiiotimcs 
found  in  a  certain  melanotic  condition,  in  which  liic  pelage  is  dark  pluml)ag()- 
colored,  or  even  l)lack,  like  anthracite.  This  appears  too  frequent  not  to  be 
something  more  than  the  purely  fortuitous  melanism  liable  to  occur  as  an  indi- 
vidual peculiarity  in  any  animal ;  and  yet  this  state  has  not  been  traced  to 

any  special  conditions  of  age,  sex,  or  season. 

'  ,, 

Genus  GEOMYS  (eniewrf.  ea;  Raf.). 

Mtn,  ip.  Shaw,  et  al,  I  c.  infrd. 

Criceiut,  tp.  Drsm.,  et  al,  I.  o.  infrA.  •  >    . 

Oeomyi,  Raf.,  Am.  Mouth.  Mag.  ii,  1817,  45.— Baird,  Hnmm.  N.  A.  1857,  30d.— CouES,  Proc.  Phlln.  Acul. 

Iri75,  130  (moiioKraiihio  Bketcb) ;  Powell's  Rep.  Colorado  R,  187r>,  !»0  (monograpli) ;  Bull. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  3d  oer.  no.  ii,  1876,  pp.  81  seqq.  (craniiU  ohiirnotorB}. 
Diplmtoma,  Rap.,  op.  et  locoit. 

Saccophorui,  Kvni.,  Ovitr.  l»JO,  Gb.  ■>■•  ' 

PKudottomo.,  Sat,  Long's  Exp.  R.  Mta.  i,  1823,  AOr,. 
Atcomyt,  Licnr.,  Ablinnd.  Berl.  Acnd.  1822-2:1,  1825,  20. 

Generic  characters.* — Superior  incisors  deeply  channeled  along  the 
middle,  with  or  without  a  fine  marginal  groove.  Crowns  of  intermediate  molars 
truly  elliptical.  Root  of  inferior  incisor  but  little  protuberant  on  outside  of  base 
of  condylar  ramus ;  end  of  mandible  thus  only  two-pronged,  with  a  knob 
between.  Zygomata  widest  across  anteriorly,  thence  contracting;  the  width 
behind  little,  if  any,  greater  than  the  intermastoid  diameter  of  the  skull. 
Parietals  ridged  along  their  line  of  union  with  each  other.  Interparietal  tri- 
angular. Nasals  approximately  parallel-edged  part  way,  then  suddenly  widen- 
ing. Superficies  of  mastoid  bone  occupying  nearly  half  the  occipital  surface 
of  the  skull  on  each  side.  BuUje  osseae  less  inflated,  quite  acute  anteriorly. 
Basi-occipital,  in  the  middle,  about  as  broad  as  the  width  of  the  bulla  at  the 
same  point.  A  pair  of  broad  dee;.'  pits  on  the  palate  behind,  extending  for- 
ward to  opposite  the  penultimate  molars.  External  ears  usually  a  mere  rim  of 
integument  around  the  auditory  orifice.     Fore  claws  enormously  developed. 

Containing  the  largest  species  of  the  genus.  Geographical  distribution 
from  portions  of  British  America  to  Central  America,  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  but  not  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States. 

cnle  texture.  It  is  clothed  with  fine  fnr.  On  the  side  next  the  bead,  the  ordinary  fur  of  the  parts 
nmkes  directly  into  the  pouch ;  on  the  outside,  the  floe  tar  continues  to  the  brim,  where  it  is  met  by  tlie 
ortliuury  external  {wlage.  Between  the  two  layers  of  skin  rests  a  ihin  bed  of  muscular  flores  (pcrliaps 
a  uiodifled  pliityHma  myoides),  serving  for  such  contractile  mnvemeuts  as  the  receptacle  may  be  snscep- 
tibia  of.  But  the  connection  between  the  folds  of  skiu  is  so  slight  and  louse  tbit  tlie  pouch  may,  witli 
liltio  force,  be  tamed  completely  inside  out,  though  it  does  not  appear  that  this  ever  occurs  in  life.  A 
rull-si7.cd  pouch  will  admit  thiee  Angers  as  far  as  the  first  Joint." — (Quoted  from  the  original  metHOir.) 

'The  characters  are  drawn  up  with  special  reference  to  antithesis  with  those  of  Thomomyi, 
beyond. 


'   H 


1: 


(        ' 

;  'J' 


iii 

ft 

! 

Bi^ 

012 


MONOOllAPUS  OP  NOUTH  AMERICAN  RODEKTIA. 


ANALYSIS    OP   species;  '  ,"'        'v" 

A.  Superior  inciHors  liisiilfute  ;  furo  nliiws  and  pouclieH  at  a  iiiaxiiiiiim. 

a.  IiiciHura  almost  exactly  bi»cctr(l  by  the  main  groove,  tlio  flue  marginal  groovo 

tlintinet;  tail  and  feet  Imiry BunSARlUB. 

(.  IiiclsorB  iineqnally  divided  by  the  main  groovo  into  larger  inner  ami  Huiallur  outer 
jmrtion,  IliO  line  marginal  groove  fuiut  or  obsolete;  tail  uud  feet  nearly 

naked  (South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  StateH) tuza, 

I).  Superior  inuiaorH  uuiHulcato ;  fore  clawB  and  pouches  moderate. 

a.  Incixors  exactly  bixccted  by  the  grnovo;  fur  soft;  tail  and  feet  hairy. 

a'.  Smaller;  yellowiHh-browu,  below  whitish  (Unito<l  States) CASTAKors. 

b'.  Larger;  dark  reddlHh-brown,  below  iduniboous  (Mexico) mexicamb. 

b.  Incisors  unc'i|iuilly  divided  by  tho  groove  into  a  small  inner  and  large  outer 

portion;  pelage  very  hispid;  tail  and  feet  nearly  naked UISPIDUS. 

GEOMYS  BURSARIUS,  (Shaw)  Rich. 
Common  Pocbct  Gopher. 

Jfiu  burmrius,  RiiAW,  Linn.  Trans,  v,  1800,  227,  fig.  8  ;  Gen.  Zool.  ii,  1801,  ICO,  pi.  138  (tho  plate  clearly, 

shows  the  grooved  incisors ;  tho  pouches  are  everted). — MlTClliLL,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  iv,  1H22, 183 

(relating  to  tho  pouches). 
rricehM  buraariuK,  Dr,s.M.,  " Nonv.  Diet.  d'Hist. Nat.  xiv, ,  177 ;  Ency.  M£th.  Snppl.  pi.  10,  f.  4" ;  Mamm. 

ii,  1H2J,  p.  312  ("6«r8oreu«")-— F.  Cuv.,  "Diet.  Sc.  Nat.  xx, ,  2.J7".— Desmoul.,  "Diet. 

Class,  viii, ,  37".— GisiFK.,  "Anim.  Kingd.  iii,  1827,  i:i8,  pi.  — ";  v,  1827, 2;15,  no.  C12. 

Saceo})hor«f  bursariiie,  Kuril,,  Boitriigo,  1820,  G5. — Fiscii.,  Synop.  1827,  304. 

J'acudosloma  bursariiiB,  Say,  Lung's  Exp.  Ii.  Mts.  i,  1823,  406  ('btirsaria"). — Harlak,  Fn.  Amer.  1825, 

153.— Lkss.,  Man.  1627,  25'J.-G<)DMan,  Am.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1831,  90  ("jKrjorium").- DbKay, 

N.  Y.  Fn.  i,  1842,  92.— Al'I>.  &  lUciI.,  Q.  N.  A.  i,  184U,  332,  pi.  44. 
Gcomxpt  biirmrUia,  liicil.,  F.  B.  A.  i,  1829,  203. 
Cwmya  buranriuH,  Kicii.,  Sixth  Ann.  Kop.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  for  1830,  1837,  150. — WooDli.,  Sitgr.  Rep. 

Zufii  and  Col.  K.  IHTiS,  HO  (Indiau  Territory).— Pahvin,  Ann.  Eep.  Smiths.  Inst,  for  18,'>4,  lWi5, 

293  (habits).- Kenn.,  Trans,  llliuois  Agric.  Soc.  for  ia')3-r)4,  18.'u,  580.— Bd.,  M.  N.  A.  1K>7, 

372,  pi.  22,  f.  1  a-h,  and  pi.  50,  f.  2  a-ff— Maxim.,  Arch.  Noturg.  18G1,  ;  Verz.  Reiso 

N.-Anj.  Siing.  1802,  147.— Gkhh.,  Cat.  Bones  Br.  Mus.  1862,  223.— Leidv,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phila.  1807,  97  (skull  from  loess  of  Missouri). — Ames,  Bull.  Acad.  Minnesota,  i,  1874, 

70. — Coues,  Proc.  Phiia.  Acad.  1875,  ul ;  Powell's  Ki^p.  Colorado  Ii.  1875, 221  (monographic). 
Aacomyt  iursarius,  Evn.  &  Gehv.,  Voj  .  Favorite,  v,  18.J9,  23.-Sci!is!Z,  3yn.  ii,  1845,  132.— Gii:ii.,.Odou- 

tog.  53,  pi.  23,  f.  8. 
Geomyg  (Saccoi)horii»)  bursariua,  GiEn.,  Siiug.  1855,  ,'i29. 

f  Miia  ludovicicnun,  OiiD,  "  Gutlirie's  Gcog.  2d  Am.  cd.  ii,  1815,  292.    (Not  determinable.) " 
r  DiploHloma  fu8ca,  Raf.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  1817,44.— Desm.,  Momm.  ii,  1822, 315.— Less.,  Man  1827,801. 
t  Viplosloma  alba,  Rai'.,  Am.  Month.  Mug.  ii,  1817,  44  (albino).— Desm.,  Mamm.  11,  18i2,  315. — Less.,  Mud. 

1827,  201. 
Kaccophonia  t  ulbus,  Fiscii.,  Synnj!.  1827,  30r,. 
f  llii>m\j»  ciiierciia,  Rai'.,  Ant.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  1817,  45. 
Mua  saccatuD,  Mncii.,  N.  Y.  Med.  Repos.  xxi  (new  ser.  vol.  vi),  1821,  249  (from  Lake  Superior.    "Tho  Go- 

jilicr,  or  Pouched  Rat  of  North  America,  {itus  hnraariua.) ") 
Afcomyt  canaihnsia,  LiciiT.,  Abh.  Acad.  Wiss.  Berl.  1823,  13,  (Ig  — Uisants,  Mnizen,  1827,  24. — Waon. 

"  Sui>pl.  .Schreb.  iii,  1843,  :\!':) ;  Abh.  K.  Ho:;  r.  Al;ad.  MUuoh.  xxii,  1846,  327,  fig.  (skeleton)  ". 
fltomyH  rannrfrnoid,  LeC,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliiia.  vi,  18.')2,  158. 
(Ivomys  (Inimmondii,  Rich.,  Sixth  Ann.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc,  for  1836, 1H37, 157  (Texas.    A  npecles  with  donblo- 

griiovcd  inelsorn,  apparently  exactly  eipial  to  what  was  afterward  called  brcvicepa  by  Bainl). 
..lamnij/s  (frHiiiHionrfii,  Wagneh,  "Suppl.  Scbrebcr". 
(Icomya  oregonfimn,  Li:C.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  t-ci.  Phila.  vi,  1852, 100  (no  probability  that  the  assigned  locality 

is  correct). 
Gcomya  brevU-eps,  l!i>.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila,  18.')5,  334 ;  M.  N.  A.  1857,  ;)78,  pi.  52,  f.  2  a-,j  (Texas).— 

(iEllli.,  Cat.  Itmie;,  Br.  Mus.  1802,  2'J3. 
Canada  Unt,  Xnwv,  II.  cc. 
Canada  I'ouclud  Hat,  Riciiardbom,  I.  c— Aui).  &.  Bach.,  f.  c. 


ttb 


1         GEOMYID45-GEOMY3  BUKSAllIUS.  0J3 

Ilamster  du  Canada,  Desm.,  I.  c 

PneudoHtome  a  bonne,  Lkh8.,  I,  c. 

DiploKtome  hrmi,  1).  blanche,  Dehm.,  Lkss.,  (/.  co. 

Canadian  flamtter,  GliIKK.,  1.  c. 

Qoffer,  TuHchenmans,  ScilINZ,  I.  c.  •' 

PoHclied  Hat,  Sand  Rat,  Camat  Hat,  Pnckut  Gopher,  Snhnandrr,  Viil^o. 

Uon/noT  Gauffrt,  French  (wUorice  EngliHh  " ({"plier ",  and  Ot>riiiiiii  "gnffer")- 

Diagnosis. — Superior  incisors  bisulcatc,  with  a  fine  siiiu|)  groove  along  t lie 
inner  margin,  and  another,  much  larger,  i)isccting  the  remiiining  plane  sur- 
iiifc.  Check-pouches  ample,  extending  to  the  sliou!d(!rs.  Hands,  including 
claws,  longer  than  feet.  Tail  and  feet  hairy.  Pelage  soft,  sleek,  mole-like. 
Color  dull  reddish-brown,  muddy -gray  or  hoary  beneath,  the  basal  portion  of 
the  fur  plumbeous  throughout  (general  color  sometimes  blackish-gray) ;  feet 
and  tail,  for  the  most  part,  white  or  colorless.  Average  dimensions  of  adult, 
7  to  8  inches,  but  ranging  from  &.hQ  to  9.00  at  least ;  tail,  2  or  3  inches ;  fore 
foo',  including  longest  fore  claw,  about  IJ  inches;  iiiiid  foot,  including  claw, 
about  \\  inches;  longest  fore  claw,  about  0.75  inch,  but  very  variable — from 
little  over  0.50  to  1.25. 

Habitat  -•'^alley  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  in  a  broad  sense, 
and  somewhiit  beyond  to  the  northward.  "Canada."  Not  known  to  occur  in  the 
United  States  west  of  the  Kocky  Mountains.  Specimens  examined  from  the 
whole  immediate  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the  State  of  that  name  to  Min- 
nesota and  Dakota ;  also  from  Texas ;  from  the  Platte,  Washita,  and  Niobrara 
Rivers,  &c.;  and  from  the  eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

In  the  female,  there  are  three  pairs  of  teats — two  inguinal,  near  together 
along  the  inside  of  the  thighs;  and  another  pair,  pectoral,  at  a  considerable 
distance.  I  have  not  been  able  to  discover  any  more ;  and  as  the  same  num- 
ber and  position  have  been  found  to  hold  in  G.  tuza,  mexicanus,  and  hh-pulus, 
such  is  probably  the  normal  case  in  this  genus;  though  in  species  of  T/wmo- 
mys  I  have  distinctly  recognized  six  pairs. 

The  character  of  the  infclsors  demands  special  notice,  as  it  is  diagnostic 
of  the  species.  Two  grooves  upon  each  upper  incisor  always  persist  distinctly. 
One  of  these  is  a  sharp,  fine  line  of  impression,  running  along  the  inner 
margin  of  the  tooth,  about  the  distance  of  its  own  width  from  the  edge.  Tiie 
other  is  a  much  larger,  more  profound,  and  wider  sulcu.':,  which  fairly  bisects 
the  remaining  surface,  leaving  an  equal  plane  area  on  either  side,  exclusive 
of  the  small  portion  v.ut  ofT  by  the  fine  marginal  groove.  This  main  groove 
viries  a  good  deal  in  depth  and  width  in  different  specimens,  and,  moreover, 
is  itself  sometimes  sulcate ;  that  is  to  say,  this  excavati.,n  iomrtimes  presents. 


e  i. 


614 


MONOOllArUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  ItODENTIA. 


MM 


(111  the  outer  side,  a  fine  ridge,  which  marks  ofT  a  secondary  groove  within  the 
first.  The  same  thing  occurs  in  the  einglc-groovcd  species — castanops,  mexi- 
canus,  and  hbpidus.  But  this  carination  of  the  main  groove  is  not  always 
perceptible,  and  is  generally  so  fine  as  to  be  liable  to  be  overlooked.  When 
most  strongly  marked,  this  supplementary  groove  is  just  like  the  inner  marginal 
groove  itself;  and  each  tooth  then  seems  to  consist  of  two  similar  halves. 

Tablk  I. — McMwrementH  of  forty  tpeclMvi»,fre»h  and  atoohoUc,  of  Geomys  DunSARlcg. 


I 


1.127 
1:1^4 

a:)3n 

351 
SKU 

'nat 

■M33 
1175 
•J03O' 
II 
S 
3 
i 
5 
0 
1 
8 
II 
10 
II 
li 
13 
H 
IS 
16 
11 
18 
19 
31 
33 
34 
33 
3< 
31 
33 
33 
38 
40 
43 


Looality. 


Niobrara  River .. 

KAusas 

Iowa 

do 

SAlnt  LoulA,  Mo. . 
do 


do , 

Illinois 

VernillloD  River  ... 

LoulslaDa 

Fort  Slasetna,  Dak . 
do , 


.do. 


.do. 
.do  . 
.do. 


.do. 
.do  . 
..do  . 
.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do  . 


.do  . 
.do. 
,  do. 
..do. 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


do. 
.do. 
.do. 
..do. 


.do  . 
.do. 


From  tip  of  aoBO  to — 


o.es 

0.9S 
1.13 
I.3S 


1.03 
1.90 
1.00 
0.15 
0.S0 
1.11 
1.30 
1.13 
0.98 
1.00 
1.10 

am 

1.09 

1.35 
0.94 

0.91 

a  93 

0.90 

1.10 
1.33 

0.80 
0.81 
1.05 
0.95 
0.M 

a83 

1.13 
1.03 
0.93 
0.6] 
0.71 
0.91 
0.96 
0.17 
1.09 


1.40 
1.63 
1.10 
3.10 


1.13 
1.85 
1.43 
1.73 
1.45 
2.08 
9.04 
1.94 
1.51 
1.61 
1.>S 
1.60 
1.73 
1.84 
1.46 
1.46 
1.47 
1.35 
1.71 
3.13 
1.57 
1.33 
1.81 
1.56 
1.71 
1.50 
1.99 
1.63 
1.34 
1.13 
1.33 
1.47 
1.33 
1.19 
1.54 


1.90 
3.00 


3.90 
360 
1.90 
3.35 

3.49 
3.45 
3.03 
305 
300 
336 
3.06 
3.  If. 
3.45 
305 
1.97 
L97 
1.07 
3.90 
3  47 
300 
303 
330 
306 
303 
1.90 
350 
330 
313 
1.63 
1.63 
3  00 
1.93 
3  10 
9.90 


6.15 
6.30 


8.00 
a  00 
7.00 
7.."i0 
5.75 
8.00 

n.oo 

8.00 
9.00 
1.90 
7.90 
8.50 
6.30 

aso 

9.33 
1.50 
1.00 
7.30 
7.45 
9.00 
9.33 
a  00 

aoo 

9.95 

aoo 
a  95 

1.50 

g.oo 

7.85 
1.13 
6.00 
6.60 

a  35 

1.00 

o.ne 
a50 


Length  of— 


9.30 
.3.00 
3.13 
3.30 

aoo 

a  15 
3.35 
363 


1.15 
3.08 


3.01 
360 
9.60 
3.96 
3  37 
363 
a  13 
348 
3  43 
330 
319 
365 
a  03 
316 
3  61 
3  77 
3  67 

aoo 

383 

an 


1.30 
1.50 
1.35 


1.60 
1.30 
1.35 
1.50 
1.75 
1.90 


377 

3  67 

395 

9.68 

3  66 

393 

3. '.5 

a  03 

1.80 
1.60 
1.47 
1.66 
1.50 
1.64 
1.70 
1.60 
1.4u 
1.55 
1.60 
1.89 
1.  .-8 
1.63 
1.60 
1.83 
1.6tj 
1.69 
1.57 
1.16 
1.68 
1.55 
1.37 
1.35 
1.65 
1.04 
1.55 
1.89 


1.35 
1.35 
1.30 
1.45 
1.33 
1.33 
1.35 
1.13 
1.23 
1.03 


1.37 
1.97 
1.03 
1.35 
1.90 
1.91 
1.30 
1.18 
1.14 
1.39 
1.21 
1.35 
1.40 
1.33 
1.91 
1.45 
1.21 
1.38 
1.18 
1.43 
1.33 
1.28 
1.14 
1.93 
1.33 
1.35 
1.96 
1.31 


0.70 
0.10 
0.68 
0.80 
0.55 
0.63 
0.10 
0.65 
0.15 
0.55 
1.35 
1.03 
0.93 
0.11 
0.69 
0.81 
0.10 
0.80 
0.84 
0.80 
0.15 
0.67 
0.09 
0.83 

o.ei 

0. 15 
0.14 
0.89 
0.13 
0. 75 
0.60 
n.M 
0.81 
0.06 
0.47 
0.  f)7 
0.\0 
0.10 
0.64 

o.r. 


Alcoholic. 

..do. 

...do. 
Fresb. 

:..do. 
Alcoholic. 

...do. 

...do. 
Fi««h. 
Alooholio. 

Freah. 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
....do. 
...do. 
....do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

...do. 
....do. 
....do. 

..do. 

..do. 

...do. 

..do. 

...do. 

..  do. 

..do. 
...do. 

do. 

...  do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...  do. 
...do. 


*  A  typo  of  6r«n'oepf. 

I  Xos.  1-49  (orig  noft.)  wen*  mpaanred  In  the  fle«h  by  t'le  coMt  ctor,  Pr.  C  T.  McChegney,  U.  3.  A.,  whose  cure  In  this 
matter  Rroatly  increawd  (lie  value  of  au  important  col'ectioa  of  Uanimala  raade  by  bini  In  the  locality  nanicd.  "  Fort  Bis* 
set4in"  waa  formerly  Fort  Wadawortb,  Dakota. 


■«  i 


1^  n 


GEOM YI 1M5— ( J KOM YS  TUZA. 


615 


\,  GEOMYS  TUZA,  (Ord)  Coues. 

The  Salamander,  ur  Florida  Pocket  Gopher. 

Grovnd-ral,  Bahtram,  Trav.  Fin.,  Dublin  r.il.  17i):i,  7. 

Uvdencrihed  tillle  qiuidnipcd  of  Cliorgia,  Mitciiii.l,  N.  Y.  Mm).  Kcpos.  v,  IHOi!,  80  (not  tochnically  named  ; 

artiolo  wlitorial,  ooverinK  a  description  of  the  animal  by  J.  Mlllwlgp,  Con|{ri-iwiuuii  from 

Ueorgiu). 
Hamtler  of  Georgia  (MiTCUlt.i,!),"  Duwick's  Hist.  Quod.  Ist  Am.   od.  ISftl,  Wr.";  2d  Amor. '(from  Hth 

Lond.)  ud.  [n.  d.],  adduuda,  p.  '.fiii,  Avonil-ciit  (nrticlc  probably  propiired  b"  H.  li.  Mituliill). 
ifnt  liiza,  Old),  Outbrio's  Onoj;.  8d  Am.  ed.  ii,  I81.'i,  aihj.     (Hiiii«d  on  Milrbill'H  iininntl.) 
Gwmtjs  tiiza,  CoiiKH,  Proc.  Pbilik.  Acad.  187.'>,  VS'i. — Cuukh,  I'owoH'h  K«p.  C'olonido  K.  1HT5,  3!t0  (mono- 

grapb).— C!<H>|>K,  ibid,  '.iiii  (babitn). 
llfnmgi pineliH,  Rak.,  Am.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  1H17, 4r>(GBorKia).— IIhant.s,  Mui»)n,  IH."?,  ITM.— Di'.nm.,  Maniin. 

ii,  18!K,  ;!M  (note).— Litm.,  Man.  1827,  2(W.— Kicii.,  Sixth  Ann.  linp.  Brit.  Amkoo.  lor  IKIti, 

18;i7,  l.')0.— Haiiii),  M.  N.  a.  1S)7,  380,  pi.  22,  f.  11  a-  e.— Gksnkii,  Ann.  Uup.  Smiths.  Inst,  for 

t8(i0,  18H1,  4:tl  (hnbiu). 
Succopkonu  t  pineti,  ri»ciiKH,  Syn.  1820,  305. 

Oeomyi pineli,  LeC,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vi,  1852,  l.'')0.— Ai.i.kn,  Bnll.  Muu.  Comp.  Zool.  ii,  1871, 17H. 
PnudqilovM  floridana,  Aud.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853,  242,  pi.  150,  f.  I.  ,  ^ 

Hanuterdv  Arginie,  Dehm.,  Jonrn.  do  Phys.  Ixxxix,  1810,  1.50. 
Southern  Pouched  Hat,  Ann.  &  Bach.,  I.  o. 
Oeomya  de»  pint,  Desm.,  Less.,  II.  oc. 
Gopher  ;  Salamander,  VtJLO. 

Diagnosis. — Superior  incisors  with  n  main  groove  dividing  tlic  tootli  in(<i 
two  unequal  portions;  the  outer  obviously  the  smaller;  the  inner,  largerinoiety 
marked  by  an  extremely  fine  marginal  groove,  faint,  obscure,  or  perliaps 
sometimes  obsolete.  Tail  and  hind  feet  in  adult  life  naked,  or  nearly  so. 
Otherwise  like  G.  bursarius. 

Habitat. — Georgia,  Florida,  and  Alabama. 

Authors  speak  of  the  upper  incisors  as  single-grooved.  But  in  nil  (ho 
numerous  specimens  examined,  the  upper  incisors  arc  double-grooved,  as  in 
G.  bursarius,  the  fine  second  groove  being  perceptible  as  a  delicate  line  of 
impression  along  the  inner  margin  of  the  tooth.  It  is  perfectly  distinct,  as  a 
rule ;  and  in  no  case  have  I  failed  to  recognize  clearly  at  least  a  trace  of  it, 
though  in  some  instances  it  is  faint,  and  liable  to  be  overlooked  if  not  closely 
examined.  Baird  says  that  this  groove  becomes  ol)solete  in  old  age,  implying 
that  such  is  the  rule ;  but,  while  not  doubting  that  this  may  occur,  I  must 
consider  it  exceptional.  G.  tuza,  therefore,  has  double-grooved  incisors,  like 
G.  bursarius.     The  point  of  dental  discrepancy  liiis  elsewhere.     In  bursarius, 

'Abititnry  |  of  {  Qnadrnpeds:  |  Euibollishod  with  npwards  of  |  340  en);raving8,  {  chittlj'  copied  | 
from  the  original  of  T.  Bewick  |  by  |  A.Anderson,  |  —  |  Second  Americ.in,  from  theEigbth  London  i^dllion. 
I  —  I  Also,  an  Addenda,  with  some  animals  not  |  hitherto  described.  |  —  |  [Vignette.]  |  New  York:  I  T. 
W.  Strong,  I  84  Nussan  Street.  |      n.  d.  1  tv)^  12m».  pp.  i-ii;  5  IKK),  niony  icoorf-ec. 

[  I  have  seen  no  earlier  Amer.  c<l.  The  "  Addenda  ",  in  this  ed.  (and  probably  in  the  earlier  one), 
pp.  323-3:20,  pre«nmu<l  to  be  by  S.  L.  Mitchill,  consist  of  Grizzly  Bear,  p.  323,  Hamster  of  Georgia,  p.  320, 
Mammoth  of  New  York,  p.  327,  and  Viviparous  Shn'k  of  Long  Island,  p.  328.J 


I  .,(1 


1 

■:i| 


616 


MONOGUAPIIS  OF  NORTH  AMKUIOAN  RODENTIA. 


i)^ 


llid  inniii  groove  bisects  what  is  Icfl  of  tiio  face  of  the  tooth,  nflcr  subtnicting 
tiio  portion  cut  ofT  by  the  inner  marginal  groove;  and  this  hitter  is  always 
distinct.  In  G.  tuza,  the  main  groove  divides  what  is  left  of  the  face  of  the 
tooth,  after  subtracting  the  portion  cut  off  by  the  inner  groove,  into  two 
unccpial  portions,  whereof  the  exterior  is  the  smaller;  and  the  inner  groove, 
always  slight,  may  be  faint,  obscure,  or  perhaps  sometimes  obsolete.  The 
only  other  character  of  G.  tuza  I  can  appreciate  is  the  nakedness  of  the  tail 
and  'eet — especially  the  former.  The  species  corresponds  with  G.  hvipklus 
in  this  respect.  In  the  best-marked  cases,  the  tail  is  perfectly  naked  beyond 
the  enlarged  hairy  base.  The  hind  feet  share  this  nakedness,  but  not  to  the 
same  extent ;  the  instep  is  nearly  bare,  but  the  toes  are  sparsely  pilous  with 
short  colorless  bristles  ;  the  back  of  the  fore  feet  is  in  much  the  same  con- 
dition. The  depilation  of  the  members  is  not  always  complete ;  younger 
specimens,  in  the  plumbago  state  of  pelage,  show  as  hairy  tail  and  feet  as 
average  samples  of  G.  hursarius.  The  animal  does  not  differ  at  all  from  G. 
bursarius  in  size  or  shape.  Under  these  circumstances,  it  might  be  held 
that  the  present  is  merely  a  localized  race  of  G.  bursarius. 

GEOMYS  CASTANOPS,  (Bd.)  LeC. 
The  Fecos,  or  Chestnut  Pocket  Gopher. 

r^eudoaloma  autanopi,  Baird,  Stansbnry'i)  Bep.  Great  Salt  Lake,  1S69,  313  (uear  Benl'H  Fort,  N.  Mex.). — 

Add.  &  lUcn.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1854,  304. 
Geomyt  cajtanops,  LeC,  Froc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  185-2, 163.— Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  '.181.— Baird,  F.  R. 

B.  Bep.  X,  1859,  Oannison  anil  Beckwith's  Boate,  Mamin.  8,  pi.  10,  f.  2. — CouES,  Proo.  Phila. 

Acad.  1875, 133 ;  Powell's  Bep.  Colorado  B.  1875,  i233  (mono^aphic). — CouES  &  Yarrow, 

Wheeler's  Bep.  Expl.  W.  100th  Merid.  v,  "  1875"  (=  1876),  111. 
Gcomys  clarkii,  Baird,  Froc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fhila.  1855,  332  (Texas).— Baird,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  383,  pi.  50, 

f.  1  a-ff.— Kennerly,  p.  R.  B.  Rep.  x,  1859,  Whipple's  Route,  Mamm.  1.3.— Baird,  U.  S. 

Mex.  Bound  Survey,  ii,  pt.  ii,  18ii9,  Mamm.  41.— Gerk.,  (^at.  Bones  Br.  Mas.  1862,  222. 
Chcsinut-fnccd  and  Pccot  Gopher,  Baird,  U.  cc 

Diagnosis. — Superior  incisors  with  a  single  median  groove  bisecting  the 
face  exactly.  Fore  feet  shorter,  or  not  longer,  than  hind  feet.  Feet  and  tail 
sparsely  pilous.  Color  pale  yellowish-brown  above,  inclining  more  or  less  to 
dull  chestnut  about  the  head  ;  whitish  below.  Size  of  G.  bursarius,  or  rather 
less.     Fur  soft,  as  usual  in  the  genus. 

Habitat. — Texas  and  New  Jlexico.  (The  few  specimens  known  to 
naturalists  are  all  from  this  limited  area.) 

(Described  from  Baird's  types  of  G.  castanops  and  G.  "ciarkii",  and  other 
specimens.)  Distinguished  l)y  the  comi)ination  of  a  single  median  groove  of 
the  incisors,  pale  light  color,  and  small  size.     In  the  first-named  particular, 


if 


Oi:0MYUM':-(JI::()MY8  MEXICASUB 


(517 


bill  ncitlicr  in  size  luir  color,  it  agrees  witii  U.  nte.ricatiu.i;  in  both  lliesn 
Hpecics,  the  single  groove  is  central,  bisecting  the  snrfaci;.  so  that,  viewed 
from  the  front,  tlierc  appear  to  be  four  incisors.  This  separates  it  from  G. 
burxariu.i,  with  which  it  agrees  in  size,  averaging  about  the  same  ns  G.  bur- 
sarins,  though  no  specimens  before  me  arc  ns  large  as  the  largest  of  the  latter. 
Length,  full  grown,  about  8  inches,  rather  less  than  more.  Tail,  2.J  to  3 
inches.  A  notable  peculiarity  of  form,  in  comparison  with  G.  bursarius,  lies 
in  the  relative  ])roportions  of  the  fore  and  hind  feet,  which  are  much  as  in 
GG.  mexicanus  and  hisp'idus ;  the  palm,  claws  included,  being  shorter,  or  no 
longer,  than  the  sole  and  cluws;  (he  latter  measuring  about  IJ  incites,  the 
former  only  about  1  \  inches.  External  ears  obsolete.  Hairiness  of  tail  and 
hind  feet  much  as  in  average  G.  bursnrius  or  G.  mexicanus — they  are  thiidy 
clothed  indeed,  but  more  hairy  than  in  G.  luza  or  G.  hispidus.  » 

Coloration  dull,  pale  chestnut,  or  almost  fawn-color,  shaded  with  the 
plumbeous  basal  portions  of  the  fur.  This  tawny  or  fulvous  tone  is  highly 
characteristic  in  comparifion  with  the  deeper  and  warmer  chocolate  or  mahog- 
any or  muddy-brown  of  G.  bursarius  and  G.  mexicanus.  On  the  under  parts, 
though  the  plumbeous  basal  portion  of  the  fur  shows  considerably,  the  general 
tint  is  whitish — quite  white  in  comparison  with  the  muddy-gray  of  the  same 
parts  of  G.  bursarius.  Whiskers  mostly  colorless,  or  fine  and  numerous,  the 
longest  about  equaling  the  head.  Claws  pale  horn-color;  palms  and  soles 
variously  discolored.     Incisors  orange. 

Notwithstanding  the  difference  in  size  and  color,  the  affinities  of  this 
si>ecie8  are  decidedly  with  G.  mexicanus  rather  than  with  G.  bursarius. 

GEOMYS  MEXICANUS,  (Licht.)  Rich. 
The  Tucan,  or  Uextcan  Pocket  Gopher. 

A»comyii  mexicantu,  LicnT.,  Ablioud.  K.  Acau.  Wiaa.  Borl.  1827,  113. — Bhants,  Miiizen,  1S27,  27. — Waon., 

Siippl.  Schrob.  ill,  1S43,  3»1 ;   W,  pi.  aOO  A.— Chaklebw.,  P.  Z.  8.  ix,  IS41,  60  (habits).— 

SCHINZ,  Synop.  ii,  1845, 13:1. 
Saccophorus  mrakoHiM,  Fison.,  Synop.  1829,  305 Eyd.  &  Gkrv.,  "  Gn(!rin'9  Mng.  vi,  ISHfi,  23,  pi.  21,  f.  .I, 

0;  Voy.  Favorite,  v,  1839,  23,  pi.  8,  f.  5,  6".— Ghay,  List  Mnuim.  Br.  Mue.  1843,  150.— Geuh. 

Cat.  Bones  Br.  Mns.  I8fia,  223. 
Geamys  mcxictinua,  KiCH.,  Sixth  Aun.  Kcp.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Soi.  for  1836,  1837,  ICC— LkC,  Proc.  Acad, 

Nat.  Spi.  Phila.  1852,  160.— Baibd,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  387.— CoUES,  Proo.  Phila.  Acad.  IWh,  133; 

Powell's  Bop.  Colorado  B.  1H75, 2M  (monograph). 
Pseudoalmna  {Geomyt)  mexicatia,  At:D.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1854,  309. 
(icomya  (Saccophoriu))  mexicanua,  Gieb.,  Sting.  ISiV),  529. 
Tucan  of  IIkrnandez. — Tufa  or  Tnjsa,  Mexican.- Tiijaii  opud  GuRR.,  I  e. 
Mexlcatiwche  Taichenmaus,  German. 

Diagnosis. — Superior  incisors  bisected  by  a  single  median  furrow  (as  in 


•m 


1 

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W   "^ 

Ml 
■■5 

li 

1 

j.:,:. 

1 

1 

1 

■4 


()18 


MONO(JI{Al'll8  OF  NOUTII  AMERICAN  ROOEXTIA. 


G.  rtintdnoj.H,  wliidi  is  very  difrcrciit  in  siz(!  niid  color).  Colorntion  aiul  gcncrnl 
appcaninco  of  (1.  hurmriun  (wiiitli  lias  two  distinfit  grooves  on  (Ik;  iipjuT 
incisors).  Fur  so(t,  slcok  (ms  in  other  species  of  the  genus,  excepting  G.  his- 
pldiis,  in  which  it  is  extremely  coarse  and  harsh).  Averaging  much  larger 
than  any  United  States  species  (nearly  equaling  G.  hixpidiis),  with  propor- 
tionally smaller  pouches  and  hands,  and  weaker  claws  (these  jmrts  being  as 
in  (J.  hi,s])iiiu.s).  Tail  and  feet  clothed  (as  usual  in  the  genus),  not  naked  as 
in  G.  hisjiitliM  ivn\  (J.  tuzd.  Length,  10-11  inches;  tail,  about  3;  sole,  |K!r- 
haps  1.50;   hand,  rather  less.     Mamma;,  three  pairs,  as  in  other  species. 

Habitat. — Mexico.  (Limits  of  distribution  unknown.  Not  known  to 
occur  north  of  Mexico.) 

Shares  wilh  G,  castanops  the  single  median*  furrow  of  the  upjier  inci- 
sors, but  is  much  larger  and  different  in  color.  The  well-prepared  speciniiinf 
here  described  is  only  equalled  in  a  large  series  of  G.  hursarius  by  a  single 
much  over-stuffed  example.  The  pouches,  as  well  as  can  be  judged  from  the 
skin,  are  smaller  proportionally  than  those  of  the  United  Slates  species;  in 
this  respect  being  like  those  of  G.  hinpiduis.  These  two  Mexican  species 
further  agree  in  the  relative  smallness  of  the  hands  and  less  enormous  devel- 
opment of  the  claws ;  the  fore  member  being  shorter  or,  at  most,  not  longer 
than  the  hinder  one.  The  orifice  of  the  external  ear  presents,  in  the  dried 
stale,  a  mere  rim,  around  which  no  flap  can  be  fairly  recognized.  In  color, 
the  specimen  is  not  decidedly  different  from  bursarius,  though  there  is  a 
purity  of  the  chestnut-brown  which  contrasts  with  the  muddy-brown  (in 
some  cases  almost  a  glaucous  shade  or  "bloom")  commonly  seen  in  bursarius. 
The  fur  is  deep  plumbeous  basally,  pointed  with  the  warm  brown  on  the 
u|)per  parts,  and  only  partia'ly  hidden  below  by  muddy-gray  and  hoary  ends 
of  the  hairs.  Auricular  region  darkened.  Hind  feet  and  tail  mostly  whitish. 
There  is  some  whitishness  about  the  lower  jaw,  and  a  small  white  abdominal 
and  anal  patch  ;  these  last  being  of  indeterminate  character.  The  plumbago 
or  "anthracite"  variation  of  pelage  occurs  in  this  as  in  other  species  of  this 
family. 

*  Q.  hinpiduB  hON  been  described  oh  having  a  Riiigle  niiMliao  fnrrow ;  tho  ompbnsis  bere,  howevnr,  is 
ii)ion  "siiiKlo",  in  uutitboHis  to  tbe  double  furrow  of  G.  hurmriuu,  witbont  reference  to  exact  poxition.  0. 
i,iza  is  said  to  have  n  "single"  furrow;  but  the  proper  implication  is  merely  obsoleteness  of  tbe  fine 
inner  second  fnrrow  naunlly  seen.  In  R.  macicanus,  as  in  O.  eatlanopa,  tbe  farrow  is  truly  «injle  nnd 
midiitn  ;  in  G.  HnpUlm,  single  nn<l  internal ;  in  G.  tiita,  npi^nreiitly  single  and  externnl. 

tNo.  '.KM,  Mus.  Suiitbs.  Inst.,  Xiilapii,  Mexico,  Dc  Oca, 


,     '         GEOMYIIUC-OKOMYS  lilSriDUW.  010 

;,.  GEOMYS  HISPIDUS,  LcC. 

,,  ,„,  1,^         The  Quarhll,  or  Central  Amcrlran  Porkct  Uophpr.  i 

Saooophorm  quaMI,  Oiiay,  V.  Z.  8.  xl,  164:1,  70,  cz  Cobon,  Vem  Taz,  dncr.  nulla!— Okhr.,  Cat.  lioniM  Dr. 

Mils.  ISti'i,  !»:i. 
Oeomyi  hitpidui,  LkC,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.  ia"2,  158  (ilimcr.  orlR.)  — IUini>,  M.  N.  A.  IWIT,  ;tflfi,  pi. 

•^■i,  {.  4  fl-d.— CoiiKH,  Troo.  I'blla.Acnd.  1H7&,  l:U.— C'()i!i':i*,  t'owull'a  Hep,  Coloruilu  It,  1H75, 

'£n)  (iiionnKnipli). 
riiiidoittoma  ((leomy»)  hinpMum,  AuD.  &  Pach.,  Q.  N.  A.  Hi,  1R54,  .KXi. 
Oeomiif  hiieroilut,  rKTKim,*  Moiialab.  Akal.  Wiw.  Il«rlin,  IHn4, 177  (Cmtn  KIcn). 
Gomiya  "  hinului",  Col'Eh,  Proc.  Pbi1».  Acad.  1H75,  131  (by  slip  of  imjii  for  hitpidiu). 

Diagnosis. — Superior  incisors  witii  a  sini^U?  strong  deep  furrow,  lying 
wholly  in  the  inner  hull"  of  the  tooth.f  Tail  and  hind  feet  naked,  or  iicurly  so ; 
fore  feet  sparsely  hirsute.  Fore  feet,  including  claws, decidedly  shorter  than  the 
hind  feet.  Pouches  moderate,  scarcely  or  not  reaching  beyond  the  head. 
Pelage  stiflT,  hispid,  and  almost  lustreless.  Color  uiii(()rm  dull  chocolate- 
brown,  merely  paler,  grayer,  or  smoky-brown  below  ;  all  the  hairs  one-colored 
from  base  to  tip.  Of  largest  size;  nearly  or  about  a  foot  long;  girth  some 
9  inches;  tail  s'.iort,  about  3  inches  or  rather  less  from  extreme  base,  its 
naked  part  only  about  2  inches;  sole,  1§-1^;  palm,  including  longest  claw, 
less  than  this.  9  with  only  3  pairs  of  mammae  determined,  2  pairs  inguinal, 
1  pair  pectoral. 

Habitat. — Mexico  and  Central  America.  (Xalapa,  Mexico  (Dc  Oca) ; 
Nccostla,  Mexico (iSi!/«jicAras<);  Costa  Rica  (.Zeferfon  and  Canniol);  Guatemala 
Q\iy  {Van  Patten)) 

The  most  notable  external  feature  is  the  nakedness  of  the  tail  and  feet. 
The  tail,  in  extreme  cases,  is  absolutely  bare ;  the  hind  feet,  from  the  tarso- 
metatarsal joint  outward,  are  nearly  bare,  though  a  few  bristly  hairs  may  be 
observed,  especially  on  the  toes.  The  hands  share  the  same  nakedness,  but 
in  less  degree.     Specimens  vary  in  these  respects  ;  in  some,  delicate  bristles 


'Special  pnpor:  „Ueber  nene  Arten  dor  Siingethiergattunf^en  Qoomys,  Haplodon  und  Uoaypng." 
<  Loc.  at.  pp.  177-181. 

t  lu  the  earlier  uoticen  by  LcConto  and  Baird,  the  character  of  the  upper  incisors  wns  not  fully 
indicated,  owing  to  dofeet  of  the  specimens.  These  teeth  ore  nnisulcate,  as  in  nuxfranua,  but  the  poaition 
of  the  groove  constitutes  n  {lerfect  specific  character.  In  Meztca*u»,  a  single  profunud  groove  bwectii  the 
tooth ;  in  Aitjridus,  a  similar  single  groove  lies  on  the  i»ner  half  of  the  tooth.  In  some  specimens,  indeed, 
where  the  groove  is  widest,  it  may  encroach  slightly  upon  the  median  line ;  but  it  asnnlly  lies  altogether 
to  one  side,  the  outer  plane  surface  of  the  tooth  being  alone  as  wide  as  the  groove  plu»  the  inner  plane 
surface.  This  character  is  unique  among  the  species  described  in  this  paper ;  and  it  is  the  basis  of  O. 
heterodui,  us  I  find  upon  examining  Prof.  Peters's  paper,  which  I  was  not  able  to  consult  in  tlu.  proparatiuD 
of  my  previous  articles  upon  this  family,  Prof  Puteni  alludes  to  the  original  5.  i;uac/«i{  of  Gray,  but  seems 
to  buvu  overlooked  Dr.  LeCunte's  description  of  G.  hitpidus. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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MONOOUAPU8  OF  NOllTn  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


arc  scattered  over  the  tail,  and  more  evident  ones  clothe  the  instep ;  but  the 
parts  always  present  a  peculiar  skinny  appearance.  Tail  less  than  one-fburtii 
as  long  as  the  head  and  l)ody;  han<lsnot  as  long  ns  the  feet;  smaller  and  weaker 
than  in  tiie  burmrhis  group;  ciieek-|)ouche8  arc  not  so  liighly  dcvelo|)ed.  As 
well  as  can  be  judged  from  prepared  skins,  the  sacs  do  not  reach  to  tiio 
siioulder;  their  capacity,  in  an  individual  nearly  a  foot  long,  seems  no  greater 
iliun  that  of  specimcus  of  G.  bursarius  not  more  limn  half  as  bulky.  The 
external  meatus  of  the  car  has  a  small  flap.  The  hisjnd  pelage  is  a  remark- 
able feature,  being  coarse  and  harsli,  almost  entirely  lustreless,  longer  than 
usual,  and  interspersed  witli  still  h)ngerand  almost  bristly  hairs;  and  the  color 
is  uniform  to  the  roots  of  the  hairs.  It  is  clmmctcristic  of  all  the  soft-haired 
species  of  Geomys  to  have  plumbeous-colored  fur  at  base,  pointed  with  the 
particidar  l)rown,  fulvous,  or  other  shade  which  determines  the  appearance  to 
the  eye.  In  G.  hUpidux,  the  hairs  are  unicolor  from  base  to  tip;  dark  mahog- 
any-bfovvn,  or  rather  chocolate,  <i  little  lighter  or  'ir'vcr  according  to  age  or 
season,  or  fortuitously,  but  uniform  over  all  the  upper  parts  and  sides.  Under- 
neath, the  color  is  paler,  like  cafe  au  hit ;  sometimes  quite  smoky-gray  or 
muddy-brown.  The  under  parts  frequently  show  indeterminate  patches  of 
wTiite.  It  is  probable  that  plumbago-colored  individuals  occur,  but  I  have 
seen  none  such.  The  naked  parts  appear  to  have  been  reddish  or  flesh-colored ; 
claws  horn-color;  incisors  faced  with  red. 

•  Note  on  a  skull. 

In  preparing  the  original  memoir,  I  regretted  that  I  had  no  skull  of 
either  of  tiiu  Mexican  s,)ecies  to  describe.  Since  thcti  I  have  found  a  defective 
specimen  in  tlie  collection  of  the  National  Museum,  marked  "hispidus — Mex." 
It  is  much  larger  than  any  United  States  specimen  I  have  seen,  measuring  in 
total  length  (from  occipital  crest  to  incisive  alveoli)  2.70  inches,  with  a  width  of 
1.85  across  the  wjdest  part  of  the  zygomatic  arches.  (A  good-sized  speci- 
men of  G.  burxarius  measures  in  the  same  dimensions  2.25 X 1  ••'>0.)  Greatest 
depthof  skull.without  jaw,  1.18(op|)osite  premolars;  the  eorres|H)nding dimen- 
sion of  G.  hurmrim  is  only  0.70).  Width  across  occiput,  1.65.  Length  of 
lower  jaw  .(condyle  to  incisive  alveolus),  1.80  (in  G.  bursarius,  1.45)  ;  great- 
est divergence  of  rami  of  the  jaw  (at  the  exflected  angles),  1.80.  The  enor- 
mous under  incisors  protrude  more  than  an  inch — 1.25 ;  the  upper  incisors 
arc  cxserted  for  0.G5.     Tlie  zygomalic  width  is  increased  by  a  well-marked 


U  i:()M  YI  1)^-TI10M0M  Y8 


02 1 


flitnge-like  expansion  of  (he  mnlur  anteriorly,  where,  at  the  point  of  grcaU'st 
width,  the  bone  is  0.35  in  breadth;  the  process  extends  obliquely  downward 
and  ontward,  with  rounded  contour.  Nothing  equalling  this  special  expansion 
of  the  malar  is  seen  in  any  of  the  United  States  species,  skulls  of  which 
have  been  exatnined,  though  the  bone  is  usually  thicker  in  (he  corresponding 
portion  of  its  course  than  elsewhere ;  and,  in  G.  castanops  particularly,  is  some- 
what laminar  at  the  corresiwnding  point.  The  skull  as  a  whole  is  "  rugged  "with 
the  several  ridges  and  angles  highly  developed ;  the  jaw  is  specially  massive. 
There  seems  to  be  a  peculiarity  in  the  "set"  of  the  lower  incisors,  apparently 
determined  by  their  great  protrusion.  In  O.  buraariun,  holding  the  jaw  hori- 
zontal, i.  e.  with  the  crowns  of  the  molars  on  a  level,  the  incisor-tips  still 
incline  strongly  obliquely  forward.  In  the  present  species,  when  the  jaw  is 
similarly  viewed,  the  ends  of  the  incisors  are  vertical,  so  great  is  their  curva- 
ture. Various  peculiarities  of  the  skull  might  be  noted,  but  they  may  be 
considered  covered  by  the  statement  of  its  great  massiveness,  roughness,  and 
angularity.     The  ]Hittern  of  the  molar  crowns  seems  to  be  much  the  same. 

Genus  THOMOMYS,  Maxim. 

JMptoiioma,  Richards,  Fu.  Bor.-Am.  i,  18S9, 300  («uc  Raf.). 
Ortclomf,  pt.  Eyd.  dc  Okhv  ,  Msg.  Zool.  vi,  ItKW,  83. 

Tliomomg;  Haxim.,  M.  Act.  Aoad.  Com.  Leop.  xix,  1839, 383.— BikiRD,  H.  N.  A.  1857, 388.— Codes,  Proc.  Pbita. 
Ac«d.  1H75,  134  (iiioDographio  sketcb). — CouES,  Powell'a  Sep.  Colorado  R.  lH7r>,  ii43  (mono- 
graph).— CoUKS,  Bull.  U.  S.  OeoL  Snrv.  'Ml  aer.  no.  ii,  ltf7&,  pp.  81  leqq.  (crauial  characters). 
Ibmomg;  Bramdt,  BoiL  Kennt.  SUug.  Ruasl.  185.5,  187. 

(In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  all  the  syDonyms  of  Oemiyi,  g.  v.,  haio  been  applied  to  this  genos.) 

Generic  charb. — Superior  incisors  without  median  sulcus,  but  with  a 
fine  marginal  groove  (sometimes  obsolete).  Crowns  of  intermediate  molars 
acute-edged  exteriorly.  Root  of  inferior  incisors  causing  a  protuberance  on 
outside  of  base  of  condylar  ramus  nearly  as  high  as  c^idylo  itself;  end  of 
mandible  thus  sijgularly  three-pronged.  Zygomata  regularly  convex  out- 
ward, with  a  sweeping  curve ;  their  breadth  across  jwsterioi'ly  decidedly 
greater  than  the  intermastoid  diameter  of  the  skull.  Parietals  ridged  exter- 
nally near  the  squaino-parietal  suture.  Interparietal  rather  pentagonal. 
Nasals  widening  uniformly  from  behind  forward.  Superficies  of  mastoid 
bono  restricted  to  less  than  a  fourth  of  the  occipital  surface  on  each  side. 
Buliue.  osscaj  more  inflated,  quite  obtuse  ar.voriorly.  Basi-occipital,  in  the  mid- 
dle, much  narrower  than  the  bulla  at  the  same  point.  A  pair  of  slight  pits 
on  the  pulutti  behind,  not  extending  beyond  the  ultimate  molars.     £xtcrr.ul 


G22 


MONOGUArUS  OF  NOKTU  AMBItlCAN  UODKNTIA. 


MM 


ears,  though  very  smnll,  provided  with  a  distinct  auricle.  Fore  claws  mod- 
erately developed.  Containing  the  smaller  species  of  the  family.  Distributed 
from  British  America  to  Mexico,  from  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  to  the 
Pacific. 

Readily  distinguished  from  Geotnys  by  the  characters  given  in  the  fore- 
going paragraph,  the  expressions  used  being  antithetical  to  those  of  the  diag- 
nosis of  Geotnyx  on  p.  611. 

The  numerous  species  of  this  genus  described  by  Richardson,  LeContc, 
Baird,  and  others  are  reducible  to  one,  with  three  geographical  races.  The 
following  schedule  cxliibits  the  relations  of  the  several  forms  us  treated  by 
the  two  latest  systematic  writers  on  this  genus : — 

Baibd,  1SS7.  CouKS,  1876, 

1.  Tyomomf  Mbivont ..  °\  ( 

3.  Tlumomyt  latictpi I  i'aaifia  oowt  ragloD <  bdlbivorus 

3.  TkomomfdtmgUuM...}  \ 

4.  TkoMonyt  IhmtaUi...^  ( 

5.  TtoMomyant/ivanf  ...  VNortbern  Interior ^  talpoidks.. 

0.  nomimy$  "  lalpoldei".  j  I 

7.  Thomomyi  timtriiiiM . . .  "k 
S.  Tkomomf  fulvut .  ' 


>  Sootbem  Interior  and  Lower  Calif orni«. 


.  <  UMBRINUB  . 


mi 

.  3  .5  g 


For  a  full  discussion  of  the  subject,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  orig- 
inal memoir.  The  following  is  an  epitome  of  the  results  attained  in  the  dis- 
crimination of  the  three  forms; — 

Size. — The  Northern  Interior  form  and  the  Pacific  Coast  form  are  of 
the  same  size ;  the  Southern  Interior  form  averages  an  inch  or  two  less  in 
total  length  than  the  other;  but  large  specimens  of  the  latter,  and  small 
examples  of  the  two  former,  overlap  each  other  in  stature. 

Form  — ^The  Northern  Interior  race  and  the  Northern  styles  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  race  have  larger  fore  claws  than  the  Southern  style  of  the  Pac'^^c  Coast 
race  or  than  the  Southern  Interior  race.  The  difference  is  sufficient  to  make 
the  whole  hand  of  the  former  about  equal  to  the  foot,  while,  in  the  latter,  the 
hand  is  usually  shorter  than  the  foot.  But  this  is  only  true  as  a  rule ;  there 
are  many  exceptions.  In  all  three  of  the  forms,  the  tail,  measured  from  its 
true  base,  ranges  from  one-third  to  one-half  the  t^tal  length  of  head  and-bo«ly, 
though  only  rarely  reaching  either  of  these  extremes.  Nothing  can  be  pred- 
icated on  this  score. 

Color. — ^The  Northern  Interior  race  is  a  rat-colored  animal,  Jioary-gray 
underncatli,  with  white  tail  and  feet,  much  white  about  the  mouth,  and  no 


GEOMYIOvE— TIIOMOMYH  TALl'OIDES. 


f.ooty-l)Inckis!i  llierc.  The  Pacific  Coast  race  \s  a  rich  ilnrk-l)rowri  uniinal, 
mu(l(ly-i)cllie<1,  with  dusky  tail  and  foot,  wholly  or  in  part,  nnd  souty  nliuiit 
the  mouth.  The  Southern  Interior  race  is  usually  a  rich  tawny  or  fulvous 
animal,  with  partly  dark  tail  or  feet,  or  both,  sooty  mouth-parts,  and  white 
pouches.  This  race  is  particularly  variable  in  color;  ond,  in  every  respect  of 
color,  all  the  races  show  much  variation,  and,  moreover,  intcrgmdc  completely. 
The  various  forms  under  which  the  genus  Thomomys  is  exhibited  may 
bo  discriminated  by  the  following  characters: — 

ANALYSIS   OF   SPECIES  AND   VASIETIE8. 

A.  I^rgo.    Hiud  foot  an  Inch  nr  mora  long.     Tall  st  least  one-tbird  m  long  tm  liewl 

and  body.    Above  brown,  reddinb,  &o.     Btdow  gray,  brown,  reddlab,  lie.  (nut 

wbitv)'    Earn  In  a  blockUh  area  well  developed 1.  talpoipks. 

«.  Six  to  rifjbt  incbea  long;  fore  clawn  highly  developed  (0.45  to  0.S3  long),  making 
the  liand  about  as  long  as  the  foot.  Color  of  the  house-rat,  with  white  tail  and 
feet,  and  nsunlly  white  abont  the  month  and  throat;  no  oontrasts  of  dark  color 
about  the  montb.    (Kortbem  Interior) a.  (a/jwidra. 

h.  Seven  to  nine  inches  long;  fore  claws  less  developed,  usually  under  0.50,  leaving 
the  hand  shorter  than  the  foot.  Reddish-brown,  the  belly  muddy-brownish, 
feet  and  tail  usually  not  entirely  white ;  mouth-parts  dark,  oontraating  with 
white  of  the  ponob-liniog.    (PociAo  Coast) b.  t«/6hx>nu. 

e.  Snisller  on  an  average  i  usually  six  to  seven  inches  long.  Fore  claws  abont  0.40 
or  less,  leaving  the  hand  decidedly  shorter  than  the  foot.  Rich  fulvons,  or  even 
fawn-color,  the  same  lieiow  bnt  paler,  variously  obscured  on  the  Iwck  with 
dusky;  tail  and  feet  usually  dark;  face  and  month-parts  aooty-blaokish.sbarply 
contrasting  with  white  pouch-lining.  (Soathem  Interior  and  Lower  Cali- 
fornia)     e.  asitriaas. 

B.  Small ;  decidedly  less  tbac  six  inches  loug.    Hind  foot  about  0.75 ;  fore  foot  still 

less.  Tail  scarcely  one-fonrth  as  long  as  the  bead  and  body.  Above,  pallid 
yellowish-gray,  with  a  shade  of  light  brown  ;  below,  entirely  white ;  feet  and 
tail  white.  Ears  minute,  not  in  a  blockish  area.  Nose  blackish.  (Bridger's 
Paaa,  Rooky  Mountains) it.  CLuaivit. 

THOMOMYS  TALPOIDES,  (Rich.)  Baird.* 
Mortbern  Pocket  Gopher 

Orieetiu  latpoUe$,  Bicn.,  Zool.  Joum.  ill.  No.  19,  Jan.-Apr.  1828,  518.    (Plambago-oolored.) 
atomfi  lalpoidn,  Rich.,  V.  B.A.  i,  18it9, 804 ;  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc,  for  183A,  vi,  1S»7,  ISO,  156.  (Same  astbe  pre- 
ceding, bnt  "  Florida  "  assigned  wrongly  as  a  locality.)— DrKav,  N.  Y.  Fn.  184it,  Vi.    (Com- 
piled (Voni  Richardson.)— SciliNZ,  Synop.  Hamm.  ti,  1645,  137.    (Compiled  from  Rich- 
ardson.)—LkContk,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Pbila.  vi,  185S,  163.    (Compiled  from  Richardson.) 
Saenglianii  lalpoUm,  Fihcii.,  Synop.  Homm.  1830,  588  (marked  •' 388 ").    (Compiled  from  Richardson.) 
.4«»i»y<  lalpoida,  Waon.,  Suppl.  Schreb.  iii,  1843,  390.     (Compiled  from  Richardson.) 
i>M«dM(0iia  lalpoida,  AuD.  &.  Dacr.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853,  43,  pi.  110.    (Compiled  from  Richardson ;  Bgnro 

from  t^e  type-specimen,) 
Cnmys  (Tkoaiosiyt)  lalpM<<»,OnBKL,  Siing.  1855,  630.    (Compiled  fknm  Richardson.) 
Tliomomf$  lalpoUf,  Daiiid,  U.  N.  A.  1857,  403.    (Compiled  from  Richardson.)— CouK8,  Proo.  Pbl!a.  Acad. 
1875,  135.— CoDU,  Powell's  Rep.  Colorado  It.  1875,  iffiO  (monographic ;  Dicbardson's  species 
identified,  de«eril>ed,  and  disonssed). 

*8peoi*l  paper:  "Short  cbaracten  of  a  few  Qnadrnpeds  pr^urod.on  Capt.  Franklin's  lata  Expe- 
dition."   <  The  Zoological  Jonmal,  iii,  Mo.  18,  jBn.-Apr.  1838,  pp.  516-500. 


G24 


MONOGltAPIIS  OF  NOUTFI  AMEllIOAN  UODRNTIA. 


I  . 


t  !■: 


:.■      ■ 


Gcomgi  horraU;  Ricil.,  Rrp.  Ilrit.  Ansae,  for  IS30,  vl,  IBHT,  US,  donorllMxl  on  p.  1&7.  (■■  Baakatchewan.'')— 
IIaciim.,  J4>iiiii.  Aciiil.  Nat.  8cl.  I'liilu.  IKtl),  1U3.  (OrlKiiinlly  ilcMrlbod  fmm  RichnnliHiii'ii 
type,  "  Coliiiiilila  It.,"  inarkeil  "  PtudoHoma  bonali;  Kioli.")— UkKay,  N.  Y.  Fii.  HH'i, 
Vi.  (ConipilcU  fn)in  Uuclimaii.)— BciiiNZ,  Hynuii,  Uaniiu.  U,  lti4ri,  1%.  (Cunipilod  from 
Uncliniaii.) 

Aiamyt  torrafto,  Waon.,  Suppl.  8ubrob.  iii,  1843,  391,    (CoDipilei].) 

Saccophortitborcalia,  Okay,  Lint  Ilr.  Mim.  I«i43,  149  ("  Canudn ;"  incro  mrntion,  with  aomo  wranfi  ayno- 
nyiiiH).— MuiiiE,  P.  Z.  8.  ItffO,  HO  (as  boatof  (Ettru$). 

ritudotloma  boreall;  "  Rich.  M^8."— Ai:d.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  l«a,  lOH,  pi.  143.  (Doacription  and  Hg- 
nro  apparently  from  tliu  ortKioal  apocimons.) 

Thomomyi  bortalit,  HaiiiIi,  Maniui.  N.  A.  1807,  3110,  pi.  23,  Og*.  ia-r.  (Account  from  (ypcaof  "borealia" 
and  "  towntendii  ",  in  Muii.  Philo.  Acad.,  with  T7liieb  n  Calirornian  R|iooimen  ia  conniderrd 
)irobably  Identical.) — Nkwb.,  P.  R.  It.  Rep.  vl,  1807,  &U  (reata  on  the  Califoruian  apecinieu 
Just  mentioned), 

Geomgi  ioitmiendil,  "  nwii.  U88."— Bachm.,  Jonm,  Acad.  Nat,  Sci,  Philo.  1839,  105.  ("CnlnmliiaR." 
Oeacribed  as  distinct  from  "  borvalis",  with  much  bositation,  entirely  in  deference  to  Rich- 
ardson.)—Rich.,  Zfiul.  Voy.  Blosaom,  1839,  p.  IU'.-DkKay,  N.  Y.  Fn.  1842,  93.  (Compiled 
from  Bacbnian.) — 8CIIIKZ,  Synop.  Uanim.  11, 184&,  137.    (Compiled.) 

Mcomyt  lomieium,  Waq.n.,  Suppl.  Hchreli.  ill,  1843,  391. 

Oeornut  u>iifulcalti$,  Gray,  "  Br.  Uns."— Oeay,  {.  e. 

Tkomomf  n^fttcm;  Maxim.,  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Ciu.-Lcop.  xlx,  pt.  1, 1839, 383 ;  Arch.  f.  Natnrg.  1841,  pt.  11, 
At ;  Hid.  1801,  — ;  Verz.  «iag.  N.-Am.  Roiae,  1802, 140,  pi.  4,  f.  5  (penis-bone).  (In  the  lost 
qnotation,  thn  generic  name  is  apelled  "Tomomys".)  (Hisaouri  region.  )—SciliNZ,  By  nop. 
Hamm.  11,  l^ft,  134  (oxclusivo  of  the  synonym  Orgclomy  botia,  Eyd.  A.  Oerv.).  (Compiled 
from  Haxiinillan ;  California  erroneously  asslguel  as  the  locality.) — Baikd,  Proo.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  vii,  18u5,  335 ;  M.  N.  A.  1857,  397.  (Itetloscription  of  specimens  from 
••  Nebraska",  i.  «.,  Dakota ;  ForU  Pierre,  Randall, and  Uuion.)— Baikd,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  x,  18:i0, 
Ounniron's  ond  Beckwith's  Routes,  Mamm.  p.  8,  pi.  10,  f.  1  (the  same). — Strvkmson,  U.  8. 
Oeol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1870,  1871,  402  (Wyoming).— Amiw,  Bull.  Hinn.  Acad,  i,  1874,  70  (cato- 
logned  upon  presumption  of  its  occurrence  in  Miunesota). — Allen,  Proo.  Host.  Boa  xvli, 
1874,  43  (Yellowstone  River);  Bull.  Ess.  lust,  vi,  1874,00,  01,  00  (rather  suppoaed  than 
known  to  be  this  species). 

Onmf  rufactnt,  LkConte,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Bel.  Pbila.  vi,  1852,  101.  (Reileacrlbed  from  typesof  "  bore- 
alls"  and  "  townscndii ",  in  Philadelphia  Academy,  marktd  "Columbia  River".) 

Aicomy  rtifacent,  Waon.,  Suppl.  Schreb.  Iii,  1843,  387. 

nnmya  (Thomomy)  m/eacnis,  Gikbel,  Siiug.  1855,  530. 

rAononyt  "fulvui ",  Meiiii.,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  B.  Oeol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1873, 187:1, 065.    {Seo  Woodb.) 

Diagnosis. — Coloration  almost  exactly  that  of  the  house-rat  (Mus  decu- 
manus) — sometimes  assuming  a  more  reddish  phase,  occasionally  blackish- 
plumbeous  ;  tail  and  feet  white,  and  much  of  the  chin,  throat,  and  breast 
white  in  irregular  patches,  where  the  fur  is  white  to  the  base.  No  sooty- 
lihickish  about  the  mouth-parts;  no  obvious  distinction  in  color  between  the 
pouch  and  its  surroundings ;  no  strongly-pronounced  reddish-brown  on  the 
under  parts ;  general  tone  of  coloration  never  decidedly  tawny.  Ears  set  in 
a  small  blackish  area.  Length,  6  to  8  inches ;  tail,  3  inches  or  less,  decidedly 
less  tlian  half  the  length  of  head  and  body  ;  fore  and  liind  feet  (claws  included) 
airproximately  equal  to  each  o\her,  1.10  to  1.25 ;  longest  fore  claw  little  less 
tli'in  the  length  of  the  rest  of  the  hand,  about  0.50.  Mamma;,  6  pairs — 2  pairs 
inguinal,  pectoral,  and  axillary,  respectively.  In  some  specimens,  however, 
one  or  two  pairs  a])parcntly  fail  to  develop,  generally  the  axillary  ones. 


GEOMTID^— TnOMOHTS  TALP0IDE8. 


625 


Habitat. — Supposed  to  occur  in  the  Interior  of  North  Americn,  from 
"Hudson's  Boy"  to  the  "Columbia  River",  and  to  occupy  about  the  northern 
half  of  the  United  States  west  of  the  Mississippi,  exclusive  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  region ;  being  replaced,  to  the  west,  by  T.  bulbivorut,  and,  to  the  south, 
by  T.  umbrinus.  (Undoubted  specimens  seen  from  Selkirk  Settlement,  British 
America;  from  Minnesota  westward  through  Dakota  and  Montana  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains;  and  from  Idaho,  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Nevada.) 

Tail*  II.— JfeatwmMal*  i/«<fkl  frmk  fielwtau  *f  Thomomtk  taltoiobh. 


1 

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Or.C.K.M«CkMM]r. 

U.S.  A. 
4s 

Is 

4s 

Hon.— Ths  ant  a**  fonfotan  (pMliMM,  ill  alall,  takoa  Ike  ••■•  mmm  (Jim  to  SoplMbar,  im),  wm  Mratally 
«n«wr«d  la  tko  aaok  hj  >7Mlt  Otliir  ttnkmna,  tnm  Ik*  mm»  ngloa.aot  ■uMrad  la  tin  Sook,  wiry  tka  llnHi  of  lat(| 
|g!gtfc  ftwa  akoat  0  to  «k— t » lukoa,  wllk  »  »iitrM|i«a*lai  raafo  o(  nilatloa  la  olkor  fart*.  Tk*  UU  U  IskoafroBll* 
tnwkoao— H*fP**nakoalk*iriclxk>kott*rlatkoditado«ala.  TkowalfMof  tkoMtfaalMaaiaagoalVaaiO  taTouBOMi, 
Tkoflrtkof  tkookMrtUakNtJIaskooief  tk*  koUj.OJM.  XallMT,  9,kMi  II  loali-* pain  aiUUr;,  •  pain  pM«onl,t 
pain  laiaUul.  WkM  taUjr  dlalradod,  la  Ik*  ft«k  ilaia,  Ik*  wUtk  acn**  tk*  •k**k-poaek**  t*  tk*  (natoot  dUawtor  of  Ik* 
kodj.  Moa.L«M«ric.a*a.l,alladall,w*n  nnaand  la  tk*a**kkrlk««*a«ilar,Ilr.  Cl.lloCkMa*j,U.&A.  Tk* 
■Miiiwiti  «f  UU  «»«■  to  kan  k*«a  takaa  ky  kha  tnm  It*  appanat  hwa 

The  most  northern  specimen  I  have  seen  is  from  the  Assiniboine  River; 
the  species  is  supposed  to  range  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  British  America  (northern  limit  unknown).  In  the  United  States,  I  have 
specimens  from  Minnesota,  Dakota,  Montana,  Idaho,  Nebraska,  Wyoming, 
Nevada,  and  Utah.  The  southern  limit  is  inferred  to  be  somewhere  along 
the  middle  of  the  United  States.  Its  range  may  not  inosculate  with  that  of 
T.  umbrinus ;  at  any  rate,  I  have  seen  no  intermediate  specimens  from  any- 
where in  the  Interior,  the  approach  io  umbrinui  seeming  to  be  made  in  the 
Pacific  province,  through  bulbivorut.  True  taipoidei  exists  fuirly  westward 
of  the  main  chains  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  but  no  Thomomyi  of  this  style 
is  known  from  immediate  Pacific  slopes.  It  meets  and  inosculates  with  the 
Northern  style  of  bulbtoonu  ("douglasi")  in  the  Columbia  River  region. 

This  animal  is  elaborately  described,  and  it«  synonymy  fully  discussed 

in  the  original  memoir. 
40  M 


\''\' 


m 


H. 


626  MONOOKAPnS  of  KORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


THOMOMYS  TALPOIDES  BULBIVORUS,  (Rich.)  Coues. 
ricllc  Pocket  flopher. 

DiplMl<m*t  »ii»iiior«ii,  Rial.,  F.  B.  A.  I,  1890,  300,  pi.  IB  D  (lettoed  ioMgtaiU  by  miitake).— RiCll.,  ZoOI. 
Voy.  Blouom,  IKIO,  pp.  9  and  13*. 

acomf  hunitarut,  Rich.,  Add.  Rep.  Brit.  Amoo.  for  1H30,  tI,  1R37,  ino.— DbKat,  N.  Y.  Fn.  184S,  M. 
(Compiled  trom  Richardion.)— Bciiinz,  Syn.  Ifamm.  ti,  1H46,  ISTi.  (Compiled;  qaotaa  D, 
"  butUferum";  gives  wrong  locklity.)— LbConte,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Philo.  IS&i,  101.  (Com- 
piled from  RiobardioD.) 

AKorngt  hulhivonu,  Waon.,  Suppl.  Bobreb.  Hi,  1843,  387.    (Compiled.) 

rtadfloma  MUvonm,  AVD.  &  Bacr.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  I8S4,  337.    (Compiled  from  Riobardion.) 

(leowtf  (  r*Mio«yi)  tiilWtxinM,  OlCB.,  BUdk.  18SC,  (i30.    (Compiled  ftwn  Riohordwa.) 

nmomf  htlMMfiu,  Bkanot,  Beli.  Kennt  BliuK.  RomI.  16a&,  188,  pi.  5,  ff.  1-9  ((koll  and  teeth). 

Themtmf  tolMwrM,  Baird,  U.  N.  A.  18&7, 389,  pi.  SO,  f.  3  a-f,  and  pi.  SS,  f.  1  o-f .  (IdcDtlBee  tbe  oom- 
mon  Collibmian  animal  with  tbi*  (pecies  of  Ricbardion'e,  and  minntely  deaeribea  It.) — 
Baud,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  x,  1869,  WilllamMin'a  Ronte,  Hamm.  SO.  (Port  Tejon,  Cul.)— Kkn- 
HERLT,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  z,  18G9,  Whipple's  Ronte,  Mamm.  13,  pi.  11.  (California.)— Obrr., 
Cat.  Bone*  Brit  Uus.  1809,  ns.    (California.) 

Tkomomf  talpoida  hulbtvon;  CoCBS,  Proc  Acad.  Phila.  1670,  136.— Couis,  Powell's  Rep.  Coloroda  R. 
1875,  iiS8  (monotp'sph). 

Orgclom^  {SQonpkonu)  boUa,  Etd.  &  Orrv.,  Mag.  deZool.  tI,  1636,33, pi. ill,  f.  4  (teeth);  Voy.FaTorlta 
T.  1M39,  «l,  pi.  8,  f.  4  (same). 

nomomy  boUa,  Lus.,  Monv.  Uan.  R.  Anim.  1849, 119.  (Compiled.)— Daiiid,  Pnw.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  PhiU. 
1855,  335.    (anbaeqnently  iilentlBed  tbe  some  with  haHirtnu.) 

(irmnyf /k(ifisom(,  SCBINZ,  Syn.  Mamm.  11,1845,136.  (Based  on  doufdui;  name  altered  fornognod 
reason.) 

Thomamf  UHerpi,  Baird,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1855, 335 ;  M.  N.  A.  1857, 399.  (Hnmboldt  Bay.)— 
Kksn.,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  X,  1H50,  Whipple's  Boate,  Mamm.  13,  pi.  19,  f.  1  (by  error  marked  "  9  " 
in  text).    (8»me  as  the  foreRoiog.) 

Ommf  dontlMit,  RiCB.,  F.  U.  A.  i,  1890, 900,  pi.  18  C,  ff.  1-6  (skull) ;  ZoSI.  Toy.  Blossom,  1839, 0.  (N«nr 
month  of  Columbia;  Fort  VoneonTer.)— Rich.,  Add.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoe.  for  1836,  vi,  1837, 
150.— LcCoHTR,  Proc.  Acad.  Nal.  Sei.  Phila.  1H59, 169.    (Compiled  from  Riohordaoo.) 

Ottrnf  domtlati,  DiKat,  N.  Y.  Fn.  1849,  99.    (Compiled  (h>m  Richardson.) 

J»oomf  ioaglatii,  Waon.,  Bappl.  Hcbreb.  iii,  1843,  309.    (Compiled.) 

P$euiMl)ma  ioufUuU,  AuD.  &  Bach.,  Q.  N.  A.  iii,  1853, 94,  pi.  106(aItogeUMr  toobrigbUy  eolond).  (Moinl/ 
compiled  from  Richanlaon.) 

OeoMjrs  ( Itomomf)  dougl—i,  OixBRi.,  SSng.  1835,  531.    (Compiled.) 

TkoMastji*  ieyglauii,  Baimd,  M.  N.  A.  1857,  394.  (Minute  description  of  specimens  from  Washington  and 
Oregon  Territories.)— BvcKl.,  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  1860,  pt.  li,  pp.  100, 196. 

VABIF4TAL  CHARS. — Coloration  heavier  than  in  the  foregoing ;  general  cast 
reddish-brown,  lined  with  dusky  on  the  back ;  the  head  usually  darker  than 
the  rest  of  the  upper  parts;  on  the  sides,  the  color  giving  way  to  a  clearer 
tawny-brown,  ^vhich  occupies  the  belly  also,  there  overlying  the  plumbeous 
roots  of  the  fur  as  a  strong  wash.  Face  and  mouth-parts  dusky,  or  even 
sooty -blackish,  contrasting  with  the  white  lining  of  the  pouches.  No  pure 
white  on  the  under  parts.  Tail  and  feet  usually  incompletely  whitish,  or 
quite  dusky.  If  anything,  averaging  rather  larger  than  true  ta/paidet.  Hand 
rather  shorter  than  the  foot,  owing  to  less  development  of  the  claws,  which 
are  only  about  0.40  long. 


'^^ 


GROUTIDiS-THOHOMTS  TALPOIDES  DULBIVORUS. 


C27 


Habitat. — Pacific  coast  and  8lo{M!8  of  the  United  StatcB,  from  Wa»liing- 
ton  Territory  to  Southern  California. 

There  is  no  decided  dificrcnce  in  sisse  or  shape  between  this  form  and 
the  last^  except  on  average  less  development  of  (lie  fore  claws.  Tiie  extreme 
of  the  bulbivorua  branch  of  this  species  is  readily  recognized  by  a  warmtli 
and  intensity  of  coloration  not  known  to  occur  in  specimens  from  the  North- 
ern Interior;  the  color  varies  a  great  deal,  but  is  never  the  clear  mouse-gray 
of  tfifpoidet,  being  an  intimate  mixture  of  yellowish-brown  and  dark  brown 
or  blackish.  Above,  the  pointing  of  the  fur  conceals  the  plumbeous  bases  of 
the  hairs ;  below,  this  plumbeous  shows,  overlaid  with  a  strong  wash  of  tawny 
or  muddy-brown,  unlike  the  hoary-)|piiy  of  the  same  parts  of  laljwukt.  The 
under  surface  is  not  known  to  be  varied  with  patches  of  white,*  nor  is  there 
any  white  about  the  mouth,  excepting  the  immediate  border  of  the  lips ;  the 
niouth-|)art8  being  sooty  or  dusky,  contrasting  with  the  white  which  lines  the 
cheek-pouches.  This  is  very  much  as  in  umbriitut,  and  quite  different  from 
tafpoidct.  The  furc  claws  avei'age  about  0.40 — ratlier  less  than  more.  Such 
typical  manifestation  of  this  form  I  have  only  seen  from  California;  it  changes 
insensibly  into  both  talpoidea  and  vmhrinui.  Proceeding  irp  the  Pacific  coast, 
we  find  an  animal  still  like  bulbivonu  in  general  tone  of  coiorotion,  but  in 
which  the  mouth-parts  have  nearly  or  entirely  lost  their  sootiness;  the  fore 
claws  also  enlarge  somewhat,  and  from  this  state  it  is  but  a  step  to  true  tal- 
poidet,  which  meets  "douglnsi^  in  the  interior  of  Oregon  ami  Washington. 
In  the  interior  of  California,  the  opposite  modification  begins,  tending  to 
vmbrinut,  which  becomes  established  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Here 
the  dark  mouth-parts  are  intensified,  but  the  color  grows  richer  till  a  decidedly 
tawny  or  fulvous  cost  results.  Specimens  from  Fort  Crook  and  Fort  Tejon, 
Cal,  and  from  Provo,  Utah,  are  ambiguous,  exhibiting  much  variation.  Some 
of  the  browner  ones  are  inseparable  from  bulhivoru*,  while  the  ruddiness  of 
others  matches  that  of  typical  umbrinut.  The  intergradation  of  the  two  forms 
in  this  region  is  complete.  Some  other  specimens  from  Fort  Crook  are  iden- 
tical with  Steilacoom  ones  in  color;  the  only  difference  being  the  weaker 
claws.  To  the  southward,  on  the  coast,  the  same  intergradation  occurs, 
becomiiig  established  about  San  Diego.  In  Lower  California,  pure  umbrintu 
prevails. 

*  A  Ban  FniDeiwui  ■peeiman  to  •  paifeot  albliio— ■oow-wbile  all  over. 


IH 


638  MONOOBAPHS  OF  KORTn  AMEBIOAN  BODENTIA. 

TIIOMOMYS  TALPOIDES  UMBRINUS,  (Rich.)  Coue* 
Boathera  Fockel  fi«M«r> 

Ocomf  umMnut,  Ricn.,  F.  B.  A.  i,  1830,  909;  Bap.  BriL  Aaoe.  for  1836,  vi.  1KI7,  IM).    (<•  CMUdaRaliw, 

Bouthweatern  LaninisuB"— mora  likeljr  Tezu  or  New  Mexloo.)— WikTKHii.,  Charleaw.  Hug. 

N.  II.  ill,  IKIO,  I^,  r.  71  (tkull).— DbKat,  N.  T.  Fu.  1849,  09.    (VomplM  (Vam  KioliMtUon.)— 

BciiiKZ,  Byn.  Hamm.  il,  IfUti,  137.    (Compiled  from  Rlobardaon.)— LbC.,  !*«».  Aoiid.  Nat. 

Sol.  Pbila.  laat.  Ifri.    (Compiled  from  Rlobudaoo.) 
Jieomf  MiMaM,  Waon.,  Suppl.  Hcbrob.  iii,  1843,  380.    (Compiled.) 
i'tuiiHloma  umMnu,  AuD.  A.  Bach.,  iii,  18M,  307.    (Compiled  from  BlobiurdaoD.) 
OroMft  ( nomamt*)  tmtrtmmt,  OiKB.,  Sling.  ISOK,  530.    (Complied  from  Biohardaoo.) 
T/koMOMyt  miMaiM,  Baird,  U.  N.  A.  18Ei7, 309  (redeaoribed  fknm  Dnmeroua  New  MexioMi  apeoimena). — 

Bairu,  U.  B.  Hex.  B.  Survey,  ii,  pt.  il,  ISTiO,  Uamm.  41.— Oihr.,  Cat.  Boaea  Br.  Mna.  1809,998. 
Tkoaioaiy*  latpoUt$  umtriuat,  Cocu,  Proo.  Ptaiia.  Aead.  1875,  137.— CouRa,  Powoll'a  Rep.  Colomdo  R. 

1875,  961  (monognpb).-CouRa  A.  Yarrow,  Wbeeler'a  B«p.  Ezpl.W.lOO  Uerid.  "187I>" 

(=.  1876),  111  (New  Hexioo,  Arizona,  &o.). 
Onmya  /Wlvtu,  Wiiodii.,  Pruc.  Acad.  Nat.  Ho).  Pbila.  1859, 901  (Ban  Franoiaco  UoantaiDa,  Ariiooa) ;  Bep. 

Expi.  ZiiOi  and  Colorado  R.  18S3,  Al,  pi.  G  (tbe  same). 
rtudotloma  (Omrngt)  fnhtu,  AuD.  &,  Dach.,  Q.  N.  A.  Iii,  18S4,  300.    (Copied  ttom  Woodboaaa.) 
nomamf  /Wfr«>,  Baird,  M.  N.  A.  18S7,  409.    (Deacribea  Woodbonae'a  type,  and  olber  apeclmeii*,  from 

Calir»rDia.)-BAiRO,  U.  8.  Hex.  Bonnd.  Snrv.  11,  pt.  11, 1H&9,  Momm.  41.— Krnm.,  P.  R.  K.  Rep. 

X,  18r.O,  Whipple'*  Ronte,  Hamm.  14,  pi.  19,  f.  9.— CouES,  Am.  Nat.  1, 18li7, 3!M  (bablU).— 

COUKS,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Boi.  PblU.  18G7,  135  (Fort  Whipple,  Arizona). 

Varietal  chabb.-'— Averaging  decidedly  emaller  than  either  of  the  fore- 
going. Length  of  head  and  bo<1y  about  six  inches,  rarely  seven.  Fore  feet 
averaging  decidedly  less  than  the  hind  feet ;  longest  cluw  oilencr  under  than 
over  0.40.  Color  variable,  from  a  nearly  uniform  rich  fawn-color,  all  over,  or 
even  intense  reddish-chestnut,  to  various  tawny-brown  shades,  with  or  with- 
out a  blackish  dorsal  area ;  belly  merely  a  paler  shade  of  the  color  of  the 
upper  parts,  or  much  as  described  under  bulbivorus.  (Occasionally  quite 
gray,  much  as  in  typical  talpoidet;  sometimes  lustrous  coal-black  all  over.) 
Mouth-parts,  and  often  whole  face,  blackish,  except  sometimes  immediately 
around  the  lips,  strongly  contrasting  with  the  white  lining  of  the  pouch. 
Tail  usually  more  or  less  like  the  body. 

Habitat. — Southern  Colorado,  Southern  Utah  and  Southern  Nevada, 
Western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Lower  California  to  Cape  Saint 
Lucas.     Southward  extension  into  Mexico  undetermined. 

No  other  form  of  the  genus  varies  so  much  in  color  as  this  one.  Tlie 
known  variations  are  all  given  in  the  original  memoir,  and  Drs.  Coues  and 
Yarrow  have  carefully  described  the  normal  or  usual  style  of  coloration  in  the 
Keport  above  cited.  \ 


GEO&lYlD^-TnOMOMYB  CLUSIUS. 


G20 


THOMOMYS  CLU8IUS,  Coucs. 
lockr  HaMtala  Focket  doiker. 

nomomft  ehiiiw,  Coiim,  Proa.  Pbits.  Acad.  1875, 138  (ilMcr.  orig.    Brldger**  Pun,  Rnoliy  MnnntniiM).— 
Cooks,  Powall'i  Rep.  Colorado  R.  187&,  SM>3,  f.SO  (nma  ■peoimun  rodeMribe<l  nod  llgurnd). 

Diagnosis. — SmalleBt  known  species  of  the  genus.  Length  (9,  adult) 
about  5  inches.  Feet  remarkably  small ;  sole  of  hind  foot,  0.75 ;  palm  of 
hand,  including  longest  claw,  0.65.  Fore  claws  small,  weak,  little  curved,  tiic 
longest  under  0.30.  Incisors  as  usual  in  the  genus.  Muzzle  almost  entirely 
hairy,  with  a  very  small  naked  pad  confined  between  the  nostrils.  Pouches 
ample,  about  1.75  deep  (measured  from  the  beginning  of  the  fold  of  skin  at 
the  side  of  the  snout).  Tail  extremely  short;  under  1.50  in  length  from  the 
true  base,  and  little  over  1.00  from  the  end  of  the  conical  enlargement  at 
base ;  the  thinly-haired  portion  being  thus  less  than  one-fourth  the  total  length 
of  head  and  body.  Ears  minute.  Color  above  pale  yellowish-gray,  with  a 
slight  light-brown  shade ;  the  fur  plumbeous  at  base,  as  usual.  Below,  nearly 
pure  white,  the  fur  being  mostly  of  this  color  to  the  very  base.  No  dark 
auricular  area.  Feet  and  tail  white.  Extremity  of  snout  blackish.  Claws 
and  whiskers  colorless.     Incisors  faced  with  orange.    Mammeei  6  pairs. 

Habitat. — The  single  specimen  of  the  species  at  present  known,  No. 
805l,  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  was  taken  at  Bridger's  Pass, 
Rocky  Mountains,  July  28,  1857,  by  Dr.  W.  A.  Hammond. 


rg'l^^J^-^'J\:     ■■-■-■^-..■. 


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•TSW^PF^ 


MONOGRAPHS 


or 


NORTH  AMERICAN   RODENTIA. 


No.  XI -SCIURIDi!. 


Bv  J.  JL.  ALLEN 


631 


Ili'^ 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Museum  of  Cohparatite  Zoology, 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  15,  1K77. 

Sir:  I  transmit  herewith  for  publication  my  memoir  on  the  North  Ameri- 
can Sciurida,  As  only  two  genera  of  the  Sciurida  of  the  New  World  are 
represented  south  of  the  southern  boundary  of  the  United  States,  and  one  of 
these  by  only  a  single  species  not  found  north  of  that  sine,  I  have  thought  it 
best  to  include  all  of  the  New  World  forms  in  t}ie  present  memoir,  thereby 
making  it  a  "Monograph  of  the  American  Sciuridee".  The  extralimital  species 
belong,  with  a  single  exception,  to  the  genus  Sciurus,  which  has  its  centre  of 
development  in  Mexico  and  Central  America.  It  hac,  however,  represent- 
atives throughout  the  greater  part  of  both  Americas. 

As  ill  the  case  of  previous  monographs  of  this  series  which  I  have 
had  the  pleasure  of  transmitting  to  you  for  publication,  the  present  memoir 
is  based  mainly  on  the  material  contained  in  the  National  Museum  at  Wash- 
ington, including  all  tliat  has  been  collected  either  by  yourself  personally  or 
under  your  immediate  direction  and  auspices.  In  addition  to  this,  I  have 
been  able  to  use  a  large  amount  of  material  contained  in  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  without  access  to  which  my  me- 
moir would  have  been  ikr  more  incomplete  than  it  is  at  present  In  this  con- 
nection, I  beg  leave  to  express  my  gratitude  to  the  officers  of  both  these 
institutions  for  their  kindness  in  allowing  me  the  freest  access  to  these  nlag- 
nificcnt  collections,  embracing  upward  of  two  thousand  specimens  of  the 
American  Sciurida. 

I  am,  Sir,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

J.  A.  ALLEN. 

Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden, 

United  States  Geologist,  etc.,  etc,  Washington,  D.  C. 


n. 


mm 


if  i: 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Family  8CIURIDA G31-940 

Obnbril  considbratiohs G37-4MO 

8VNOP8I80r  THKOemtRA 640-043 

OEOORAPniCAL  DISTRIBDTIOIf  AMD  VARIATION „ 643-633 

Ounua  Seiunpttnu 6&.'Mi.'i4 

adarofUnu  rofnoella 0!i5-«li0 

vofiMelto 666-Gm 

AadiraiM 6&!i-0'j6 

OenatSeiiinu 665-678 

iManu  JhuboniiM 673-700 

kmdtoHiml 674-677 

riekardtoni 677-678 

imiiluui 67eMJ79 

firtmmti 670-6IU 

CaraliiMiui* 700-717 

kiiaXi* 701-704 

eunlinimtlt 704-705 

ywwteiMMi* 705-706 

lri5«r 717-731 

einemu 718-719 

nigtr 7I9-7!.'0 

(iid»cMa»M 780-721 

fouur 731-734 

mt$rH 73.'i-7:«7 

collioi 738-740 

lM<Ma 741-745 

kjiNiryrrkaM 740-750 

aiini<f«fcr 700-753 

IraooiM 753-7M1 

••(IMUM 766-703 

Ofdum* 757-758 

r^oniter 7B8-750 

teplint9$ltr , 763-765 

fmura ■. 766-708 

tarUmU 768-773 

(nDdetermiiied  upaotaa) 773-770 

GanmlhmiM 779-782 

Taw^uitriatn 783-703 

tubUkt 783-810 

tormli* 704-796 

gwMlrivMtohu 795-795 

paUidnt 795-790 

l<i«M»<H : 796-796 

donalii 796-797 

karrUi 810-813 

UUenlii 814-819 

Ctoiins  SffrmafkUut 819-800 


m%%\ 


••i  I 


i  1  ; 


aii  a 


G36  MONOOEAras  of  kobth  amekiuan  bodestia. 

Family  HCIUKID^-Continncd. 

Oonna  SpormdplkiliM— Continned,  rign 

•               Spirmopkiltu  grammurM 83&-ti:iH 

j;niinmiirti« 887-620 

btedieyi esa-SO 

iouglatH K9-ifJ0 

mpetn : SO-eM 

empetra 83t>-«40 

todiaomn* .  640-640 

erythroiUkn* e41-«41 

HcAaniMiii (M8-(IG0 

rickardxmi H9-ea0 

Unmtndi 860-851 

MoHii 860-86* 

<«r«/ioaiHliu 8tt3-«64 

tpilonma 864-86G 

obuMut 866-868 

mtxioanui 868-871 

tridtcemliiualiii 871-881 

tHdeotmlinrattu 87S-87:( 

pallidM 873-874 

frmkUnl 881-886 

annulatut 88ft-88I> 

0«DnB  Cgnomy 880-801 

Cj/Homyt  ludovicianu$ 808-U0!2 

<w(iimiruii<Nf 903-900 

0«nu8  Arctomgi 000-011 

Arolmnjit  mntax 011-OiW 

flavivenler 9S1-984 

pruimmu 0^4-0^0 

KXTfNCT  AMKKICAN  SCIURIDJI OSO-OSO 

Soiunu  ealgeinut 031-933 

pamoUiu 933-932 

reliettu 933-9:» 

IViiHuu  (treutriif 93S-93Si 

Arnlomfi  vettu 933-933 

Paramy*  roftNfhM 934-934 

deKcudM 9H-9M 

Itptodiu 934-934 

delioalior 034-935 

delicaHuimM 935-03r> 

SdHratmi  nitidtt OSA-OSK 

widaiM 93!>-93r> 

jHirmifeita 936-936 

! .^ 936-036 

IteUtcomxi  vel -^ 936-036 

Mjitopf  fratennu 037-037 

miimdu 037-037 

ColoKgmfi  oeler , 038-038 

Taxymyt  lucarit 038-OM 

Hllomyne»ex 988-9:19 

parrui 93O-930 


■  \  Wi 


Family  SCIURID^. 


The  family  Sciurida,  as  now  commonly  restricted,  may  be  chnracterized 
as  follows:  Dental  formula;  I.  }^;  Pm.  f^l  or  JE^;  M.  |^J  =  iJ  or  R 
Grinding-teeth  rooted,  with,  during  youth,  tuberculated  crowns  ;  the  tubercles 
soon  becoming  much  modified  or  obliterated  by  attrition,  generally  giving 
rise  for  a  time  to  transverse  ridges.  The  first  upper  premolar,  when  two  are 
present,  is  often  minute,  and  is  generally  much  smaller  than  the  second.  In 
strictly  congeneric  species,  in  Sciurus  and  Tamiat,  the  premolars  may  be 
either  two  or  one.  Occasionally  two  are  present  in  species  that  have  usually 
only  one.  In  species  having  a  single  premolar,  a  second  deciduous  premolar 
is  generally  assumed  to  have  been  present  during  early  life,  but  to  this  there 
are  frequent  exceptions.  The  first  upper  premolar,  when  two  are  present, 
is  always  single-rooted,  with  a  simple  pointed  crown,  and  is  often  so  minute  as 
to  be  apparently  functionless.  The  other  upper  grinding-teeth  are  triple- 
rooted.  The  lower  premolar  is  double-rooted,  the  last  lower  molar  generally 
triple-rooted,  and  the  others  quadruple-roc':,ed. 

The  skull  varies  considerably  in  form,  from  the  short,  broad  skull  of  the 
arboreal  Squirrels  to  the  narrow,  very  much  nlongr.ted  skull  of  some  of  the 
Spermophiles.  There  is  a  well  developed  postorbitul  process,  which  may  be 
either  short,  pointed,  and  triangular,  or  long,  slender,  and  much  decurved. 
The  infraorbital  foramen  is  small,  and  placed  considerably  in  advance  of  the 
zygomatic  process  of  the  maxillary  (usually  about  midway  between  the  ante- 
rior premolar  and  the  maxillo-intermaxillary  suture),  and  varies  from  a  nar- 
row Tertioal  slit  to  an  oval  or  triangular  opening.  The  palate  is  very  broad 
and  flat,  and  extends  posteriorly  considerably  beyond  the  last  molar  (except 
in  some  exotic  species),  and  forms  a  continuous  uniform  plane.  Molar  series 
parallel.  Feet  scansorial  or  fossorial.  Tail  long  or  short,  terete  and  slender 
or  bushy  and  distichous,  always   well   haired.     Body  generally  elongate, 

637 


I  ■  ; 


G38 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


it 


i! 


'  I 


of>cti  slcntlcr  and  dclicntc,  but  sometimes  thick,  squnt,  and  clumsy.  Hind 
limbs  never  disproportionately  developed.  In  one  group,  there  is  a  broad 
densely  furred  intertnembrul  membrane. 

The  SciuridcB  i^hare,  in  common  with  the  other  Sciuromorphs  (Sciuromor- 
j)ha  Alston  =  Sciuromorpha  Brandt,  emend.),  the  possession  of  perfect  clavi- 
cles ;  a  nearly  perfectly  free  fibula ;  small  incisive  foramina,  not  extending 
into  the  maxillary  ;  the  obsolescence  of  the  outer  wall  of  the  pterygoid  fossie, 
nnd  the  absence  of  an  interpterygoid  fissure ;  a  small,  naked  muffle  and  a 
cleft  upper  lip.  The  zygomatic  arch  is  formed  mainly  by  the  malar,  and  the 
angular  portion  of  the  mandible  springs  "from  the  lower  edge  of  the  bony 
covering  of  the  lower  incisor"  {Ahton). 

The  Sciurida  arc  distinguished  from  the  other  families  of  the  Sciuro- 
morphs by  the  following  characters : — The  Anomalurida  differ  from  the  Set' 
urula  by  the  absence  of  postorbital  processes,  and  in  possessing  a  large  ante- 
orbital  foramen,  a  narrower  palate,  which  is  contracted  anteriorly  and  deeply 
emarginate  behind,  and  in  having  the  molars  non-tuberculate,  flat-crowned, 
nnd  with  loops  of  enamel.  The  Ischyromyida  differ  from  the  Sciurida  in 
having  large  anteorbital  foramina,  a  sagittal  crest,  and  no  postorbital  process. 
The  HnplodontidcB  have  the  grinding-teeth  "rootless,  simple,  and  prismatic", 
nnd  postorbital  ])rocesses  are  absent,  etc.  The  Castorida  (taking  CaMor  as 
the  type)  differ  from  the  Sciurida  in  lacking  the  postorbital  processes;  in 
the  molars  being  semi-rooted,  with  involutions  of  the  enamel  border;  in  the 
form  of  the  descending  ramus  of  the  lower  jaw,  the  disproportionately  large 
hind  limbs,  fully  webbed  hind  feet,  flat,  naked  tail,  etc.  While  in  Caxtor  the 
anteorbital  portion  of  the  skull  is  Sciurine,  all  close  resemblance  to  the  Sci- 
vrida  here  ceases.  The  Castoroidida  differ  from  the  Sciurida  through  the 
rootless,  compound  nature  of  the  grinding-teeth,  in  the  possession  of  several 
Cnstorine  features,  and  the  structure  of  the  pterygoid  process,  etc. 

The  family  Sciurida  embraces  a  considerable  variety  of  forms,  but  they 
so  insensibly  intergrade  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  separate  them  into 
characterizable  subfamilies,  the  differences  being  wholly  adaptative,  and  of  no 
great  importance.  The  passage  from  the  one  extreme  of  Sciuropterus  to  the 
other  of  Arctomys  is  by  very  gradual  steps.  The  lithe,  graceful,  arboreal  iSfci- 
uri  differ  but  little  from  Xerus  and  Tamias,  forms  still  partially  arboreal, 
while  Tamicu  and  Spennophilua  so  intergrade  that  some  species  arc  doubt- 
fully referable  to  the  one  rather  than  the  othor.    The  passage  from  Spfr- 


\n 


ml 


B0inRID.S^-OENERAL  CONSIDBBATIONS. 


639 


mophilui  to  Cynomys  is  almost  ogain  without  hiatus.  Arctomys  is  again  not 
greatly  diiTercnt  from  Cynomys  and  some  of  the  larger  species  of  Spermophi- 
lus.  Wiiatever  character  is  taken,  whether  the  general  form,  the  dentition, 
the  size  of  the  ear,  the  character  of  the  tail,  the  presence  or  absence  of  cheek- 
pouches,  or  even  habits,  and  especially  if  all  are  taken  collectively,  no  strong 
lines  of  demarcation  can  anywhere  he  drawn,  and  even  the  question  of  the 
number  of  properly  recognizable  genera  is  one  of  not  easy  solution.  The 
division  of  the  group  into  subfamilies,  or  "tribes",  is  generally  mode  between 
Tamias  and  Spermophilut,  the  former  being  associated  with  Xerus,  Sciurus, 
Pteromys,  and  Sciuropterus  to  form  a  group  Sciurina,  or  "True  Squirrels", 
.and  the  latter  (with  its  subdivisions)  with  Cynomys  and  Arctomys  to  form 
the  subfamily,  or  ^^iT\hel'\  ArcUmyina,  or  "Burrowing  Squirrels".  I  find, 
liowever,  that  here  no  line  of  separation  can  be  drawn,  Tamias  and  Spermo- 
vhilus  so  thoroughly  intergrading  that  no  feature  serves  to  trenchantly  separate 
them.  A  much  better  hiatus  occurs  between  Cynomys  and  Spermophilus,  or 
even  between  Cynomys  and  Arctomys,  or  again  between  Sciuropterus  and 
Sciurus. 

Between  Pteromys,  Sciuropterus,  and  Sciurus,  the  chief  difference  con- 
sists in  the  presence,  in  the  two  former,  of  a  narrow,  flying  membrane  con- 
necting the  fore  and  hind  limbs,  supported  by  fascia  articulating  with  the 
carpus.  Neither  the  dentition,  the  skull,  nor  the  general  osteology  exhibits 
any  important  differences.  Xerus  differs  from  Sciurus  in  certain  modifica- 
tions of  the  pelage,  which  is  sparser  and  harsher,  and  in  having  shorter  ears 
and  tail,  and  in  being  more  terrestrial  in  its  habits.  Tamias  still  greatly 
resembles  Sciurus,  but  has  shorter  ears,  internal  cheek-pouches,  with  more 
fossorial  feet,  and  also  differs  in  being  more  terrestrial.  On  the  other  hand, 
Tamias  and  Spermophilus  arc  scarcely  generically  separable.  In  Spcrmophi' 
lua,  two  premolars  are  constantly  present,  the  first  variable  in  size,  but  usually 
functionally  developed ;  the  dentition  is  stronger  and  the  grinding-teeth  are 
more  firmly  implanted.  The  species  vary  in  having  the  ear  large  or  rudimentary ; 
the  tail  long  or  short,  terete  or  distichous ;  the  skull  long  and  narrow,  espe- 
cially the  facial  portion,  and  the  zygomatic  arches  moderately  expanded,  or 
broader  and  relatively  shorter,  with  heavier  and  more  widely  expanded  zygo- 
mata, etc. ;  the  general  size  varies  from  those  of  the  size  of  Tamias  to  those 
nearly  equaling  Cynomys,  and  in  form  from  extreme  slenderness  to  species 
nearly  or  quite  as  thick-set  as  either  Cynomys  or  Arctomys ;  yet  no  single  set 


C40 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA, 


h  'M 


of  characters,  or  even  any  combination  of  characters,  will  serve  for  the  subdi- 
vision of  Spermophilua  into  distinct  generic  groups,  or  even  satisfactorily  de- 
finable subgenera.  In  the  large,  slender-bodied,  bushy-tnilcd  forms,  there  is 
an  approach  even  to  Sciurus,  not  only  in  general  form  but  in  the  proportions 
of  the  skull  and  in  the  small  size  of  the  first  premolar ;  on  the  other  hand, 
the  large,  thick-bodied,  short-tailed  forms  differ  little  either  in  general  form 
or  in  cranial  details  from  Cynomys.  Arctomys,  again,  is  little  more  than  an 
exaggerated  SpermopMlus, 

Genetically,  Arctomys  may  be  considered  as  the  point  of  departure  in 
the  development  of  the  family,  as  it  is  geologically  one  of  the  earliest  forms 
of  tiie  group.  Arctomys  leads  readily  into  SpermophUus,  and  SpermopMlus 
into  Cynomys.  On  the  one  hand,  the  larger,  slender-bodied,  bushy-tailed 
species  of  SpermophUus  show  a  tendency  toward  Sciurus  proper,  os  some  of 
the  other  large  forms  lead  toward  Arctomys  and  Cynomys;  some  of  the 
smaller  species,  with  large  ears,  long,  flat,  bushy  tails,  small  first  premolar, 
and  general  Sciurine  form,  grade  insensibly  into  Tamias,  while  Xerus  may 
liave  come  off  from  Ihe  short-eared,  terete-tailed  phase  of  the  same  rather 
heterogeneous  group.  The  hiatus  between  some  of  the  forms  of  Tamias 
and  the  more  arboreal  Sciuri  is  by  no  means  striking,  while  Pteromys  and 
Sciuropterus  seem  to  be  only  more  specialized  types  of  the  strictly 
Sciurine  form,  in  which  the  already  highly  specialized  arboreal  adaptation  is 
carried  still  further  through  the  addition  of  a  supporting  membrane,  enabling 
Ihem  to  assume  an  imperfect  mode  of  aerial  locomotion.  It  hence  follows 
tliat  in  Arctomys  we  find  the  most  generalized  type  of  the  family  ;  in  Pte- 
romys and  Sciuropterus,  the  most  specialized.  Through  Arctomys,  also,  we  get 
a  distant  affiliation  with  other  types  of  the  Sciuromorphs,  especially  with 
Casloridte  and  Haplodontuke,  while  Anomalurus  may  be  a  still  further  special- 
ized offshoot  in  the  direction  of  Pteromys, 


BYN0FHI8   OF   TUK   QENEBA. 

I.  Sknil  and  deDtition  eaiientlMUy  as  in  5ciiirii< ;  nppxr  premolara  two,  the  Ant  minate ;  llmba  notlcd 
by  a  furred  membrane,  gnpported  anteriorly  by  a  alender  bone  artionlating  with  the  carpna ; 
eara  large,  gpaiaely  forred ;  no  oheek-ponchea ;  nail  of  poUex  nidinientary ;  pelage  rery  toft  and 

furry;  tail  very  broad  ;  size  imall Sotunplent. 

II.  Similar  in  external  obaraoter  to  the  preceding,  but  with  important  differeucea  in  dentition,  in 
Tespeottothe  relative  sixe  of  the  griuding-teeth  and  their  atrootnre;  the  poeterior  pivn.olar 
and  the  lost  molar  lieing  much  amaller  than  the  first  and  aeooud  true  molan,  iuetead  of  nearly 
equulliDgthem  in  size,  and  the  triturating  anrfaceof  the  molara  having  a  moieoomplex  ayatem  of 
tubercle*  and  ridgea;  sixe  large Ptennni. 


SCIDKID^— SYNOPSIS  OF  GENEUA. 


041 


III.  Skoll  kborl,  broad, and  ronndail ;  pootorbltal  prnrcKWii  well  dovclnpcd,  Hicnder, dirpoted  dowmrnrd 
and  backward ;  lygoinatio  arobM  niually  slendi<i .  t  he  malar  cxpuiidrd  In  a  nearly  vertical  plane, 
•oinetlmcs  turned  sIlBhtly  oatward  doraally ;  aiitcoiliital  foramen  a  narrow  alii,  untt'rior  to  Ibu 
xyK0iK*tic  proceaa  of  the  maxillary ;  npper  premolara  eltber  (wo  or  one  (two  an  n  rule) ;  when 
two  are  preMDt.tbe  flnt  iaalwaya  aniall  and  aomutiuiva  deciduous;  cam  uiuderuto,  well  clotbcd, 
and  lometimca  coupicuoualy  tutted ;  no  clieek-poncbca ;  nail  of  pollex  rudimentary ;  pelagn 
Henerally  ooft,  bat  occaiiooally  coarse  and  more  or  leu  rigid ;  tail  broad,  witb  tbe  baira  mostly 
directed  laterally Sciurti: 

TV.  Skull,  in  general  form,  intermediate  between  tbat  of  Soiarat  and  Tamiat ;  iMwtorbital  proceaaea 
smaller,  and  tbe  nasal  bones  narrower  (at  least  Iban  in  Seitirv);  no  cbeek-poncbea ;  ears  very 
omall  or  rndlmeniarjr ;  tail  abort,  but  sligblly  flattened;  pelage  barsb,  consiatiDg  of  flattrned, 

grooved  spines  and  coarse  bristly  bairs,  witb  little  under  fur Xerut. 

V  Skull  narrowed  anteriorly ;  postorbital  procetses  very  slender,  directed  downward  and  backward ; 
lygonwtie  arobes  more  expanded  and  depressed  anteriorly,  and  tbe  plane  of  expansion  of  tbe 
molar  more  obllqnt;  anteorbltal  foramen  oval,  situated  In  tbe  bsseof  tbe  zygomatic  process 
of  the  maxillary ;  upper  premolars  either  two  or  one ;  when  two  are  present,  tbe  first  is  gener- 
ally minnte ;  large  intemitl  cheek-poncbrs ;  ears  of  mi  dinm  size,  well  clothed,  but  never  tufted ; 
poliaz  with  ■  well  developed  nail ;  tail  rather  broad,  but  shorter  and  much  narrower  than 
in  aetartu  and  joiwopfems;  pelage  soft ;  dorsal  surface  witb  longitudinal  stripes;  sizo  rather 
■mall Tamia*. 

Vt.  Skull  variable  in  form,  being  either  narrow  ?nd  elongate  or  short  and  broad,  much  as  in  Sciurtu  ; 
poatorbital  prooessea  gunerally  triangular,  strong,  and  directed  downward ;  zygomatic  process 
of  the  maxillary  depressed  and  expanded  ;  plane  of  tbe  malar  bone  turned  outward,  sometimes 
expanded  nearly  horizontally;  zygomatie  arches  spreading;  auteorbital  foramina  placed 
more  anteriorly  than  in  Taaii«(,  much  as  in  Beiurui,  but  rather  larger  and  more  circular, 
with  a  strongly  developed  tubercle  at  the  outer  lower  border;  npper  premolars  always  two 
tbe  first  variable  in  size,  but  always  Isrger  than  in  the  preceding  genera,  in  some  species  rela- 
tively nearly  as  large  as  in  <'|f»osiys ;  grinding-teeth  in  some  species  nearly  as  in  Sdarat,  in< 
ereasing  in  size  in  other  species  till  nearly  as  strong  ss  in  Cgnomni;  cheek-pouches  well  devel- 
oped ;  body  slender  or  thick-set ;  tail  long,  moderate,  or  short ;  ears  large,  medlnm,  or  mdiiuent- 
ary,  never  tufted ;  nail  of  pollex  generally  rudimentary  ;  character  of  the  pelage  and  pattern  of 

ooloration  variable Spermopkiliu, 

VII.  Skull  atroDg  and  massive,  rather  short  and  broad ;  zygomatic  arches  widely  expanded ;  malar 
rather  slight,  Its  plane  oblique ;  mnzzio  narrow ;  postorbital  processes  long,  strong,  and  directed 
downward ;  anteorbltal  foramina  rather  large,  snbtriangnlar,  thrown  outward  basally,  and 
placed  well  forward  ;  npper  premolars  two,  tbe  first  large,  of  the  same  breadth  antero-posteri- 
orly  as  the  other  grinding-teetb  ;  dentition  very  heavy,  tbe  grindiug-teelb  witb  the  trausverae 
breadth  twice  tbe  antero-poaterior,  tbe  last  molar  much  larger  than  tbe  others,  and  snbtriangn- 
lar ;  the  molar  series  strongly  convergent  posteriorly;  body  heavy,  thick-set;  cheek-pouches 
not  large;  tail  short ;  ears  radimentsry  i  oall  of  po'lex  well  developed ;  pelage  short  and  rather 

harsh Cyaomyn. 

VIII.  Sknil  with  the  dorsal  outline  nearly  straight ;  trontiU  region  flat  or  depressed ;  in  other  res|iects 
the  form  is  much  as  In  Cpumjft,  but  with  heavier:  postorbital  processes,  not  (or  but  slightly) 
deenrved,  mnoh  weaker  dentition,  and  the  molar  varies  parallel ;  interparietal  and  occipital 
crests  much  more  strongly  developed  than  in  tbe  ov'ier  genera;  size  large;  body  stout,  broad, 
depressed ;  oheek-ponehes  absent  or  small ;  tail  short,  bushy ;  ears  small ;  nail  of  pollex  broad, 
flat;  pelage  coarse,  heavy... ^ Aniomii: 

In  the  first  fire  genera,  the  skull  is  more  or  less  convex  above,  being  in 
tbe  first  three  highly  arched,  but  generally  much  less  so  in  Spermophilus,  and 
still  less  in  Cynomys,  while  in  Arctomys  it  is  nearly  straight.  The  postorb- 
ital processes  become  much  heavier  in  Cynomys  than  in  the  preceding  genera, 
but  reach  still  greater  development  in  Arctomys.  The  skull  is  generally  des- 
titute of  ridges  for  muscular  attachment,  but  such  ridges  are  generally  trace- 
able in  aged  individuals,  even  in  Sciurus,  in  which,  however,  they  are-  widely 

separated,  converging  posteriorly.  In  most  of  the  Spermophiles,  they  are  more 
4111 


!'v!: 


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iiiliiiiiiti 

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11  i 


I 


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I 


i'  ^e 


m 


G42 


MOKOOKArnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


strongly  dcvelopcii  tlinn  in  Sciurui,  aro  placeil  higher  up  on  the  skull,  and 
unite  more  antcriurly  to  form  a  short  interparietal  crest ;  in  Cynomyt,  these 
ridges  meet  in  very  old  individuals  at  only  a  short  distance  behind  the  post- 
orbital  processes,  and  form  thence  posteriorly  a  slight  interparietal  crest. 
Thougii  present  in  even  comparatively  young  specimens,  this  crest  has  a  less 
niitcrior  extension.  In  Arctomyg,  the  interparietal  and  occipital  crests  are,  in 
the  adults,  strongly  developed.  The  an tcro- posterior  thickness  of  the  incisors 
varies  with  the  general  form  of  the  skull  and  with  the  nature  of  the  food. 
In  the  arboreal  Squirrels,  which  feed  largely  upon  hard  nuts,  the  antero- 
posterior diameter  at  the  base  is  two  to  three  times  greater  than  the  trans- 
verse ;  in  Tamias  and  the  most  Sciurinc  Spermophiles  (as  8p.  grammurut),  the 
antcro-posterior  diameter  is  only  twice  the  transverse  or  less ;  in  the  more 
slender  Spermophiles,  with  elongate  skulls,  which  feed  on  herbaceous  vegeta- 
tion, the  two  diameters  are  more  nearly  equal,  and  the  teeth  relatively  much 
smaller  and  comparatively  slender.  The  outer  edges  are  also  rounded,  while 
in  the  arboreal  Squirrels,  and  those  with  strong  incisors,  the  outer  side  is  flat 

OEOORAPniCAL   DISTBIBDTION  AND  VARIATION. 

Representatives  of  the  Sdvridee  are  found  throughout  all  the  continental 
lands  of  the  globe  except  Australia,  but  they  are  by  far  the  most  numerous 
in  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  Sciurug,  with  the  exception  named,  is  nearly 
cosmopolitan  ;  Cynomys,  on  the  other  hand,  is  restricted  to  a  comparatively 
small  portion  of  North  America.  Arctomys,  Tamias,  Spermophilut,  and  Sci' 
vropterus  arc  found  throughout  the  temperate  and  cold-temperate  portions  of 
the  Northern  Hemisphere,  Spermophilus  reaching  its  greatest  numerical  devel- 
opment in  North  America.  Pteromys  occurs  only  in  the  tropical  portions  of 
Asia,  and  Xerua  is  limited  to  Africa.  The  Sdurida  are  represented  in  South 
America  by  only  the  single  genus  Sciurus,  and  by  comparatively  few  species, 
whicli  are  generally  not  numerously  represented  in  individuala  Passing 
northward,  the  Sciuri  are  much  more  abundant  in  Central  America  and  Mex- 
ico, the  genus  being  represented  in  Southern  Mexico  by  more  species  than 
elsewhere,  in  any  equal  area,  in  the  New  World.  In  the  United  States, 
rarely  more  than  three  species  occur  anywhere  together,  while  north  of  the 
United  States  the  genus  is  represented  by  only  a  single  species.  Europe 
has  likewise  only  a  single  species,  but  a  considerable  number  occur  in  Asia 
and  others  in  Africa. 


SOIDRlD^-GROOUAPniGAL  DISTRIBUTION  AND  VARIATION.  G43 

Owing  to  the  great  tondcncy  to  variation  exhibited  l)y  tlie  Rquirrelii 
everywhere,  both  indiviilually  and  geographically,  especially  among  Uie  Sciuri, 
it  i»  difficult,  with  our  present  inexact  knowledge  of  the  sulijcct,  to  compare 
Rutigfactoriiy  one  geographical  region  with  another  in  respect  to  the  number 
of  species  actually  existing  in  difi  lent  parts  of  the  world.  The  species 
occurring  in  North  America  north  of  Mexico  have  been  studied  more  care- 
fully, and  with  far  better  facilities  in  the  way  of  material,  than  those  of  any 
other  equal  area,  with  the  result  of  greatly  reducing  the  number  of  species 
formerly  recognized.  During  the  last  twenty-five  years,  the  number  of  sup- 
posed North  American  Sciuri  has  been  reduced  from  twenty-seven  species  to 
six,  with  six  or  seven  additional  geographical  races,  or  subspecies.  It  is  but 
fair  to  suppose  that  those  of  Mexico,  of  Asia,  and  of  Africa,  when  equally 
well  known,  will  be  similarly  reduced,  especially  those  of  Asia,  where  authors 
have  evidently  excessively  multiplied  synonyms.*  Professor  Baird,  in  1857,  in 
elaborating  the  large  amount  of  material  then  at  his  disp  ^^al,  found  it  neces- 
sary to  reducu  the  number  of  North  American  Sciuri  (exclusive  of  those  of 
Mexico),  from  the  twenty-seven  previously  supposed  to  exist  to  twelve,t 
while  the  subsequent  great  increase  of  available  material  now  renders  it  appa- 
rent that  the  number  of  non-intergrading  forms  is  one-half  less  than  he  felt 
authorized  in  retaining. 

In  respect  to  the  subject  of  individual  and  geographical  variation  among 
our  Squirrels,!  cannot  refrain  from  quoting  Professor  Baird's  judicious  observa- 
tions, especially  since  be  was  the  first  to  call  attention  to  the  great  variability 
of  the  North  American  Sciuri.  In  his  great  work  on  the  Mammals  of  North 
America,  published  in  1857,  ho  says:  — 

"The  determination  of  the  species  of  Squirrels  of  North  America  has 
always  been  a  matter  of  great  difficulty,  owing  to  many  different  reasoDi. 
The  species  themselves  exhibit  an  unusual  tendency  to  run  into  varieties  of 
color,  among  which  red,  gray,  and  black  t    ~  ^,he  predominating  ones,  with  oil 

*  Dr.  Oisy,  in  1867  (aee  Add.  aad  Ha^;.  Nftt  Hist.  0.1  ler.  vol.  zx),  recognixed  /ortji-thn»  ■peciee 
of  JWari  (=  IfaemI  >ud  Miiri  Gray)  from  Aiin,  tea  tra.n  Africa,  BDd /or(^  from  Amerioa,  nearly  half  of 
Um  Uttar  beiiiK  daaeribed  by  him  (to  a  aingle  p>p«r)  M  nr"  (be«idM  many  "  yarietiea"),  all  ftom  ths 
WMBMr  parU  of  the  two  America*,  while  a  large  proportion  of  the  name*  previoosly  given  by  other 
antbori  to  tba  Mart  of  Ueiico  and  Central  and  Bonth  America  were  left  anidentifled.  A  single  species 
{SoUmu  rul§ari$),  qnito  variable  in  color,  he  properly  allowed  to  represent  tbegennsin  Enropv;  while,  in 
raa|.«e(  to  tlM>  rpeeies  of  North  America,  he  wisely  accepted  the  reduetions  made  by  Professor  Baird. 
Wit  J  •  lai§a  aOicant  of  material  before  me,  I  am  nnabie  to  recognize  more  than  foorteen  species,  with  a  few 
additional  varieties,  and  believe  that  this  nnmber  will  have  to  be  >tUl  farther  rednced  as  additional 
maUtitl  bae— «a  aroiaslble. 

t  Two  of  ihcae  were  doobtfolly  admitted. 


G44 


MONOGEAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


V'K 


possible  intermediate  shades ;  these  varieties  are  sometimes  more  or  less  con- 
stant in  particular  localities,  sometimes  changing  with  every  litter.  I  am  not 
aware  that  there  is  any  material  difference  of  color  at  different  seasons  or  ages 
in  the  same  animal. 

"Another  source  of  perplexity  to  the  naturalist  is  the  alteration  in  over- 
age size  with  the  latitude.  Many  of  our  animals  become  smaller  as  we  pro- 
ccc'l  southward,  until,  on  the  seacoast  of  Georgia,  Florida,  and  the  G  ulf  they 
reach  their  minimum.  This  is  very  strikingly  seen  in  the  common  Deer 
[^Cariacus  virgiriMnus],  wiiich  on  the  sea  islands  of  Georgia  is  so  sn)all  as  to 
lie  readily  lifted  and  thrown  across  a  horse  with  perfect  ease  by  a  man  of 
ordinary  strength.  It  is  in  the  Sciurida  that,  next  to  the  Deer,  we  find  tliis 
law  to  prevail  most' decidedly.  Nearly  all  the  species  of  extensive  north  and 
south  range  will  be  found,  on  careful  examination,  to  substantiate  this  position. 

"A  similar  variation  in  color  to  that  of  the  Squirrels  is  seen  in  the  Foxes 
and  Wolves, [*]  most  strikingly  in  the  former.  It  is  now  well  known  that  the 
lied,  Cross,  and  Black  Foxes  are  identical  in  species,  the  same  litter  fre- 
quently embracing  all  the  colors,  and  t'.iat  some  of  these  varieties  again  are 
more  or  less  permanent,  while  the  more  boreal  the  locality  the  greater  the 
tendency  to  black.  This  is  tiie  case  also  with  the  Squirrels,  where  the  smaller 
species  assume  the  black  pelage  to  the  greatest  extent  in  the  more  northern 
portions  of  the  Unite.^.  States. 

"As  a  general  rule  it  may  be  stated  that  when  a  Squirrel  exhibits  any 
annulations  of  the  fur  on  the  throat  or  belly  it  is  a  variety  of  some  species, 
typical  specimens  of  which  have  the  under  parts  either  uniformly  white  »tr 
reddish  to  the  roots,  which,  however,  are  sometimes  plumbeous.  In  every 
such  instance  that  has  come  under  my  examination!  have  had  no  difficulty  in 
tracing  it  to  its  proper  type.  Such  annulation  is  usually  accompanied  by  a 
duskier  color  of  the  pelage.  The  tendency  to  annulation  below  is  strongest 
in  the  Squirrels  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  applies  both  to  gray  and  fox- 
colored  species.  No  such  instances  of  annulation  have  yet  come  under  my 
notice  among  the  Squirrels  west  of  the  Rooky  Mountains.  As  a  general 
rule  the  bones  of  the  entire  skeleton  of  the  lox  Squirrels,  or  those  with  rusty 
bellies,  are  red,  while  the  white-bellied  varieties  have  them  white. 

"After  carefully  examining  a  large  number  of  American  Squirrels  I 

*  See  also  on  this  poiat  Ball.  U.  8.  Oeol.  >nd  Qeogr.  BnrTeys  of  the  Territories,  vol.  ti,  pp.  313-%il, 
Jaly,  1676. 


Mf4 


SCIURID^-GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  ASD  VARIATION.   645 


have  reluctantly  come  to  the  conclusion  that  very  man}'  of  tlie  species  borne 
oi>  the  scientific  records  must  be  dropped,  or  reduced  to  the  position  of  teni- 
l)()rary  or  local  varieties.  I  hope  to  be  relieved  from  the  imputation  of  wanton 
and  unnecessary  reduction  in  the  number  of  species  when  I  state  that  the  spe- 
cies already  published  as  new  by  myself  have  in  nearly  every  case  shared  the 
fate  of  others  of  older  date.  The  nominal  species  have  usually  been  based  on 
varying  size  or  different  colors  of  different  specimens.  The  dusky  varieties 
and  those  with  the  hairs  of  the  under  parts  annulated  have  in  nearly  every 
instance  been  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  distinct  species. 

"In  the  following  pages  it  will  be  seen  that  I  recognize  only  twelve 
species  of  Squirrels  [Sciurt]  as  satisfactorily  proved  to  belong  to  the  United 
States,  and  should  S.  limilis  and  caslanonolus  prove  to  be  nominal  ones,  as  it 
is  not  at  all  unlikely  [and  as  has  been  found  to  be  the  case],  the  number  will 
be  reduced  to  ten  from  the  twenty-four  given  by  Audubon  and  Bachman."* 

As  already  stated,  a  great  increase  of  material  has  shown  that  not  only 
was  the  reduction  in  the  number  of  species  of  North  American  Sciuri,  made 
by  Professor  Baird  in  1S57,  made  with  good  reason,  but  that  a  still  further 
reduction  was  necessary.  In  1874,  in  a  preliminary  paper  on  the  North 
American  Sciitridce,\  I  felt  authorized  in  reducing  the  number  of  Sciuri  from 
the  twelve  recognized  by  Professor  Baird  to  five  distinct  and  definable  species 
and  about  seven  additional  subspecies  or  intergrading  geograpiiical  varieties. 
Owing  to  the  large  amount  of  variation  with  locality,  obviously  resulting  from 
climatic  and  geographical  causes',  the  number  of  properly  recognizable  or 
namable  varieties  is  in  a  measure  a  matter  of  opinion  or  individual  prefer- 
ence ;  and,  though  aware  that  others  might  deem  a  larger  number  of  nam- 
able varieties  admissible,  I  do  not  judge  it  necessary  to  depart  much  from 
the  number  adopted  in  my  synopsis  of  the  group  published  three  years  ago. 
From  that  paper,  in  which  I  referred  somewhat  at  length  to  the  general  sub- 
ject of  geogtaphical  variation  among  the  North  American  Sciuridte,  I  quote 
the  following,  with  wme  slight  verbal  alteration : — 

"Among  the  Squirrels,  this  increase  [in  intensity  of  color  from  the  north 
southward]  i^  finely  illustrated  in  Sciurux  hudsonius  and  in  Tamias  striatus, 
representatives  of  which  from  the  southern  parts  of  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania are  much  more  highly  colored  than  are  those  from  Northern  New  Eng- 

■  HuuMl*  of  Mor^h  Ami  rios,  pp.  844, 845. 

(  Proo.  Boat  Soo.  Nat,  Hiat.  vol.  xvi,  pp.  876-894,  Feb.  W*.  By  iDadT«rtenc«,  tbe  li«t  of  apecies  iru 
Mid  t«  inolode  lU  tb«  apeoiet  fbaud  "  Borth  of  the  lathnoa  of  Panama  ",  tnataad  of  ntrtk  «f  ItKAat. 


'  '  :■  3. ' 


Li), 


'I      <  I 


Lisi 


64G 


MONOOEAPflS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


land  and  the  British  Provinces.  Sciurus  caroUnensU  is  perhaps  a  still  more 
marked  example,  in  which  the  color  varies  from  the  light  pure  gray  of  the 
upper  parts  in  New  England  specimens,  with  a  restricted  pale  yellowish- 
brown  dorsal  area,  to  the  rusty-gray  dorsal  surface  of  the  Florida  type,  in 
which  the  whole  upper  surface  is  usually  strongly  yellowish-rusty.  This 
increase  of  color  southward  is,  however,  still  more  strongly  marked  in  the 
Fox  Squirrels  of  the  Mississippi  Basin — the  so-called  Sciurus  'ludovicianus'.  ' 
In  specimens  from  Ohio,  Northern  lUinois,  Southern  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
and  Iowa,  the  lower  parts  are  pale  fulvous,  varying  in  some  specimens  to 
nearly  white.  In  Southern  Illinois,  and  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  the  color  increases 
to  a  strong  bright  fulvous,  while  in  specimens  fron  Lower  Louisiana  the 
color  is  reddish-fulvous  or  deep  orange.  At  the  same  time,  the  color  of  the 
dorsal  surface  becomes  proportionally  darker  at  the  southward,  through  the 
greater  breadth  of  the  black  annulations  at  the  tips  of  the  hairs,  the  dorsal 
surface  in  Louisiana  specimens  being  mony  shades  darker  than  in  those  from 
the  Upper  Mississippi.  This  variety  olso  finely  illustrates  the  variotion  in 
color  seen  in  specimens  from  comparotively  dry  and  moist  regions,  its  habitat 
extending  up  the  Missouri  and  its  western  tributaries  to  a  point  considerably 
above  Sioux  City.  Beginning  with  Ohio  specimen."  and  passing  westward, 
we  find  an  increase  of  color  in  those  from  Northern  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and 
Iowa,  west  of  which  point  the  color  rapidly  decreases  in  intensity,  Nebraska 
[and  Dakota]  specimens  being  much  paler  than  those  taken  on  the  same 
parallel  near  the  Mississippi  River.  Specimens  from  the  Indian  Territory 
are  also  very  much  paler  than  those  from  St.  Louis,  as  are  Texas  ones  than 
those  from  Louisiona.  Even  between  specimens  from  the  prairies  of  North- 
western Louisiana  and  others  from  the  lowlands  of  the  same  State,  near  the 
Mississippi  River,  the  difference  in  color  is  very  strikingly  marked.'' 

In  addition  to  the  variation  in  color  with  latitude  referred  to  above,  there 
is,  OS  is  now  well  known,  an  equally  well  marked,  if  not  even  still  greater, 
variation  in  color  between  representatives  of  the  same  species  in  respect  to 
longitude,  in  not  only  the  Squirrels,  but  among  both  Mammals  and  Birds  that 
range  across  the  continent.  In  respect  to  this  variation  in  tiie  Squirrels,  I 
have  alreody  spoken,  in  the  above-cited  pai)er,  substantially  as  follows: — 

"  But  few  specific  forms,  however,  have  a  suflRciently  wide  range  to 
illustrate  the  variations  that  obtain  along  a  given  parallel  across  the  whole 
breadth  of  the  continent,  the  Sciurus  hudaoniua  group  being  the  only  instance 


SCIDUID^— GEOGEAPHIOAL  DISTRIBUTION  AND  VABIATION.   647 


among  the  Squirrels.  Others,  however,  show  the  transition  that  obtains  in 
passing  from  the  moist,  fertile  prairies  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  the  dry 
plains,  or  from  the  deserts  and  mo;'qtainoii8  districts  of  the  interior  to  the 
moist  region  bordering  (he  Pacific  coast  north  of  the  piirallel  of  40° 
Spermophilm  tridecem-lineatus  furnishes  a  good  illustration  of  the  dilTerenccs 
in  color  that  occur  between  representatives  of  the  same  species  living  on  the 
moist,  fertile  prairies  and  those  inhabiting  the  dry,  barren  plains,  those  from 
Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  Iowa  being  much  darker  than  those  from 
Western  Nebraska,  Western  Kansas,  and  Colorado.  Even  specimens  from 
Eastern  Kansas  are  much  darker  than  those  from  the  middle  and  western 
]H)rtion8  of  the  same  State.  In  this  species,  the  color  is  varied,  in  passing 
from  the  prairief^  to  thti  plains,  not  only  by  the  lighter  shade  of  the  dark 
grquud-color,  but  by  this  considerably  greater  breadth  of  the  light  spots  and 
stripes  in  the  specimens  from  the  plains.  The  Spermophilus  grammurus 
group  (composed  of  the  S.  grammurus,  S.  Iteecheyi,  8.  douglassi,  etc.,  of 
authors)  illustrates  not  only  a  similar  variation  in  intensity  of  color  between 
tlie  inhabitants  of  dry  and  moist  regions,  but  also  a  somewhat  changed  style 
of  coloration.  Beginning  with  the  nearly  uniformly  gray  or  grizzled  type  of 
Texas  and  Southeastern  New  Mexico,  we  pass  to  the  more  rufous  or  reddish 
phase  of  the  central  portions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (in  Colorado),  which 
also  has  an  increased  amount  of  hoariness  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  and 
shoulders,  to  the  form  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  typically  repre- 
senting the  Spermophilus  beecheyi,  in  which  the  hoariness  forms  broad  lateral 
bands  separated  by  a  narrow  brown  medial  stripe.  This  form  in  Northern 
California  passes  into  the  so-called  Spermophilus  dougltissi,  which  diflfers  chiefly 
from  S.  beecheyi  in  having  the  medial  stripe  darker,  or  nearly  black. 

"  Two  of  the  most  instructive  and  interesting  groups  of  the  Sciurida,  in 
this  connection,  are  those  of  the  common  Sciurus  hudsonius  and  Tamias 
guadrivitlatus,  [•]  the  former  n>.nging  over  the  northern  half  of  *  ^  continent, 
and  the  latter  extending  over  the  western  half  of  North  Amei  ■  Eastern 
Asia.  In  the  Sciurus  hutlsonius  group,  we  have  at  the  east  ^.  all-known 
Chickaree  (S.  hudsonius),  extending  westward  to  the  Plains  and  northwest- 
ward to  Alaska,  with  Its  brighter  and  smaller  southern  form  in  the  Eastern 
Atlantic  States.  On  the  arid  plains  of  the  Platte  and  Upper  Missouri  Rivers, 
it  presents  a  markedly  paler  or  more  fulvous  phase,  well  illustrated  by  speci- 

'  Timiai  tiUMau  of  the  preieut  nwuuoir.    See  potlti,  tbo  acooar<t  of  the  geuaa  TnstiM. 


^^11, 


Ji 


I'll 


\   ■    I 


^ 


I    1 


Ji!b 


648 


MONOGUAPnS  or  KORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA, 


mens  from  the  Black  Hills.  This  form  becomes  even  still  pnlcr  and  more 
fulvous  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  main  chain  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  be- 
tween latitude  43°  and  47°,  where  it  begins  to  pass  by  insensible  stages  of 
gradation  into  the  so-called  Sciurus  rkhardsoni  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
north  of  45°,  and  the  so-called  Sciurus  fremonli  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
soulh  of  about  the  same  parallel.  In  the  collections  made  in  Western 
Wyoming,  near  the  Yellowstone  Lake,  occur  many  specimens  which  are  so 
exactly  intermediate  between  the  three  forms  {8.  hudsonius,  S.  rich'ardsoni, 
and  S.fremonti),  whose  habitats  here  meet,  that  it  is  impossible  to  soy  which 
of  the  three  they  most  resemble.  At  the  same  time,  specimens  can  be 
selected  which  will  form  a  series  of  minute  gradations  from  the  pale  form  of 
hudsonius  from  the  Plains,  on  the  one  hand,  to  the  ricnc-dsoni  and  fremonti 
forms  on  the  other.  To  the  southward  of  this  district  we  soon  pass  into  tlie 
region  of  the  typical //•cwjowii,  and  to  the  westward  and  northward  into  the 
liabitat  of  the  richardsoni  type.  Even  the  country  about  the  sources  of  the 
Gros  Ventres  Fork  of  the  Snake  River  is  already  within  the  range  of  the 
true  richardsoni*  The  habitat  of  S.  richardsoni  extends  from  tlie  main 
chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  north  of  latitude  44°,  to  the  Cascade  Range. 
Here  it  becomes  mixed  with  S.  douglassi,  which  scarcely  differs  from  S. 
richardsoni,  except  in  being  a  little  darker  above,  and  in  having  the  ventral 
surface  more  or  less  strongly  tinged  with  buff,  varying  in  different  specimens 
from  cinereous  to  pure  buff.  This  form  prevails  from  the  Cascade  Range  to 
the  Pacific  coast,  southward  to  Northern  California,  and  northward  probably 
to  Sitka.  In  Northern  California,  the  S.  douglassi  meets  the  range  of  (he 
irne  S.  fremonti,  between  which  two  forms  there  is  here  the  most  gradual 
and  intimate  intergradation.  In  this  group,  we  have  hence  four  forms,  which 
in  their  extreme  phases  of  mutual  divergence,  appear  as  diverse  as  four  good 
congeneric  species  need  to,  but  which,  at  points  where  their  respective  hab- 
itats join,  pass  into  eich  other  as  gradually  as  do  the  physical  conditions  of 
the  localities  at  which  their  extreme  phases  are  developed. 

"  The  Tamias  quadrivittatus  groupf  presents  an  equally,  or  even  more, 
striking  range  of  variation  in  color,  and  also  varies  to  an  unusual  degree  in 

"'While  the  prevailiog  color  above  in  8.\»dtonl»t  if)  light  yelloviab-brown,  varylog  to  bright  fer- 
rnginous  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  in  <S.  rickardtinti  it  is  dull  rnsty  or  dark  cheatnut-browD,  and  ia 
S.fremonti  pale  brownish-gray.  The  prevailing  color  of  the  tail  in  8.  \»iioniiu  ii  nsnally  yellowisli- 
rnsty,  varying  to  dark  ferruginous,  with  broad  annnlatioos  of  black  ;  in  8.  riokardsoai,  it  is  black,  varied 
more  or  less  with  rusty ;  in  S.fremooli,  block,  varied  with  gray."  '' 

"\TanUu  gNadricUlalM,  r.jiallati,  T.  Uncnunii,  and  T.  iorialii  of  American  aotbon." 


SCIDEIDiE— GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  AND  VARIATION.   649 

size.  Beginning  at  the  northward,  we  find  that  specimens  from  as  far  goulli 
as  Pembina,  and  thence  northward,  are  quite  undistinguishable  from  speci- 
mens from  Northeastern  Asia,  or  the  so-called  Tatnias  'pallasi '  ( T.  pallasi 
Baird  =  T.  striatus  of  most  European  authors).  This  form  is  found  to  only 
a  limited  extent  south  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States,  where, 
on  the  plains  t>f  the  Upper  Missouri,  it  passes  into  the  blanched,  pallid  form 
of  T.  quadrivittatus  ( T.  quadrivittatus  var.  pallidas  nobis, — see  beyond),  and 
further  westward  into  the  true  T.  quadrivittatus  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
still  further  westward  into  the  so-called  T.  townsendi  of  tiie  Pacific  coast. 
In  this  group,  the  greatest  pallor  is  reached  on  the  plains  of  the  Yellowstone, 
and  in  the  deserts  of  Nevada,  Utah,  and  Arizona.  In  the  central  portions  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  (Colorado  and  portions  of  New  Mexico),  a  form  is  devel- 
oped, distinguished  by  its  generally  bright,  strong  colors,  but  especially  for 
the  rich  fulvous  tints  of  the  sides  of  the  body,  to  which  there  is  but  a  sliglit 
tendency  either  in  the  northern  form  or  the  pallid  form  of  the  plains.  Both, 
however,  very  gradually  pass  into  the  rufous-sided  type,  the  pallid  form 
wherever  the  plains  approach  the  mountains  (as  along  the  eastern  base  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Uintah,  Sierra  Nevada,  and  others  of  the  more 
southern  ranges),  gradually  becoming  fulvous,  while  the  darker  northern  form 
grades  into  the  larger  fulvous  race  of  the  more  northern  portions  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  Montana  and  Idaho.  This  larger  fulvous  race  west  of  the  main 
divide  soon  begins  to  assume  a  duller,  more  fuscous  shade,  deepening  finally 
into  t^ i  very  fuscous  form  {T.  toionsendi)  of  the  region  between  the  Cascade 
Rr  .ge  and  the  Pacific  coast.  In  this  form,  the  general  color  increases  so 
much  in  depth  ns  to  become  dusky  yellowish-brown,  and  both  the  light  and 
the  dark  stripes  become  obscure,  and  occasionally  almost  entirely  obsolete, 
through  tlie  gradual  accession  of  color.  Between  the  extreme  phase  of  this 
fuscous  type  and  the  extreme  phase  of  the  pallid  type  of  the  Ploins,  in  which 
the  stripes  are  sometimes  again  partially  obsolete,  through  the  extreme  light- 
ness of  the  general  color,  the  differences  are  very  great  indeed.  Yet  in 
placing  the  scores  of  specimens  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  in 
a  geographical  series,  or  arranging  them  simply  according  to  their  localities, 
a  most 'thorough  and  minute  intergradation  becomes  at  once  apparent.  The 
difference  in  size,  too,  between  northern  and  southern  specimens,  is  also 
unusually  great;  the  pale,  southern  form  of  the  Plains,  and  Iho  extremely 
bright,  fulvous  form  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  being  very  much  smaller 


I  I 

il 

:ils 


■if! 


V 


660 


MONOGEAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


IU:\ 


-^^«: 


than  the  northern,  darker  form,  or  than  the  fuscous  type  of  the  northwest 
coust. 

"  As  corroborative  evidence  that  these  varied  types  of  coloration  are  but 
geographical  races,  it  becomes  interesting  to  observe  that  the  light  and  dark 
and  the  fulvous  and  rufous  forms,  respectively,  of  the  different  species,  occur 
over  the  same  areas.  With  the  fuscous  type  of  Tamias  quadrivittatiu  occur 
tlie  dark  types  of  Sciurus  hudsonius,  and  the  dark-backed  form  of  Spermo- 
philus  grammurus,  and  also  a  peculiar  dusky  form  of  Arctomys  and  of  Lepus, 
and  a  dark  form  of  Spermophiius  rkhardsoni.  On  the  Plains  occur  pallid 
forms  of  Sciurus  ^udovicianus\  Sciurus  hudsonius,  Tamias  quadrivittatus,  and 
Spermophiius  richardsoni.  With  the  fulvous  type  of  Tamias  quadrivittatus 
occurs  a  rufous  form  of  Spermophiius  grammurus;  but  the  form  of  Sciurus 
hudsonius,  occurring  over  the  same  area,  presents  the  exceptional  condition 
of  a  minimum  amount  of  rufous." 

"In  addition  to  the  tendency  to  change  of  color  with  locality,  there  is 
another  phase  of  color  variation  that  requires,  in  this  connection,  a  passing 
notice, — namely,  melanism.  It  is  now  well  known  that  almost  every  species 
of  Mammal  may  be  expected  to  present  melanistic  individuals,  instances  of 
its  occurrence  in  the  majority  of  the  North  American  species  being  now  well 
established.  Indeed,  the  very  fact  of  a  melanistic  phase  of  coloration  may 
be  looked  upon  as  almost  a  priori  evidence  that  the  individuals  presenting  it 
belong  to  a  melanistic  race  of  some  species  whose  normal  color  is  some  other 
lint  than  black,  as  Professor  Buird  long  since  remarked  in  respect  to  the 
American  Squirrels.  It  has  been  supposed  that  the  tendency  to  melanism  is 
more  prevalent  at  the  northward ;  but  such  does  not  appear  to  be  necessarily 
the  case.  Among  the  Sciurida,  for  instance,  a  group  rather  remarkable  for 
a  tendency  to  melanistic  varieties,  the  black  and  dusky  forms  are  as  oflen 
southern  as  northern.  In  some  species,  melanistic  individuals  are  as  rare  as 
are  the  cases  of  albinism,  as  in  Sciurus  hudsonius,  the  species  of  Tamias,  and 
in  many,of  the  SpermophUi,  while  in  others  they  are  sometimes  the  common, 
if  not  the  prevalent,  form  over  a  considerable  area,  as  occurs  in  Sciurus  caro- 
linensis  and  Sciurus  cinereus.  Melanism  is  also  of  frequent  occurrence  in 
Sciurus  aberti  [*]  and  in  Spermophiius  grammurus ;  the  latter  presents  a  melan- 
istic form  both  in  Texas  and  Lower  California.  Spermophiius  parryi  has  also 
a  black  race  along  the  Yukon  River,  and  frequent  instances  of  melanism  are 

['Melanism  of  III  is  speciea  largely  predominate*  ovor  (he  normal  coluratiou  in  Colorado.] 


BCIURID^— GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTUIBUTIOIJ  A!JD  VARIATIOTiT.   051 


well  known  in  all  the  species  of  Arctomys.  In  numerous  instanccR,  these 
inelunistic  individuals  nnd  meianistic  forms  have  been  described  as  distinct 
species,  while  in  reality  they  are  generally  so  sporadic  in  their  occurrence  us 
to  render  them  hardly  worthy  of  recognition,  even  as  varieties. 

"The  gradual  increase  of  our  knowledge  in  respect  to  the  character  of 
these  meianistic  forms,  and  especially  in  regard  to  the  extent  and  character 
of  geographical  variation,  necessarily  leads  to  the  modification  of  our  views 
in  respect  to  the  status  of  many  forms  that  have  formerly  passed  current 
as  more  or  less  well-established  species,  and  also  to  consequent  changes 
in  nomenclature.  The  representatives  of  few  groups  are  more  variable  in 
respect  to  color,  even  among  individuals  of  the  same  species  inhabiting  the 
same  locality,  than  the  arboreal  Squvrrels.  Add  to  this  the  considerable 
amount  of  geographical  variation  that  obtains  among  them,  and  the  very  con- 
siderable changes  attendant  upon  season  in  respect  to  the  character  of  the 
pelpge,  and  we  shall  no  longer  feel  surprised  at  the  profusion  of  synonyms 
tiiat  attach  to  many  of  the  species."  • 

In  several  species  of  North  American  Sciuri,  a  tendency  to  fulvous-  or 
rufous-bellied  forms  is  noticeable.  This  is  commonly  developed  at  the  south- 
ward, but  in  one  instance  occurs  in  the  moist  region  of  the  Pacific  coast, 
north  of  the  fortieth  parallel,  namely,  in  Sciurus  hudsonius  var.  douglam. 
It  also  prevails  to  a  marked  degree  in  all  three  of  the  varieties  of  Sciurus 
niger  (including  the  S.  "cinerem'\  S.  "vulpinus",  and  8.  "Iwlovicianus"),  but 
especially  in  that  (var.  ludovicianus)  inhabiting  the  Mississippi  Valley,  where, 
as  already  noted,  there  is  a  marked  increase  in  the  intensity  of  the  rufous  of 
the  ventral  surface  in  passing  southward  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf. 
S.  colliai,  which  ranges  northward  to  Arizona,  also  runs  into  a  rufous-bellied 
phase  in  Mexico,  while  all  of  the  other  species  found  south  of  the  United 
States  are  either  always  orange  or  dark  rufous  below,  or  present  this  colora- 
tion OS  the  prevalent  or  normol  one;  white-  or  grayish-bellied  specimens 
of  any  species  from  the  warmer  parts  of  the  two  Americas  being  exceptional. 
Not  only,  also,  is  there  a  greater  tendency  to  redness  on  the  ventral  surface, 
but  this  color  oilen  involves  the  outer  (as  well  as  the  inner)  surface  of  the 
limbs,  and  frequently  extends  high  up  on  the  sides  of  the  body,  especially 
anteriorly.  The  dorsal  surface  is  also  quite  generally  suflTused  with  either 
bright  fulvous  or  rufous,  while  the  middle  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  tail  is, 

"  Proo.  Boat.  Boo.  N>(.  Uisk  vol.  zvi,  1S74,  pp.  UTt-'Ha,  384,  285. 


'I  ^'l 

ill  •    ■ 


(  i 


III 


Is 


li 


\ 


iH 


!! 


Ill 


:l   I 


Ji 


652 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


as  a  rule,  deep  fulvous  or  rufous,  unless  displaced  by  melanism.  In  Southern 
Mexico  and  the  States  of  Central  America  and  Northern  South  America,  the 
whole  pclffge  often  becomes  wholly  red,*  or  red  varied  with  block.  The  S. 
eesluans  of  Brazil  also  runs  into  ferruginous  phases  in  the  Central  American 
States.  In  Mexico  and  Central  America,  the  Sciuri  exhibit  a  strong  tendency 
to  melanism,  dusky  or  wholly  black  phases  of  coloration  occurring  with 
greater  or  less  frequency  in  all  of  the  species  from  this  region  known  to  me. 

The  difficulty  of  distinguishing  the  species,  especially  merely  by  the 
study  of  museum  specimens,  is  hence  very  great.  While  the  Sciuri  of  North 
America  have  presented  perplexing  phases  of  coloration,  thoseof  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  continent  do  so  to  a  far  greater  degree,  several  of  the  species 
presenting  variations  of  color  at  one  and  the  same  locality  greater  even  than 
does  tlie  highly  variable  Fox  Squirrel  of  our  Southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
States.  Of  some  of  the  species,  no  two  specimens  in  series  of  large  extent, 
from  nearly  the  same  locality,  can  be  found  that  do  not  more  or  less  widely 
differ  in  color.  The  widely  distributed  Sciurus  astuans  of  South  America 
is,  however,  remarkably  constant  in  its  coloration  over  a  very  extensive  area, 
differing  much  less  even  than  does  the  eastern  form  of  Sciun^  hutbonius,  or 
any  of  the  North  American  Sciuri,  excepting  perhaps  S./ossor.  Under  these 
circumstances,  it  is  surprising  that  more  synonyms  have  not  arisen. 

In  addition  to  the  purely  geographical  va^'iation  in  color  that  the  Squirrels, 
in  common  with  other  Mammals,  present,  tiiere  are  other  variations  dependent 
upon  season  and  age.  Among  the  first  are  the  presence  or  absence  of  ear- 
tufts  in  some  of  the  Sciuri^  the  length  and  softness  of  the  pelage,  the  variable 
degree  of  hairiness  of  the  soles  of  the  feet,  and,  in  some  species,  differences 
of  coloration.  With  differences  of  age  occur  differences  in  dentition,  in  the 
size,  and  even  in  respect  to  the  presence  of  cranial  crests  and  ridges  for  the 
attachment  of  muscles,  and  in  other  features.  These  points,  as  well  ns 
geographical  variation  in  size  and  color,  are  treated  at  length  in  the  descrip- 
tions of  the  several  species  and  varieties. 

With  these  preliminary  remarks,  we  pass  now  to  a  consideration  of  the 
genera,  species,  and  varieties  of  the  American  Sciuridte ;  no  division  of  the 
family  into  subfamilies  or  higher  groups,  as  previously  stated,  being  requisite. 

*  Dr.  Cones's  stodiea  of  the  rariatioo  of  Putoriuifrtnaiiu  (how  a  very  instrnotive  and  parallel 
InteDsiflcation  of  color  to  the  eoatbward,  where  the  head  becomes  qaite  blackiab,  with  obliieratioo  of 
white  stripe*,  and  the  salmoa-color  of  the  bell;  deepein  to  bright  rosty  or  even  orange  rrd. 


SCIDRIDJ!— SCIDROPTEEDS, 


G53 


Genus  SCIUROPTERUS  F.  Cuvier 

SeiurH$  LiKNjEUH  (iu  part),  and  of  early  aulbon  generally. 
Pteromyt  O.  Cuvier  (in  part),  aod  of  moat  receat  authon. 

iiciuropttnu  F.  Cuvier,  Add.  du  Mas.  z,  182S,  180,  p).  x  (type,  Sduriu  volant  Lino.);  Dents  des  Mam- 
mU%rea,  1S35,  162, 955. 

GicNEBic  CHAB8. — Skull  short,  broad,  highly  arched,  in  general  form  almost 
a  miniature  of  that  of  Sciurus  hudsonius;  tlie  supraorbital  notch,  however,  is 
rather  deeper,  and  the  interorbital  region  is  rather  more  constricted ;  the  orbital 
fossiB  are  relatively  larger,  as  are  also  the  auditory  bullee  and  the  ears,  in 
conformity  with  the  more  nocturnal  habits  of  the  members  of  this  group; 
the  pterygoid  processes  are  more  slender,  and  posteriorly  touch  the  auditory 
bullae.  In  other  particulars,  the  skulls  of  Sciuropterus  and  Sciurus  present 
no  important  differences.  Premolars  two,  the  first  minute,  but  reaches  the 
plane  of  the  trituration.  Limbs  united  by  a  furred  membrane  formed  by  the 
expansion  of  the  skin  of  the  sides  of  the  body,  and  supported  anteriorly  by 
a  slender  bone  articulating  with  the  carpus  and  directed  backward.  Tail 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  head  and  body  together,  broad  and  flat,  the  longer 
hairs  being  chiefly  directed  laterally,  thus  forming  an  important  aid  in  govern- 
ing the  direction  of  their  flight-like  leaps,  as  well  as  serving  as  a  further 
means  of  support  in  their  short  flights  from  tree  to  tree.  Sciuropterus  is 
thus  merely  a  modified  form  of  Sciurus,  posse.<>sing  rudimentary  powers  of 
flight,  through  the  support  afforded  by  a  parachute-like  expansion  of  the  skin 
of  the  sides  of  the  body  and  the  broad,  flat  tail.  The  pelage  is  dense,  soft, 
and  furry;  the  ears  large  and  sparsely  clothed ;  the  colors  some  soft,  dull 
shade  of  brown  above  and  whitish  beneath.  Animals  of  small  size,  and  of 
crepuscular  or  nocturnal  habits. 

The  genus  is  represented  in  North  America  by  a  single  species  of  wide 
distribution,  and  presenting  a  very  wide  range  of  geographical  variation  in 
size.  A  single  species  also  represents  the  genus  in  Europe,  but  several  other 
commonly  recognized  species  occur  in  Asia.  The  Sciuropterus  volans  of 
Europe  differs  from  the  American  S.  volucella  in  its  much  smaller  size  and 
relatively  much  shorter  and  smaller  tail,  as  well  as  slightly  also  in  color. 

The  Flying  Squirrels  were  first  separated  from  ordinary  Squirrels  by  G. 
Cuvier*  in  1800,  he  then  giving  to  the  group  of  Flying  Squirrels  the  generic 
name  Pteromyt.    In  1825,  his  brother,  F.  Cuvier.t  separated  the  small  Flying' 

*  "  Ije$ona  d'aoatomie  compartfe,  i,  1600."  The  original  edition  of  this  vrork  I  have  been  nuable  to 
oonaolt. 

t  Ann.  dn  Una.,  z,  18i5,  p.  196.    See  alao  Denta  dea  Hammiftrea,  I8S6,  lOit,  8j6. 


054 


MOXOGRAPnS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


i 


4m  :i 


Squirrels  of  Europe  and  North  America  from  the  others  under  the  name 
Sciuropferus,  and  pointed  out  the  important  differences  in  the  form  of  the 
sivuU  and  in  the  structure  of  tiic  teeth  that  mark  the  two  groups  By  subse- 
quent writers,  the  two  groups,  Pleromys  and  Sciurop/ervx,  so  well  charac- 
terized by  M.  F.  Cuvier,  have  not  been  generally  adopted,  and  Sciuroptfrus, 
when  recognized  at  all,  has  usually  been  accorded  only  the  rank  of  a  sub- 
genus of  Pteromya.  The  two  groups,  however,  differ  widely,  not  only  in  size 
and  other  external  features,  but  in  cranial  and  dental  characters.  The  species  of 
Pleromys  are  generally  exceeded  in  size  among  i\^e  Sciuridte  only  by  those  of 
Arctomys;  they  also  differ  from  the  Sciuropferi  in  having  the  tail  long,  round, 
and  bushy,  instead  of  distichous  and  laterally  expanded.  In  Pleromys,  the 
frontal  region  of  the  skull  is  depressed;  the  nasal  bones  are  broad  and 
swollen,  and  the  postorbital  processes  are  greatly  developed,  being  relatively 
almost  as  large  as  in  Arctomys.  The  large  size  of  the  postorbital  processes 
and  the  depression  of  the  interorbital  region  give  to  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the 
skull  some  resemblance  to  the  skull  of  Arctomys.  In  respect  to  the  dentition, 
tiie  four  posterior  upper  grinding  teeth,  instead  of  being  subequal  in  size,  as 
in  Sciuropterus,  are  very  unequally  developed,  the  last  being  less  than  half 
the  size  of  the  three  preceding.*  The  structure  of  the  grinding  teeth  is  also 
wholly  different  from  that  met  with  in  any  other  genus  of  this  family,  the 
triturating  surface  not  distantly  resembling  that  presented  by  Castor,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  deep  infolding  of  the  enamel  border  of  the  tooth.  There 
are,  however,  small  isolated  rings  of  enamel  in  the  spaces  between  the  deep 
infoldings  of  the  enamel  of  the  border  of  the  crown,  somewhat  as  in  worn 
teeth  of  Erethizon. 

The  species  of  Pteromys  are  restricted  in  their  distribution  to  Southern 
Asia  and  the  Indian  Archipelago;  those  of  Sciuropterus  range  over  the  colder 
portions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  extending  southward  to  intertropical 
latitudes.  ■ 

*  In  F.  Cnvier's  flgnrn  of  the  dentition  of  Pieromyt  (Denta  dc*  Hammlf^raa,  pi.  Wti),  drawn  fitim 
"  Sciunit  ptiaHrUla  Pall.",  the  iiecond  premolar  (Brat  large  grinding  tooth)  ia  aliw  mnoh  amaller  than 
cither  of  the  two  immediately  snoceeding.  In  Brandt's  figures  of  the  aknll  of  "  Pleromji$  niUdui"  (M(Sni. 
de  I'Acod.  Imp.  dea  Scl.  de  Saint  P^terab.  6e  aer.,  8oi,  Nat.  t.  vii,  p|.  i,  flga.  1-7),  however,  the  aeoond 
premolar  ia  the  largest  of  the  grinding  aeries,  and  I  find  this  to  be  so  in  skalls  of  this  apecies  in  the 
Museom  oi  Comparative  Zodlogy. 


BCIURID^— SCIUROPTEnUS  VOLUOELLA.  6r)S 

,  SCIUR0PTERU8  VOLUCELLA,  (Pall.)  Geoff.  - 

American  FIjrIaf  Sqalrrcl. 
Var.   VOLUCELLA. 

Boathera  riflBK  Sqalrrel. 

MiiriM  tolatu  Catmbt,  Carvllnt,  II,  1743,  m,  77,  pi.  Uxrl,  Ixxvii.— BnigsoN,  Qniid.  157.— Limn,,  8]:*(, 
Mat.  i,  1766,  H8  (In  put). 

MHnit  (wliMseUa  Pallai,  Nov.  8peo.  QlirM,  17S9,  351,  35.1.— Omelin,  Syat.  Nat.  i,  1788,  153.— SoimiriiBii, 
Hiiiiget.  iv,  1798,  808,  pi.  ooxxli.— Shaw,  Qen.  ZoOI.  il,  1801, 155,  pi.  olr. 

Pimmyt  tolaeeUa  DeaMAKBar,  Nout.  Diet.  d'Hist.  N*t.  zxvii,  1618,  406;  Mamm.  li,  1833,  343.— Harlan, 
Faun.  Amor.  1886, 187.— Gripkith's  Cuvler,  v,  1887, 2f>9.— Fischer,  8yn.  Mam.  1H2U,  3«r>.— 
OoDMAN,  Aroer.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  146.—"  Urmnktt,  Card,  and  Henag.  Zi>ni.  Soc.  I,  lUX,,  185."— 
Yarrrix,  Froo.  ZoOI.  Soc.  Land.  1830-31,  38  (anatomy).— "D.  W.  C",  Loudon's  Mng.  Nat 
Hilt,  ix,  1836,  5G9  (habita).— Emmons,  Quod.  Mass.  1840,  69.— Thompson,  Hint.  Vermont, 
1648, 47.— DeKay,  ZoSI.  N.  York,  i,  1843, 65,  pi.  zvi,  Br.  3.— Waoner.  Snppl.  Schrebor's  SUnget. 
Hi,  1843, 931.— ScHUiZ,  Bynop.  Mam.  ii,  1845,  64.— Addubon  &  Bachmam,  Quad.  N.  Amer.  i, 
1649, 816,  pi.  xzviii.— QlRBKL,  Sliagst.  1855,  643.— Kknnicott,  Fat.  Offlce  Rep.  Agrio.  for 
1866,  1857,  69,  pi.  vli.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amer.  1857,  386.-Thoma8,  Trans.  III.  Agrio.  Boo,  iv, 
1860,  657.— Hall,  Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol.  1661,  898.-Coopkr,  Pros.  Ca).  Aood.  ii,  1861.— 
Tomes,  Proo.  Zo61.  Soo.  Lood.  1861,  881  (Onatemala).— Maximilian,  Wiegmann's  Arch.  f. 
Maturgoceb.  1861,  77.— Au.kn,  Ball.  Mas.  Comp.  Zo51.,  i,  1869,  884.— Oilpin,  Proc.  ani 
Trans.  Nov.  Soo.  Inst  Nat.  Sci.  ii,  pt.  ill,  1870, 18.— Adahh,  Field  and  Forvst  Rambles,  1873, 
99,  896  (New  Bmnswlok).— Perkins,  Amer.  Nat.  vii,  1874, 13J  (babita  in  conflnenieut). 

Sdanplariu  totucella  OiorpHor,  Diet.  Class.  d'Uist.  Nut.  ziv,  1828, 138. 

Bcitinptenu  roUmlla  var.  twlitoelia  Allen,  Proo.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  zvi,  1874, 189;  Ball.  Essex  Inst, 
vi,  1874,  66. 

Sdwiu  ttonAata  ScnRSBtR,  Siinget.  iv,  1708,  pi.  coxxii  B  (no  text). 

Auapanick,  Smith,  Hist  of  Virginia,  1606,  — ;  Purchos's  Pilgrims,  iv,  1685, 1695. 

QoimUkpaHan,  Fernandez,  Nov.  Hisp.  1651,  8. 

«jrf«ff  Squirrtl,  Pennant,  Hist  Qaad.  1771, 893 ;  "Arctic  Zool.  i,  1784, 180";  Sd  od.  I,  1798, 139. 

VAmp€m,  F.  Cuviek,  Hist,  des  Mam.  livr.  vlii,  1619. 

Le  I'olalo»die  Jejnt^riqut,  Madiot,  "  M«m.  SocLinu.  Parts,  ii,  1888, 148  (babita  in  conflnement)". 

Var.   HCD80NIU8. 
Korthern  Firing  Sqalrrel. 

Sciurut  kadaoaiut  Oukun,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1788, 153. 

Pleromyt  kud»o»i»»  Fischer,  Syn.  Hamm.  1885,  365.— Baird,  Ham.  N.  Amtir.  1857,  88a 

Beiurapttrut  volmxUa  var,  kudmUui  AlXBH,  Proo.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  889, 

Sdunu  aatriaiM  Shaw,  Oen,  ZoSI.  i,  1801, 167. 

Pteromf  tabrituu  Bicuakdson,  ZoOI.  Joam.  iii,  1828,  519;  Fann.  Bor.-Anier.  i,  18i9,  193.— Waonkr, 
Suppl.  Sohreber'a  Siinget.  iii,  1843,  88&— Schinz,  Rynop,  Mam.  ii,  1845,  54  — AuDUDON  &, 
Bachman,  Qnad.  N.  Amer.  iii,  1853,  803,  pi.  czliii,  Bg.  1.— Oibbrl,  SSaget.  1655,  648.— Gilpin, 
Proo.  and  Truns.  Nova  Sco.  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.  ii,  pt.  iii,  1870, 13.— Adams,  Field  and  Forest  Ram- 
bles, 1873, 99, 896  (New  Brunswick). 

Pitnmf*  (oiriirM  var.  alptniu  Richardson,  ZoOI.  Jonm.  ill,  1888,  519;  Fann.  Dor.- Amer.  i,  1839,  196, 
pi.  xviii. 

Pftnmft  alfimat  Waoner,  Suppl.  Schreber's  Siinget.  iii,  1843,  830.- Schinz,  Synop.  Ham.  il,  184'i,  55,— 
Audubon  &,  Bachman,  Quad.  N,  Amer.  iii,  18.'>3,  306,  pi.  czliii,  flg.  8.— Baird,  Mam.  N. 
Amer.  1857, 889.— Rosa,  Nut  Hist.  Rev.  ISflS,  874  (Liord  River).— Steve-NiiON,  Haydeu'sRep. 
U.  8.  Oeol.  Surv.  Wyom.  1871,  461. 

Ptenmt*  trrgoiiaiili  Bachman,  Joum.  Aead.  Nat  Sol.  Pbila,  Ist  ser.  viii,  1839,  101 Schinz,  Synop. 

Mam.  ii,  184r>,  57  ("Tezas"!).— AuocBON  St.  Bachman,  Qnad.  N.  Amer.  i,  1849, 13.1,  pi.  zv.- 
Baied,  Msm.  N.  Amer.  1867,  890.— Cooper,  Proo.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  iv,  1868,  4  (Mendocino 
CooBty,  Cal.). 

OraUtrFlgbit  8t»im1,  Fobster,  Phil.  Trans.  Izii,  1778,  379. 

Sectrn  IttJer  aqmtrra,  Pennant,  Hist  Qnad.  1771 ;  "Arolio  ZoSk  i,  1784,  — " ;  8d  ed.  i,  1792, 141. 

Smirn  Bfxtr  Flj/ht  Sgnirret,  Giu>in,  Proc.  and  Trans.  Nova  Sco.  Inst  Nat.  Sci.  ii,  pt  iii,  1870, 13. 


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MONOGRAPna  OP  NORTD  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Spkcific  chars. — Size  varying  greatly  with  locality.  Ucad  and  boil^ 
ranging,  in  ndu  ts,  from  7  50  to  4.76  inches;  tnii-vcrtebraj  from  5.00  (or  a 
little  more)  to  3.50;  tail,  with  hairs,  from  about  6.50  to  4.25  (occasionally 
less).  Above  yellowisli-brown,  varying  to  pale  reddish-brown;  below  white, 
varying  to  creamy-white,  with  sometimes  a  faint  tinge  of  pale  rufous;  tail 
abov(!  generally  darker  than  the  back,  especially  at  northern  localities,  where 
it  is  sometimes  decidedly  blackish ;  tail  below  lighter  than  above,  varying 
with  locality  from  dusky-brown  to  yellowish-brown,  always  more  strongly 
colored  than  th    ventral  surface  of  the  body. 

Var.  HUDBONllTS. 

Northern  Flying  Squirrel. 

Varietal  coars. — Length,  exclusive  of  the  tail,  6.00  inches  or  more; 
tail,  with  the  hairs  about  5.00.  Above  dull  yellowish-  or  reddish-brown; 
below  white,  faintly  washed  with  yellowish;  tail  above  dusky,  of>cn  decidedly 
binckish  on  the  edges  ond  terminal  half;  also  frequently  dusky  toward  the 
end  below.  Habitat  mostly  north  of  the  parallel  of  49°,  extending  further 
southward  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  on  the  Pacific  slope.  Grades 
insensibly  into — 

Var.  VOLUCELLA. 

Southern  Flying  Squirrel. 

Varietal  chars. — Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  much  smaller.  Length, 
exclusive  of  the  tail,  less  than  6.00  inches;  generally  less  than  5..'30.  Tail 
Irss  dusky,  often  with  no  blackish  whatever,  and  the  general  color  of  the 
body  above  rather  more  yellowish.  Habitat,  United  States, — exclusive  of 
the  Pacific  slope  north  of  California,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  north  of  C(d- 
orado  ;  and  thence  southward  to  Guatemala. 

The  American  Flying  Squirrels  present  a  range  of  geographical  varia- 
tion in  size  quite  unparalleled  in  other  members  of  the  Sciurida,  and  only 
equalled  in  some  species  of  the  Canida,  and  possibly  in  Cervus  virginianus. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  coloration  is  remarkably  constant,  almost  exception- 
ally so,  no  other  North  American  Mammal  witli  which  I  am  acquainted, 
which  has  so  wide  a  geographical  range,  varying  so  little  in  this  respect  with 
locality.  The  species  ranges  from  Arctic  America  into  the  tropical  portions 
of  the  continent.    I  have  specimens  before  me  from  points  us  distant  as 


pciuuin^— sciuRorxEuus  volucella. 


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Alaska  oiul  LduiMiniia,  Novu  Scutiu  uikI  Culilorniu,  uiul  frum  iimiiy  iuternic- 
(liute  localUies.  As  Hhowii  by  the  subjoined  table  uf  nicnsurcinents,  there  is 
a  gradual  decrease  in  size  from  the  north  suuthward.  The  avcrnge  length 
of  specimens  (exclusive  of  the  tail)  from  Arctic  America  is  about  7.50;  of 
specimens  from  nenr  tlic  40th  parnllel,  about  0  85,  or  a  little  less,  ranging 
from  7. 10  to  6.50;  of  specimens  from  Northern  New  England,  about  5.75, 
ranging  from  6.00  to  f  35;  of  specimens  from  Southern  New  England,  about 
5.25,*  ranging  from  5.50  (o.  even  6.00)  to  4.50;  of  specimens  from  the  Gulf 
States,  alxiut  4.75,  ranging  from  5  20  to  4.30,  or  about  one-third  less  than 
the  most  northern  specimens. 

In  respect  to  color,  specimens  from  the  same  locality  sometimes  differ 
in  the  color  of  the  dorsal  surface  as  much  as  do  the  most  diverse  examples 
from  widely  separated  localities.  There  are,  however,  easily  recognized  '"cal 
differences  of  coloration,  especially  in  respect  to  the  tail;  but  even  here  there 
is  a  considerable  individual  (or  seasonal?)  variation.  As  a  rule,  the  speci- 
mens from  north  of  the  United  States  have  darker  tails  than  those  from  south 
of  the  parallel  of  44°,  while  the  average  difference  in  color  between  northern 
and  southern  specimens  is  quite  marked. 

A  series  of  five  specimens  from  the  Red  River  r>''  the  North  nearly 
covers  the  whole  range  of  variation  in  color  exhibited  by  the  whole  series 
No.  3257  (Red  River  Settlement)  is  dark  fuscous-brown  above,  with  the  tail, 
especially  the  distal  half,  decidedly  blackish,  and  the  under  parts  faintly 
washed  with  rasty-fulvous.  No.  3717  (same  locality,  December  10)  is  soil 
yellowish-brown  above,  with  the  tail  mucii  less  duxky,  and  the  under  parts 
white,  with  merely  the  faintest  tinge  of  yellow.  No.  3718  (same  locality 
and  date)  is  quite  similar,  but  shows  a  variation  toward  No.  3257.  No.  11539 
(Pembina,  June  14)  is  much  redder  than  3717;  the  tail  is  especially  brighter, 
with  much  less  dusky.  No.  9083  (Selkirk  Settlement)  is  very  light-colored 
(as  light  as  any  from  any  locality),  being  pale  yellowish-brown  above,  with 
only  the  terminal  third  of  the  tail  blackish. 

'Maiij  of  llw  New  England  specimens  (rooctly  measnted  from  aleubolic  speoimens)  are  evidently 
iromatiira.  In  the  ease  of  the  males,  the  testes  are  generally  abdominal,  and  the  females  show  no  rlgn 
ofbsTiDg  saeklrd  yoang.  All  the  males  with  the  tesiea  scrotal  and  all  the  females  with  the  (rats  bearing 
eridaoce  of  materoity  are  of  mnoh  larger  size  than  the  others.  All  the  measurements  of  northern  speci- 
meoa  bare  oeeesaarily  been  taken  from  s'jins,  some  of  which  are  evidently  overstulTed.  Taking,  how- 
•Tsr,  only  soeb  Beasorements  as  are  least  nflfeoted  by  faulty  taxidermy,  as  the  length  of  the  feet  and  the 
meMarenMita  of  the  head,  in  oases  where  the  skull  is  left  in  the  skin  (and  only  from  snch  specimens  are 
the  ammnnsmmta  of  (he  bead  given),  there  Is  evidently  a  very  striking,  as  well  as  very  gradual,  deoreaso 
in  size  aontfawanl. 

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MONOORAl'IIS  OF  NORTH  AMEUH^AN  UODENTIA. 


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Two  specimens  collected  on  the  Nortliwcsteni  Bounilnry  Survey  by  Dr, 
Keiincrly  (doubtless  in  Washington  Territory)  can  be  exactly  matched,  both 
in  si?c  and  color,  by  specimens  from  l^Ialamagaminque,  Onada,  except  that 
((uc  is  more  yellow  l)elow  than  the  Canada  s|)ecinR'iis.  Another,  from  Fort 
Crook,  Cal.,  is  much  darker  than  tiie  specimens  from  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, with  a  strong  yellowish  wash  below,  which  extends  over  the  whole 
lower  surface  of  .he  tail.  No.  !)625,  from  Idaho,  and  No.  9704,  from  the 
Uintah  Mountains,  a-e  two  of  the  darkest  specimens  in  the  collection;  but 
in  the  series  from  Big  Island,  Great  Slave  Lake,  there  is  one  fully  as  dark, 
while  one  from  the  Rv?rt  River  district  is  scarcely  lighter. 

Specimens  from  tl:e  United  Slates,  and  especially  from  the  more  south- 
ern portions,  are  more  yellowish-brown  above,  with  much  less  black  on  the 
tail,  and  more  yellowish  below,  than  specimens  from  Northern  New  England, 
Canada,  and  the  more  boreal  parts  of  the  continent.  In  some  of  the  southern 
specimens,  there  is  no  dusky  or  black  on  the  tail,  which  inclines  to  a  rufous 
shade  of  brown  above  and  yellowish-brown  below. 

Average  southern  specimens  differ  from  average  northern  specimens 
most  strikingly  in  size  and  in  the  length  and  fullness  of  the  pelage,  but  also 
in  tbe  tail  being  relatively  narrower,  and  the  soles  of  the  feet  nakeder,  and 
also  quite  appreciably  in  color,  especially  in  the  ujjper  side  of  the  tail  being 
nearer  of  the  color  of  the  back.  There  is,  however,  no  break  in  the  sequence 
from  north  southward,  either  in  size,  color,  or  other  characters,  by  which  the 
group  can  be  subdivided  specifically,  or  even  vnrietally.  The  recognition, 
as  above,  of  a  northern  and  southern  subspecies,  is,  in  great  measure,  arbitrary. 
Apparently,  those  inhabiting  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana  and  the  Uintah 
Mountains  are  darker  in  color  than  those  from  other  regions,  and  rather  more 
ferruginous  above,  running  into  a  phase  corresponding  somewhat  with  van 
rir.hiirdgoni  of  the  Sciurus  hudsonius  group,  inhabiting  the  same  regioi;. 
Ncnthcr  this  form  {Ptcromt/s  alpinus  auct.)  nor  the  so-called  ^'Pteromi/s 
nregontnuis"  seems  to  me  to  be  varietally  distinguishable,  especially  the  latter, 
specimens  of  which  ai'e,  sometimes  at  least,  absolutely  indistinguishable  from 
Canadian  specimens.  The  supposed  differences  in  the  length  and  direction 
of  the  carpal  fascia  sup|H>rting  the  flying-membrane,  I  am  unable  to  appreciate. 

In  respect  to  differences  of  a  strictly  individual  character,  we  meet 
oeciisionaily  with  specimens  from  both  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  slope,  as  well 
as  from  the  interior,  in  which  the  color  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  tail  ia 


Pii 


SCIUUID^-SCIUROPTERCS  VOLUCELLA. 


G59 


scarcely  darker  or  more  fulvous  than  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body;  again, 
and  more  frequently,  the  lower  surface  of  the  tail  is  nearly  as  dark  as  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  body,  from  which  it  differs  only  slightly  in  lint.  As 
already  noticed,  tlie  edges  and  terminal  portion  of  tlu",  lower  surface  of  the 
tail  are  occasionally  strongly  dusky.  Commonly,  the  eye  is  encircled  by  a 
narrow  dusky  ring,  and  there  is  a  dusky  spot  in  front  of  the  eye;  but  some- 
times these  markings  (in  light-colored  specimens)  are  wholly  obsolete 
Occasionally,  there  is  a  whitish  spot  at  the  posterior  base  of  the  ear,  sometimes 
conspicuously  noticeable,  while  in  the  majority  of  instances  no  such  marking 
is  clearly  distinguishable.  Also,  in  southern  specimens,  the  pelage  of  the 
lower  surface  is  wholly  white  to  the  base;  in  others,  the  basal  portion  is 
dusky,  as  is  generally  the  case  in  northern  specimens,  in  some  of  which  only 
merely  the  surface  is  whitish. 

Doubtless,  the  small  amount  of  variation  in  color  with  locality,  apparent 
in  this  grou^,  as  in  the  Hares  (see  antea,  p.  268),  is  in  part  owing  to  mode 
of  life,  these  animals  being  not  only  nocturnal,  but  habitually  passing  the 
day-light  concealed  in  hollow  trees.  They  are  hence  apparently  less  exposed 
to  the  influences  most  active  in  modifying  coloration. 

As  already  intimated,  the  habitat  of  this  species  embraces  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  North  American  continent.  Its  range  to  the  northward  extends 
apparently  to  the  forest  limit,  there  being  specimens  in  the  collection  from 
Labrador,  the  vicinity  of  Great  Slave  Lake,  Fort  Liard,  and  Alaska.  There 
are  also  specimens  from  Georgia,  Mississippi,  and  Louisiana.  It  is  well  known 
as  an  inhabitant  of  Mexico,  and  Mr.  Salvin  collected  it  at  Dueflas,  Guatemala. 
Mr.  Tomes  refers  to  his  specimens  as  having  the  fur  a  little  coarser,  and  the 
color  every w  hdr'»  more  rufous,  than  in  gpecimens  from  the  United  States.* 
Examples  have  been  received  from  so  'nany  parts  oC  the  interior,  as  well  as 
from  the  Pacific  coast,  that  it  may  be  considered  as  presumably  dispersed 
throughout  the  wooded  portions  of  the  continent.  Even  where  it  is  common, 
it  is  a  species  not  often  observed,  owing  to  its  nocturnal  habits.  Audubon 
and  Bachman,  in  their  very  interesting  biography  of  this  species,  speak  of  it 
as  being  to  some  extent  gregarious. 

The  great  amount  of  geographical  variation  in  size  presented  by  this 
species  has  led  to  the  recognition  of  several  supposed  species.    As  early  as 


<  Pme.  ZoSI.  Soc.  Lond.  1801,  |>.  SSI. 


^^hm 


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MosoGiJAPHS  OP  xoirrn  American  rodentia. 


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1772,*  P\)rsterf  desciibed  tho  Flying  Squirrel  of  Hudson's  Bay  as  the 
"Greater  Flying  Squiirel",  which,  lie  says,  is  "vastly  different  ....  in  sizeiud 
color"  from  the  Flying  Squirrel  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia. 
This  is  Pennant's  "Severn  River  Squirrel",  and  the  ^^Sciuitis  vol  «  major'^ 
of  Pallas, t  to  which  Gmelin,  in  1788,  gave  the  name  Sciurus  hudsonius. 
Shaw,  in  1801,  changed  Gmelin's  name  to  Sciurus  sahinm  in  consequence 
of  the  name  hudsonius  having  been  also  applied  tu  the  Chickaree,  or  Red 
Squirrel  {Sciurus  hudntmiun).  As,  however,  the  Flying  Squirrels  and  the 
Chickarees  proved  to  belong  to  different  genera,  this  double  use  of  the  name 
hwhoiiius  becomes  tenable. 

The  smaller  Southern  Flying  Squirrel  was  described  by  I'ernandez, 
from  Mexican  specimens,  umler  the  native  name  Quimichpntlan,  in  1651, 
and  as  early  as  1743  it  was  figured  and  described  by  Catesby  from  Carolina 
specimens.  To  this  species  (in  the  mean  time  also  described  by  Brixson, 
Edwards,  Pennant,  Buffon,  and  others),  Pallas  gave  the  name  Sciurus  volu- 

'  AiniinK  tbo  many  earlier  refereDciB  to  this  animal,  which  have,  however,  no  direct  bearing  upon 
Its  teclinical  history,  are  many  that  are  ii'teresting  from  their  qiiaiot  character.  Tims,  the  celebrated 
Captain  John  Sniitlli,  in  his  Account  of  Virf^liia,  published  originally  as  early  as  IC06,  in  alluding  to  this 
animal,  snys : — "A  small  beast  tbey  have,  they  call  dmapankk,  but  wee  call  tlirm  flying  Squirrrls,  because 
spreading  tbeir  legs,  and  so  stretching  the  largenesse  of  their  tkinnes,  that  they  seeme  to  fly  thtrtie  or 
fortie  yards."— (P«.'0*«»'«  Piigrimt.  vol.  iv,  p.  IG95.) 

Somewhat  later,  the  gind  Thomas  Morton,  in  his  "  New  English  Canaan  "  (r.  82),  speaks  of 
"a  little  flying  Squirrill,  with  bat  like  winges,  which  bee  spreads  when  bee  Jnmpea  flrom  tree  to  tree 
and  docs  no  harme  ". 

In  1636,  the  Nortboro  Flying  Squirrel  was  also  noticed  by  Sagard-Thcodat,  whose  curious  descrip- 
tion is  among  the  most  detaile<l  of  the  early  notices  ot  this  animal.  I  am  favored  with  the  following 
transcript  of  his  notice,  through  the  attentions  of  my  colleague,  Dr.  Cones,  token  froxa  p.  67S  of  vol.  iii. 
of  the  Hvo  French  ed.  of  186(!,  of  his  Histoire  dn  Canada,  a  literal  reprint  of  the  original  of  16:16  (p.  745)  :— 
"Ilsont  anssi  trols  sortes  d'escurienz  differends,  &  tons  troia  plus  beanx  &  plus  petits  que  ceux  de 
DOStre  Europe.  Les  plus  estimrz  &,  rarrs  sont  les  escnrianx  volans,  nomm^z  SahoUesqnanta,  qni  ont 
la  couleur  ceudnSe,  la  teste  un  pen  grosse,  le  poll  donx  Si  court  &.  les  yeux  petits.  Us  sent  nppellvz  vo- 
lans, Don  qu'ils  ayent  dos  ayslea,  mais  h  raison  qu'ils  ont  nne  oertaine  pean  anx  deux  coatez  |>rrnanB  de 
la  patte  de  derriere  it  celle  de  deuant,  qu'ils  repllent  fort  proprement  coutre  leur  ventre  quand  >la  war- 
ohent,  puis  I'esteudent  qnand  ils  volent,  couime  ils  font  aysement  d'arbre  en  arbre,  Sl  de  terre  insques  au 
dcssus." 

Another  writer,  in  an  account  of  Virginia,  originally  published  in  1649,  speaks  of  "  two  sorts  of 
Sqnirrels  ",  nne  of  which  is  "  called  a  flying  one,  for  that  she  spreads  like  a  Ratt  a  certaine  loose  skin  she 
hath  and  so  flyes  a  good  way  ".—( force'*  Traolt,  vol.  ii,  Mo.  8,  p.  16.) 

Clayton,  writing  in  1688,  In  ennnierating  the  Squirrels  of  Virginia,  rays :— "  The  second  is  the  flj  ing 
Squirrel  of  a  lighter  dun  Colour,  and  mnch  less  than  the  English  Squirrel ;  the  skin  on  either  side  tho 
body  extended  is  very  large  betwixt  the  Fore-Leg  and  Hind-Leg  which  helps  them  much  in  their  skipp- 
ing from  one  Bough  to  another  that  they  will  leap  farther  than  the  Fox  Squirrel,  tbongh  much  lesB,  yrt 
this  is  still  rather  skipping  than  flying,  though  the  Distinct  ion  bo  well  moiifk." — (Foraft  Tract;  vol.  Iii, 
No.  18,  p.  36.) 

LawBon,  in  ITUO,  also  thus  refers  to  the  Southern  Flying  Squirrel  in  term*  no  les*  strained:— 
"  ....  Ho  has  not  wings  as  Birds  or  Bats  have,  they  Iwing  a  fine  thin  skin  coveHd  with  Hair,  an  tbo 
rest  of  the  parts  are.  This  from  the  Fore-Foot  to  the  Hinder-Feet,  which  is  extended,  and  holds  so 
mnob  Air  as  buoys  him  up  from  one  Tree  to  another,  that  are  greater  distances  asunder,  than  any  other 
Squirrels  can  roach  by  Jumping  or  springing  .  .  .  .  " 
tPhil.TrauB.  vol.lxii,  1778,  p.  379. 

t  Nov.  8pe«.  Qlires,  I77H,  p.  ItM. 


SCIURlO/E— S0IUR0PTERU8  VOLUCKLLA. 


601 


cella,  it  having  been  previously  referred  by  Linnseus  to  the  Flying  Squirrel 
of  Europe  {Sciurus  volans  U\m\.z=.Scivropterm  volans  F.  Cuv.).  Richardson, 
in  1828,  described  a  variety  of  the  Northern  Flying  Sq'iirrel,  from  the 
northern  portion  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  under  the  name  Pteromys  sabrinus 
var.  alpinus.  Later,  however,  he  was  in  doubt  as  to  whether  the  differences 
observed  merited  recognition.  Wagner,  however,  in  1843,  raised  Richard- 
son's variety  alpinus  to  specific  rank,  since  which  time  it  has  passed  generally 
current  ns  a  species,  being  so  recognized  by  Audubon  and  Bachman,  and 
Inter  by  Professor  Baird.  Bachman,  in  1839,  described  specimens  from  near 
tlie  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  under  the  name  Pteromys  oregonensis,  and 
fliis  name  has  since  passed  generally  current  as  that  of  a  valid  species.  The 
differences  supposed  to  characterize  it  were,  however,  slight,  consisting,  in 
reality,  only  in  its  rather  smaller  size  as  compared  with  P.  "sabrinua^'.  From 
/'.  "volucel/a'^  it  differed  in  being  larger,  and  in  not  having  the  liairs  of  the 
ventral  surfacie  white  to  the  roots,  as  Dr.  Bachman  erroneously  supposed  to 
be  always  the  case  in  the  Southern  Flying  Squirrel.  This  originated  the 
four  supposed  species  of  North  American  Flying  Squirrels.  Ten  years  later, 
however,  we  find  the  following  suggestive  remarks  in  Audubon  and  Bach- 
man's  "Quadrupeds  of  North  America"  (vol  i,  p.  205),  under  the  head  of 
P.  "sabrinus'': — "As  long  as  only  two  species  of  Flying  Squirrels  were 
known  in  North  America — the  present  species  (P.  sabrinus)  and  the  little 
/'.  volu4xllti — there  was  no  difficulty  in  deciding  on  the  species  but  since 
others  have  been  discovered  in  the  far  West,  the  task  of  separating  and  defin- 
ing them  has  become  very  perplexing." 

Professor  Baird,  in  1358,  .laving  few  specimfitt:  oi"  the  group  at  hand 
for  comparison,  admittc  ]  r.r  of  the  fo  \r  species,  bu^  evidently  with  some 
hv'sitation.  P.  '•  volucella"  seemed  i.)  him  to  be  only  a  miniature  of  P.  "hud- 
sofi'uti",  the  only  differences  perceivable  to  him  being  the  larger  size  of  the 
latter,  with  the  hairs  of  the  belly  lead-colored  at  base  instead  of  white 
throughout.  Respecting  the  distinctness  of  P.  '^alpinus"  from  P.  "hudsonius", 
he  felt  unable  to  decide,  while  the  validity  of  P.  "oregonensii"  was  apparently 
not  questioned.  . 


062  MOXOGRAPITS  OF  NORTH  AMEEICAJT  RODENTFA. 

I 

Tadlk  I. — Mcaauremente  of  enen  skvUs  of  Sciuroptehus  volucrixa  rar.  voliicklla. 


s 

2    , 

8 

s 

1 1 

s 

V. 

M 

^ 

a 

^ 

, 

1 

Locality. 

i 

1 

1 

1 
1 

fc> 

1 

! 

I 
1 

Is" 

f 

1 

1 

1 

1 

|a 

P 

3 

a, 10 

•973 

Norway,  Mfl 

1.4.1 

0.9d 

0.49 

0.40 

a73 

a.n 

a73 

•Ml 

Eaatport,  Me 

1.33 

a83 

C.35 

0.3« 

0.U 

0.SS 

0.63 

n.j5 

•9« 

Norway,  Me 

O 

1.30 

0.77 

0.37 

0.34 

o.«e 

an 

0.63 

0.4:1 

•974 

1.3S 
1.4,1 

0.86 
0.M 

0.43 

0.38 
0.40 

0.70 
0.78 

0.68 

0  47 

Norway,  Me 

4846 

PennaylTasU 

1.49 

0.(17 

0.40 

0.40 

0.70 

0.68 

0..1J 

4a4» 

do 

L37 

0.8S 

0.37 

a40 

0.08 

0.69 

a4.-> 

*  SpeoimeD*  from  Mnwum  of  ComptumUTe  Zofilogy,  Cftmbrldgo,  UaM. 


Tablb  II. — MeaaurtmentB  of  «etwH(«eii  fjiedmens  0/  Sciuroptekus  volucella  rar,  nuDSONius. 


I  :m 


1 

1 
■a 

LocaUty. 

From  Up  of  noao  to— 

TaUtoend 
of- 

Length  of— 

d 

•s 
e 

a 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

-t 
^ 

1 

> 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9935 

7.90 
7.40 
7.50 
7.50 
7.30 
7.00 
7.50 
7  .10 

9.00 
9.00 
6.40 
4.83 
4.10 
6.00 

4.60 
4.90 
4.M 
4.75 
4.50 
5.90 
5.33 
5.50 

3.75 

6.85 
6.00 
6.40 
5.85 
5.10 
7.» 

5.50 
5.90 
5.85 
5.75 
.1.90 
6.50 
6.50 
6.60 

4.50 

0.80 
0.E0 
0.C0 
0.R5 
0.75 
0.M 
0.85 
0.80 
0.00 
0.00 
0.80 

o.n 

0.89 
0.85 
0.00 
0.90 
0.90 

1.55 
1.90 
1.60 
1.50 
1.45 
l.SO 
1.45 
1.90 
1.55 
1.55 
1.45 
1.51 
1.33 
1.45 
l.CO 
1.60 
1.90 

Skin. 
...do. 
...dp. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..do. 
..  d... 
...do. 
...do. 
..do. 
..do. 
...de. 
...do. 
...do. 

OAU 

Fort  Liard,  B.  B.  T 

7060 

Big  lalaud.  Great  Slave  Lake 

0.70 
0.70 

0.6S 

I.4S 
1.30 

Lao 

L3S 
1.30 

1.55 
1.63 
L47 

1.60 
1.60 

•304 

S718 

do 

RedlUvn 

3957 

do 

3717 

do 

3313 

418 
S3S 

Fort  Belltnufaein.  Waah.  Ter 

aoo 

7.00 
G.40 
6.75 

no 

6.75 
7  00 
7.10 
0.50 

9704 

nintAhUoonUiDa 

0636 

I<]abo 

a»7 

0.67 

7189 

1.83 

1.60 

7104 

do                 

7191 

do 

7l!)0 

do 

7193 

..      do 

801UKIDJ5— SOlUliOPTMUUS  VOLUCELLA. 


663 


Tadlb  III.— jV«uiireM«N(<  of  lhlrlj)-»U  tjiedmenB  of  SciUiiOPTKKLS  VULUCKIXA  tar.  voLl'dtLLA. 


311.1 

588 

ini 

3078 
3707 

3tat 

»  MO 


1001 
ON 
4inl 
4MI 

an 

37S6 
3SM 
900 

sun 

3M» 

va 

3490 
ISU 
1964 
1»7I) 

«we 

«9M 

KUO 
1304 
aS05 
it!M 

780 

Tin 

11130 

aeta 

4019 
7381 


Looalilj. 


Ciljils,Ue.... 
Norway,  He.. 
UptoD, Uo ... 
Norway,  Ho  . 
, do 


..«o. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Amhent,N.H.. 

HUaii.N.H 

Dammar,  N.H .. 
WatorTUlo,M«.. 

Lynii,Hiiaa 

do 

HMaaohuaotta., 


Uaaaaohuaetta 

do 

BarlingtoD,  Iowa... 
Cook  Connty,IU  ... 

HaaoaohuaetU 

do 

Undion,  Haaa 

Htddlelnn',  Haaa. , 
do ,., 


do 

Columbna,  Ga. . 
do 


WeatNortbSald,  ill.... 

Colainboi,  Hlu 

do 

Bladanabarg,  Md 

Pialrio  Hsr  Kouga,  ta . 

New  Orteaai,  I« 

Grand  Cotaan,  La 


From  tip  of  noao  to- 


ld 

0.87 
0.07 
0.70 

aoe 
ac3 

0.00 
U.liO 
0.70 

a  70 

O.T0 
0.71 
O.OJ 

o.os 

0.57 
0.57 
U.0O 
0.60 
0.60 
0.60 
0.60 
0.60 
0.60 
0.55 
0.58 
0.00 
0.00 
0.50 
0.60 

ass 

0.60 


0.55 
0.SO 

aso 
a  ST 


I.  so 

1.33 
1.90 

I.  so 

1.83 
1.13 
1.S5 
l.SO 

i.au 
I. as 

1.S4 
1.15 
1.S7 
1.07 
1.00 
1.10 
1.08 

t.oe 

1.00 
1.10 
1.15 
1.10 

as.i 
1.19 

1.18 
1.18 
1.00 

t.ao 

1.14 
l.M 


i.o; 

0.05 
1.15 
1.10 


1.75 
1.63 
1.85 
1.55 
I.IVj 
l.2.'i 
1. 55 

i.v; 

1.05 
1.55 
1.05 
1.50 
1.60 
1.37 
1.45 
1.90 
1.60 
1.48 
1.50 
1.4a 
1.  «1 
1.45 
1.35 
1.45 
l.liU 
1.50 
1.39 
1.90 
1.46 
l.SO 


1.  45 
1.49 
1. 90 
l.SO 


1 

5.00 
S3S 

s.:o 

S.10 
5.90 

5.19 
6.10 
5.70 
5.03 
5.85 

sao 

S50 
4.3S 
4.50 
M5 
5.10 
9.30 
5.00 
5.10 
4.00 
SSO 
4.75 
0.95 
4.70 
4.70 
3.40 
4.76 
4.55 
4.76 
&00 
4.f0 
MO 

sa) 

4  00 

4.85 


TaHtoeod   Length  of- 


4.50 
4.85 
4.75 
4.35 
4.85 
4..'« 
4.15 
4.40 
4.00 
4.70 
4.75 
4.10 
4.79 
3.90 
3.65 
4.00 

aoo 

.1.90 
3.F0 
4.00 
3.95 
3..'i0 
4.50 
3.40 
3.70 
9.60 
3.00 
3.50 

a«o 

3.60 
3.40 

XM 
3.39 

ao7 
a  30 


i 

L 

S90 
9.79 
9.39 
S40 
9.00 
9.99 
9.10 
.■■1.35 
0.00 
5.75 
0.00 
4.65 
5.07 
4.95 
4.30 
SOO 
4.60 


4.70 
4.15 
4.95 
.%50 
4.M 
4.40 

aoo 

4.10 
4.18 
4.30 
4.10 
3.90 
4.10 
3.00 
4.10 
3.05 


I 

0.83 
a  75 
0.78 
0.85 
O.TJ 
0.80 
0.67 
0.87 
0.80 
0.85 
0.81 
0.67 
0.75 
0.65 
0.07 
0.68 
0.79 
0.71 
a  79 
0.79 
0.70 
a  75 
0.75 

ag7 

aeo 

0.70 

a  73 
a70 
aT3 


0.75 

a  79 

0.75 
0.64 


m 


1.40 
1.30 
1.40 
1.40 
1.40 
1.49 
1.30 
1.38 
1.45 
1.45 
1.37 
1.99 
1.45 
I.IS 
1.17 
1.93 
1.99 
1.99 
1.90 
1.16 
1.17 
1.39 
1.15 
1.35 
1.90 
1.90 
1.14 
1  10 
1.10 
1.93 
1.10 
1.09 
1.90 
1.10 
1.90 
1.19 


0.65 
0.65 
0.65 
0.03 
0.75 
a  76 
0.60 
0.79 
0.71 
0.07 
0.75 
O.-,!' 
0.67 

a  9:1 

0.94 
0.59 
0.94 
0.99 
0.57 

aa> 
a98 


a9s 

0.90 


B 

I 

I 


AlcoboUo. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...da 
..  da 
...da 
...da 
...da 
..  da 
..  da 
..da 
..da 
...da 
...da 
...da 
..da 
...da 
...da 
...da 
...da 
Rkln. 
....da 
...da 
Akiobolla' 
...do.' 
..  do.« 
....do.* 
...do.* 
...da* 
...da* 
...do.* 
...da 
...da 
...da 
...da 


*  MeaanrenMata  from  Baird's  Hamm.  of  North  America,  p.  983. 


r' 


664 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  IV. — LUt  of  ipec'uHent  examinrd  of  SciunoPTiinug  VOLUCIUJ.*  xm.  huimonius. 


^lii 


H. 


11 


ti 


i.f 


>  , 


1 

a 

d 
o  a 

|i 

a 

i 
1 

1 

Loealitr- 

When 
collected. 

From  whom  f«. 
celred. 

Colleeted  by- 

1 

II9S4 

Mas 

96SS 
S09S 

IVS04 

(U03 
TOM 
8107 
710) 
7190 
7191 
7193 
7103 
7194 
W39 
3857 
3717 
37IS 
9083 
90M 
1M39 
193 
KM 
3333 
3053 
3370 
3893 
9704 
0035 
3313 
3990 
5678 









1090 
1089 

1085 

Lieut  F.W.  King 
....do 

Ueat  F.W.King.. 
...do 

Bkln. 
....do. 

do 

R.KennloaU 

W.L.Hardl*tj... 
....do 

....do. 

FortLUrd  H.B.T 

W.L.Hapdlaty 

..  do 

...da 
....do. 

do 

Big  labuid,  Great   Slave 

Laka. 
do 

B.aBnM 

....do 

J.Beid 

....do 

....d* 

do 

....do 

....do 

...do. 

831 

Apr.   4,liJM 

J.Lookbardt 

....do 

J.  Loeklardt 

...do. 

MafauiMnaminqiw,  Canada. 
do 

Thomaa  Rlohaida. . . 

...in 

....do 

...  do. 
..do. 
...do. 

do 

...do 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

do 

do    ...    . 

...do  

da 

do 

...  do 

...do  

...da 

Dr.J.B.01Ipln... 

Dr.J.aOllplB 

D.  Gann 

...da 
.  da 

Red  River  Settlement    .. 

9 

do   

...  do   

...do     

da 

....do     

..  .do   

..  do  

...  da 

Selkirk  Settlement 

.    do  

..  do 

..  da 

....do 

....do 

...do 

..    (Iq. 

SOTO 

Fort  Pembinaf  Hinn 

A.  Campbell 

C.  Cavalier 

Dr.J.B.011pin.... 
...  do 

Dr.  IL  Cooea ..... 

..  do. 

Pembina,  Hlnn 

CCavoUer 

...  da 

Uootreal,  Canada 

Thomaa  Broome 

Dr.  J.  a  Gilpin 

....do 

...do. 
...da 
...  do 

Hallhi,lf.B 

do   

do 

...  do 

...do   

...do. 

Stoben,lIe 

J.D.  Parker 

Dr.F.V.Hajden.. 
Dr.  Whitehead.  . 

A.CampbeU 

....do 

J.D.Parker 

....da 

5.15 

Uintab  Monntaina 

Idaho 

Sept  at,  1873 

H.D.  Schmidt 

....da 

Dr.  Whitehead 

....da 

Fort  BelUngbam.Wadi.  T 
Skagit  Tallejr 

Dr.C.aaKennerly 
...do 

...da 

Skin  and  aknll. 

Skin. 

....da 

36M 

007 

417 
418 

....do 

...  do 

do 

...do 

....ilo 

3M9 

Fort  Cittok.  Col 

J.  Feilner 

J.  Fellaer  

....da 

SCIURlDiE— SCIUKOPTEIiUS  VOLUOELLA. 


665 


Tablb  v.— Lift  of  $pecimen»  examined  of  Bciukuftkbus  volitcella  uir,  volvcxlla. 


1 

Id 

i 

i 
i 

1 
1 

1 

Locality. 

When 
oolleou^. 

From  whom  re. 
ceWed, 

Colleoted  by— 

■5 

Bemarka. 

1903 

lasT 

1171 
3036 
SOS! 
3038 
30M 
3707 

sea 

900 

lias 

1033 
3733 
3113 

W41 
4271 

am 

4173 

•n 

1001 
137i 
1S7» 
808 
37M 

mi 

1534 
1903 

1448 
3307 
3388 
«41« 
«4<0 
97(3 
HO* 
783 

.... 

Lake  Superior  .... 

Upton,  Mc 

....do 

Sammer, 

1848. 
Summer. . . 

L.Agaaala 

J.O.BIch 

...do  . 

L.Agaaal> 

J.O.BIch 

...do 

Skin 

...do 

AloohoUo. 
...do 

In  U.O.Z.,  Cam- 
bridge, Uaaa. 
...da 
...da 
...do. 

043 
»4S 
873 

- 

Norway,  Ue   

Irving  Kroat... 
...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...da 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do     

do 

...da 
...da 
...da 
.  ..da 
..  da 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

Skull 

..  do  . 

.  do 

..  do 

do      

...do 

...do 

...do    

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  da 

...do   

B.D.VonrUl.... 
...do        

aD.Verrm.... 
...do 

Skin.  ... 

...da 

841 

J 

...do   

...do.    .. 

...da 
...da 
...da 
...da 
....da 

...do   

A.E.TorriU... 
O.  A.  Boardman 

..do 

....do  

A.K.Verrill .... 

...do 

MUllowcUe.... 

...do 

Ralala,  He 

0.  A.  Boardman. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Eaatport,I(e 

...do     

...do 

Skull 

Skin 

...do 

...da 
...da 
...da 
...da 

■• 

Wa(erTille,Me.... 

CS.BwaUn.... 

JobnTecey 

do 

ex.  Hamlin.... 
John  Teiey 

.    do              

.  do     

do 

... 

...do 

....do 

...do 

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G6G 


MONOGUAPDS  OF  NOUTU  AMEUICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tadlk  V. — Lilt  of  ipccimcKt  aamimd  of  SciunurTEiti's  volccella  Mr.  volucella — CoDliniicd. 


■s 

1 
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colloctcd. 

From  vh»m  re- 
ceived. 

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■s 

1 

lU'inarka. 

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.  do 

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Uo 

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Li. 
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St.  Charlea  Col- 
lege. 

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Qrnnd  Cotean,  La 

Gekus  SCIURUS  Linnaeus. 

jSciHrua  LiNNiGL-8,  Syst.  Nat.  10th  ed.  1758  (in  part),  and  of  most  sabseqiieot  aothon. 

itaaroxut  F.  CoviKR,  "  Diet,  dea  Sci.  Nat.  x,  181B"  ' ;  il6m.  da  Mas.  x,  ie2.'i,  ItS ;  Deuts  des  Mam.  1825, 

161 ;  Diet,  des  Sci.  Nat.  lix,  1839,  474.    (Type  &ji«r«<  a$tiiant  Linn.) 
UaeroxHt  Okay,  Add.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  8er.  zx,  lUu7,  275.    (Not  Maeroiiu  F.  Cnvier.) 
HkiHotciurtu  Obat,  Cat.  Ham.  Brit.  Hna.  1813, 195 ;  Ann.  &.  Mag.  Nat.  Hiat.  3d  aer.  xz,  1867,  886.    (Type 

Soiiiru$  UpaobUs  Bljih.) 
Bkeinro»ei»rtu  Gray,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  aer.  zx,  18(n',  272.    (Type  Sciitm  macroHt  Gray.) 

Generic  Ciiabs. — Skull  short,  very  broad,  especially  interorbitally,and  the 
cranial  portion  greatly  expanded  ;  postorbital  processes  terminating  in  a  long, 
slender  point,  directed  posteriorly  (and  more  or  less  outwardly)  and  decurved; 
malar  bone  slender,  the  plane  of  its  expansion  nearly  vertical ;  anteorbital 
foramen  a  narrow  vertical  slit,  opening  far  in  advance  of  the  first  premolar  ; 
upper  grinding-teeth  four  or  five,  the  first  premolar  (when  two  are  present) 
very  small;  muzzle  short,  nasals  greatly  narrowed  posteriorly;  ears  well  devel- 
oped, well  clothed,  sometimes  tufted,  especially  in  winter;  tail  long,  generally 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  tlie  body,  broad,  the  long  hairs  spreading  laterally ; 
nail  of  pollex  rudimentary;  pelage  generally  full  and  soft,  but  sometimes 
more  or  less  rigid ;  coloration  variable,  but  never  with  well-defined  black 
stripes  on  the  dorsum ;  size  generally  large;  no  cheek-pouches,  and  uo  lateral 
membrane  connecting  the  fore  and  hind  limbs. 

The  true  arboreal  Squirrels  are  at  once  easily  distinguishable  from  the 
Flying  Squirrels  by  the  absence  of  the  membranous  expansion  along  the 
sides  of  the  body  as  well  as  by  numerous  other  very  obvious  differences. 
They  differ  from  Tamias  in  the  form  and  position  of  the  anteorbital  foramina, 
the  broader  and  less  tapering  muzzle;  in  the  greater  verticality  of  the  plane 
of  the  malar  bone;  in  the  greater  convexity  of  the  dorsal  outline  of  the  skull; 

*  See  Agoaaiz,  Nomeuclator  Zuolugieua,  Mamui.  p.  19. 


^;^am^A 


BCIUItlD^— SCIUIIUS. 


667 


and  in  pattern  of  coloration ;  IVoin  (lie  larger,  large-cared,  long-,  l)road- 
tailed  Spermophiles  in  the  siiorter,  broader,  more  expanded  form  of  the 
skull,  its  more  convex  dorsal  outline,  slenderer  and  less  diverging  zygomatic 
arches,  the  strict  parallelism  of  the  inner  edges  of  the  molar  series,  and  the 
narrower  and  more  anteriorly  situated  anteorbital  foramina,  etc. 

A  division  of  the  American  Sciuri  into  other  than  arbitrary  or  artificial 
groups  seems  almost  impossible.  Althougli  some  of  the  species  have  two 
premolars  and  others  one,  some  tufled  and  others  tufllcss  ears;  although 
some  are  of  large  size  and  others  small;  and  although  the  skull  varies  in 
respect  to  convexity,  interorbital  breadth,  and  somewhat  in  other  features, 
these  differences  are  so  variously  combined  that  no  sharply  dividing  lines  can 
be  drawn  if  more  than  a  single  character  be  taken.  In  respect  to  the  pres- 
ence sad  size  of  the  first  upper  premolar,  the  species  fall  into  three  sections, 
with  which,  to  some  extent,  other  characters  correspond.  In  some  of  the 
species,  sti  far  as  I  can  determine,  there  is  but  a  single  premolar  at  any  period 
of  life ;  in  one  (S.  hudionius  and  its  varieties),  a  second  is  generally  present, 
though  often  disappearing  late  in  life ;  it  is,  however,  so  minute  as  to  easily 
escape  observation,  never  rising  to  the  level  of  the  other  teeth,  it  being  gen- 
erally merely  a  slender,  minute  point  situated  close  to  the  inner  edge  of  the 
anterior  root  of  the  second  premolar,  beneath  the  front  edge  of  the  base  of  its 
crown.  Sometimes  it  is  a  mere  point,  and  at  other  times  is  about  one-half 
the  height  of  the  second  premolar.  In  the  greater  number  of  the  species,  two 
premolars  are  permanently  developed,  but  the  first  is  often  minute,  scarcely 
reaching  the  height  of  the  second,  and  is  occasionally  absent  in  those  species 
in  which,  as  a  rule,  it  is  present. 

The  pelage  varies  greatly  in  character  in  the  different  species,  being 
sometimes  full,  fine,  and  sofl,  even  among  the  tropical  forms;  again,  it  is  short 
and  sparse,  and  at  other  times  long,  coarse,  and  stiff. 

Perhaps  the  most  obviously  variable  feature  is  the  character  of  the  tail. 
Generally,  its  length,  measured  from  the  base  to  the  end  of  the  vertebrae,  is 
rather  less  than  the  length  of  the  head  and  body;  sometimes  these  two 
measurements  are  equal,  while  occasionally  the  tail  is  a  third  less  than  the 
length  of  the  head  and  body.  The  tail,  to  the  end  of  the  hairs,  is  very 
generally  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  head  and  body;  sometimes  much  longer, 
occasionally  about  equal,  and  more  rarely  somewhat  less.  The  tail  also  varies 
greatly  in  fulne&«  and  breadth.  In  Sciurus  fossor  and  S.  colliai,  the  tail, 
when  fully  spread,  has  a  breadth  of  five  or  six  inches,  the  hairs  of  the  sides 


M 


I;i1i 


668 


MONOGUAPOS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  llODENTIA. 


being  two  ami  a  half  to  three  inches  iii  length.  On  the  other  hand,  in  S. 
hypopt/rrhus,  in  which  llie  length  of  tiie  tail  is  fully  as  great  as  in  S.foxsor 
anil  S.  co/liai,  its  breadth  is  about  one-third  less.  The  tail  is  narrowest  (in 
tlic  long-tailed  species)  in  S.  astunm,  but  even  in  this  species  it  is  still  dis- 
tinctly flattened  or  distichous,  except  iwssibly  in  badly  prepared  specimens,  * 
though  not  unfrequently  cylindrical  at  the  end. 

M-  F.  Cuvier,  in  1818,  separated  the  Guerlinguets  from  the  true  Squirrels 
under  the  name  Macroxux,  referring  to  this  group  the  Sciurus  astuans  of 
Brazil  and  the  Sciurus  vittatus  of  India.  The  characters  given  for  this  group, 
as  distinguishing  it  from  Sciurus,  are  the  greater  cerebral-capacity  of  the  skull, 
the  tail  not  distichous  at  the  point,  the  nasal  portion  of  the  skull  separated 
from  the  cranial  by  a  strong  depression,  and  by  the  large  size  of  the  testes.* 
Although  Afacroxus  was  adopted  by  Lesson  in  1827,  it  has  been  by  most 
writers  properly  ignored,  the  characters  given  having  little  value.  The 
Macroxus  of  Gray  (1867),  although  including  the  species  referred  to  Macroxus 
by  Cuvier,  is  based  on  a  wholly  different  feature,  namely,  on  the  absence 
of  ear-tufts,  and  hence  embraces  all  the  Sciuri  with  untufted  ears.  Sciurus, 
as  left  by  Gray,  thus  includes  only  a  few  species  with  conspicuously  tufted 
ears,  like  iS.  vulgaris  and  S.  aherti.  This  distinction,  it  is  almost  needless 
to  say,  is  not  of  the  slightest  importance  as  a  generic  character,  the  long  car- 
tuils  being  merely  a  seasonal  feature,  if  not  in  part,  in  some  species  at 
least,  simply  individual.  In  the  North  American  8.  aherti,  individuals  are 
found  both  with  and  without  them  at  the  same  localities  pnd  seasons,  while 
in  other  individuals  they  may  be  found  of  different  degrees  of  development. 
Many  other  species  have  the  ears  slightly  tufted  in  winter,  which  are  wholly 
without  ear-tufts  in  summer. 

The  American  Sciuri  reach  their  greatest  numerical  development  in 
Middle  America;  Southern  Mexico  and  Central  America  being  far  richer  in 
species  than  any  other  region  in  either  North  or  South  America  of  similar 
area.  The  species  are  here  remarkable  also  for  their  extreme  variability  in 
color.  Melanistic  phases  of  coloration  are  frequent,  while  all  the  species  are 
normally  fulvous,  orange,  or  red  below,  white-bellied  specimens  from  this 
region  being  exceptional;  with  perhaps  a  single  exception,  none  of  the  specific 

*  The  diagnosJB  given  by  Cavier  of  "  lea  GaeTliDgneta  "  ( JfacroxM)  Is  as  follows : — "  Ce  aont  dea 
6onieuila  dont  la  qaene  n'est  point  dislingntf  «t  dont  la  capacity  c^ribrale  auipaase  de  beaacoup  celle 
tics  dcarenils  propremeut  dila  et  celle  dcs  tamiaa.  Une  depression  trts-marqa^  R<!pare  le  crtue  d'un 
uiiisenn  pea  alongd,  EuQd,  ils  sout  i-eraariiuablca  pur  lonra  toaticulea  Tolumineuz." — (Dkl.  M-  Jftl.,  lix, 
IBiU,  474.) 


SCIUIJIDiE— SCIURCS. 


000 


or  subspccific  forms  nre  permnnentl)'  white  below.  The  large  number  of 
synonyms  that  have  arisen  in  consequence  of  tliis  variability  in  color,  together 
with  the  variability  itself,  render  the  recognition  and  characterization  of  the 
species  exceedingly  ditficult.  The  al>undance  of  the  material  accessible  for 
the  study  of  the  species  occurring  north  of  Mexico  renders  this  part  of  the 
work  comparatively  easy,  and  demonstrates  clearly  the  large  amount  of  both 
individual  and  geographical  variation  one  must  be  prepared  to  recognize, 
frequently  at  least,  in  the  different  specific  representatives  of  this  perplexing 
group.  Some  of  the  Mexican  species  seem  to  be  fully  as  variable  in  colora- 
tion aa  any  that  are  met  with  in  the  United  States,  so  that  color  alone  becomes 
a  wholly  unsafe  guide  for  the  determination  of  the  species.  On  the  other 
hand,  Sciurus  fossor,  of  the  west  coast  of  the  United  States,  is  as  constant 
in  its  coloration  as  any  Mammal  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  and  the  Brazilian 
form  of  Sciurus  astuans,  although  widely  distributed,  presents  only  a  small 
range  of  variation  in  either  color  or  size.  The  large  Squirrel  of  Western 
Brazil  and  the  neighboring  region  to  the  westward  (S.  variabilis),  though 
subject  to  considerable  variation  in  color,  is  far  less  variable  than  some  of  the 
Mexican  and  North  American  ones.  Three,  at  least,  of  the  Central  American 
forms  also  vary  less  than  many  of  the  others:  these  are  Sciurus  gerrardi, 
8.  tephrogaster,  and  S.  astuans  var.  rujoniger,  which  range  southward  into 
the  northern  States  of  South  America. 

The  material  at  my  command,  though  large  in  amount  (probably  con- 
siderably exceeding  that  ever  before  collectively  examined  by  any  previous 
investigator),  is  quite  insufficient  for  a  satisfactory  study  of  the  tropical  forms, 
and  the  results  arrived  at  are  considered  as  open  to  future  revision.  Among 
the  numerous  (some  thirty  or  more)  nominal  species  of  authors,  I  have  been 
able  to  recognize  only  nine  or  ten  that  seem  to  me  valid,  with  two  additional 
subspecies.  These  latter  may  [Hissibly  be  entitled  to  specific  rank,  but  I 
think  that,  on  the  whole,  the  number  of  species  will,  by  future  investigation, 
be  sUll  further  reduced,  rather  than  increased,  and  that  I  have  erred  in  recog- 
nizing too  many  species  rather  than  too  few.  In  the  majority  of  instances, 
I  have  ioeen  able  to  make  the  collocation  of  the  nominal  species  with  a  good 
degree  of  confidence ;  in  other  cases,  of  course,  only  with  much  doubt ;  while 
two  or  three  names  I  have  been  wholly  unable  to  identify.  One  is  doubtfully 
American,  and  one  or  two  I  have  provisionally  adopted  as  possibly  valid 
species  are  yet  unknown  to  mc  from  specimens. 

In  regard  to  the .  geographical  distribution  of  the  species,  it  is  worthy 


('.70 


MONOOIlAPna  OP  north  AMEIIHIAN  RODHNTfA. 


\i     :'i  ! 


l-j:t 


r) 


Si   [■ 


of  note  tlint  the  smullest  species  {Sciurus  hudsoniua)  is  the  most  northern, 
nnd  thnt  the  next  Bmullest  (Sciurus  aaluans)  is  tlic  most  Bouthem,  both 
occurring  on  the  extreme  lioundnries  of  the  hnhitat  of  the  group.  These 
((gain,  ill  respect  to  the  development  of  the  tail,  arc  the  least  Sciurine;  the 
long,  full,  bushy,  distichous  tail,  so  characteristic  a  feature  of  the  Sciuri  as 
distinguishing  them  from  their  allies,  being  in  these  two  species  very  much 
sliorter  and  narrower  than  in  any  of  the  others.  In  passing  southward,  wu 
meet,  next  after  S.  hucfsanius,  with  S,  carolinensis,  a  species  again  below  the 
average  in  size,  with  the  tail  only  moderately  developed,  although  there  are 
.xonie  Mexican  an<l  Central  American  species  equally  small.  The  largest 
species,  as  well  as  the  greatest  number,  and  those  with  the  largest  tails,  are 
Mexican;  Western  and  Southern  Mexico  being  apparently  the  centre  of  devel- 
opment, or  metropolis  of  the  group,  as  respects  the  two  Americas.  None  are 
thus  far  known  from  any  of  the  intertropical  islan<ls. 

As  already  observed,  the  American  Sciuri  form  a  group  so  homogeneous 
as  not  to  be  readily  subdivisible.  Taking,  however,  the  relative  length  of  the 
tail,  and  the  number  and  character  of  the  upper  premolars,  as  a  basis,  with  such 
otiier  features  as  are  most  readily  available,  the  species  and  subspecies  may 
be  conveniently  (and  somewhat  naturally)  grouped  as  follows : — 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  SPECIES  AND  SUBSPECIES  OF  AMERICAN  SCIURI. 

I.  Tail  very  short  and  narrow,  the  oandal  vertebric  alone  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  haad  and  boiljr ; 
tail  to  end  of  hairs  about  one-seventh  shorter  than  the  bead  and  body ;  premolars  f ,  the 
first  very  small  nnd  often  decidnoas;  u narrow,  black,  lateral  line;  size  sBiall.    Ote 

*  .   species  with  fonr  subspecies : 

1.  Above  fprayish,  mixed  with  yellowish  or  reddish,  annulale<l  with  dusky,  often  with  a  strong 
wash  of  ferrnginons  along  the  middle  of  the  back ;  below  generally  white,  Mnnetimes 
narrowly  annnlated  with  black ;  in  one  subspecies  fulvous  below.  Hafr.— Northern  half 
of  North  America 8.  nciwoNirs. 

a.  Above  yellowish-gray,  varied  with  black,  with  generally  the  middle  of  the  back  strongly 

washed  with  ferruginous ;  npper  surface  of  the  tail  with  the  hairs  rasty  at  the  base  and 
reddish-tipped,  with  a  broad  subterminal  bar  of  black.  Bab. — Norlbem  North  America 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  northwestward  to  Alaska var.  t«<boafa>. 

b.  Above  varied  with  black  and  yellowisb-rasty ;  upper  surface  of  the  tail  with  (he  hairs  gray 

at  the  base  and  gray-tipped,  with  a  brood  subterminal  bar  of  black.  Bab. — Central  portion 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  thence  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevadas vsr.  fremmll. 

e.  Almve  dnsky,  strongly  varied  with  reddish ;  npper  surface  of  the  tail  with  the  hairs  dark 
reddish-brown  at  the  base,  tipped  with  reddish,  and  with  a  very  brood  subterminal 
bar  of  black,  sometimes  occupying  the  whole  of  tlie  terminal  third.  Bat.— Rocky 
Mountains  between  latitude  43°  and  68",  and  thence  westward  to  the  Cascade 
Range vir.  rtebardimi. 

d.  Above  as  in  the  prrceding  (vor.  HcAariiiHwi);  tail  wiCi  Ivm  black;  beneath  moreorlena 
strongly  tinged  with  fulvonsor  rnfons.  tftft.— Paciflc-cnast  region  from  Northrro  Ciili- 
foruia  to  Sitkn ywc.  toutlmti. 


8CIUKIDi13— S(MUIllIS— SYNOPaiH  OF  HPKCIE3. 


»',71 


II.  Tail-Tertobraahont  roar-Hfth<(flv»-iilxlljs  to  tlirec-fourtbii)  the  length  of  Ibo  lienil  nml  linl.v  ;  (nil, 
wllb  the  bairf,  ralber  loiiRer  than  Ibe  body  (in  miwl  of  tbe  ipecles  onr-twririb  lunger), 
Kcnrrilly  dill  and  bnoby.    Frmmlutii  iiKuiilly  *[ ;  In  ■  (evr  8|H'clei)  \.  Size  lar({u  oi  tuudttiui : 

A.  PrcDiolara  ) : 

3.  Above  wliiliHb-Kray  variud  (oxoe|it  in  one  •iilM|iecioii)  with  fiiivoiiH;  bunvnili  white;  midillo 
of  back  more  ur  leu  browuiab ;  an  indistinct  (tilvnnii  Internl  line;  ean  never  connpicu- 
ooaly  ttiftiMl.    //ati.— Sootbern  porta  of  Canada,  tbe  Uuite<l  States  euat  of  tlio  Plainii, 

and  aootbward  to  Sontbern  Mexico  and  Onateniala M,  caiioi.inknhih. 

a.  Above  wbittab-Kray,  with  senenilly  a  aniall,  narrow,  browniab  area  along  the  middle  of 
tbe  back;  lengib  from  noae  to  tail  10.00  inchea  or  more;  runa  frc<|Uontly  into  uielaniHlIu 
pbaaes,  wbicb  are  aometimefl  wholly  bUck.  Hab. — United  States  and  Houtbcrn  Cnnadit 
aontbward  to  tbe  Ixiaiaianiau  fauna var.  Uucolu. 

i.  Smaller;  generally  leaa  tban  10.00  iuobea  in  length;  greater  part  of  doraal  anrfncn 
browDiab,  aide*  only  wbitisb-gray ;  rarely  rnna  into  raeluniatio  phases.  Hab.— South 
AUaotIo  and  Oalt  States  and  southward var.  eaioUtmtin. 

e.  Still  smaller;  plain  dnll-gray,  unvaried  with  fulvous;  middle  of  tbe  back  darker. 
Hab. — Yucatan var.  yucataneniU, 

3.  Above  dark  biniab-gray  i  a  ilorsal  band  of  bright  chestnut ;  a  distinct  black  lateral  line;  no 

fnlvons  suffosion ;  below  white ;  ears  very  large,  each  with  a  conspiouona  tnft  or  pencil 
of  long  baira,  as  in  S,  rutgarit;  runa  into  melaniatic  phaaea.  Hab. — Rocky  Mountains 
of  Colorado,  southward  into  Arizona S.  AnnRTi. 

4.  Above  dark  brown,  varied  with  yellowish-grsy,  or  black,  varied  with  fnlvnus;  beneath 

deep  brownish-red;  color  very  variable.  Sab. — Sontberu  Mexico  and  Central 
America 8.  bootiii^, 

5.  Above  gray,  varying  from  wbltiah  to  dark  iron-gray,  generally  with  a  large  patch  of  yellow- 

ish-rusty on  tbe  nape  and  lower  part  of  tbe  back  ;  beneath  pure  white,  yellowisb-wbite, 
or  deep  golden-yellow  ;  pelage  generally  ringed  with  brigbt^ulvous  beneath  tbe  surface ; 
tall  rather  narrow ;  very  vailable  in  ooloration.    flat.— Southern  Mexico.. S.  i.EUCora. 

fi.  Above  dark  gray,  varying  from  whitish-gray  to  dnaky  iron-gray;  beneath  deep  reddiab- 
oraogo,  invading  irregalarly  tbe  gray  of  tbe  aides,  tbe  red  wash  of  the  aides  soiiiotimen 
nearly  meeting  on  tbe  doraal  line  at  Ibe  ehoulders;  pelage  soft  and  fall;  tail  bnsby. 
/fat.— Sontbern  Mexico  and  Quatcmala 8.  aurkooastrr. 

7.  Above  dark  olivaoeons-brown,  minutely  varied  with  yellowish  or  rufous;  beneath  gray 
varying  to  rufous ;  tail  rather  narrow;  length  about  9.7S;  tail  with  Ibe  hairs  about 
the  same  or  a  little  less;  size  and  general  appearance  of  S.  antuant  var.  m/onlger,  but 
with  two  upper  premolars  instead  of  one;  smaller  tban  either  of  the  preceding,  with 
narrower  and  shorter  tall.  Sab. — Sonthem  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  northern 
portions  of  South  America 8.  TEi'unoOASTKR. 

B.  Premolars  I : 

it.  Color  above  generally  some  shade  of 'gray,  bot  extremely  variable ;  maty  and  mnlanistic 
phases  very  prevalent ;  siie  large ;  tail  broad  and  bnsby.  Runs  into  three  subspecies. 
Hoi.— Eastern  United  States  westward  to  the  Plains ^. 8.  nigkii. 

«.  Length  about  13.00  inches;  color  variable,  hnt  witb  the  mom  and  ean  white,  contrasting 

.  with  tbe  color  of  the  rest  of  the  donal  anrface ;  geneially  whitish-gray  above,  running 

into  rafoaa;  lielow  generally  fnlvons  or  rnfoua ;  dusky  phases  frequent,    ffat.— South 

Atlantic  and  Qnlf  States var.  niger. 

t.  Smaller;  length  generally  less  than  13.00  inches;  similar  in  color  to  var.  af^rr, but  witli 
the  noae  and  ears  not  white.  In  contrast  witb  the  rest  of  the  doraal  anrfaoe.  Hah  — 
Northern  Atlantic  States  flrom  Viiginia  to  New  England var.  einereHn. 

0.  Siaeof  tholuat;  Irss  variable  in  co'or ;  above  duaky-grny,  strongly  suffnsrd  Trith  rnfouH; 
ears,  feet,  and  ventral  surfaoe  fulvous,  varying  to  rufous  ;  oocnsionaliy  dusky  or  black 
beneath.  Hob.—  Whole  of  tbe  Miscisaippi  Bakin,  extending  westward  to  tbe  Plains  and 
northward  into  Dakota var.  (HiioridaiiN*. 


072 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


!•  ,  i. 


'^     9.  Middle  of  tbe  dorsal  region  dasky  or  black ;  rest  of  dorsal  sarface  Taricil  with  dnghy  iiiul 

.  .  yellonish-rnfoas ;  beneath  dark  reddisb-brown,  varying  to  floryorange ;  lengtb  abont 

t).50  inches;  tail  full  and  bushy,  rather  longer  than  bead  and  body.    Hab. — Southern 

portion  of  Central  America  and  the  northern  portion  of  South  America..  .S.  aERiunDi. 

10.  Size  rather  small ;  length  about  6.00  to  9.00  inches;  above  dark  olivaceons-browii,  minutely 

varied  with  yellowish  or  rnfons ;  beneath  fnlvons  or  mfous ;  tail  rather  narrow,  occa- 
sionally decidedly  cylindrical  towar<l  the  end.  ffnt.— Brazil,  Northern  South  America, 
and  Central  America.    Runs  into  two  well-marked  subspecies  S.  jestvash. 

a.  Length  about  8.00  inches;  tail  Alged  with  pale  yellowish;  smaller  and  less  rufous  thun 

the  next.    Bab. — Brazil  and  Guiana var.  a!s(i«»i«. 

b.  Length  about  9.00  inches;   tail  edged  with  red,  varying  in  tint  fh>m  light  yellowish- 

red  to  dark  cherry-red;  general  iiolor  above  rather  more  rnfons  than  in  var, 
atluaxt;   also  riither  redder  below.     Hab. — Northern   South    America   and  Central 

America var.  rufimiger. 

III.  Tall -vertebra)  alone  equal  to  tbe  length  of  the  head  and  bo<ly ;  tail  with  the  hairs  one-seventh  to 
one- fourth  longer ;  size  large;  premolars  f : 

A.  Tall  full,  bushy : 

11.  Above  dark  pure-gray ;  beneath  white ;  tail  block,  washed  with  white,  ffai.— Paolflo 
coast  from  the  Columbia  River  southward  to  San  Diego,  Lower  California;  not  east  of 
the  Coast  Ranges S.  Kosson. 

12.  Above  clear  gray,  except  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  region,  where  the  colo'  is  mixed  yellowish- 
brown  and  black ;  beneath  generally  white,  varying  at  some  localities  to  yellowish- 
fulvonsor  rufous,    iffaft.— Mexico 8.  colli jii, 

13.  Above  black,  varied  with  oobre-yellow  and  mfons;  beneath  white,  fulvous-  or  brownish- 
red  ;  tail  black  at  base  and  centrally  k«low,  edged  broadly  with  red  or  yellowish-red, 
appearing  mainly  of  this  color  at  the  surface ;  pelage  short  and  sparse,  especially  below. 
Alt.— Western  Brazil,  and  thence  westward  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Andes,  and  from 
Bo.ivis  northward  to  New  Grenada S.  variabilis. 

B.  Tail  narrow  ;  pelage  coarse  and  rigid : 

14.  Color  variable,  running  into  both  albinistio  und  melanistio  phases ;  generally  more  or  less 
black  above,  varie/<.  with  fulvous  and  red  beneath,  ffaft.— Southern  Mexico  and  Central 
America S.  bypopthrbus, 

I. — Species  inhabiting  North  America  north  of  Mexico. 

SCIURUS  HUDSONIUS  Pallas. 

Chickaree. 

Var.  HtJDSONius. 
Butern  Chlckarr^ 

Stiitrut  txilgari*  Forrtkr,  Phil.  Trans  Ixii,  1773,  378. 

Bcinriu  mtgarit,  e,  h»dtonioiit  EliXLEBKK,  Syst.  Anini.  1777,  416. 

Soinrut  AsdMrniH*  Pallas,  Nov.  Spec.  Olir.  1778,  376.— Ombun,  Syst.  Not.  i,  1788,  147.— Scbrkrrr, 
Sitngeth.  iv,  I'Oii,  777,  pi.  ccxiv.— SflAW,  Gen.  ZoSI.  ii,  1801, 140.— KUBI.,  Beitriige  sur  Zuol. 
1S'20,66.-DksmaiiE8T,  Mammal,  ii,  182!{,  340.— StBiNK,  Franklin's  Narr.  18S23,  663.— Ham- 
LAN,  Faun.  A.ner.  1885, 185.— Qopman,  Am.  Nat.  Hist.  Ii,  1H36, 138.— RicUARnsoK,  Fauna 
Boreali-Amer.  i,  18!i9, 187,  pi.  xvii.— Fischbr,  Synop.  Mam.  1839,  349.— Qappbr,  ZoSI.  Jour. 
V,  1830,  205.— "F.  CuviER,  Suppl.  Buff.  Hist.  Nat.  i,  Mnm.  1831,  303."— Bacuman,  Proc.ZoSl. 
8oo.Lond.  vl,  1838,  100;  Charlesworth's  Mag.  N.  H.  ill,  1839,  383.— Thompson,  Nat.  Hist. 
Vermont,  1842,  46;  App.  1853,14  (albino).— DeKay,  New  York  ZoOI.  i,lH42,6I,pl.xvii,  flg.3.— 
Wagner,  Snppl.  Schreber'a  Siiuget.  111,1843,  178.— Scbine,  Synop.  Mara.  11, 1845,  13 —Au- 
ni-BON  &  Bachman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  i,  1849, 185,  pi.  xi  r.— Woodhousk,  I^itgreaveit's  Expl.  Col- 
orado and  Zuni  Rivers,  1863,  63  (Indian  territory) —KEtmicoTT,  P«t.  Off.  Sep.,  Agr.,  I8,"fl, 
(1857),  67,  pi.  vii.— Baird,  Mnm.  N.  Am.  i.  .17,  860,  pi.  xlvl,  flg.  1.— Thomas,  Trans.  III.  State 


■HHI 


SOIDRID^— SOIURUS  HUDSONIUS  AND  VAEIBTIE8. 


673 


Agric.  Soc.  Iv,  1860, 65fl.— Hau,,  Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol.  1801,  i290.— Maximilian,  WicBm.  Art*, 
f.  Natarg.  1861,  7a.— Kosg,  New  Etiinb.  Pbil.  Jonrn.  xiii,  1861,162;  Nnt.  Hist.  Bev.  1863, 
274  (to  Arotio  Circle).— Gray,  Ado.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  tor.  xz,  1867, 418.— Aixkn,  Bull. 
Hub.  Comp.  ZoSI.  1, 1869,  2%i ;  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ziii,  lh70,  188;  lb.  xvii,  1874,  43, 
Bull.  Eiaoz  Inat.  vi,  1874,  57.— Gilpin,  Proc.  and  Trans.  Nora  Scot.  lust.  Nat.  Sci.  ii,  pt.  lil, 
1870,  12.— Stevrkson,  Hayden's  Kep.  U.  8.  Geol.  Snrvey  Wyom.  1871,  461.— Auams,  Field 
and  Foreit  Samblea,  1873,  98,  295.— Mkkri  am,  U.  8.  Geolog.  Surv.  Terr.  6th  Ann.  Bep.  1872, 
6G3.— Orinnell,  Lodlow'a  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  1874,  81. 

Seiimu  kudioniiu  vnr.  kiidtoniui  Allkn,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874, 388. 

Sciiiriu  caroUnui  Ord,-"  Guthrie's  Oeog.  (2d  Am.  ed.)  11, 181&,  292." 

Sdunu  mhroUnealut  Desmare8T,  Mam.  ii,  1822, 333. 

Tamia  hudwitUt  Lesson,  Mao.  Mamm.  1827, 231. 

Tamiat  ruhnliimtut  Schinz,  Syo.  Mam.  11, 1843,  48. 

AmraUl  teHadtam,  F.  CoviBll,  Hist  dot  Mam.  livr.  xlvi,  1821. 

Vnr.    BICHAEDSONI. 

BIcbardaoD's  Chickaree. 

Boiunu  riokarf-tHi  Bacbman,'  Proo.  ZoSI.  Boc.  Lend,  vi,  1838,  ICO ;  CharleewoHb's  Mog.  Nat.  Hist,  ill,  1839 
38si ;  Journ.  Acad.  Not.  Sci.  Pbila.  viii,  1839,  64 ;  Towusond's  Narrative,  18:19,  318.— Avddbon 
A.  BACHMA.V,  Quad.  N.  Am.  1,  1849,41,  pi.  v.— Baird,  Hani.  N.Am.  1857, 273.— Cooper,  Nat. 
Hist.  Wash.  Ter.  pt.  ill,  1860, 79.— SucKLEY,  ibid.  97,  121.- Stevenson,  Hayden's  Bep.  U.  8. 
Geol.  Surv.  Wyom.  1871,  401. 

dMvrtif  kudtoniuM  var.  rkkardtoni  AU.EN,  Proc.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  xvii,  1874, 288. 

Vor.  D0UGLA88I. 

Weatera  Ctalckarce< 

Sciunu  lkii)?(m<Ha,  var.  fi.  Biohariwon,  Fann.  Bor.-Am.  1, 1829, 190. 

Seiunu  kudxmiut  Bichardson,  ZoOi.  Beeobey'a  Voy.  Mam.  1839,  8  (banks  of  tbe  Colnmbin). 

Mara*  iQiigla$$i  Gray,  Proc.  Zoul.  800.  Load,  iv,  1836,  88  (00  description).- Bachman,  Proc,  ZoSI.  8oe, 
Lond,  Ti,  1838,  99;  Joam.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  viii,  1839, 63;  Cbarleswortb's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist, 
iii,  1830,383;  Townsend's  Narrative,  1839,  317.— Waonkr,  Snppl.  Schreber's  Siinget.  ill, 
1843, 177.— ^BtNZ,  Syo.  Mam.  ii,  1845, 10.—  Audubon  &.  Bachman,  Qaad.  N.  Am.  i,  1849,  :I70, 
pi.  xlvlii.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.  1837, 275.— Cooper,  Nat.  Hist.  Wash.  Terr.  pt.  iii,  1860, 79.— 
Buckley,  Nat.  Hist.  Wash.  Terr.  pt.  iii,  1860,  97, 131.— Gray,  Ann.  and  Hag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d 
aer.  xz,  1867,  418.— HsiranAW,  Ann.  Bep.  Chf.  Engineers  for  1876,  App.  ii  (1876),  310. 

BeiwM  kudMsfiM  var.  dougla$$i  Atf,BN,  Proc.  Boat,  Soc.  Nat.  Hlat.  xvii,  1874, 288. 

Seiuriu  (owaMuii  BAcnUAK,  Jonrn.  Anad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  viii,  1839, 63  (MS.  name). 

Soiuru$  lanttflnoitu  Bachman,  Pioc.  ZoSI.  800.  Lond.  vi,  1838, 101  (partial  albino);  Charlesworth's  Hag. 
Mat.  Hist,  iii,  18317,  387 ;  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  viii,  1839, 64;  Townsend's  Narrative, 
1839,  320.— Waomer,  8obi«ber's  SUnget.  iii,  1843, 180.— Scbihz,  Synop.  Mum.  <i.  1845,  11.— 
AcDUBOM  A  Bachman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  i,  1840, 109,  pi.  xxv. 

JSoinnu  «Mt((pitMM  Audubon  A  Bachman,  Ptoo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  1648, 102 ;  Journ.  Aoad.  Nab 
>i.  Phila.  viii,  1842,  316;  Qnad,  N.  Am.  i,  1849, 157.  pi.  xiz. 

Adanu  teTokM-t  v,  Aon.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  x,  1849,  S63 ;  ZouL  of  tbe  Solphnr,  1644, 33,  pi.  xii,  tg.  9 
(montu      'he  Colnmbia). 

SdMrtu  nuiUH  Baird,  Pi,  -.  .Voad.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila.  vii,  1865,  333;  Mam.  N.  Amer.  1857, 976  (toot-note). 

Smatl  BnwH  Sqiurnl,  Lbwm  <t  ""larkb,  Exped.  ii,  1814, 174. 

am»U  Off  Squiml,  Lima  &  Cia.  "^b,  ibif^  173. 

Var.  FBEMONTL 

treaMt'i  Cklekaree. 

BoiurutfimoHH  Acddbox  &  Bachman,  Qaad.  N.  Am.  iii,  1653, 337,  ovilx,  fig.  1.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am. 

1857, 872. 
Marvi  rfoajIoMi  var./maoaU  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hiat.  3d  aer.  xx,  1667, 419. 
Soimru  Aurffoiiiift  vM.fimutH  Aixwr,  Proo.  Boat.  8no.  Nat.  Hist,  xvii,  1374,988)  Bnll.  Eaiex  lost,  ri, 

1874)  (SSj-CottB  at  YarbCW,  Wbciiltt's  Expl.  and  Sanf.  Wcit  of  lOOtb  Metid.  V,  ZoClc^, 

137C.  U*. 

43  V 


^ 


nun 


„M 


674 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


.  m:;.!' 


Vi 


liiilil! 


'i  ■.  1  ^l; 


Var.  IIUD80NIU8. 
Eastern  Chickaree. 

Average  length  from  (he  end  of  the  nose  to  the  base  of  the  tail  6.75 
(li)r  New  En^^Iand  specimens);  tail,  to  end  of  vertebra?,  4.50;  tail,  to  end 
of  htiirs,  about  6.00.  Above,  pale  grayish-fiilvous,  each  hair  narrowly  once  or 
twice  ringed  with  black;  below,  pure  white,  or  white  with  faint  annulations 
of  black.  Generally,  the  middle  of  the  bock  is  red,  this  color  forming  a 
broad  mesial  band,  extending  from  the  front  of  the  head  continuously  to  the 
end  of  the  vertebrae  of  the  tail.  In  many  specimens,  there  is  a  short,  con- 
spicuous, black,  lateral  line.  The  ears  are  blackish  toward  and  at  the  end, 
and  have,  in  winter,  a  short,  bushy  pencil,  or  tuft.  The  upper  surface  of  the 
iieet  is  generally  more  or  less  tawny,  often  bright  golden,  but  sometimes  is 
of  the  same  tint  as  the  sides  of  the  body.  The  tail  above  is  centrally  of 
the  same  color  as  the  back,  bordered  with  a  conspicuous,  broad  bar  of  black, 
and  edged  and  tipped  with  yellowish ;  below,  yellowish-gray. 

Diflerent  specimens  from  the  same  locality  vary  greatly  in  color  irre- 
spective of  season  or  sex.  A  small  proportion  of  the  specimens  have  a 
conspicuous  black  lateral  line  separating  the  white  of  the  lower  surface  from 
the  gray  of  the  upper  surface.  Generally,  not  more  than  one  specimen  in  ten 
is  thus  marked,  and  such  specimens  are  found,  on  careful  examination,  to  be 
in  summer  pelage.  Yet  only  a  small  proportion  of  those  in  summer  pelage 
are  thus  marked,  while  I  have  never  met  with  it  in  any  specimen  in  winter 
pelage.  Many  of  thost;  thus  marked  are  evidently  the  young  of  the  year, 
and  I  am  hence  led  tc  believe  that  it  is  a  temporary  feature  of  coloration 
characteristic  of  animals  less  thnn  a  year  old,  and  that  it  permanently  disap- 
pears with  the  first  autumnal  moult.  I  find,  however,  two  specimens  with  a 
di'^tinct  lateral  line  that  are  adult  females.  The  same  mark  occurs  in  the 
other  varieties  of  this  species,  but  it  is  often  alnent  in  those  in  winter  pelage. 
Its  more  frequent  presence  in  specimens  of  the  western  forms  is  easily 
explainable,  in  part  at  least,  from  nearly  all  having  been  collected  in  summer. 

The  red  mesial  band  of  the  dorsal  surface  varies  greatly  in  tint  and  in 
breadth,  being  sometimes  merely  a  narrow  line,  and  again  occupying  more 
than  one-third  of  the  dorsal  surface.  The  color  of  this  band  varies  from 
light  yellowish-red  to  dark  cherry-red.  The  hairs  of  the  middle  portion  of 
the  band  are  generally  wholly  red  to  the  ends ;  at  other  times,  they  are  all 


SCIDRID-S!— SCIURUS  HUDSONIUS  VAR.  HUDSONIUS. 


G75 


distinctly  ringed  with  black.  Young  specimens  linving  the  black  lateral  line 
•wholly  lack  the  red  dorsal  stripe,  or  have  it  only  faintly  indicated.  In 
automnal  specimens,  the  black  lateral  line  is  faintly  indicated,  and  the 
middle  of  the  back  has  the  dorsal  stripe  obscurely  defined.  Winter  speci- 
mens, ns  a  mle,  are  decidedly  redder  than  summer  specimens.  Examples 
frum  the  same  locality,  collected  at  the  same  season,  vary  greatly. in  respect 
to  the  tint  of  the  red  dorsal  band,  as  well  as  in  respect  to  its  extent.  No.  1484 
(Coll.  M.  C.  Z.),  a  winter  specimen  from  Maine,  has  the  dorsal  band  very  broad 
<md  of  a  light  ycllbwish-red ;  this  specimen  is  one  of  tlie  lightest  of  the 
whole  series.  Others,  howcer,  are  scarcely  darker,  imperceptibly  grading 
into  No.  2491  (Coll.  M.  C.  Z.),  also  frum  Maine  (but  taken  in  November),  in 
which  the  dorsal  stripe  is  dark  red,  annulated  with  black,  the  red  being  nearly 
as  dark  os  in  the  lighter  phases  of  van  rickfttdsoni. 

The  lower  surfoce  is  generally  pure  wiiitei  with  the  hairs  dusky  at  the 
base ;  sometimes  grayish- white,  in  consequence,  in  part,  of  the  duskiness  of 
the  base  of  the  hairs  being  only  partly  hidden  by  the  white  tips,  and  in  part 
from  the  white  tips  of  the  hairs  being  annulated  with  black.  In  a  large 
proportion  of  the  specimens,  the  hi^irs.of  the  lower  surface  are  in  part  annu- 
lated near  the  tips  with  black ;  in  some  specimens,  nearly  all  are  so  annulated, 
giving  a  distinctly  grayish  aspect  to  the  ventral  surface ;  in  man;  otheis,  a 
close  inspection  is  necessary  in  order  to  discover  any  that  are  annulated  ;  not 
a  few  are  absolutely  without  dusky  annulations.  Summer  specimens  with  a 
black  latemMine  have  the  ventral  surface  intensely  white,  the  white  extending 
nearly  to.  tlic  base  of  the  hairs.  The  dusky  annulations  are  more  developed 
in  northern  specimens  than  in  southern;  but  Massachusetts  specimens  fre- 
quently present  them.  They  are  more  common  in  specimens  from  Maine, 
while  in  specimens  from  Nova  Scotia,  Labrador,  and  tha  Fur  Countries  these 
dusky  annulations  form  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  .coloration. 

As  already  noted,  the  color  of  the  feet  varies  from  pale  fulvous-gray  to 
rusty-golden.  The  general  color  of  the  dorsal  surface  (including  the  upper 
surface  of  tiie  tail)  varies  from  quite  pure  gray  to  pale  fulvous,  annulated  with 
black.  The  ears  are  generally  dusky  or  blackish  on  the  dorsal  surface,  washed 
with  fulvous  or  rufous;  in  winter,  bushy-haired  and  penciled;  in  summer, 
covered  merely  with  short  hqirs. 

In  summer,  the  soles  of  the  feet  are  naked,  often  wholly  so  to  the  heel; 
in  winter,  they  arc  wholly  thickly  furred,  only  the  tiibercles  nt  the  base  of' 


';i|l|:!iil! 


M'^^^] 


I? 


mm 


676 


MONOGBAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


the  toes  being  naked.  The  general  pelage  is  also  much  fuller,  longer,  and 
softer  in  winter  than  in  summer. 

The  skull  presents  the  usual  range  of  individual  variation  so  often  noted 
in  these  papers,  especially  in  respect  to  the  form  of  the  nasal  bones.  These 
vary  greatly  in  width,  especially  posteriorly,  and  alw  in  respect  to  length. 
In  skulls  of  the  same  general  size,  the  width  of  the  nasals  posteriorly  varies 
from  0.10  to  0.15  of  an  inch,  or  nearly  33  per  cent,  of  the  average  width. 
They  also  vary  greatly  in  respect  to  their  posterior  outlines,  being  generally 
more  or  less  emarginate,  but  vary  from  squarely  truncate  to  deeply  emarginate. 
As  already  noted  in  the  general  remarks  upon  the  genus  Sciurus,  the  first 
premolar  is  generally  present,  though  often  so  minute  as  to  reatiily  escape 
detectioti.  I  find  it  more  frequently  present  in  New  England  specimens 
than  in  those  from  Fort  Simpson,  H.  B.  T.  In  the  former,  it  is  to  be  found 
in  about  two  specimens  out  of  three ;  in  the  latter,  in  only  about  one  in  six! 
It  is  also  pretty  uniformly  present  in  Pennsylvania  specimevis. 

As  shown  by  the  subjoined  tables  of  measurements,  northern  specimens 
are  considerably  larger  than  southern  ones.  Specimens  from  Minnesota,  and 
thence  westward  to  the  Black  Hills,  appear  to  be  larger  than  those  from  the 
Fur  Countries,  as  oil  en  happens  in  other  species  of  North  American  Mammals. 
On  the  other  hand,  Pennsylvania  specimens  are  larger  tlian  those  from 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and  Maine.  Taking  the  skulls  as  a  basis 
for  comparison,  twelve  skulls  from  Upton,  Me.,  have  an  average  length  of 
1.73,  while  ten  skulls  from  Greensburg,  Pa.,  average  1.80.  Ten  others 
from  Fort  Simpson,  H.  B.  T.,  average  very  nearly  1.85,  or  0.12  (about  one- 
seventh)  more  than  those  from  Maine.  The  length  of  fully  adult  specimens 
from  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  (measured  from  the  end  of  the  nose  to  the 
base  of  the  tail)  rarely  exceeds  6.75,  and  very  often  falls  below  G.50; 
Massachusetts  specimens  frequently  exceed  7.00,  and  not  often  full  below  6.75 
while  Pennsylvania  specimens  are  still  larger.  Specimens  from  the  Fur 
Countries  are  still  larger,  apparently  averaging  7.75. 

In  respect  to  other  geographical  variations,  8])ecimens  from  high  northern 
localities  are  paler  and  more  fulvous  than  those  from  the  United  States,  and 
are  more  annulated  beneath  with  black.  The  brightest  or  reddest  specimens 
in  the  collection  are  from  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio,  in  which,  also, 
annulations  below  are  infrequent  New  England  specimens  arc  scarcely 
different  in  color  from  those  from  the  Middle  States;  Maine  specimens  boing, 


SCIURID^-rSOIDBUS  HDDS0NIU8  VAB.  KIOaABDSONr. 


677 


on  tlie  whole,  rather  more  distinctly  annulated  with  black  below.  Nova 
Scotia  and  Labrador  specimens,  as  well  as  those  from  the  different  posts  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  and  Alaska,  have  the  hairs  of  the  ventral  surface 
ver^  strongly  annulated,  and  the  dorsal  band  narrower  and  paler,  often  inclining 
strongly  to  fulvous.  Specimens  from  the  Upper  Missouri,  Yellowstone,  and 
Black  Hills  are  paler,  and  hence  more  fulvous,  than  those  from  east  of  the 
Mississippi. 

Var.  BICUARD80NI. 

Richardsori's  Chickaree, 

Vabietal  Chabs. — Length,  from  end  of  nose  to  base  of  tail,  about  7.50; 
tail  to  end  of  vertebrse  about  5.90 ;  to  end  of  hairs  7.60.  Above  pale  yel- 
lowish-gray; middle  of  the  back  dork  brownish-red;  beneath  white,  more  or 
less  distinctly  annulated  with  black,  as  in  norliiern  examples  of  var.  hu(honiut. 
Generally,  the  gray  of  the  dorsal  surface  is  separated  from  the  white  of  the 
ventral  surface  by  a  conspicuous  black  line.  Tail  centrally  above  like  the 
middle  of  the  back,  with  a  broad  subterminal  bar  of  intense  black  faintly 
washed  with  yellowish-gray;  often  the  terminal  third  is  wholly  block  exter- 
nally; beneath,  the  tail  is  centrally  reddish-gray,  bordered  with  bkck  faintly 
washed  with  yellowish-gray.  Ears  black  at  the  tip,  bushy-tufted  Feet  gen- 
erally of  the  same  gray  tint  as  the  sides  of  the  body,  but  sometimes  reddisii. 

The  general  color  above  varies  from  yellowish-brown  to  dark  reddish- 
chestnut,  with  annulations  of  black.  The  rufous  of  the  dorsal  surface  is 
generally  strongest  along  the  mesial  line,  where  it  frequently  forms  a  broad 
dorsal  band,  which  gradually  passes  into  the  color  of  the  sides  of  the  back. 
The  black  lateral  line  is  generally  well  marked,  often  very  prominent,  even 
in  winter  specimens,  but  is  occasionally  wholly  obsolete.  The  hairs  of  the 
toil  are  generally  dark  chestnut-red  at  the  base,  with  a  broad  subterminal  bar 
of  black,  and  are  tipped  with  yellowish-white.  In  some  of  the  specimens,  as 
those  from  Saint  Mary's,  Rocky  Mountains,  (he  tail  is  almost  wholly  jet-black ; 
generally  the  hairs  are  reddish,  often  dark  reddish-chestnut  at  the  base, 
with  pale  yellowish-gray  tips. 

This  variety  appears  to  reach  its  extreme  phase  of  developnient  in  the 
vicinity  of  Saint  Mary's  and  the  Bitter  Boot  Valley  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Specimens  from  about  Fort  Benton  and  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  Montana  and  Northern  Wyoming  are  less  strongly  marked, 
but  generally  incline  more  to  this  variety  than  to  var. /rr »i<»i/t  or  than  to  hud- 


11 


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iff 


678 


MOKOGBAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  ItQDENTIA. 


sonius  proper.  Two  specimens,  however,  from  Chief  Mountain  Lake,  forty- 
ninth  parallel,  nearly  typically  represent  this  variety.  On  the  other  hand,  speci- 
mens from  the  Cascade  Range  and  thence  westward  merge  gradually  into 
van  doufflam,  difTering  mainly  from  the  latter  in  being  white  below  instead 

of  fulvous. 

Var.  oouGLAsai. 

Western  Chickaree. 

Varietal  Chars. — Length  to  base  of  tail  7.50;  toil-vertebrje  475;  tail  to 
end  of  hairs  6.75.  Above  fuscous,  minutely  varied  with  pale  rufous  and  black, 
the  middle  of  the  baCk  more  or  less  dark  rufescent.  Beneath  varying  from 
white  through  pale  fulvous  to  bright  tawny  and  buffy-orange ;  at  the  north- 
ward, much  annulated  with  black,  as  in  var.  hudsonius.  In  winter  specimens, 
the  ears  are  conspicuously  tufted  with  black.  A  prominent  black  lateral  line, 
especially  in  summer  specimens.  Tail  gray,  fulvous  or  rufous  centrally,  with 
a  broad  subterminal  bar  of  black,  and  a  broad  edging  of  pure  white,  gray,  or 
fulvous. 

The  specimens  in  the  collection  vary  considerably  in  respect  to  the  color 
of  the  dorsal  surface,  and  still  more  so  in  respect  to  that  of  the  ventral  sur- 
fiice.  The  general  color  of  the  upper  surface  is  fuscous  yellowish-brown, 
minutely  varied  with  black,  with  the  middle  of  the  back  generally  more  or 
ie^s  strongly  dark  reddish-brown,  forming  sometimes  a  well  defined  dorsal 
band,  as  in  var  richardsoni.  Often  the  middle  of  the  back  is  not  perceptibly 
more  rufous  than  the  sides,  and,  when  it  is  so,  the  color  of  the  middle  of  the 
back  generally  fades  gradually  into  the  general  color.  Specimens  from  the 
same  locality  vary  greatly  in  tint,  both  above  and  below.  Tiius,  the  Fort 
Crook  specimens  vary  in  the  tint  of  the  middle  of  the  back  from  dark  chest- 
nut-brown to  reddish-yellow,  and  in  the  general  color  above  from  fuscous  red- 
dish-brown to  clear  gray,  faintly  tinged  with  fulvous.  The  lower  surface  in 
the  same  specimens  varies  from  pure  white  to  gamlwge-yellow.  The  tail 
varies  in  color  to  a  similar  degree,  in  some  being  centrally  gray  above,  with  a 
subterminal  broad  bar  of  black  and  a  white  border;  while  in  others  the  gray 
is  replaced  by  fulvous-gray,  or  even  by  dark  rufous. 

The  Fort  Steilacoom  specimens  are  equally  variable,  and  also  differ 
quite  appreciably  in  the  average  from  the  Fort  Crook  specimens.  No.  1958 
has  the  dorsal  surface,  including  the  tail,  exactly  as  in  a  common  dark  phase 


SCIUBIDJB— SOIUBUS  HDDSONIUS  TAB.  D0U0LAS8I. 


679 


of  var.  hudsonius, — for  instance,  like  No.  2043,  from  Mount  Joy,  Pn., 
and  quite  a  number  of  others  from  New  Yori{,  Massachusetts,  and  Maine. 
The  lower  suifoce,  however,  is  rich  buff.  Other  specimens  are  somewliat 
similar,  differing  in  being  darker  above  and  paler  l)elow.  Specimens  from 
Puget's  Sound  are  profusely  annulated  below  with  black,  while  this  feature  is 
absent  in  California  specimens.  The  tail  differs  as  widely  in  different  speci- 
mens as  it  does  in  typical  examples  respectively  of  varieties  hudsonius  and 
fremonti,  in  some  examples  being  gray  and  black,  edged  wi«h  white,  in  others 
deep  rufous  and  black,  edged  with  pale  yellow.  As  will  be  further  noticed 
under  var.  fremonti,  some  of  the  Fort  Crook  specimens  are  almost  exactly 
like  Colorado  examples  of /remon^t,  while  others  are  intermediate  between 
these  and  the  usual  southern  phase  of  var.  douglassi. 

In  respect  to  the  dorsal  surface,  varieties  douglassi  and  richardsoni  are 
often  indistinguishable,  the  fulvous  color  of  the  lower  surface  in  douglassi 
being  the  only  feature  that  serves  to  separote  them.  No.  8777,  from  the 
Lower  Kwichpak,  is  exactly  intermediate  between  them,  while  other  speci- 
mens still  further  show  a  gradual  intergradation.  Var  douglassi  is  merely 
var.  richardsoni  with  the  under  parts  tawny  instead  of  white.  This  varies, 
as  already  noted,  in  specimens  taken  at  the  same  locality  and  season,  from 
pale  huffy-gray  to  bright  reddish-tawny  or  orange.  In  other  specimens,  the 
tawny  is  reduced  to  the  faintest  shade  of  fulvous,  or  is  wholly  replaced  by 
pure  white.  The  median  dorsal  band  is  sometimes  wholly  absent,  though 
generally  faintly  traceable,  and  at  other  times  is  strongly  developed.  The 
color  of  the  tail  vories  with  the  intensity  of  the  tawny  of  the  lower  surface 
of  the  body.  In  those  with  a  pale  shade  of  tawny  below,  the  hairs  of  the 
tail  are  yellowish-gray  at  the  base  and  tipped  with  white.  In  those  otter- 
yellow  below,  the  tail-hairs  are  strongly  yellowish  at  base  and  tipped  with 
yellowish-white.  The  light  ring  surrounding  the  eye  similarly  varies  from 
yellowish-white  to  tawny. 

In  winter,  the  pelage  is  much  softer  and  fuller  than  in  summer;  the  ears 
are  then  tufted,  and  the  soles  densely  furred.  In  summer,  the  ears  are  gen- 
erally tuftless,  and  the  soles  are  more  or  less  naked. 

Var.  FBEHONTI. 
Fr4monCs  Chickaree. 
Varietal  Chabs. — Length  of  head  and  body  7.76;  tail  to  end  of  vertebra 
4.75;  tail  to  end  of  hairs  6.50.  Above  dusky  yellow^ish-gray ;  beneath  pure  white 


fW 


680 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


1:    «.• 


I  ft  li  Rl ' 


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i  y 


'111)' 


III 


•  h'i\ 


or  grnyish-wbite,  rarely  with  fuiiit  annulnlions  of  blnck.  In  Buminer  speci- 
mens, there  is  generally  a  more  or  less  distinct  black  lateral  line;  in  many, 
it  is,  however,  nearly  obsolete,  and  is  sometimes  wholly  absent,  as  it  appears 
to  be  generally  in  winter  specimens.  The  tail  is  black,  edged  with  gray;  the 
terminal  third,  however,  often  wholly  black.  The  tail-hairs  are  at  the  base 
generally  gray,  but  sometimes  more  or  less  fulvous,  and  ev.en  rufous. 

In  this  variety,  the  middle  of  the  back  is  not  generally  redder  than  the 
rest  of  the  dorsal  surface;  the  reddibh  dorsal  bund,  so  characteristic  of  the 
other  varieties,  being  absent.  The  general  color  above  is  hence  nearly  uniform 
gray,  more  or  less  strongly  tinged  with  yellowish-  or  reddish-brown.  The 
tail  generally  has  olso  no  fulvous  or  rufous  at  tbe  base  of  the  hairs,  which  are 
gray  at  base  and  tipped  with  whitish.  These  are  the  two  rincipal  features 
of  distinction  between  the  present  variety  and  vars.  richard«L  it  and  doitglam. 
Specimens,  however,  from  various  localities,  have  more  or  less  red  or  fulvous 
at  the  base  of  the  tail-hairs,  and,  in  some  specimens,  the  toil  is  washed  with 
pale  yellowish  instead  of  white.  In  the  extreme  phase  of  this  species,  the 
tail  is  centrally  above  pure  light  gray,  sometimes  tinge*!  slightly  with  yel- 
lowish or  rufous.  No.  11679,  from  Fort  Garland,  Colo.,  has  the  tail 
centrally  reddish-yellow  to  the  end  of  the  vertebrse,  and  edged  with  pale 
yellowish-white.  The  general  color  varies  from  pale  fulvous,  varied  n)inutcly 
with  black,  to  strong  yellowish-rufous.  The  sides  are  usually  paler  than  the 
back,  but  there  is  never  a  well  defined  dorsal  band.  The  feet  and  outer  side 
of  the  limbs  are  frequently  golden. 

\&r,  fremonti  ranges  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  middle  portion  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  (some  of  the  specimens  from  Fort  Crook, 
Cal.,  being  undistinguishnble  from  Colorado  ones)  and  from  New  Mexico 
to  Southern  Montana  and  Idaho.  Specimens  from  Bear  Creek,  Oregou, 
and  from  the  Uintah  Mountains  ore  typically  of  this  variety;  Fort  Bridger 
specimens  are  nearly  so.  Farther  northward,  it  passes  into  var.  richardsoni, 
and  in  Colifornia  merges  imperceptibly  into  var.  douglasd.  Several  of  the 
California  specimens  (Nos  3848  and  3846,  from  Fort  Crook)  have  the  under 
parts  pure  white,  the  tail  centrally  gray  and  was  bed  with  white,  and  the 
upper  surface  uniformly  colored;  hence  closely  resembling  var.  fremonti. 
Others  (Nos.  3316  and  4664),  from  the  same  locality,  are  strongly  fulvous 
beneath,  like  some  (No.  1160,  for  example)  of  the  specimens  from  the  Upper 
Des  Chutes  Valley,  and  even  more  strongly  so  than  Nos.  1956  and  1420, 


SCIURID^— SCIUBD8  HUDSONIUS  VAR.  FBEMONTI. 


681 


respectively  from  Forts  Steilacoom  and  Vancouver,  which  unquestionably  rep* 
resent  vnr.  douglassi.  No.  4G65  (from  T'ort  Crook)  is  less  fulvous  than  Nos. 
3316  and  4G64,  while  in  No.  3847  this  tint  is  barely  traceable,  thus  forming 
the  passage  to  Nos.  3848  and  3846,  which  are  wholly  white  below.  In  No. 
3847,  the  dorsal  surface  is  quite  strongly  red,  especially  mesially,  this  tint 
being  continued  into  the  tail ;  but  the  lower  parts  show  no  trace  of  fulvous. 
Other  specimens  have  the  middle  of  the  back  faintly  rufous.  In  these  speci- 
mens, the  pelage  is  fine  and  soft,  and  the  gray  of  the  upper  surface  is  gener* 
ally  less  fulvous  than  in  Colorado  specimens. 

Specimens  from  the  Wind  River  Mountain  region  of  Nortiiwestern  Wy- 
oming present  a  peculiar  combination  of  the  characters  of  the  three  varieties 
(fremonti,  hudtoniui,  and  richardsoni)  whose  habitats  there  meet,  very  few 
of  the  specimens  typically  representing  either  variety,  while  not  a  few  of 
them  are  almost  as  well  referable  to  one  variety  as  to  the  other.  As  already 
noticed,  in  the  region  of  the  Block  Hills  var.  hudsonius  loses  much  of  its 
redness ;  the  dorsal  band  becomes  less  distinct ;  the  middle  of  the  tail  is 
paler;  and  the  edging  of  the  tail  is  yellowish-gray,  instead  of  bright  fulvous, 
or  yellowish-red,  as  is  the  case  in  eastern  specimens.  In  specimens  from 
tiie  sources  of  the  Yellowstone  River,  particularly  in  those  from  the  head  of 
the  Gros  Ventres  Fork,  the  Geyser  region  of  the  Yellowstone,  etc.,  we  have 
generi: '  a  strong  approach  to  var.  richardsoni,  combined  with  some  of  the 
featurt...  of  hudaonius,  as  the  indistinct  darkening  of  the  middle  of  the  dorsal 
region,  the  increase  of  black  in  the  tail,  and  a  deepening  of  the  rufous  of  the 
base  of  the  tail-hairs  to  dull  reddish-chestnut  In  other  specimens,  the  dor- 
sal surfiice  is  like  the  dorsal  surface  in  var.  fremonti,  with  the  tail  presenting 
a  combination  of  the  characters  of  vare.  richardsoni  and  hudsonius.  No.  9823, 
from  Yellowstone  Lake,  has  the  dorsal  surface  as  in  Black  Hills  specimens 
of  var.  hudsonius,  and  also  as  in  very  fulvous  specimens  of  var.  fremonti,  while 
the  rufous  of  the  tail  is  that  of  var.  richardsoni,  but  accompanied  with  much 
less  black  than  is  seen  in  typical  examples  of  the  latter.  Other  specimens 
have  the  color  of  the  dorsal  surface  exactly  as  in  average  specimens  of  var. 
fremonti,  with  the  characters  of  the  tail  variously  intermediate  between  vars, 
hudsonius  and  richardsoni,  perhaps  on  the  whole  more  resembling  hudsonius. 
Wind  River  Valley  specimens  are  much  more  reddish  above,  with  a  tendency 
to  a  well  defined  dorsal  band,  while  in  some  there  is  scarcely  more  black  in 
the  tail  than  in  average  examples  of  var.  hudsonius,  the  rufous  of  which,  hpw'^ 


682 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


<    ■■ 


i  .1 


ever,  io  much  bruwner.  Specimens  without  ihe  dorsal  band,  and  with  more 
black  in  the  tail,  also  so  approach  \ar.  fremonti  as  to  be  an  well  referable  to 
this  as  to  var.  hudsonius.  Some  of  the  Uintah  Mountain  specimens  also  pre- 
sent a  decided  approach  toward  var.  richardsoni. 

OENEBAL   REMARKS   R£ori::CTIHa  S01UBU8  HUDSONIUS   AND   ITS  TABIETIE8. 

Differential  ciiaractebs  and  affinities.— The  four  subspecies  of  Set* 
vrus  hudionius,  namely,  hudsonius,richardsoni.doui!lam,  aad /remonti,  are  gener- 
ally readily  distinguishable  by  their  coloratii>n,  especially  by  the  markings  of  tha 
tail.  In  respect  to  size,  var.  hudsonius,  as  represented  in  the  United  States, 
is  rather  smaller  than  either  of  the  others,  but  examples  from  Alaska  and 
British  North  America  equal  the  largest  specimens  of  the  other  varieties. 
Vars.  richardsoni,  douglassi,  and  fremonti  do  not  differ  materially  in  size.  All 
the  varieties  except  fremonti  have  usually  a  more  or  less  distinct  reddish 
band  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  wliich  extends  from  the  top  of  the  head 
nearly  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  This,  in  var.  hudsonius,  is  yellowish-red;  in  vars. 
richardsoni  and  fremonti,  it  is  of  a  much  darker  tint,  generally  dark  brownish- 
red.  All  are  white  or  grayish-white  below,  except  var.  douglassi,  rvbich  has 
the  ventral  surface  fulvous  or  huffy.  The  northern  representatives  of  the 
three  northern  varieties  (hudsonius,  richardsoni,  and  douglassi)  are  generally 
finely  annulated  on  the  ventral  surface  with  black;  in  their  southern  repre- 
sentatives and  in  var.  fremonti,  these  annulations  are  generally  absent  The 
dorsal  surface  in  all  is  finely  annulated  with  black,  the  general  color  varying 
from  fulvous  to  rufous-gray.  A  conspicuous  black  lateral  line  is  more  or  less 
prevalent  in  all,  especially  in  summer,  and  particubrly  among  young  specimens 
of  var.  hudtionius.  In  winter,  it  is  frequently,  if  not  generally,  absent  in  all, 
and  in  var.  hudsonius  almost  invariably  so;  late  in  autumn,  it  is  generally 
obscure. 

Var.  hudsonius  is  distinguished  by  its  lighter  and  more  fulvous  tints, 
being  above  generally  pale  yellowish-gray  or  grayi«>h- fulvous,  finely  annulated 
with  black,  with  generally  a  rather  broad  dorsal  stripe  of  yellowish- red.  The 
middle  of  the  tail  dorsally  is  of  the  same  color  '.is  the  middle  of  the  back ; 
the  central  reddish  portion  is  bounded  with  blauk,  the  latter  being  fringed 
with  jwle  yellow. 

Var.  richardsoni  differs  mainly  from  var.  hudsonius  in  the  general  color 
of  the  upper  surface  being  darker  pr  more  rufous,  with  the  dorsal  stripe 


SCIDKID^-SCIURDS  DUDSONIDS  AKD  VABa 


G83 


brownish-red,  and  iu  the  central  portion  of  the  tail  being  also  dark  brownish- 
red,  with  the  enclosing  black  bar  much  broader  and  purer  black  and  more 
narrowly  fringp-d  with  yellowish.  Ofleii  the  terminal  half  of  the  tail  is  almost 
wholly  black. 

Var.  oouglatsi  generally  diflferg  little  in  the  general  color  of  the  dorsal 
Rurfacc  i'rom  var.  ricliardaoni,  being,  on  the  whole,  rather  darker  or  more 
fuBCor.g.  The  tail,  however,  is  less  black,  and  is  more  broadly  fringed  with 
yeUdwish-white.  The  central  portion  (dorsally)  is  generally  less  strongly 
fcrruginoufi,  varying  sometimes  to  gray.  The  ventral  surface  of  the  body, 
however,  is  tawny,  thus  furnishing,  in  typical  examples,  a  very  obvious 
distinctive  feature. 

Yar.  fremonti  generally  lacks  the  central  dorsal  stripe,  and  the  fulvous 
of  the  upjier  surface  inclines  more  strongly  to  yellow.  The  tail  is  generally 
gray  centrally  above  (sometimes  more  or  less  fulvous  or  rufous),  with  a  broad 
enclosing  zone  of  black,  broadly  fringed  with  pure  white. 

These  vorieties,  in  theirextreme  phases,  appear  very  distinct,  yet  wherever 
their  respective  habitats  meet  their  characters  become  very  much  blended. 
Thus,  as  alreody  noted,  in  Northwestern  Wyoming,  where  meet  the  habitats 
of  varieties  hudnonius,  rkhardsoni,  andfremonti,  a  considerable  proportion  of 
the  specimens  received  from  this  region  can  scarcely  be  referred  to  one  of 
the  varieties  rather  than  to  another.  Many  of  the  specimens  present  distinctly 
traces  of  the  leading  characteristics  of  the  three  forms ;  others,  while  present- 
ing considerable  resemblance  to  hudnonius,  incline  most  strongly  to  var. 
rkhardsoni;  others,  again,  toward  fremonti.  Others  still,  both  from  this 
region  and  from  localities  much  farther  westward,  combine  the  leading 
features  of  ^ars.  richardaoni  and  fremonti.  Specimens  from  the  region  where 
the  habitats  of  richardtoni  and  douglassi  meet  are  again  variously  intermediate 
between  these  two  forms,  being  generally  distinguishable  only  by  the  color  of 
the  ventral  surface.  In  California,  where  the  habitats  of  doug/utsi  ai}d  fre- 
monii  meet,  the  same  localities  furnish  typical  examples  of  each  form,  with 
others  variously  intermediate  between  them.  Professor  Baird,  in  1867,  with  far 
leas  material  before  him  than  has  passed  under  the  examination  of  the  present 
writer,  in  referring  to  the  gray-tailed  s|iecimens  from  California,  says: — "In 
this  condition  the  tail  exactly  resembles,  in  every  respect,  that  of  S.  fremonti, 
and  the  two  [iSi.  douglasai  and  S.  fremonti],  comparing  Nos.  1160  [S.  douglassi 
from  the  Upper  Des  Chutes]  and  520  [S.  fremonti  from  Sawatch  Pass, 


1 


'!     'r 


I    '     1 


liU' 


Is  I 


Isii.-i; 


684 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  KORTH  AMERICAS  HODBNTIA. 


Rocky  Mountains],  could  not  be  distinguished  from  encli  oJher,  except  by 
the  wliite  belly  of  the  latter.  I  consider  it  qnite  possible,  if  not  very 
probable,  that  these  may  be  two  varieties  of  color  of  the  same  species."* 

Geographical  distribution. — The  habitat  of  Sciurut  hudsonius  (includ- 
ing under  this  term  its  several  varieties)  embraces  the  greater  part  of  the 
North  American  continent,  extending  northward  to  the  limit  of  forest  vegeta- 
tion and  southward  over  the  northern  two-thirds  of  the  United  States.  The 
eastern  variety  (subspecies  hudtoniw)  has  a  far  more  extensive  range  than  all 
of  the  others  together;  its  habitat  embracing  nearly  all  of  North  America 
(north  of  about  lat.  34°)  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  extending  north- 
westward over  most  of  Alaska.  Its  southern  limit  in  the  United  States  is 
quite  irregular,  terminating  on  the  Atlantic  coast  near  the  Delaware  Bay, 
but  occupying  the  highlands  of  the  interior  as  far  southward  as  Northern 
Georgia  and  Northern  Alabama,  while  one  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the 
National  Museum  is  labelled  as  coming  from  as  far  south  as  Monticello, 
Miss.  In  the  vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  C,  it  is  occasionally  found :  I  have 
lately  seen  a  specimen  from  this  locality,  regarded  as  a  rarity  by  the  local 
collectors.  In  the  Mississippi  Valley,  it  is  not  common  south  of  Central  Illi- 
nois and  Northern  Missouri.  Woodhouse,  however,  notes  its  occurrence 
in  the  Indian  Territory.  Northward,  it  is  reported  from  Labrador  and  the 
region  about  Hudson's  Bay,  and  specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  as  fur 
north  as  Fort  Anderson,  the  Yukon  River,  and.Nulato.  It  extends  westward 
to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Subspecies  richardsoni  inhabits  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  Western 
Montana  and  Northern  Idaho,  ranging  thence  westward  to  the  Cascade  Range 
and  northward  considerably  into  British  America,  but  to  what  distance  is 
thus  far  not  definitely  known.  Subspecies  douglas»i  occupies  the  Pacific 
coast  from  Central  California  northward  to  British  Columbia,  but  is  confined 
mainly  to  the  narrow  belt  west  of  the  Coast  Ranges.  Its  northern  limit  is 
not  yet  known,  but  it  ranges  northward  to  Sitka,  and  probably  to  Southern 
Alaska.  Subspecies  fremonti  occupies  the  more  southern  |M)rtion  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  from  Southern  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico,  and  thence 
westward  over  Utah,  Southern  Idaho,  and  Nevada  to  California  It  is  quite 
[tuundant  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  there  are  also  specimens  in  the 
collection  from  the  Uintah  Mountains. 

•  Monim.  N.  Amor.  p.  SJ7. 


SCICBIDiE-SOlUBUa  HUUSONlUa  AND  VAR8. 


685 


Geoorapiiical  variation. — Subspecies  hudnonius,  an  already  noted, 
varies  considerubly  in  xizc  and  color  with  locality.  As  a  rule,  northern 
•pecimens  are  considerably  larger  than  southern  ones;  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
New  England  specimens  arc  much  smaller  than  (hose  from  Central  Pennsyl- 
vania or  than  those  from  localities  farther  west  having  the  same  latitude  as  New 
England  Specimens  from  Minnesota  and  thence  westward  are  omong  the 
largest  examine<l.  Northern  specimens,  as  also  those  from  the  Black  Hills, 
arc  paler  or  more  fulvous  than  specimens  from  the  eastern  portions  of  the 
United  States ;  they  are,  at  the  same  time,  more  distinctly  annulated  below 
with  block.  Specimens  from  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  are  hence  more 
intensely  white  below  and  more  rufous  above  than  those  from  more  northern 
localities.  Var.  richardsoni  appears  to  attain  its  greatest  degree  of  special- 
ization in  the  Bitter  Root  Range,  near  the  eastern  boundary  of  Idaho  Terri- 
tory, ranging  more  toward  the  hudaoniut  phase  farther  eastward,  and  toward 
frmtOH(i  and  douglasti  respectively  southward  and  westward.  Var.  dou^lassi 
varies  quite  markedly  with  the  latitude,  soulhern  specimens  being  smaller 
than  northern  ones,  and  somewhat  differently  colored,  especially  in  being 
less  annulated  with  black  below.  War.  fremorUi  appears  to  be  more  constant 
in  its  coloration  than  either  of  the  others,  and  the  differences  presented  by 
different  specimens  appear  to  be  more  individual  than  geographical. 

Stkohtmy  and  nomenclature. — Neither  of  the  varieties  of  Sciurus 
hudtonius  has  any  very  prominent  synonyms.  The  eastern  form  was  at  first 
referred  by  Forster  to  the  Sciurus  vulgaris  of  Europe.  Erxleben,  in  1777, 
likewise  referred  if  to  S.  vulgaris,  but  distinguished  it  as  var.  hudsoniciM. 
The  following  year  it  was  dtscribed  by  Pallas  under  the  name  Sciurus  hud- 
sonim,  by  which  name  it  has  ever  since  been  currently  known.  Ord  (accord- 
ing to  Baird),  in  1815,  applied  to  it  the  name  carolinus.  The  name  rubro- 
Hneatiu  of  Desmarest  is  the  name  of  a  nominal  species,  recognized  by  only 
a  few  writers,  referable  to  hudsonius.  Following  the  strict  rule  of  priority, 
the  name  should  probably  be  written  hudsonicus  (from  Erxleben),  this  being 
the  first  distinctive  appellation  given  to  this  form,  it  having  apparently  a  pri- 
ority of  one  year  over  hudsonius. 

The  next  form  designated  by  a  systematic  name  is  var.  douglassi,  first 
named  by  Gray  in  1836,  and  first  described  by  Bachman  in  1838.  It  is  the 
"Small  Brown  Squirrel"  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  the  "Sciurus  hudsonius 
▼ar.  J?"  of  Richardson,  based  on  Lewis  and  Clarke's  description.    Gray 


^i 


686 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


■  tm 


{ 


renamed  the  same  form  helcheri  in  1842,  and  BairH,  in  1855,  distinguished 
Sciurus  suckteyi,  which  two  years  later,  after  the  reception  of  additional 
specimens,  ho  himself  referred  to  douglassL  The  S.  lanuginosus  of  Bach- 
man  is  based  on  a  white-bellied,  light-colored  specimen,  said  by  Townsend 
io  have  been  collected  at  Sitka.  It  agrees  very  well  with  the  light-colored, 
white-bellied  phase  of  douglasxi  from  Fort  Crook,  Cal,  and  I  have  little 
doubt  is  referable  to  douglassi.  ProfesRor  Baird,  however,  regarded  it,  afl;er 
an  examination  of  the  specimen,  as  an  albinistic  example  of  S.  richardsoni, 
admitting,  however,  that  it  is  possibly  referable  to  douglassi,  which  view  the 
locality,  if  correctly  stated,  certainly  favors.  To  this  variety  is  also  refera- 
ble the  S.  moliipiloms  of  Audubon  and  Bachman,  1)ased  on  a  specimen  from 
the  "northern  parts  of  California",  in  which  the  lower  parts  were  cinereous, 
slightly  tinged  in  places  with  rufous. 

The  form  next  specifically  distinguished  was  the  S.  richardsoni  of  Bach- 
man, based  on  a  small  specimen  from  the  "higii  range  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, west  of  the  great  chain  "  (probably  the  Bitter  Root  Range).  It  is  not 
tiie  same,  however,  as  the  S.  htidsonius  var.  fi  of  Richardson,  as  supposed 
by  Bachman.  This  is  the  origin  of  the  name  richardsoni,  which  appears  to 
have  no  synonyms. 

Var. /rcOTon/i  was  first  described  by  Audubou  and  Ba>'hman,  in  18.^3, 
from  a  specimen  collected  by  Frdmi  t  in  the  vicinity  of  the  South  Pass.  A 
second  specimen,  from  Sawatch  Pass,  Avas  described  by  Baird  in  1867,  at 
which  time  these  two  were  the  only  specimens  known.  This  form  is  olso 
fortunately  without  synonyms.  Gray,  in  1867,  regarded  it  as  a  variety  of  5. 
douglassi. 

Since  1857,  when  Professor  Baird  treated  each  of  these  forms  os  dis- 
tinct species,  the  material  available  for  their  study  hos  vastly  increased.  The 
specimens  of  var.  fremonti  have  increased  from  the  two  then  known  to 
upward  of  fifty.  The  five  specimens  of  var.  richardsoni  have  increased  to 
upward  of  forty.  Many  additional  examples  of  var.  douglassi  have  also  come 
to  hand,  together  with  a  large  series  from  Northwestern  Wyoming,  collected 
under  the  auspices  of  the  present  Survey,  illustrating  the  unquestionable 
intergradation  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  forms  with  the  eastern  or  hudsonius 
type.  While  this  additional  material  places  beyond  reasonable  doubt  the 
complete  intergradation  of  these  diverse  geographical  forms,  the  exact 
boundaries  of  their  respective  habitats  remain  yet  to  be  determined,  as  well 


t     ' 


SCIURID^— SOIDRDS  HCDSONIUS  VAK.  HUDSONIUS. 


687 


as  the  peculiar  phases  of  intergradnlion  occurring  over  considerable  areas 
where  adjoining  varieties  presumably  interblend.  Not  less  important  is  the 
large  series  of  the  hudsonius  type  from  Arctic  America,  which,  under  a 
slightly  modified  phase,  is  found  to  range  throughout  the  great  northern  intC' 
rior  of  the  continent  and  northwestward  over  the  larger  portion  of  Alaska  to 
Norton  Sound. 

Table  VI.--Meatumnenta  of  tkirty-four  iper<tmeni  of  Sciuncs  hudsonius  var.  iiudsokius.* 


LocaUtr. 


From  tip  of  noM  to~ 


Tail  to  enil 
of— 


[«Dgtbof— 


I 
I 


Bemarlu. 


IMJ 

4t81 


4WI 

tM 
107)1 
3WT 
38W 

■im 

•03 

w 

tD> 

va 

37« 

ana 

3133 
37  IB 

mi 

DM 

vno 

IJM 
IW 
3>U 
37S4 
1973 
K7 
IW 
MO 


Nulato^  Alaska. . 
Fort    SimpaoD, 

B.aT. 

..do 

G't  Slaro  Lake, 

H.B.1V 
Lake  Winnipeg 
MiDDeapolla.UiD 
Grand  Uenan.. 

..do 

Lake    Ricbanl' 

aoD^Ue. 

...do 

...do 

Oaidinor,  Ua  . . 
Norwnj, He  ... 

...do 

Amhent,  N.  H 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do  ..,\ 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Coucofd,  ICaao  . 
Wobara,  llaaa . 

...do 

Cambrldga,  Uaaa 
Lynn,  Maaa . . 
Maiden,  Maaa 
Sprlnnflald,  MasK 
Carllale,  Vm . 


..do   

Uofltloello,  Hiaa 
BUiabeth,  K.  T 


0.77 
1.03 


0.8S 

am 

0.73 

a  77 

0.78 
0.77 

o.r3 
a79 

0.W 

a83 
aeo 
a  73 

0.69 
0.t!S 
0.B3 
0  77 
0.7B 
0.75 
0.77 
0.83 

asD 
ae3 
a83 

0.73 
0.77 

o.eo 
o.eo 


0.80 

0,80 


1,55 
L7J 


1.00 


1.43 
1.53 
1.40 
1.90 
1.53 

1.55 
1.43 
l.!0 
1.45 
1.90 
1.4! 
L43 
1.90 
1.97 
1.40 
1.4a 
1.43 
1.50 
l.4« 
1.44 
1.47 
1.30 
1.80 
1.4) 
1.40 
1.53 
1.90 


1.90 
1..'.0 


l.Ml 

a,  03 

9,03 
v.  00 

a,  00 

1,90 
1,63 
l.BO 
1.83 

1.83 
1,84 
1.90 

t.eo 

1.83 
1.88 
1,83 
1,99 

i.ro 

i.w 

1.78 
l.CO 
1.00 
l.m 

i.go 

1.00 

i.ro 
aoi 

1.90 
1.93 
1. 90 

a,  00 


1.85 
1.85 
0,00 


7.75 
7.80 

7.80 
7.63 

7.00 
8.90 
0,79 
6.00 
8.00 

6.63 
6,80 
8.63 
6.90 
7.00 
6.78 
&43 
6.10 
6.80 
7.00 
6.43 
S.M 
0.S3 
6.60 
6.80 
6.73 
6,75 
7.95 
6.60 
6.53 
7,90 
T.a3 


7.00 
6.95 
7.93 


4.70 
3k  30 

4.90 
4.70 

4,75 
MO 

a  93 

3.(0 
4.30 

4.00 
4.40 
4.  ,10 
3.63 
4.43 
4,90 
3.00 
4.73 
350 
OlOO 
4.43 
4.37 
4.35 
4.70 
4.U) 
4,70 
3,90 
4.45 
4.70 
4.30 
9.00 
5.00 


5,00 
3.90 

&oa 


6.80 
7.30 

7,00 
6.70 

9.40 
7.00 
5.79 
9.30 
5,40 

6.60 
9.35 
6.90 
5.4.^ 
9.95 
6.70 
6.70 
6.  CO 
5.48 
6.19 
&37 
6.30 
1.10 


1.17 
1.33 


1,03 
1.80 


0.53 
0.68 


6,95 
6,45 
5  40 
0.90 
6.60 
560 
8,69 
6.90 


6.95 
4.95 
6.75 


1.15 
1.17 
1.03 
1.13 
1.15 

1.15 
1.13 
LIS 
LOS 
1.17 
L30 
L90 
L14 
L15 
LM 
LIO 
LI5 
I. '5 
1.15 
1,13 
M4 
UiO 
l.iU 
L33 
L18 
1.18 
L90 


1,10 
0.80 


LBO 
1.80 
1.65 
L70 
L80 

L75 
1.65 
L75 
1,90 
1,63 
1,73 
L88 
Le7 
L78 
L7H 
1.70 
1.89 
1.83 
1,86 
Lt>3 

Leo 

1.89 
La7 
1.75 
LTJ 
L89 
L80 


L79 
1.30 


0,55 
0,57 

a9a 

0.94 
0.97 

0.90 
0,90 
0.48 
0.90 
0.63 
0,69 
0.93 
a65 

aco 
aoo 
a93 
a63 
aoo 

0.90 
0.69 
0.60 
0.63 
0.00 
0.00 
0.53 
0.6T 


Frrab. 
...do. 


..do. 
..do. 


Aleobnlio. 
....do.... 
....do.... 
..  do  .... 
,...do.... 

...do.... 
....do.... 
...do.... 
...do   ... 

...do.... 

...do.... 

...do..., 

...do.... 

...do.... 

...do.... 

...do... 

...do.... 

...do..., 

..do... 

..do... 

..do... 

...do... 

...do... 
..do... 

...do... 

...do... 

...do... 

...do... 
...do... 
Fresh. . . 


Culleetor'ameas. 
nrementa. 

do. 

.    ...do. 


From  Balrd'a 
Mamm.  N.Am.. 
P.S70 

da 

dn. 

Colloctoi-'a  meaa. 
urenoota 


*  All  rnlly  adult  apeulmnoa ;  tbe  fomalaa  i»  nearly  every  ease  give  erldenco  of  having  snokliHl  yunng.    The  first 
four  are  from  tbo-yatlonitl  U;is<iani ;  tho  others  are  (com  the  Uncsam  of  Cumparatlve  ZMagy,  CombrMso,  Mass. 


m 


r 


688 


wr 


iii,> 


'  m 


>■•!; 


1 .  ,  <'. 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


TABtR  VII. — Meaturementt  of  thirty  six  tkulU  of  Bcivvva  iiudsokius  tar.  uuDsoNius, 


4370 

4377 

4iS0 

4!Ht 

4S83 

4M4 

4986 

4367 

43% 

itM 

6168 

6169 

6171 

•178 

6173 

(175 

«I7« 

6178 

6179 

6180 

908 

909 

913 

91S 

917 

919 

924 

918 

933 

933 

931 

930 

953 

935 

9.13 

1986 


Looality. 


FtrtSlupwD,  H.B.T., 

do 

do 

do 

do , 

do 

do 

do , 

do 

do , 

Oreenibargi  F* 


OreensbarK,  F» 

do 

Upton,  Ozrord  Co ,  He. . . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

......do 

do 

do 

AlDberal.N.H 

Maiden,  Uam  

Cambridge,  UaM 

Haaaacbnaetla  t 


1.90 
i.eo 
1.84 
1.88 
1.S5 
1.84 
1.83 
1.81 
l.d 
1.86 
I.IO 
1.85 

i.eo 

1.75 
1.80 
l.CO 
1.73 
1.83 
1.84 

i.eo 

.•75 

1.70 
1.70 
1.76 
1.69 
1.67 
1.73 

i.n 

1.75 
1.75 
1.73 
1.80 
1.77 
1.77 
1.80 


l.<18 
1.07 
1.09 
1.10 
1.05 
1.10 
1.08 
1.00 
1.00 

i.oe 

1. 01 
1.05 
1.06 
1.03 
1.01 
1.00 
1.00 
1.08 
1.03 
1.03 
0.07 
nwt 
1.00 
L05 
098 
008 
0.97 

ag« 

1.03 
1.01 
1.03 
1.00 
1.04 
1.06 
1.09 
1.09 


065 
0.64 
a6S 
a63 
0.63 


I 


0.S7 
0.33 
055 
a. 16 
0.57 
0.53 
0.53 
053 
0  53 
0.57 
0.70 
0.63 
0  69 
0.07 


t 


038 
038 
0.60 
a  57 
038 
0.63 
a68 
0.60 

oro 

0  37 
0.61 
0.60 

a6« 

0  64 


0.53 
0  53 
0.53 
093 

aso 

0.10 
030 
053 
0  48 
0  47 
050 
0.33 
0.59 
0  53 
0  47 
0.57 
048 
0  51 
030 


0.16 
0.13 
0.13 
0.14 
0.13 
0.15 
0.17 
0.13 
0.15 
015 
0.10 
018 
a  14 
0.13 
016 
016 
0.14 
0.16 
0  16 
016 
0.18 
a  IS 
0.17 
0.13 
0.14 
0.13 
015 
014 
0.10 
0.13 
0.13 
0.19 
0.14 


a  13 
0.18 


oca 
a96 

095 

aoo 

0  57 
0  5.1 
055 
0.54 
0  55 
058 
0  93 
098 
0.95 
0  55 
095 
035 
0.53 

o.ro 

096 
058 
053 
0..11 
0.50 
0.31 
0.53 
0  53 
0  49 
093 
0.53 
0.r>3 
0  59 
053 
053 
0.94 
093 
059 


li 


0.M 
0.90 
095 
0.93 
091 
OCO 
0  93 
0  93 
0.95 
0.93 

a85 

0  93 

a  III 

OCO 
090 

aco 

085 
0  90 
0  91 
0  91 
089 

ae3 

083 
0  87 
087 
0.87 
0.83 
a87 

aro 

087 
O90 
0  85 
0.00 
AOO 
0.80 
0.90 


0.39 
a34 


033 
a  31 


037 
0.30 
0.38 
a37 


1116 
0.17 


016 
015 


0.17 
018 
018 


0.33 
0  31 
0  33 
073 
a33 


a38 

o.:o 
at8 
a. 10 


oto 

0  91 
019 
0.33 
0.C1 


0!:o 

0.39 
a33 


1.10 
1.07 
1.07 
1.08 
1.05 


1.00 
1.07 
1. 01 
1.08 
1.00 
l.OJ 
1.01 
1.01 
1.00 
097 
096 
1.01 


|1 

i 

I 


aoo 

0.60 

o.ro 

0.(0 
0.60 


1.00 
0.98 
Ol!0 
095 
1.00 
0  97 
0  98 
0  9:1 
1.00 


O.OT 
1. 


OCO 
0.60 
0.fO 
0.C0 
0.57 
036 

o.;6 

099 
0.93 
a  49 
0.59 
0.56 


OM 
055 
0.13 
0.55 
0.57 
«i33 
0.57 
033 
OCO 


0.S5 
0.98 


1.09 
1.00 
096 


0.60 
a  97 
a9S 


if 

f 

■  i 

1 

1 

i ! 

SOIUEID^— SCIDRDS  HDDSONIUa  VAB.  KICHARDSONr. 


689 


Table  VIH. — MiasHrrmmta  of  Hiirl4XH  tpeeimmii  of  ScfURUR  iiudbonium  var.  ricrardsoni. 


11983 
314 
915 
813 
.1874 
4134 
414d 
4143 
419(1 
4185 
4173 
4188 


4383 
4903 


Laoality. 


Chief  Ut  Lake.  49'.'< 
parallol. 

...do 

StMnry^RMtfl... 

...  do 

Rock;  UU.,  49th  par. 
Camp  Xootenay  — 
Bitter  Root  Vnller. . 

...do 

...do 

noUOatP,R.Mta.. 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Prom  tipof  noflo  to- 


0.90 

n.  m 

0.88 
0.75 
0.83 
0.8S 
0.94 
0.90 


1.73 
1.60 
1.70 
1.43 
1.33 

i.m 

1.45 
1.35 


Tall  to  ODd 
of— 


7.50 
9.00 
8.90 
7.90 
8.30 
7.(10 
8.10 
7.8,1 
7.30 
7.85 
7.73 
7.M 


5.90 
0.00 
3.10 
3.83 


4.  on 
4.50 
4.50 
3.90 
4.00 


7.75 

aoo 

7.15 


n.U) 

a  40 

0.00 
5.00 
5.80 


Length  of . 


1.10 
1.10 


1.03 
1.83 

i.eo 

1.87 


1.83 
1.85 
1.83 

1.85 
1.80 
1.83 


0.30 
0.35 


0.97 
0..% 
0.50 


..do.. 
Skin. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..ilo  . 
..do.. 
..do  .. 
..ilo.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 


RemarkR. 


Collector's  meaa- 

uroineuta. 
do. 


Tablb  IX. — MeMuremenU  of  t\rte  tkulU  of  BciURUS  hdosonius  var.  richardsoni. 


LocaUty. 

1 

* 

1 
1 

1 

s 

1 

1 

ll 

o 

'A 

ii 

1 

i 

II 

1 

s 

1 

H 

O 

f. 

f, 

b 

tJ 

P 

c 

1184 

1.87 

0.57 

0.15 

0.57 

0.08 

0.33 

a  91 

1.10 

0.60 

aim 

CaiiipSk««it,W.T 

1.90 

1.10 

0.!i8 

0.15 

0.57 

0.95 

0.33 

0.S3 

1.19 

0.S1 

330.1 

Black  Hllla,  Dak 

1.9) 

1.15 

0.58 

0.15 

0.60 

0.95 

0.30 

0.98 



44  M 


[   ( 


'i 


690 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Taiile  X. — Mtamremeiiti  ofjifleen  ipeoinumt  of  SciURUs  niTD80Niu8  mr.  douolassi. 


1 
1 

1 

1 

Locality. 

i 

From  tip  of  no8o  to— 

Tailtoeiid 
of- 

Length  of- 

i 

0 

1 

i 
I 

£ 

'A 

Romarka. 

^ 

a 
P. 

1 

t 

1 

i 
S 

1 

1 

1 

a 

n 

ins 
sm 

S49S 
MM 
S18 
IMS 

1160 
1164 

•am 

«03 
9410 
8411 
MU 

Fort  Stetlacaom, 
W.T. 
do 

<f 

0.60 

1.65 

1.98 

7.50 
0.00 

B.:o 

6.00 
7.50 
0.50 
7.50 
7.50 

8.00 
6.00 
7.00 
7.  no 
7.00 
7.00 
7.8S 

4.9) 
4..V1 

4.SS 

6.50 
6. 00 

6.00 

1.80 

1.30 
1.30 
1.10 

1.85 
1.80 
1.30 
1.85 
1.80 

1.D5 
l.M 

1.60 
8.00 
8.00 
1.60 
1.83 
1.90 

9.00 
1.00 
1.90 
9.00 
1.85 
1.70 
8.00 

0.64 
0.50 

a50 

Aleoholio.. 
Skin 

...do 

Alcoliollo 

Uoaa'mroUifroni 
Baird'a  Hamm. 
N.  Amor.,  p.  37a 

do. 

.  do. 

....do 

do 

9 

0.90 
0.00 
0.60 

1.70 
l.SO 

LOO 
JLOO 
1.80 

....do 

...do 

ChlcliwiiM,W.  T. 
Upper  Dm  Cbntn, 

Colombia  R 
...do 

5.0" 
4. 

i.M 

a  75 

4.00 
4.00 
5.85 
5,85 
5.00 
4.75 
S.50 

';oo 
.35 

6.85 
5.05 

5.60 
S.60 
690 
7.00 
7.00 
5.85 
7.00 

...do... 

....do 

Skin 

do. 

do. 

da 

...do... 
...do.... 

do. 

do. 

da 

do         .  . 

..  do 

S06 

PetaluEDO.  Cal 

0.60 
0.60 
0.90 

aeo 
a6s 

1.70 
1.00 
1.70 
l.SO 
1.70 

1.90 
1.90 
1.90 
1.75 
1.00 

Freah 

do. 

..do 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

9 

cf 

Alcoholic 

do. 

....do... 
...do... 
....do 

do. 

do. 

da 

Table  XI. — aetuurcmenti  o/five  tkulU  of  SciURUS  iiudvonius  var.  douglassi. 


•e 

S 

2. 

S 

i 

i 

3 

1 

§  (* 

a 

2 

£ 
i 

a 

3 

Locality. 

! 

3 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

i 
1 

a 

P 

1  ° 

if 
il 

t 

a 

S 

■3  Si 
B  1 

i 

.a 

8 

-a 
1 

1 

6 

H 

0 

0 

x 

\r, 

f= 

p 

P 

0 

3001 

1.83 

1.  Of) 

0.66 

0.  ."ia 

0.  u 

0.  CO 

0.  D4 

0.33 

0.84 

1.05 

n  56 

1683 

t.  BO 

1.03 

0.  .Vi 

0.17 

0.5a 

o.eo 

1.05 

0,53 

9330 

1.90 

1.08 

a53 

0.  lA 

0.57 

0.04 

S414 

Petalunio,  Cal        ...           

1.81 

1.03 

0.58 

0.17 

0.!0 

0.88 

1.00 

0.S1I 

6885 

1.78 

1.09 

0.55 

air 

0.55 

0.90 

^^■^^^hI'' 

1  '  'miH 

i 

I 

»iiilLiiiDH  i^lH 

» 

!■■■ 

1. 

WRJiKi 

t 

"SOICTEID^— 80IURUS  HUDSONIUS  VAB.  HUD80NIUS. 


691 


Table  XII. — Measurementt  of  Hghl  apmiment  of  Sciunus  iiuijsonibs  var,  FnEMONxt. 


1 

a 

i 
3 

1 

LooaUty. 

1 

From  tip  of  uose  to— 

Tail  to  end 
of- 

LenRthof- 

1 

'i 

■z 
a 

g 

a 

£ 

s 

>5 

$ 

c 

a 

a 
1 

1    1 

1 

£ 

•2684 
•8665 
•3666 
11504 
11679 

718 
781 
M7 

840 

NenrSoatb  Park,  Colo 

9 

0.93 
1.03 
0.93 
0.87 
0.87 
0.87 
0  85 
0.90 

1.03 
1.77 
1.65 
1.55 
1.78 
I.JO 
1.57 
1.70 

3.07 
3.10 
1.05 
l.N 

3.00 
1.07 
3.05 

7.95 
7.75 
7.50 
8.  CO 

7.75 
7. 7.'. 
8.85 

4.00  {  6.30 
4.85     6.50 
4.70     0.50 

1.80 
1.20 
1.30 

1.03 
l.CO 
1.00 
1.75 
1.78 
3.00 
3.00 
9:00 

Frenh. 
..  do. 

flo 

do 

Colorado 

..do. 

Skiu. 
.  do. 

rf 

1 

5.33  1  6.00 
510  }  0.80 

^^\ 

1.15 
1.13 
1.15 
1.80 

do 

0.03 
0.73 
0.73 

Alcoholic 
..do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

*  In  Mnaeiiin  of  GonipAratlTe  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Masa. 


Tablr  XIII. — List  of  Bpecimens  examined  of  ScxuRUS  hudsonius  var.  hudsonius. 


1-^ 
1-s 


8934 

8939 
8933 

8941 


4401 
4463 
4464 
4475 
4478 
4481 
7087 
4491 
4490 


si 


1449 

595 
809 
580 
710 


3S 
37 
88 
30 
35 
33 
1153 
353 


Locality. 


ITulato,  RAm.. 

..do 

...do 

...do 

Woolyaatnks,  R. 

Am. 
Ko>'oakuk.R.Aiu 


LovcrKviobpak. 

Port  AndemoD, 
Arctic  Coast. 

Yukon,  month 
of  Poroopine. 

Fort  Simpiwn, 
MackeoBie  R. 

...do , 


. .  do  . 
...do  . 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..do. 
...do. 
...do 


When 
collected. 


Jan.  31,1807 
Apr.  35. 1807 


Apr.    3, 1607 


Anit.  -,  1863 


Hay    9,1860 

Apr.  £9, 1860 
Mar.  19, 1860 
Mar.  17, 1860 
Mar.  19, 1860 
Apr.  6,1860 
Mar.  31, 1860 


From  whom  re. 
celred. 


W.H.UaU... 

..  do , 

...do 

...do    

...do 


an.  Roaa  . 


..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

R.  KoDnioott . 

...do 

...do 


Collected  by— 


W.  H.  DaU  . 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 


..do  . 


O.  de  Bendele. 
bon. 


J.  Lockbardt . 


B.  R.  Boaa  . 


...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

.  .do 

R.  Kennioott . 

...do 

...do 


AlrohoUo — 

Skin 

..do 

...do 

...do 


..do. 


..do. 


Skin  audsknll 


Skiu 

BkinandaknII 
akin , 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...  du    , 

...do 

Skin  and  sknll 


Bemarka 


Nearly  IndiHtin- 
guitthable  from 
average  eaatern 
skinH.  Tbnred 
a  little  paler 
and  the  dark 
anonlatloDs  a 
llttlo  broader 
and  rathermore 
black  \nlhe  toll. 
Eara  conspicn. 
oaflly  tu^Wl. 
In  color  at  moat 
indlstingnii»ha. 
ble  f^m  Red 
Rtrer  akins. 


692 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  XUI.—LUt  of  specimens  (urammcd  of  Sciunus  iiudsoniu8  var.  iiudsonius— Continued. 


n" 


.l-i: 


-fillnl 


'%\ 


4471 
1468 
44C7 
4436 
4450 
4475 
4457 
4489 
4471 
4463 
44(15 
440a 
4463 
4495 


4494 
9633 
4484 

8743 

8744 
8743 
8746 
8747 
9018 
1I33J 
11534 
11536 
11537 
1IS38 
11339 


4970 
3S51 


3950 
3949 

3945 
3946 
4333 

3217 
3909 
3719 


1^ 


4976 
4377 
4379 
4380 
4^81 
4383 
4383 
4:184 
4385 
4j86 
4987 
4969 
4390 
4337 

6846 
B847 
6849 


833 
944 
335 

138 

3935 
9894 
9900 
9963 
3366 


Locality. 


Fort  SimpHOD. 

Klockentlo  K. 

..Uo 

...lo 

..do 

..do 

.  do 

..do 

.do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Fort  Rao,  Great 

Slave  Lake. 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Fort  Oou<l  Hope, 

U.  B.  T. 

.    do 

...do 

..do    

...do    

Ftl.iard.U.B.T. 
Ft.  reinl)ln»,D.T 

...do 

...do 

..do 

Tnrtlo  Mt,  D.  T 

...do 

Rnaebod  Cre«k 

Bifi  iDdian  Creek 

Black  Bllla.  head 

of  Cheyenne IL 

Black  llilla,  Mebl 
BunrButtea.IU'k 
Hilla. 

..do 

Larnoiie  Peak . . . 
Fort  Oeorgo 


Bed  Rirer,H.B.T 

...do 

...do 


When 
collected. 


Apr.  15, 


Juno  10,  less 

Octu  —,1864 
Mar.  — ,  1867 
Jul/  r>,  1873 
June  6, 1873 
June  7, 1873 
June  13, 1873 
July  28,1873 
July  31, 1873 
Oct.   -,1859 

,1859 

Sept  90, 1859 


Sept.  30, 1850 


From  whom  re* 
ceivetl. 


It.  Konnicott . 


BR.  Roaa 

...do 

...do 

...do , 

..do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

..do 

...do , 

...do 

..  do 

..do 


...do. 
..do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..do. 
...do. 


A.  Campbell . . 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

..  do   

...do 

CaptW.F.Ray. 
nolds. 

...do 

...do 


.  do 
.  do  . 


..  do 

tT.  Hinroan  . . . 
W.  M.  F.  Ma. 

sraw. 
D.Onnn 

...do 

...do 


Collectcil  by- 


B.  Keunioott . 

aR.Rou.... 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

L.Clarke,  Jr.. 

...do 

..  da 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

C.  F.  Oaudet . 


...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

W.HcFarlane. 
Dr.£.ConM... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Dr.  F.  V.  Hay- 
deu. 

...do 

...do 


...do 
...do 


..do 

J.  Hiumaa  . 
C.  Drexler  . 


D.OuDn.. 
...do.... 
....do.... 


Skin  and  aknll 


...do 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 
...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

..  do. 

...do. 
...  do. 
Skull.. 


...do. 

...do. 
...do 
Skin  .. 

...do  . 
....do. 

...do. 


..do. 

do. 

..do. 

..do. 


Skin  .. 

...do. 
....do. 

...do. 
....do. 
...do. 
...do. 

...  do. 
....do. 


...do. 
...do. 

..  do. 
...do. 
...do. 


.do. 
do. 

do. 


Albino. 

Very  pale. 

do. 

do. 

da 

do. 

do. 

Very  pale,  with 
doraat  baud 
tawny  red. 

Very  pale ;  very 
Utdo  black  In 
tail. 

Very  tawny. 

do. 


.du. 


f  1 1 

l.v- 


SCIDRID^-SCIDRUa  HDD80N1U8  VAE.  HUDSONIUS. 


693 


Tablb  Xin.—U«t  of  tpedmeiu  ejcamined  of  SctuROf)  IIUD80NIDS  rar.  nuDSONiUH— Continued. 


1 

4) 

1-s 

3911 

■MM 

186 

187 

OS 

184 

I&1 

!i368 

33ti7 

ma 

3039 
38C'0 
3937 
9306 
1« 
■894 
•1078 
•8M 
•9J9 

•45:i 
•3806 
•3807 
•853 

'60J 

•3799 

•V* 



...... 

•3236 
•SM 
•595 
•609 
•996 

i 

a 

1^ 

a  c 

u 

u 

•908 
•U)9 
•910 
•Oil 
•015 
•916 
•917 
•918 
•919 
•990 
•991 
•999 
•993 
•994 
•995 
•988 
•989 
■990 
•991 

1 

1 

i 
1 

M 

I.orallly. 

Wiwu 
oollccted. 

Frotn  whom  i«. 
coived. 

Collfcted  by- 

g 

a 

£ 

1 

1 
Eomarka. 

IledKirer.H.B.T 
Princeton,  Minn 
OKa8eIale,Mio)i 

•••<•» 

...do 

D.Onnn 

a  E.  Oarriaon 
C.Fox 

...do 

...do 

Dr.  KIrtland.. 

...do 

Dr.  J.  &  QilplD 

...do 

...do 

...do   

D.Gnnn 

0.  B.  Oarriaon 

C.Fox 

...do 

Skin 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Maj  -.,  1859 

...do 

do 







? 

9 

9 

J 

9 
9 

Cleveland.  Oliio  . 

....do 

Labrador 

Dr.  Kirllaml . . 
...do 

....do 

...do 

Dr.J.B.Oilpin 
...do     

...  do   . 

...do 

...do 

Halifax,  N.S... 

...rio 

...do; 

...do    

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

do 

....do 

...do 

Kova  Sootia 

...do 

...do 

Monti«al,C^ada 
Lake  Winnipeg 
Minn<tapoli>i,Min 
LawnBidge,Ill 
81.  Lawrence  Ca, 

N.Y. 
PnrtJarTia,N.Y. 
OrandMenonlol. 

...do 

Umbagog  Lake, 

Me. 
LokeRlcbardion, 

M& 
....do 

...do 

....do 

S.H.  Scndder.. 
H.  Mann.  Jr... 

H.Botler 

J.S.  Foley 

N.S.8haler.. 
A.B.Vorrin... 
...do    . 

8.  H.  Scndder. 

Alcoholic 

....do 

ttBotler 

J.8.  Foley... 

K.S.Sh9ler... 
A.E.Verrill... 
....do   

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

OrayFnnd.... 
A.E.yerrUl... 
...do 

J.  0.  Bioh  . 

....do 

A-ltVorrUI.. 
...do 

...do... 

...do 

UpUin,  Me 

OrayFnnd.... 
....do 

J.G.BIoh 

...do 

8koU 

....do 

...do 

...do 

.  do 

do 

...do 



9 
9 

...do  

...do   

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...do     . 

..do     

...do 

...do 

..  do     .  ... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do    

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do   

...do 

...dj     

...do 

...do 

....do  

...do 

...do 

...do   

....do    

...do 

....do 

.  .do   

....do 

...do 

...do  

...do   

....do   

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do   

...do   

do   

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

..do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do    

L.Agoaail... 
RD.Verrlll.. 
...do 

..  dj 

Aliwholio 

..-rt()   

...do 

Oaidtner,  Ma.... 

LAgaaaii  .... 
Gray  Fond.... 
...do      .    . 

Norvay.Me.  .. 

....do       

do   

...do   

....to  

...do 

9 

....do     

...do 

...do 

...d» 

*  In  th«  MMenm  of  Comparative  Zojtloiry,  Gnnibrldfto,  MaM. 


m:. 


694 


MONOGRA.PHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  XIII. — Liai  of  upecimeiu  examined  of  Sciunus  nuDSONiiia  vai:  iiuoHOXins — Continaed, 


mm 


''■''i\\ 


mi 


■■*    ■    •    '     :    (lit 


■V.  i' 


i  :?■''■:' 


•  *i 


m 


MX  ..:,;,-fe|.i  -IW: 


'i'>a 


■s 

1 

a 

9 

a 

II 

u 

•905 

"lOOi 
•3710 
•3720 
•37i!l 
•37.13 
•jja:i 
•3784 
•37i5 
•37iW 
■3743 
•3744 

•1000 
•1100 

•looa 

•970 
•1)78 
•3103 
•3104 
•3103 
•3  IDS 
•3735 
•3798 
•3793 
•3794 
•3884 
•2880 

•1710 
•1711 
•1T18 
•1713 
•8491 
•8498 
•8493 
'9494 
•249(1 
•3497 
•8498 
•8493 
•1404 
•1405 
•1466 
•1487 
•1468 
•1469 

i 

a 
«_. 

i 

a 

1 

■a 

g 

1 
1 

Locality. 

Whsa 
ooIImiIM. 

From  whom  re- 

COlTfd. 

CollMtrd  by- 

Bomarka. 

•937 

•938 

Norway,  Me 

Ony  Fund.... 
...do 

A.E.TerrUI  .. 
....do 

Skull 

,...do  

....do  

<f 

A.mheMt,N.  H  .. 

HiuA.U.Ed 

mana. 
...do 

Mi<aA.U.£d- 

najia. 
....do 

Alcoholic 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do  

...do   

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do   . 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

9 

...do 

...do   

...do 

...do 

do 

9 
9 

...do   

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

.  .do 

...do 

....do 

W.n.Uelendy 
....do   .    . 

W.H.Malendy 
....do 

....do 

do 

•653 
•954 
•955 



....do    

....do 

....do 

Sknll    . 

....do   

....do 

....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do     

....do 

MUrord,N.n.... 

...do 

....do 

8.  TeoDvy 

....do 

...do 

8.  Tenoey 

...do 

....do 

Skia 

—^o 

...do    

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do     

...  do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do  

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do    

....do 

...do 

...do    

...do 

.  do 

do 

DeerfleHMan.. 

L.  Agaaali  .... 
...do 

L.A|pMata  ... 
...do 

....do 

do 

...do 

...do 

...Ai 

,...do 

....do 

350 

14 
44 

n 

78 
153 
114 
153 
113 
05 
94 
03 
1-5 

9 

a 
9 
<f 
9 
? 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 

S.JUlK>n 

C.  J.  Haynard 

...do 

...do 

...do.... 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

ajillaon  

C.J.  Maynnrd. 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do   

NewtoDville, 

Maaa. 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do   

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do- 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

do 

...do 

...do    ..    .. 

...do   

do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

..do- 

do 

...do 

..do 

L.AKaaal..... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

do 

UAiaaali  ... 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do   

...do 

....do    

-.•••• 

...do 

...du 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do    

...do 

. .  .do 

....do 

...do 

*  III  the  MoHoatn  of  CompnrAtlre  ZMlogy,  Caotdridge,  Hniw. 


'^^1 


SOIURID.aj— SC1UKU8  UDDSONIUS  VAR.  HUDSONIUa. 


695 


Tablb  Xtll.— £i>(  0/  tptcinuiu  examined  of  SciURUS  nuDJONiD8  var.  iiudmonius — CoDtiniiMl. 


% 

i 

11 

1 

1 

1 
1 
1 

Looality. 

When 
collocted. 

Prom  vliom  re- 
ceived. 

Collected  bj- 

"3 

Remarka. 

«U70 

•UTJ 
•UT3 
•U74 
•1473 
•1476 
•1477 
•1478 
•1479 
•1480 
•1481 
•1M9 

•148» 
•1490 
•1491 
•1491 
.    •HO 
•150 
•161 

•isa 

•987 
•866 
•867 
•888 

•37S4 
•3755 
•1416 
•138 
•139 
•160 
•1011 
•936 
•898 
•143 
•1098 
•3744 

•1097 

»35ri 

41113 

4ai6 

830 
846 

uei 
sou 

il044 

L.Ak*mIs  .... 

UAgosala 

..  do    

Skin ... 

do    

With  the  later. 

I    ai  block  linea 

very  strong. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

..  do    

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do    

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

..  do 

do    . 

...do 

do 

...do 

.  do  

...  do   

do 

... 

....do 

...do 

...  do    

do   

...do 

...do 

...  do 

do   

....do 

....do 

...  do 

..  do   

...do 

....do 

....do    

...do   

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

•93S 
•933 
•934 

...do 

.do 

.    do 

Skull      

..  do 

...do     

..  do      ..  . 

do      

...do 

....1o 

,.,  do     

do     

HndsoD,  SklAM . . . 

S.Jlllaon 

....do 

S.Jillaon 

...  do 

Skin 

,...dn 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

..do   

Concord,  Viwu 

H.  Mann,  Jr.... 
....do 

H.Mann,  Jr.... 
..  do 

AlcoboUo 

....do 

...do 

...do... 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...  do 

...do 

...  do 

Lfnn,M«M 

aJillaon 

...do 

8.JiUaon 

do    .      .. 

...do 

do   

...do 

....do 

...  do 

.  do    ...  . 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

.do 

•936 

... 

...do 

....do 

...do 

Sknil  

WoboniiMua  .. 
....do 

J.G.Sbute... 
....do 

J.O.Sbnta.... 
....do 

AloohoUo 

....do 

Bprlngfleld,  Han 
....do 

J.  A.  Allen.... 
....do 

J.A.AUen.... 
....do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

.  do   

do 

do 

....do 

...do 

.    do  . 

do     



Uolden.UJiM  ... 

D.  Biggins.... 
..  do 

D.HIggina.... 
.  .do 

....do 

do     

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

do   



....do 

...  do 

....do 

..  do    

...do 

....do 

....do 

..do     

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

'935 
•996 

.... 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Sknll 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Cambridge,  Maw 
....do 

M.Fowier 

UAgaasla.... 
Dr.  E.  Cooea  . 
...do   

M.  Fowler 

L.Agaaali.... 
Dr.E.ConM... 
do 

Alcohollo 

do 

4911 
4Ull 

Partamoath,N.H 
...do 

Skin  and  aknll 
do 

8aranw>,ir.T... 
EHiab«th,N.Y.. 
KaaeiOo.,N.T.. 
...;do 

Sept  6,1835 
Aug.  14, 1835 

D.Wel«b 

8.F.Baird  .... 
Dr.S.B.H*le 
....do 

ttWolab 

S.F.Balnl.... 
Dr.  8.  B.  Hale 
....do 

Skin  and  aknU 

....do 

....do 

Sltnll 

1904 
9394 

am 

MtJoy,  Pa 

J.  Sunvrer 

....do  

J.SIaotbr 

....do 

....do 

...do 

.... 

*  In  th«  Miiwam  of  Compantire  Zodtogrt  Onnibriilge,  Hum. 


696 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tahlk  XIII.— £<<(o/  ifiedment  examined  of  Sciurub  iiunso.vius  var.  nuDsoNius— Con'LUiaed. 


m 


■s 

1 

a 
a 

8310 

8008 

1673 
IIUl 

3439 

i 

ii 

eioH 

liltO 
<i|-0 
0171 
017-1 
6173 
6174 
0175 
0170 
6177 
6178 
0179 
0180 
0181 
S» 

tan 

4843 

7*7 

8493 

83 

888 

3914 

•i 

S 

a 
P 

i 
1 
1 

Locillty. 

When 
oolleoted. 

From  whom  re- 
ceived. 

Colteoted  by— 

"S 

1 

Reiuarka. 

9 

<f 
9 
J 
•f 
J 
? 
9 

RLWulker.. 

J^.ToWDHDll 

F.Uowan 

.do      ... 

R.L.  Walker.. 
J.K.Towiuend 

F.  Cowan 

do        ..  . 

Skin 

PennsylvilnU  . . 
UKentbnm,  F* 
do     

Mar.  -,  1849 

....do 

Ciull 

do   

do     

.    do        

do      .    . 

.    do    

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

do     

...do   

do 

do   

.  do     

...do   

..  do     

.    do 

..do 

...do 

.do 

...do 

do     

...do   

.  do     

...do 

1 

do     

...  do 

...do 

...do 

Bed  above  a 
atrong  bright 
ohoatnnt 

do    

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

do   

...d-; 

do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

....do 

....do 

..do    

...do 

....do 

...do 

OwUale,P« 

...do 

...do 

...do 

8.F.Baird.  .. 
E.MlGhoer.... 
....do 

aF.Bolrd.... 
E.Mtchner.... 
....do  

..do 

Cheater  Co.,  Pa.. 

...do 

...do 

....do  .....  ... 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

CarltalcPa 

...do 

8.F.Balrd.... 
do 

ar.Balrd.... 
...do 

...do 

HUnnndakall 
Sknll 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

WaahiDgton.D.C 

aDrexler ... 

Dr.Jonea 

UiaaTenniaon 

C.Dreiler.... 

Dr.Jonea 

UlaalanolaoD 

Skin 

Skull 

Mostlcello,Miaa. 

UoohoUo 

SCIDRID^— 8C1URU8  HDDSONIUS  VAR.  RIC0ARD80NI. 


697 


Tadlk  XIV.— LUt  of  apMinuiNf  tzamined  of  Sciunug  iiudsonics  var.  hiciiaddsoni. 


■8 
1 
1 

E 

1 

1 

t 

Locality. 

When 
coUeetcd. 

From  wbom  ro- 
odved. 

Collected  by- 

"8 

1 

4133 
4137 
4138 
4I.'W 
4140 
4141 
4143 
4144 
4143 
4148 
4180 

Bitter  Root  YaUoy,  &  Mt*. 

UeatJ.UalUn.... 
....do 

John  PMrmll 

..    ,io    

Skin. 
...  .da 

677 
608 

....do 

...do. 

do   

....do 

...do 

....do. 

B«3 

do   

....do 

....do 

do. 

ijo    

....do 

....do 

....do. 

600 
360 

330 
338 
B96 

do 

do 

....do 

....de. 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do. 

....do 

....do 

....do. 

....do 

....do 

do. 

....do 

...  do 

do. 

do   

....do 

....do 

....da 

do 

...do 

.     do 

....da 

do 

do 

...  do 

....da 

4173 
4183 
4186 
4187 
4189 
41M 
41IN 
41IH 
8816 
3813 
9874 
5375 
CIS 
<13 

ai4 
m 

U6 
3803 



700 
788 
783 
788 
783 
786 
781 
781 
01 
308 
438 
490 

....do 

....do 

....da 

....do 

.  ..do 

....da 

....do 

....do 

....da 

do 

.  ..do 

do 

da 

....do 

....do 

....da 

do 

...do 

..    do 

da 

do 

...do 

....do 

....do. 

do                         .  . 

....do 

do 

....da 

An»30,1860 
July  14, 1860 
Ang.30,186a 
Ang.  30, 1860 
Oct.     1,1833 
Got     1,1833 
Oct     1,1833 

A.Cimptoll 

....do 

....do 

Dr.  J.  0.  Cooper 

Dr.C.  B.B.Eennerly 
....do 

...da 
...da 
...da 

Chiloweyaok  Dep6t 

....do 

...  do 

....da 

SklUry't^BookyMU.... 

OoT.LLStonn... 
...do 

Dr.Oeo.Sackley.... 
....do 

....da 

SUnudakaU. 

....da 

1184 
1183 

do     

....do 

....do  .-. 

..do   

....do 

Skis. 
...  da 

....do 

do 

*6aa 

3043 

A.O«nplMll 

Dr.C.  B.  B.  Kennerly 

SknU. 
....da 

Utah         

•Nil 


*.r 


.i,:s!l 


liii ;  !1- 


698  MONOGKAPII8  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODKNtlA. 

TjtDLH  XV.— £<<(  <4  tpictmeiu  examintd  of  ScirRUS  nuDsoMiui  tar.  DouoLAau. 


9401) 

aio 

300 

m 
%n 
m\ 
law 
un 

1098 
IMt 
(U8 


203 
811 


3173 


IIM 
1363 
736 


47«6 
4794 
3414 
1181 


9001 
6883 


S043 
3930 
1883 


^Mt&\^.1. 


Fort  Crook,  C*l . . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Petaluiii»,Cal.... 
Fort    8t«ilftcooin, 
W.T. 

...do 

...do 

...do 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do     

...do 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Fort  VftDOouTor. . 

...do 

Attoris 

ColnmbU  Rlvor. . 
SimUhmoOiW.  T. 


....do 

...do 

CaKadsUU.,Orag 

Upper  Dm  Chutflo 
Valley. 

...do; 

...do 

...do 


When 
ooUected. 


Oct  94,1M0 
Oct   l^IeM 


Judo  IS,  1834 
Juno  13, 1834 
Jane  94, 1834 
Jane  94, 1834 
Mar.  — ,  1836 
Mar.  -,  1836 
Mar.  — ,  1836 
Mar.  — ,  1836 


Feb.  — ,  1836 
Joly  90, 1833 


Sept  IS,  1838 


From  whom  re- 
ceived. 


D.F.Farklnaoi 

...do 

...do 

...do 

E.  BamneU — 
Dot.  1. 1.  Bte- 
vena. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

J.  K.Townaend 
OoT.  I.  I.  Ste 
vena. 

....do 

...do 

...do 


do. 

do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Colleatad  by- 


D.F.Parktnion 
...do 

...do 

...do 

X.  Samuela... 
Dr.  Oea  Sock 
ley. 

....do 

....do   

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...  do 

....do.. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

J.K.Toirnaend 
Dr.U.an.  Ken 

nerly. 
....do 

...do 

Dr.  J.  S.  New. 
berry. 

...do 


Bemarka. 


Bkin >  Nearlywhlteba. 


do 
Bkin  and  akuU. 

..  do 

..  da 

...do 


do. 
..do. 
..do. 


...do 

"Ikln 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

BknU 

...do 

Bkin 

....do 

Skin  and  aknll 

Bkin 

...do 

...do 


...do. 

...do 

...do. 


.do. 


Bkin  and  aknll 

...do 

....do 


low. 


"&Lnal(<y<." 


"aBLMcUtyi" 


"BcmuUtyl." 


SCIUHIU^— 80IUUUS  1IUUSON1U8  VAU.  L'UEMONTI. 


090 


T*BLr  XVI.— Lift  of  tptotnUHi  riumlned  of  Soitilius  IIUD80NIU8  Mar.  kiikhonti. 


xn 

MO 


ua 

Ml 

i«> 

MI 
IM 
IS 


MS 
M7 

713 
7JI 


UcllUty. 


B«rCn«k,Orag  . 

...*i 

...*> 

Furt  Crook,  Ctl . . . 

...do 

...ito 


Clsuli  Mountrloi. 
..do 


...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

RackCrMk,  W.T.. 
Fort  Bridgtr,  Ul>h 


flaw*lchPiua,B.MI» 
Botthoad'a  Pua,Cal< 

...do 

...do 

...do 


..do 

IUddlaPuk,Colo. 
...do 


Rods  SpriD(ii,C>ilo. 

...do 

Colorado 

...do 


..do. 
..do. 


....do 

....do 

Twin  Lkkra,  Colo 

....do 

Chilinabiu  Creek.Col 
Fort  OwUmd,  Colo 

...do 

...do 

....do 

gootli  Pnrk,  Colo  . 


Whi-n 
oollocti^l. 


Aag.ao,  1810 
Aan.  81,18711 
Mar.  3-J,  IMI 

H>.v  l,IitSO 
May  \.\«a 
July  1,1800 
Sept  80,1870 
Srpl.  SO,  1^70 
S«t>l.  ''iO,  1870 
Stiptas,  1870 
8«pt.80, 1870 
N<1iL80, 1870 
Oct.  95,1870 
Nov.  8,  ISM 
Nov.  7,  law 
Nov.  9,1818 
Nov.    7,1858 


July  in,  1800 
July  87,  leiW 
July  87, 1800 
July  97,  ie<io 
July  97. 1860 
July  37, 1800 
July  86, !«(» 
July  90, 186.1 
July  84, 1800 
July  84,  I8tlll 
Aa;;.  10, 1860 
Aug.  10,  I86S 


Ang.  18, 1873 
Ank'.  18, 1873 
July  10, 1873 
Jane  4, 1873 
Jnn«  3,  len 
Jane  3,187:1 
Jane  4, 1873 
July,  1871 
July,  1871 
July,       1871 


Kroui  whom  re- 
ccIthI. 


CApt.ChnH.Il«ndirv 
.....lo 

..  do 

a  L.  Parkiuwn  . . 
.folui  Fcllnt^r 

...do 

...do 

CUrenco  King  ... 
Dr.K.V.Ha.vckn. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Lieut.  Ryan 

...do 

...do 

....do 

C»ptE.a.Bcckwitli 
Dr.  P.  V.  Uayden  . 
....do  

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do    

...do 


...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

Chicago  Acad.  Sci 
Dr.r.V.Hayden. 
...  do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do  

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

Lt.  O.  M.  Wheeler 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do  

...do 

...do    

Rocky  Ht.  Expod 

....do 

....do 


Collected  by— 


Capt.Cbaa.Dondlri' 

..  ilo 

..  do 

D.  L.  Parkloaun  . . . 

.robu  Fellner 

...do 

..  do 

It.nidgway 

U.D.Hchuildt 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

C.&MoCBrt'  y  ... 

..do 

...do 

.    do 

Mr.  Kreutlfeldt . . 

J.  Stevenson 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Dr.  E.B.  HcCngg.. 

J.H.  Batty 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

Dr.J.T.Rotbrock 

..do , 

...do , 

H.  W.  Henahaw  . . 

..  do 

.  do ; 

...do 

Allen  andBeaneit 

...do 

...do 


Hkin 
..do 

.do  . 
..do  . 

.do. 
..do. 
..do  . 
..do. 
..do. 
..do    . 
..do  .. 
..do  .. 
..do  .. 

.do.. 
..do.. 
..do  .. 
..do.. 
..do  . 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do  .. 
..do  . 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 


Retnnrka. 


rillghtly  approach' 
log  var.  Audaon- 
<iu. 


*  In  Uoaeam  of  Coniparntivn  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Ham. 


700 


MONOOKAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMBUIOAN  RODBNTIA. 


Taulk  XVII.- 


-LM  of  *j)(x;iraen«  0/  SciURii.s  iiuiMioNiiiR,  grading  from  var,  iiudsonius  ix/o  rarUlim  liicil- 

/.RDSONI,    KHKMONTI,   ami  D()U(]I.A88I. 


i'i<  ki- 


1 

1 

4^73 

43TJ 
4374 
4375 

i37l! 
4377 
9810 
0818 
08-n 

0817 
3683 
0703 
U107 
11108 
11109 
11113 
3004 
3034 
3063 
5800 
3803 
.1803 

1 

a 

a 

1 

1 

•3 

3 
1 

IjtcMlf. 

When 
collected. 

From  whom  re- 
ceived. 

Collected  by- 

•s 

1 

Remarka. 

86 

neoii  Oroa  Ventrea 
Fork, 
do 

.Time   4,1860 

May  31, 1860 
.Tune   3,1860 
May  30, 1860 
June   3,18li0 
May  30, 1860 
July  - ,  1871 
July  -,  1871 
July  -,  1871 
July     ,1871 
,rnl.v  -,  1871 

Aug.    8,1873 
Aug.  17, 1873 
Ang.30, 1873 
Sept.  17, 1873 
iug.  11, 1857 
Aug.  10, 1857 
July  31, 1857 
Nov.    3,1800 

Dr.  F.V.  Hayden.. 
do         ... 

Dr.  F.  V.  Haydon.. 
....do    

Skin  .. 
do   .. 

Varionaly    inter- 
mediate between 
vara.   hudt<miut, 
richardtoni,   and 
/r'monti. 

1  Intarmediatu  be 
1   tween  vai«.  ,'n- 
1    monii  and  dang- 
1   bun. 

58 

35 
53 
49 
33 
31 
34 
35 
39 

do    .... 

..do            

...do    

do    .. 

do    . 

...do 

do 

...do    

do    .. 

do    .. 

...  .do 

do    . 

do 

do            .     ..  . 

...do 

do 

TallowatoDo  Lake  . . 
do    . 

...do 

do          .... 

F.J.Huae 

...do     

..do... 
dc 

do 

do        

....do    

do 

.  .do   .. 

..  do         

....do     

do 

..do    ..      . 

..  do        

...do    

do 

Fort  Benton,  Mont.. 
PoclBo  Creek,  Mont. 

Henry'a  Fork 

FIrehole  River,  W.T. 
Lower  Geyaer  Baain. 

Snake  River 

Black  HilU.Nebr... 

...do 

Brtdger'a  Pnaa 

Fort  Crook,  Cal 

Skagit  Valley  

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

Lieut"  ""  Tlryan. 

...do. 
lo 

D.F.  Parkinton... 

A.Campbell 

...do 

A.F.Vauglin 

F.J.HuseJ 

C.  H.  Merriman  . . . 

...do    

...do 

...do 

W.  N.Wood 

Dr.W.A.Hammond 
W.  8.  Wood 

D.  F.  Parkinaon  . . . 
Dr.C.B.R.Kenuerly 

..  do    

..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..di... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do    .. 
..do   .. 
..do    .. 
..do... 
..do... 
do    .. 

306 
S3 
30 
31 
51 
3?8 
100 
366 
54 
391 

9 
9 
? 

<f 

9 
0 
9 

,...do 

lii!  : 


U^ 


nt 


SCIURUS  CAROLINENSIS  Gmelin. 

Gray  Squirrel. 
■;  Var.  LEUCOTI8. 

Norlhern  dray  Squirrel. 

Soiurtu  oiiteroiM  Schiikbkr,  Siiuget.  iy,  1792,  766,  pi.  coxii  (nee  S.  cinereus  Linn.  1758V— Harlan,  Fann. 
Amer.  1825,  173.— H.  Smith,  Grifflth'B  Cuvier,  v,  1827,  254.— Fischer,  Synop.  Mom.  1829, 
352.— TiiOMpso.N,  Hist.  Vermont,  1842,  45.— Maximilian,  Wi«(;m.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1861,  66. 

Sduraa pennsylranicus  Ord,  "Gntliri^'s  Qcogr.  (2<1  Am.  ed.)  ii,  1S15, 292"  (dusky  phase). 

iSiiiHriM  nigtr  Oooman,  Amer.  Not.  Hist,  ii,  1826,  133  (melonistic  phose)  (nee  .S.  niger  Linn.  1758).— Rich- 
ardson, Foaii.  Bor.  Amer  i,  1829,  191.- Gam-kr,  Zool.  Journ.  v,  1830,  206.— Bachman,  P^oo. 
Zoiil.  Soo.  Lend.  18J8,  !N) ;  Chorlcsworth's  Mar  Nut.  Hist,  iii,  1839,335;  Amer.  Journ.  8ci. 
ail '  Arts,  xxxvii,  1839,  307.— Em.mok8,  Qnad.  ii.i8s.,  1840,  U7.— DbKay,  New  York  Z06I.  i, 
1842,60,  pi.  xvii,lig.  1.— Thompson,  Hist.  Vermont,  1848,  45.— Waonrr,  Suppl.  ScLreher'n 
Siiuget.  iii,  1843,  172.— ScHiNz,  Synop.  Mom.  ii,  1845,  9.— /lUi  N  &  Bacuma  i.  Quod.  N. 
Amer.  i,  1849,  2(il,  pi.  -xxiv.— Maximilian,  Wiegm.  Arch.  f.  lioturgesoh.  1861,  76. — Hall, 
C'tnad.  Not.  and  Uoul.  1861,  301. 

Murut  ItumtU  Gappiiii,  Zofil.  .loiirn.  v,  1830,  206,  pi.  xi  (based  on  Canada  specimonr).— Bachman,  Free. 
Z06I.  800.  Lend.  1038,  96;  CbH:le8worth'8  Mag.  N'  '  Hist,  iii,  1839,  ;<■«;  Amer.  Journ.  80I. 
and  Arto,  xxxvii,  KiO,  298.- Em.mons,  Qua<l.  M.^  ,.  1840,  66.— DkKa/,  New  Yor'  Zool.  i, 
1842,  57,  pi.  XV iii,  flg.  1.— Wa<jnrr,  Hi.ppl.  Schreber's  Siiuget.  iii,  1813,  160.— Schinz,  (•lynop. 
Mum.  ii,  1845,  8. 


SOIUIUD^— SCIURU8  CAKOLINliNSIS  VAll.  LKUUOTf3. 


701 


.Sfiiinn  rulpiiDin  DeKav,  N.  Y.  Zuiil.  i,  184'-J,  .W  (winter  |)iiliij;<i)' 

Sciuriit  migratoriuf  Audi'iion  &  H.vchman,  QhoiI.  N.  Amcr.  i,  I84!),a'i'>r>,  ])!.  xxxv.— KFNNicorr,  U.  S.  I'lit- 
ont  Oftici!  Hep.  A(jriciil.  for  ISWi,  1857,  (12,  pi.  vi.— Ad.v.ms,  Field  niid  Koreot  Uanibles,  1H7:I, 
!J96  (western  and  xontliweBtern  parts  of  New  Ilrunswiek). 

SoiHr»t  atrotinensiii  Godm.vn,  Anier.  Nut.  Hist,  il,  I82(i,  i:tl.— Douuiirv,  („'«l).  Nat,  Hist,  il,  ISW,  240,  pi, 
xxi.— Baihd,  Mam.  N.  Anier.,  18.")",  850,  pi.  xlv,  li^.  a  (nknll)  (in  part;  "larger  northern " 
and  "black  and  dusky"  varieties  only).— Tihimas,  Trans.  111.  .State  AKricnlt.  Hoc.  W,  IHfit), 
656.— Hau,,  Cauud.  Nat.  and  Oeol.  1861,  :101.— IIavukn,  Trans.  Am.  I'liil.  Soe.  I'liilu.  xii, 
186:),  144.— Al.I.KN,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  ZoOI.  i,  1869,222  (Mussaelinsetts);  I'roe.  Iloston  8oc. 
Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1870, 188  (Iowa).- Giiay,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hitt.  3d  ser.  xx,  1«)7, 426  (varg. 
"iiuijor"  et  "  niijer"), 

Sciuriu  carolinentii  var.  leiu^liH  Am.kn,  Proc.  Host.  Una,  Nat.  Hist,  xvii,  1874,  287.  j 

TUacroxiu  tiielania  Gray,  Ann.  aud  Mu;;.  Nat.  Hist.  :id  ser.  xx,  1867,  425.  m.,  .      i 

Vlir.    CAKOUNEN8I8.  •;,:.  ..       ,^„.- 

Sonthern  Ora/  Squirrel. 

Stiitinit  oaroliMntit  Qmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1788,  148  (b.tsod  on  Pennant's  Leswr  Orsiy  Squirrel  fniui 
Carolina).- M'MunxRiK,  M'Murtrie's  Cuvior  (Am.  ed.)  I,  18111,  33,1.- Baciiman,  Proo.  Zool. 
Soo.  Lend.  18'18,  !)4;  Charleaworth's  Mug.  Nat.  Hist,  ill,  18:10,  330;  Anier.  .Journ.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  xxxvii,  18,39,  .304. — gciii.NZ,  Synop.  Mam.  ii,  1845,  8.— Auui^iion  &  Bacilman,  Quad.  N. 
Amor,  i,  1849,  55,  pi.  vii. — f  W(M)D3I0U8K,  Sitgrenves's  Col.  and  ZuFii  Kiv.  Kxpvd.  1853,  52 
(Ind.  Ter.  and  Texas). — Baiiiu,  &Iam.  N.  Amer.  1857,  2r)(!  ("small  southern  variety  "  only). — 
Saussurk,  Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zool.  1801,  3  (Mexico). — Tomeh,  Proo.  Zoiil.  8oc.  Lond.  1861, 
282  (Ouatemalu).— GitAV,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1867, 426 (var. "minor "only).— 
Allen,  Bull.  Mus.  Conip.  Zool.  ii,  1871,  176  (Florida).— Maynard,  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  iv,  1872, 
145  (Florida). 

Sciurm  mrolineuaittT,  Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amcr.  1857,  263  (Santa  Catarinn,  New  Loon,  Mex.) 

Soiunia  carolineniiig  var.  carolinenaiB  Allen,  Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  287. 

iSoiuriis /ii(ii7«R09U«  Bachman,  Proe.  Z36I.  800.  Lond.  1838,  96  (dusky  phase);  Charlesworth's  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist,  iii,  1839,  ,300.— Waonkh,  Suppl.  Sehreber's  .Siiuget.  iii,  1842, 176.— .SciiiNZ,  Synop.  Mam. 
ii,  1845,  9.— Auduiion  &  Bachman,  Quad.  N.  Anier.  iii,  1853,  240,  pi.  oxlix,  Ug.  2. 

f  Sciuriu  deppei  Pktkrh,  Monutsb.  Kiinigl.  Preuss.  Akud.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1863  (1864),  654. 

Letter  Gray  Squirrel,  Pennant,  Synop.  Quad.  1771,  283. 

jSciireuii  grit  do  la  Carolina,  F.  Cur  ier,  Hist,  des  Mamm.  i,  livr.  — ,  1819  (plate  and  text). 

Var.  1.EUCOTI8. 
Northern  Gray  Squirrel. 
Varietal  chars. — Length  of  body  about  10.50  inches,  varying  from  9 
to  11.50;  tuil-vertebrjB  8,  varying  from  7  to  9;  tail  to  end  of  liairs  11.50, 
varying  from  about  10  to  12.50.  Above,  whitish-giay,  with  a  dorsal  area  and 
a  lateral  line  brownish-yellow,  and  with  a  more  or  less  strong  fulvous  sufiu- 
sloii  boneath  the  surface  of  the  pelage,  generally  more  or  less  apparent  through 
the  surface-tints;  beneath,  white.  Varies  throu'  dusky  and  annulated 
phaset.  to  intense  glossy  black ;  rarely,  in  the  dui  phases,  witi?  areas  of 
yellowish-brown  l»elow,  more  or  less  strongly  annulate*  with  black.  Tail 
with  the  hairs  yellowish-brown  basally,  with  narrow  black  unnulations,  and  a 
ijroad,  conspicuous,  subterininal  black  bar,  the  hairs  all  broadly  tipped  with 
white,  giving  a  white  surface-tint,  through  which  the  yellowish-brown  and 
black  bars  are  seen  beneath.  Ears  not  tufted,  with  or  without  a  conspicuous 
% 'oolly  tuft  ol'  white  at  the  base  po.st-.jriorly. 


lift 


r 


p  ^  ■'■:l' 

^^  i'lm^i 

(' 

ftiiH^Hi 

i 

ipn^mHP' 

1 

A.                  :V\- 

702 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Tlie  Northern  Gray  Squirrel   viirics   greatly,  aside  from  its  melanistic 
phases,  in  specimens  from  tlie  same  locality,  mainly  in  respect  to  the  amount 
of  the  fulvous  suffusion  in  the   pelage  of  tiie  dorsal   aspect.     Tiie  general 
color  above  is  a  fine  nixture  of  white,  black,  and  fulvous,  variable  in  respect 
to  the  relative  prevalence  of  these  three  tinto.     The  general  effect  is  that  of  a 
whitish-gray  tint,  especially  northward  and  in  winter  specimens.     There  is 
generally  a  well-marked  yellowish-brown  area,  almost  unmixed  with  whitish, 
along  the  middle  of  the  back,  sometimes  continuous  from  the  nape  to  the 
rump,  but  generally  restricted  to  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  region.     This  is 
often  wholly  obsolete,  but  generally  occupies  an  area  of  two  or  three  inches 
in  length,  with  a  breadth  of  rather  less  than  an  inch.     The  hairs  of  the  dor- 
sal surface  are  geneniUy  ringed  with  white,  black,  and  fulvous,  but       le  are 
wholly  Dlack  and  ot  -ufs  wholly  fulvous.     The  fulvous  under-color  generally 
shows  more  or  less  strongly  througii  the  superficial  tints,  especially  on  the 
sides  of  the  shoulders,  where  it  sometimes  inclines  to  rufous.     There  is  gen- 
erally a  well-developed  yellowish  lateral  line  separating  the  white  of  tiie  lower 
parts  from   the  gray  of  the  upper  surface.     This   varies  in   intensity,  and, 
although  present  as  a  rule,  I  find  no  trace  of  it  in  many  New  England  speci- 
mens.    The  head  is  often  of  the  same  yellowish-brown  as  the  middle  of  the 
back,  but  more  commonly  less  strongly  brownish ;  the  sides  of  the  nose  and 
cheeks  vary  from  grayish,  with  a  faint  wash  of  fulvous,  to  strongly  yellowish- 
brown.     The  upper  surface  of  the  feet  also  varies  in  the  same  manner  from 
whitish-gray  to  bright  fulvous.     The  yellowish-brown  at  the  base  of  the  tail- 
hairs  also  varies  from  pale  fulvous-brown  to  yellowish-rusty.     Specimens  in 
which  there  is  a  large,  conspicuous,  brownish  area  on  the  middle  of  the  back 
have  usually  the  yellowish  lateral  line  strongly  developed,  with  fulvous  feet, 
face,  and  cars.     The  ears  are •  generally  fulvous-tipped,  with  a  white  or  yel- 
lowish-white woolly  patch  at  the  base,  generally  far  more  strongly  developed 
in  winter  than  at  other  seasons,  it  being  often  quite  absent  in  summer.     This 
white  fluffy  ear-patch  is  most  conspicuous  in  winter  specimens  from   Fort 
Des  Moines,  Iowa.     In  these  also,  the  pelage  is  the  softest  and  fullest. 

The  dusky  phases  of  this  variety  are  local  in  their  occurrence, 
being  often  wholly  unknown  over  wide  areas.  They  are  found  in  South- 
western New  Brunswick,  in  portions  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
Massachusetts,  New  York,  both  the  Canadas,  in  all  of  the  Lake  Slates,  and 
in         "    "  'it   more    frequently  near    the     lakes    than    further    .southward. 


mm 


aCIURIDiB— SCIUllUS  CAROLINBN8I8  VAR.  LKUCOTIS. 


70:{ 


Professor  Baird  says  they  arc  rare  in  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia.  At  localities  where  the  pare  black  phase  occurs  can  usually  bo 
found  every  intermediate  stage  between  the  intensely  glossy  black  individuals 
and  those  which  scarcely  differ  from  the  ordinary  type.  In  Western  New 
York  and  Northeastern  Illinois,  where  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  observ- 
ing the  two  phases  in  life,  I  found  that  those  representing  the  dusky,  oiiudated 
phase  of  coloration  were  young  animals,  while  all  the  intensely  black  ones 
were  evidently  aged.  I  felt  at  the  time  strongly  inclined  to  the  opinion  that 
only  the  fully  mature  become  intensely  black, — in  other  words,  that  the 
intensity  of  the  black  increased  with  age,  and  that  the  black  Squirrels  when 
young  were  all  more  or  less  annulated  with  rusty. 

A  series  before  me  presents  a  gradual  transition  from  the  usual  gray 
type  to  the  pure  black  phase.  No.  11  oO  (Fort  D6s  Moines,  Iowa,  Dec,  1855) 
differs  but  little  above  from  the  usual  gray  form,  except  in  having  a  ratlier 
stronger  suff'usion  of  rufous  and  less  white ;  the  sides  are  more  strongly 
reddish-fulvous,  and  the  white  area  of  the  ventral  surface  is  narrow  and  of  a 
rather  dingy  white,  with  the  breast  strongly  ochraceous.  No.  1136  (  9,  same 
locality  and  season)  has  still  less  gray  ab«ve,  the  brownish  suflTusion  is  still 
stronger,  and  the  white  of  the  ventral  surface  is  restricted  to  a  few  irregular 
patches,  more  or  less  confluent.  There  are  dusky  areas  around  the  teats ; 
the  throat  and  upper  part  of  the  breast  are  mixed  yellowish-brown  and  black; 
the  inside  of  the  limbs  and  lower  part  of  the  breast  are  washed  with  yellow- 
ish-rufous or  gamboge,  strongest  on  the  inside  of  the  thighs.  No.  1636 
(Coll.  M.  C.  Z.,  from  Wayne  County,  111.,  Sept.,  1867)  differs  from  the  last 
mainly  in  having  the  middle  of  the  belly  grayish-white,  mixed  along  the 
median  line  with  pale  rufous  hairs  annulated  with  dusky;  the  breast  and 
sides  of  the  abdomen  are  washed  with  dingy  yellowish-brown.  No.  970 
(West  Northfield,  111.,  Sept.,  1855)  has  the  lower  parts  wit'.,  a  small  whitish 
area  divided  medially  by  bright  yellowish-brown,  the  rest  of  the  lower  sur- 
face being  gamboge-yellow.  The  sides  of  the  back  from  the  middle  of  the 
body  posteriorly  are  strongly  whitish-gray,  in  strong  contrast  with  the  rest 
of  the  dursal  surface,  while  the  chin,  lips,  and  edges  of  the  fore  feet  are  deep 
reddish-chestnut  mixed  with  blackish.  Next  come  a  considerable  series  of 
specimens,  obtained  in  1847  by  Professor  Agassiz  from  the  Boston  markets, 
and  p-obably  killed  either  in  New  England  or  New  York,  that  show  various 
stages  of  intergradation  between  the  three  specimens  last  described  and  tli(»Be 


M,  II 


i 


704 


MONOGllAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


iMi- 


that  are  pure  glossy  black  throughout.  No.  1499  (Coll.  M.  C.  Z.)  has  the 
upper  surface  dusky,  varied  with  pale  yellowish-brown,  especially  anteriorly 
and  on  the  sides;  beneath,  yellowish-rufous,  more  or  less  varied  with  black. 
No.  1496  (Coll.  M.  C.  Z.)  is  blacker  above,  with  the  lower  parts  dusky,  annu- 
latod  with  yellowish-brown,  the  two  colors  being  in  about  equal  proportions. 
Several  other  specimens  from  the  same  lot  differ  only  in  being  sometimes 
more  and  sometimes  less  varied  with  pale  yellowish-brown  above,  and  in  the 
greater  or  less  amount  of  dusky  below.  Other  specimens,  from  Wayne 
County,  New  York,  and  from  Cook  County,  Illinois,  are  almost  precisely  simi- 
lar, though  each,  otj  close  inspection,  is  found  to  vary  more  or  less,  in  some 
feature  or  another,  from  all  of  the  others.  No.  1057  (Cook  Co.,  111.,  Nov., 
1855)  is  glossy  black  above,  sparsely  varied  with  gamboge  on  the  sides  and 
below,  forming  the  last  stage  in  the  transition  to  those  which  are  glossy  black 
throughout.  •■.■ 

.    ;.  :  Var.  CAHOLINEN8I8. 

Southern  Gray  Squirrel. 

Varietal  cbaks  — Length  of  body  about  9.50  inches,  ranging  from  8.50  to 
10.25 ;  tail-vcrtebrse  about  8.00,  ranging  from  7.50  to  8.75  ;  tail  to  end  of  hairs 
about  10.50,  ranging  from  9.00  to  1  ]  .50.  Above,  brownish-yellow,  varied  with 
black,  with  generally  the  sides  of  the  neck,  shoulders,  and  thighs  mixed  with 
whitish  ;  beneath,  white.  Differs  from  var.  leucotis  in  its  smaller  size,  and  in 
the  general  color  of  the  dorsal  surface  being  yellowish-brown  instead  of 
whitish-gray.  In  the  majority  of  specimens,  the  white-tipped  hairs  that  in 
var.  le'rotui  give  a  whitish  aspect  to  the  whole  dorsal  surface  (excepting  over 
a  restricted  central  area)  are  either  wholly  wanting  in  var.  carolinensis  or  give 
merely  a  faint  grayish  cast  to  the  sides  of  the  neck,  the  shoulders,  and  thighs. 
In  other  words,  tlie  fulvous  suffusion  that  pervades  the  pelage  beneath  the 
surface  in  var.  leucotin  reaches  the  surface  in  var.  carolinensis,  thereby  dis- 
placing the  superficial  white  tint  seen  in  var.  ieucoti.s.  The  transition  in  color 
is  evidently  effected  by  the  extension  of  the  limited  brownish  dorsal  area 
usually  seen  in  var.  leucotis  till  it  occupies  the  whole  of  the  dorsal  surface, 
accompanied  with  an  increase  in  the  intensity  of  the  tint.  The  general  color 
above  of  var.  caroUnenMS  is  mixed  yellowish- brown  and  black,  instead  of 
white,  black,  and  yellowish-brown,  with  white  for  the  prevalent  tint,  as  in 
leucotls. 


f  >i 


SCIURID^— SCIURUS  CAROLINENSIS  VAR.  YUCATANEN8I8.     705 

The  form  above  characterized  ns  var.  carolinensis  is  typicallj  reprcsciiteil 
by  Florida  specimens.  Specimens  from  Louisiana,  however,  are  iiardly  dis- 
tinguishable from  Florida  ones.  A  specimen  from  Salt  Creek,  Kansas  (No. 
30G1,  May  29,  1857),  is  !iot  appreciably  diflerent.  Specimens  from  tiic 
Carolinas,  and  as  far  north  even  on  the  coast  as  Wasiiington,  and  as  far  north 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  as  Saint  Louis,  are  nearer  the  southern  form  than 
they  are  to  the  northern. 

Var.   YUCATANEN8I8,  «.  V. 

Yucatan  Gray  Squirrel. 

Varietal  chars.— Size  small ;  tail  with  hairs  shorter  than  head  and  body. 
Intermediate  in  size  l)etween  S.  carolinensis  (var  carolinensis)  and  S.  hudsonius. 
Head  and  body  10.00;  tail-vertebrsc  8.00;  tail  to  end  of  hairs  y.7.").  Ears  narrow 
and  pointed,  in  winter  somewhat  tufted.  Pelage  coarse  and  harsh.  AI)ovc, 
gray,  with  the  middle  of  the  back  brownish  ;  beneath,  white ;  hairs  of  the  tail 
ringed  with  white  and  black. 

The  four  specimens  of  this  variety  before  me  are  all  from  Merida, 
Yucatan,  and  were  collected  by  Dr.  A.  Schottin  March,  1865.  They  present 
a  remarkable  degree  of  uniformity  in  coloration.  Three  are  adult,  the  other 
about  half-grown.  Their  general  aspect  is  widely  different  from  that  of  any 
form  of  S.  carolinensis  from  the  United  States,  but  differs  less  from  the  New 
Leon  specinjens,  referred  doubtfully  by  Baird,  in  1857,  to  S.  carolinensis. 
The  pelage  is  very  coarse,  harsh,  and  stiff;  the  sides  are  clear  ashy-gray, 
unvaried  with  any  shade  of  fulvous  or  rufous.  The  middle  of  the  dorsal 
region  is  black  and  light  yellowish-brown,  the  hairs  being  black  at  base  and 
tip,  with  a  broad  subterminal  bar  of  wood-brown.  The  tail  is  centrally  white 
below,  with  a  well-defined  line  of  black  on  either  side  of  the  median  line, 
traversing  the  middle  of  the  basa'.  white  band ;  on  either  side  of  the  central 
white  area  is  a  broad  bar  of  black,  succeeded  by  a  broad  terminal  bar  of 
white.  Each  hair  is  thus  white,  with  an  inner  narrow  bar  of  black  and  a 
broader  outer  one  of  the  same  color,  with  no  shade  of  fulvous  or  rufous. 

* 

Thfli  ears  are  much  narrower  and  higher  than  in  any  United  States  form  of 
carolinensis,  and,  with  the  coarse  pelage,  ashy-gray  tints  of  the  sides,  and 
blackish  hue  of  the  back,  varied  with  pale  yellowish-brov.'n,  together  with 
the  small  sixe,  convey  the  impressic.n  of  an  animal  specifically  distinct  from 
any  other  species  of  Sciurus,  and  I  t.m  far  from  sure  that  it  should  not  be  so 
46  M 


1- 


7<)() 


MONOGRAPHS  OK  NORTH  AMEUICAN  RODENTIA. 


\    U  I; 


1^     Hi' 


logardcil.  Tlic  mpusiireinonts  given  hnyond  arn  taken  from  the  skins,  and 
socni  lo  indicate  n  form  nearly  as  large  as  the  S.  carolinensis  from  the  South 
Allantir-  and  Gulf  States;  yet,  on  comparison  of  specimens,  the  feet  of  the 
Miridii  s|ieciinons  prove  to  be  much  smaller,  the  head  narrower  and  every 
way  smaller,  showing  in  reality  a  much  smaller  animal,  not  much  exceeding 
in  siz(!  S.  hudsonius.  The  New  Leon  specimens,  however,  are  fairly  inter- 
mediate, lacking  the  fulvous  tint  of  the  sides  seen  in  northern  specimens,  and 
in  general  color  and  character  of  the  pelage  considerably  approach  the  Merida 
examples.  • 

De  [-jaussuro  describes  8.  carolinensis  as  a  Mexican  species,  and  Tomes 
gives  it  as  inhabiting  Guatemala.  De  Saussure's  description  indicates  an 
animal  not  very  different  from  the  northern  8.  carolinensis,  including  the 
fulvescent  sides  and  centrally  rufous  tail.  The  "cauda  corpore  vix  brevior" 
and  the  size  show  the  animal  is  not  referable  to  8.  coUiai.  This  seems  to 
indicate  the  extension  southward  of  the  habitat  of  8.  carolinensis  throughout 
Mexico  to  Yucatan  and  Guatemala,  its  range  southward  being  thus  coexten- 
sive with  that  of  Lfpus  sylvaticus,  L.  palusiris,  and  L.  aquaficus. 

GENERAL    KEMARK8    ON    8CIUBU8   CAROLINENSIS   AND    ITS   VARIETIES. 

Differential  characters. — Vars.  leucotis  and  carolinensis  cannot  of 
course  be  trenchantly  defined  On  comparing  specimens  from  New  England 
with  others  from  Florida,  representing,  of  course,  the  pxtremes  of  variation,  the 
differences  between  the  two,  both  in  color  and  size,  are  very  striking;  but,  in 
passing  southward  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida,  this  wide  difTerence  is  found 
to  be  effected  by  gradual  and  im])erceptible  steps.  In  New  England  specimens, 
a  large  proportion  arc  wholly  without  a  central  dorsal  area  of  brown;  in  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Iowa  specimens,  it  is  a  pretty  constant  feature, 
varying  greatly,  however,  in  extent  with  different  individuals.  In  Eastern 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  specimens,  this  brownish  dorsal  area  becomes 
more  extended,  but  the  sides  of  the  body,  and  generally  the  rump,  are  still 
strongly  washed  with  whitish.  Carolina  specimens,  especially  from  the  coast 
region,  strongly  approach  the  Florida  ones.  The  few  specimens  before  me 
from  the  Gulf  States  render  it  probable  that  the  form  existing  there  differs 
little  from  the  extreme  phase  lA'  carolinensis  as  developed  in  Florida.  The 
variation  in  size  is  equally  gradual,  consisting  of  a  decrease  in  size  southward. 
The  dividing  line  between  the  habitats  of  the  two  forms  may  perhaps  be 


SCIDRID^— SCIURUS  CAR0LINEN8IS  AMD  VARIETIKS. 


707 


considered  as  the  vicinity  of  the  Potomac  Rivor  on  the  Ath\ntic  coast. 
Probably  var.  leucotis  occurs  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Georgia,  while 
again,  in  tiie  Mississippi  Valley,  the  southern  boundary  of  its  habitat  sweeps 
northward  as  far  as  Southern  Illinois.  Along  the  Atlantic  coast,  no  mclanis-tic 
phase  of  var.  carolinemis  has  as  yet  been  reported,  but  in  Louisiana  and 
northward  along  the  Mississippi  a  mclanistic  phase  has  been  said  to  tiecur, 
forming  the  5. /«/ii'j»0SM.s  of  Bachman. 

Geographical  disteidution — Tiie  present  species  ranges  enstward 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  to  New  Brunswick,  and  is  found  thence  westward 
over  the  southern  half  of  Maine,  most  parts  of  Vennont,  New  Hampshire, 
and  New  York,  most  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  Valley,  the  southern  portions  of 
Canada,  Jilichigan,*  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  up  tiie  Missouri,  at  least  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Platte,  and  thence  everywhere  southward  to  the  Gulf  coast. 
It  ranges  westward  to  the  eastern  border  of  the  Plains,  from  Nebraska  to 
Texas,  and  apparently  far  into  Mexico.  Its  northern  limit  of  distribution 
coincides  very  nearly  with  the  northern  boundary  of  the  AUcghanian  fauna, 
aid  hence  very  nearly  with  the  isotherm  of  44°  F.  Variety  leucotis  may  be 
considered  as  ranging  southward  over  both  the  AUcghanian  and  Carolinian 
faunae,  or  about  to  the  isotherm  of  56°  F.,  where  vars.  Ifucotis  and  carolimensis 
become  not  readily  distinguishable.  Var.  carolinensis  occupies  the  region 
thence  southward,  in  the  United  States,  to  the  Gulf  coast,  and  also  far  into 
Mexico,  and  even  apparently  to  Guatemala. 

In  the  United  States,  it  has  not  been  reported  from  any  locality  west  of 
the  eastern  edge  of  the  Plains  or  west  of  Texas.  Thd'^pecimens  from  New 
Leon,  Mexico,  are  the  most  southern  I  have  seen,  and  depart  somewhat  from 
any  of  the  forms  met  with  in  the  United  States.  The  descriptions  of  S. 
carolinensis,  from  Mexican  specimens,  seem  unquestionably  referable  to  this 
species,  and  seem  to  indicate  that  the  form  met  with  in  Central  and  Southern 
Mexico  is  not  greatly  diiferent  from  the  form  occurring  in  the  middle  portions 
of  tlie  United  States,  though  referred  to  as  smaller  and  more  fulvous. 

The  form  I  have  characterized  above  as  var.  yucatanensis  is  possibly 
specifically  distinct,  but,  if  so,  has  very  close  affinities  with  the  New  Leon 
type  of  S.  carolinensis.  The  four  specimens  of  this  form  in  the  collection 
are  all  from  Merida,  Yucatan.  I  have  met  with  no  description  that  Is  at  all 
Tofenible  to  this  form,  and  can  hence  add  nothing  farther  respecting  its  range. 

*  Ricliardaon  refers  to  tbo  oacarrttnce  of  the  black  form  on  the  uortburn  eliorcs  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
dnporior,  and  glres  its  range  as  extending  northward  to  the  fiftieth  parallel. — {Feun.  Sor.Jmer.  vol.  i, 
leaJ,  p.  19L) 


r'.l 


til 


^W^ 

708 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


t      mI 


.1:!^ 


imi 


(  ii; 


Geooraphical  variation. — The  principal  features  of  geographical  vari- 
ntion  presented  by  this  species  have  already  been  described  in  characterizing 
the  tliree  varieties  kucotis,  carolinensis,  and  yticataneims,  they  consisting 
mainly  in  tiecrease  in  size  southward  and  an  increase  in  intensity  of  coloration, 
the  whitisii  tips  of  the  hairs  of  the  dorsal  surface  seen  in  northern  specimens 
being  replaced  by  yellowish-brown  in  the  southern  ones,  except  in  the  case 
of  var.  ifucatancnsis.  As  happens,  however,  in  numerous  other  instances,  the 
largest  size  is  not  reached  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  but  far  in  the  interior,  toward 
the  Upper  Missouri  country.  Although  not  ranging  much  above  the  Platte,  the 
same  influences  are  present,  generally  in  le.<i8  degree,  in  Wisconsin  and  Iowa. 
Thus,  a  series  of  seven  specimens  from  Fort  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  average  1 1 
inches  in  length  of  body,  while  a  similar  series  from  the  vicinity  of  TDhicago, 
111.,  fall  below  10.50.  A  series  of  eleven  from  the  vicinity  of  Washing- 
ton scarcely  reach  10.00,  while  Florida  specimens  average  only  about  9  50. 
In  respect  to  the  Atlantic  coast  region,  few  adult  skulls  from  north  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  fall  below  2.40  in  length,  ranging  from  2.35  to  2.52,  while  of 
six  skulls  from  the  Gulf  States,  only  one  reaches  2.30,  the  av.jrage  being 
about  2.25. 

Aside  from  the  variation  in  color  v.'ith  locality  already  mentioned,  speci- 
mens from  New  England  and  Pennsylvania  can  generally  be  easily  distin- 
guished from  those  from  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  especially  from  Ohio,  Illi- 
nois, and  Iowa  specimens,  the  former  being  of  a  clearer  or  whiter  gray  than 
those  from  correspqnjling  latitudes  in  the  West.  Specimens  from  North- 
eastern Mexico  are  less  suffused  with  fulvous  than  United  States  specimens, 
while  a  still  grayer  type  occurs  in  Yucatan.  As  already  noted,  in  Southern 
Mexico  the  species  maintains  the  feature  of  excessive  fulvous  suffusion  met 
with  in  the  United  States. 

Synonymy  and  nomenclature. — The  earliest  available  specific  name  for 
this  species  is  cnrolinensis,  given  by  Gmelin,  in  1788,  to  Pennant's  "Lesser 
Gray  Squirrel"  of  Carolina.  Pennant's  "Quadrupeds"  is  the  only  vork 
cited,  and  the  habitat  is  distinctly  given  as  Carolina.  In  separating  the  spe- 
cies into  northern  and  southern  races,  cnrolinensis  must  of  course  be  retained 
as  the  varietal  name  of  the  southern  form.  In  1792,  Schreber  renamed  the 
species  cinereus,  his  description  being  based  on  specimens  from  New  York, 
hence  referring  to  the  northern  variety.  The  name,  however,  was  preoccu- 
pied, having  been  previously  given  by  Linnseus  to  the  Fox  Squirrel.     Many 


n 


SCIDRlUiB— SCIUltUS  CAROL1NENSI8— SYNONYMY. 


709 


writers  have,  notwithstanding,  npi)lied  tho  name  cinereui  to  the  present  spe- 
cies. According  to  Professor  Baird,  Ord,  in  1815,  gave  the  niuiie  j>ennsiil- 
vanicus  to  the  black  variety  of  the  Gray  Sqiiirn;!,  though  Godiinin*  and  suhse- 
qiicnt  authors  have  often  applied  to  it  the  name  niger,  long  previously  given  l)y 
Linnaeus  to  the  black  phase  of  the  Fox  Squirrel.  Gapper,  in  1830,  gave  the 
name  leucotis  to  Canadian  specimens  of  the  common  gray  form.  Tliis  name 
I  adopt  for  the  northern  variety,  from  its  being  exclusively  applicable  to  the 
northern  form.  While  pennmjlvanicus  of  Ord  ha.^  fifteen  years'  priority  over 
this  name,  it  was  given  to  specimens  from  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  and 
hence  from  a  locality  bordering  upon  the  habitat  of  the  southern  form,  and  con- 
sequently the  nam6  is  not  strictly  applicable  to  the  northern  type  us  devel- 
oped in  the  Northern  and  Northeiistern  States  and  the  Canadns.  Audubon 
and  Bachman,  not  liking  the  name  leucotia  of  Gapper,  proposed,  some  twenty 
years  later,  to  substitute  for  it  the  name  migratorius  as  being  one  far  more 
appropriate  for  the  Northern  Gray  Squirrel.  Dr.  Bachman  had  previously 
regarded  the  Northern  and  Southern  Gray  Squirrels  as  distinct  species, 
restricting  the  name  carolmensis  to  the  southern  form.  The  name  fuliginosus 
of  Bachman  apparently  refers  to  a  dusky  phase  of  the  southern  form,  sup- 
posed by  him  to  be  more  or  less  common  along  the  lower  part  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, especially  in  Louisiana.  I  have  met  thus  far  with  no  melanistic 
specimens  of  the  Gray  Squirrel  from  any  point  south  of  Pennsylvania,  nor 
have  I  found  any  other  reference  to  anything  that  can  be  considered  as  a 
melanistic  phase  of  the  southern  variety.  The  specimens  from  New  Leon, 
Mexico,  referred  very  doubtfully  by  Professor  Baird  HI  Sciurus  carolinensis, 
seem  not  to  be  varietally  distinguishable  from  the  southern  form  of  this  spe- 
cies, and  are  hence  here  identified  as  referable  to  var.  carolinensis. 

Tho  Sciurus  carolinensis  of  De  Saussure  from  Mexico  seems  not  to 
differ  materially  from  8.  caroliuensis  of  the  United  States.  "Cauda  corpore 
vix  brevior.  Supra  fuscus,  flavo  dense  tessellatus;  dorso  medio  obscuriore, 
lateribus  flavescentibus",  etc.,  applies  unequivocally  to  S.  carolinensis,  and  to 
no  other  species  thus  far  known  to  me.     Tomes  gives  it  from  Duefias,  Guate- 

* Richantson  (Faiiii.-Bor.  Amer.  i,  191)  cites  "  Sciunu  niger  Say,  Txid^s  Expedition,  vol.  i,  p.  262", 
prribabl;  from  the  English  edition,  wbioh  is  the  one  he  elsewhere  says  he  usually  quotes.  In  the  Amer- 
ican edition,  in  the  "  Catalogue  of  the  Names  of  Animals  "  met  with  at  and  on  the  journey  to  Engineer 
Cantonment  (vol.  i,  p.  37G),  occurs  "  Scianu  nigra— BXack  Squirrel",  but  with  no  further  remarks,  and 
hence  nothing  to  indicate  tho  locality  of  its  occurrence,  or  whether  the  "  Black  Sqnirrel "  here  referred  to 
is  S.  oarolinentit  or  a  melanistic  phase  of  one  of  the  Fox  Squirrels.  In  the  same  manner  ore  mentioned 
"  Sdnnu  capittraim  "  and  "  .Scittnu  oiRerma  ". 


:<  :■!■  i 


il 


710 


MONOGUArnS  OF  NOUXn  AMERICAN  ItODBNTIA. 


mnlii,  loiMnikiiig  that  tlio  Gualcmulii  specimens  "difTer  from  the  ordinary 
spccinioiis  of  S.  airolinemiH  in  being  smaller  and  much  more  strongly  tinged 
with  brown  or  rufous.  There  are  not  sufficient  grounds,  however,  for  regard- 
ing them  as  distinct  from  that  species,  the  difTerenceB  being  such  as  we 
might  expect  to  meet  with."  I  have  not,  liowever,  met  with  any  s|)ecimen8 
of  tiiis  species  from  Mexico,  notwithstanding  the  large  number  of  Mexican 
Squirrels  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining. 

The  Sciurus  deppei  of  Peters  clearly  belongs  to  this  group,  as  shown  by 
its  size,  the  length  of  the  tail  (with  the  hairs  shorter  than  the  body),  and 
coloration.  The  locality  is  given  as  "Papantia,  Mexico,"  and  the  suppot«ed 
species  is  here  doubtfully  referred  to  the  southern  form  of  S.  carolinensis. 

Tabi.b  XVIII. — McatumiumU  of  iaenty-elght  tpeoiment  of  Sciuiius  carolinensis  rar.  leucotih. 


1 

o 
a 

u 

LocaUtf. 

J 

From  tip  of  noeo  to— 

Tall  to  ond 
of— 

Lengtb  of— 

G 

c 
S 

m 
•A 

Bsnurka. 

^ 

1 

-1 

1 

f 

n 

1 
1 

1 

1390 

len 

1130 
1131 
IIM 
1I3S 
1370 
334 
DM 

m-i 

1037 
7i0 
781 
970 
178 

lei 

Fort  Dea  Molnaa,  Iowa 

do .. 

do 

11.93 
11.00 
10.30 
11.  SO 
11.00 
11.  CO 
10.30 
11.00 
10.00 
10.00 
10.33 

8.00 
10.  J3 
10.30 
10.00 
11.00 
10.00 
10.93 

0.00 

laso 

10.30 
0.00 
10.00 
10.30 
11.00 
10.  (10 
10.00 
0.00 

8.00 
7.00 
3.00 
T.OO 

11.30 
10.30 
11.00 
8.30 



9.70 
9.70 
9.43 
9.T0 
9.80 
9.30 
9.63 
9.40 
9.65 

Skin 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do.  ... 

...do 

...do 

Meaanntm  *t8  ftva 
Baird'a   Maium. 
N.  Amerioo,  pp. 
963,903. 

1 

9 

do 

do   

do 

do 

7.00 
8L95 
7.50 
8.00 
7.10 
0.93 
8.00 
&00 
9.00 
9,30 
7.50 
&50 

10  00 
11.00 
11.00 
11.00 

moo 

19.93 
19.30 
11.00 
11.00 
13.00 
10.50 
11.33 

do 

....  do 

WcttNorthtleld.Ill... 

do 

do 

do 

9 

=. 

1.75 
1.75 

9.65 
9.40 
9.60 
9.75 
9.50 
9.53 
9.50 
9.50 
9.30 
9.65 
S.00 
9.30 
9.30 
9.60 
9.50 
9.55 
9.50 
3.50 

...  do 

....do 

...do 

...  do.... 

...do 

....do 

....do 

Ft«ih 

....do 

Dry  akin.. 
...do... 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

Aico.  akin. 

lo 

Detroit  Mloh 

9 
9 

ClevHlAtKi  Obio 

WMhlugtoii,  D.C   ... 
do 

1.17 

117 

8.08 
3.5U 

483 
-IfjO 
3 '8 
007 

i-i!):i 

.    do     .  . 

d 

....  do 

do 

.  .    ijo   

8.00 

aoo 

10.00 
11.00 

a.  SO 

3.40 
9.50 
•i-0 
..  35 

ilo       

1473 

do    

8  00 
8,  Of) 

11.00 
11.95 
10.75 
10.30 

2375 
33M1 

...In 

il.i 

Alcohullc . 
....do.   .. 

"J'i-:l 


m 

MH  1 1 

H 

^Hn  : 

l'M«- 

fli 

,   j-'r 

|HI^ 

;  :   ;■ 

Wif^  ,j 

■   ■  >• 

"L     ^P''     ■    ^ 

UjiK  ^ 

|L|i|li']     j 

■H 

mlll 

pi 

'm' 

ijf 

^^^ 

8CIURIDJB— SCIUflUa  OAROL1NBN818  VAR.  YUOATANKNSlS.      7  I  I 

Tabi.k  XlX.—iftxuurementtof  Mrly-tlx  tptetmeiu  of  BcWHOK  oarolinhnhih  mr.  nAiioi.iNicNHiH." 


MM 
MS.1 

VltJ 

a04i 


9015 

aoM 

903T 
WW 
W» 
9066 
M«T 


103 
M« 

tm 

3SI 
SM 
991 

m 

3U 
3M 

MT 
3«8 
3t» 
310 

3Tr 

3T8 
37« 
380 
381 
381 
384 
389 
388 
SB1 


hofiitj. 


JwknaTUU,Vki... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

DununlM's, Fl*  ... 

do 

W«Uk*,rU 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

BawkluvUlisFU.. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


1 

From    tip   of 
nniw  lit— 

Tun  to  enil  uf.— 

I.KillKth  of- 

t 
I 

t 

1 
I 

1 

i 
1 

1 

1 

S 

<f 

9.91 

0.0O 

8.00 

11.00 

9.45 

Frwh. 

« 

9.40 

0.00 

7.75 

10.45 

1.35 

i:i5 

...do. 

? 

9.« 

a  49 

7.50 

10.83 

1.  45 

9.45 

.   ilcl. 

? 

0.90 

7.  ,10 

10  00 

..  do. 

<f 

10.90 

7..10 

10.00 

...do. 

« 

9.43 

0.90 

8.15 

10.50 

1.60 

9..K1 

do. 

rf 

9..M 

10.90 

8.00 

10.50 

1.15 

9.40 

..  do. 

rf 

10  00 

8.95 

11.  UO 

.  do. 

9 

10.00 

8.75 

It.. 10 

..  dn. 

<f 

10.00 

8.40 

0.00 

..do. 

4 
9 

0.00 
0.19 

7.50 
7.00 

'.0.00 

o.ai 

..  dii. 

...do. 

cf 

10.19 

O.GO 

11.35 

...do. 

'f 

9.40 

9.  .10 

8.00 

10.511 

l.-W 

9.15 

...do. 

9 

9.49 

0.95 

6.00 

0.95 

1.60 

9.9:1 

...do. 

9 

1133 

8.95 

8.75 

11.00 

1.  35 

9.'J9 

...do. 

9 

9.50 

0.95 

8.00 

0.75 

1.40 

9.90 

..  do. 

9 

9. 45 

8179 

7.60 

10.00 

1.50 

9.95 

. .  do. 

rf 

9.39 

&00 

7.60 

10.00 

1.50 

9.05 

do. 

rf 

9.49 

0.00 

7.60 

10.00 

1.50 

9.95 

..do. 

rf 

9.30 

0.90 

0.79 

0.00 

1.40 

9.90 

...do. 

9 

9:39 

S.fO 

8100 

10.00 

1.40 

a.  15 

...do. 

d 

9.49 

0.00 

&90 

10.75 

1.45 

9.90 

...do. 

J 

9.90 

10.00 

aoo 

10.50 

1.49 

9.37 

...do. 

<t 

9.35 

8.79 

aoo 

11.00 

L49 

9.95 

..do. 

(f 

9.40 

0.00 

aoo 

10  C9 

1.45 

9.99 

...do. 

<t 

9.39 

e.tu 

7.05 

0.79 

1.49 

9.30 

...do. 

J 

9.40 

o.uo 

7.50 

0.50 

1.45 

9.39 

..do. 

<f 

9.40 

0.15 

7.65 

10.10 

1.45 

9.99 

..  do. 

9 

9.38 

0.95 

a  15 

10.73 

1.49 

9.90 

..do. 

<f 

9.40 

0.00 

7.90 

10.50 

l.,V) 

9.40 

..  do. 

<S 

9.90 

9.75 

a  15 

10.95 

1. 95 

9.39 

...do. 

<f 

9.40 

0.00 

7.75 

10.95 

1.40 

9.M 

...do. 

d- 

9.40 

8.75 

7.05 

0.60 

1.55 

9.20 

...do. 

.9 

9.50 

10.15 

re.-; 

10.35 

I.C5 

9.45 

...do. 

rf 

9.40 

aoo 

7.31 

10  10 

i.eo 

9.15 

...do. 

*  The  muniremante  given  In  this  table  were  all  taken  tram  speolmens  in  tho  fleiih  and  were  nearly  all  made  by 
myeelf  In  the  field.  They  are  here  quoted  from  my  "  Mammola  and  Winter  Birds  of  Enat  Florida".  (See  Bull.  Mns.  Comp. 
Zoai.  vol.  11,  p.  177.) 

Tablk  XX. — Meaaur«menU  of  three  apedmens  of  SciURUS  garolinrsis  var.  yucatanknsis. 


j 

% 

■  I 

Looalitj. 

i 

From  tip  of  no«e  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

Length  of— 

I 

s 

■3 

i 

^ 

1 

! 

i 

1 

1 

1 
d 

1 

g 
5 

89C 

83« 

19      998 
19      908 
0       «W 

Hiirld>,  Tnnttin     

<t 

0.83 

a80 

0.80 

1.69 
1.70 
L90 

1.05 
900 
S.05 

10.00 
0.00 

laso 

7.95 
7.50 
a50 

0.99 
9..'« 

io.su 

1.  .i5 
l.ii 
1.90 

9.05 
1.  05 
9.10 

0.50 
O.O.! 
0..1fl 

Skin 
..do. 
..do. 

do 

do 

9 

It 


N 


^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


>ii  lii   |Z2 

Ui 

lit 


I; 
I 


U£    12.0 


U    ill  1.6 


^ 


y 


/a 


^^ 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WiST  MAIN  STRIIT 

WIBSTH.N.Y.  MSN 

(716)872-4503 


'^ 


w 


\ 


ii 


712      MONOGUAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

Tablk  X\i.—Mc<uuremenl$  n/  tighlrrn  tlrnltt  qf  8CIUHU8  CAROLINBN8I8  rur.  LKL'COTIS. 


Locality. 


I  ! 


tlliC 
(il67 

fM 
■llOi 
16M 
IlMI 
I9U 

vm 

3137 
814S 
MT 
liSl 
1344 
1808 


mill  !  Grt'ensburii,  Po 

giii:i     ilo   

do 

do 

do 

Ctaraler  Coanty,  P« 

do 

C«rll»le,P» 

Wublogton,  D.  C 

do 

do   

do 

do 

Ottawa  Rivor,  CumI*  .. 

CIoTcUod.  Ohio 

IUoino,Wia 

do 

do 


S.40 
1.4} 

tm 

t.41 

a.  3} 
%m 

8.44 

a.  38 

8.40 
137 
(.40 

g.40 

i.44 
9L3.1 
9.96 


1.37 
1.40 
1.39 
1.49 
1.33 

i.:u 

1.33 
1.40 
1.37 
1.33 
1.33 
1.30 
1.3« 
1.40 
l.3> 
1.33 
l.M 
1.49 


0183 
aM 

0.83 

0.  n 

0.83 


*| 


It 


•a     u>      o  * 


0.70 

O.IW 

0.H0 

0.  VJ 

OdO 

an 

0.111 

o.« 

0.78 

0.M 

083 

&u 

0.7rt 

a«i 

0.81 

0  17 

0.81 

o.« 

a78 

0  81 

a  81 

0.83 

080 

0.18 

0.tl 

a  IS 

a  81 

an 

bN 

ai« 

0.77 

a  19 

0.1-0 

0  89 

OM 

0.M 

a  83 

0  73 
IP.  73 

a  74 
a7s 

0  70 

ain 


1.83 
1.90 
1.83 
1.88 
1.93 
1.83 
1.94 


0  40 
U.  41 
0  40 

a3t> 

0  48 

0311 
0  40 


i 

-I 

AS 

o 

u 


o»j 

0.8:1 
11.91 
0.98 
0  89 
0  80 
0  83 


If 


0  4.1 

a  49 

0  43 
0  4i 
O  4.-> 
0  41 
0  38 


a  e 

0.  IW 

o:iii 
089 
090 
Okii 
0  93 


1.37 
I.. 17 
1.41 
1.  :I4 
1.3-. 
1.34 
1.30 
1.34 
1.40 
1.40 
1.3S 
1.39 
1.34 
1.33 


TAtiLK  XXlL—UeaturtmeHlt  of  fixt  »k»lU  of  SciUHts  carounexsis  var.  CAROLUfBNHig. 


1800 
1807 
T908 


LooaUtj. 


Prairia  Msr  Bon|l^  La . 

do 

WaihloKton  Co.,  Tex  . . 

DrookbavpD,  Htaa 

do 


9:99 
9.89 
ft93 
9.31 
9.93 


3 
I 

I 

o 

L39 
1.30 


1.30 
1.30 


a  78 
0  74 
a73 
077 
O'll 


a90 

a -JO 
a90 

018 
090 


If 

I 

p 


1.13 


i 

i 

* 

a73 

n.'o 

0  78 

ati8 
0.  C3 

a<n 

0  03 

a-.o 
aT3 
an 
a7» 
an 

0  70 

a  73 


1.33 
1.37 


0  73 

oeo 


1. 

1.97 
1.86 
1.31 

i.:o 


0  79 
0  76 
073 
079 
0  79 


SClDKlD.ff!— 801UED8  GAROLINENSIS  VAR.  LBDCOTI8. 


713 


Tadlk  XXIII.— tbf  of  tftcXmttit  examined  of  Sciuiiits  caiiolinkssis  ear.  Lr.(;c<>TlN, 


•s 

1 

B 

0 

a 

si 

•1101 
•MM 
•l«S 

im 

•ISIt 
•38«1 
*I3I3 
•IJM 
-VM 

•uie 

'IM7 
•1318 
•UM 
•1390 
•lUI 

■i.-na 

■I3» 
UM 
•1309 
'UM 
•I9t) 

•un 

•1180 

•im 

•MOD 

•««o 

•148 

•SOS 
•Oil 

OM 

l«3T 

«« 

itn 
4n4 

i 

a 
«  — 

?    M 

8  * 

i 

s 

Q 

1 

-a 

1 

§ 
1 

1. 

LocoUtj. 

Whan 
oollpclrd. 

Kromwhoui  rt>. 
t'i'lvcd. 

Collurlwl  hy- 

Akobollo.  ... 

Skin 

...do 

Alc«l»Uc 

Skin 

Alooholio 

Skin 

Itimiarka, 

BUoklah. 

BiKk.annaUted 
Mow. 

Ambcnt.K.H... 
Calali,lla 

R.B.Mrllondy 
a.A.Uoardmaii 
tlo 

A.II.IIrlleody 
U.A.Uoatdniaii 

...do 

J.C.RIrli.... 
B  D.Venlll.. 

...do 

L.AKaaal<    .. 
....do 

..do 

...("« 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

CptaD,Mo 

Kurway.Ua  

J.O.Klch   ... 

auVfiTiii 

do 

....do 

L.A(a<oia  ... 
...do 

....do 

...do 

..  do 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

...do 

..do 

....do 

.... 

..  do   

do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

do 

..  do   

.... 

..do 

..  do 

..  do 

..do 

...do 

do 





" 

..  do   

..do 

..  do 

...do 

..  <h 

do  . 

..  do 

..do 

....do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

do 

..  do 

.  do 

...do 

....«lo 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...<lo 

...do 

...do 

..  dii 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...  do 

...do 

.....lo 

C.J.MayiMrd. 
...do 

..  do 

Walwtown,  Maaa 
NfiwlmTmr.llaaa. 
Coiioonl,>bM  ... 
Wortblnntno,  Maaa 
8alnt      Lawnsooa 

Connly.N.r. 
MkldMion',  Maaa 

..  do   

Jnii«M,le«3 

..do 

C.J.Maynard 

. .   ilo 

n.Maan 

W.H.UIIaa  . 
J.  8.  Foley... 

.r.W.P.Jonk^ 

...do 

8.  F.  Baltd  .. 

...do 

R.U  Walker. 
Mia  La  Conte 

F.Oowan 

....do 

n.Manu 

W.  H.  Milea   . 
J. a  Foley  ... 

J.W.P.jM.k. 

..  do 

8.  F.  Baird  .. 
...do 

Alooholic 

..do 

..  do 

Skin  

Oct.  S7,  less 
Sprlag,  IBM 

Sept.  M8M 

..do 

...do 

...do 

CMlialF.Pa 

....4o   

ei« 
«i« 
«iei 

S163 

aic4 

MM 
Sl«1 
4l01 
4«I8 
■10 
»4M 
SIM 

9 

9 
9 
? 

Allanheajr  Co.,  Pa 
PaanayWaola  f . . . 

OrMnabnric,  Pa   . 
....do 

lLL.Walket. 
lflO'L«G<llt« 

F.Oowan 

..do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do   

Or.B.UIehner 

..  do 

^  F.  Baltd... 

..  do 

...do 

..do    

Skull 

..  do 

..  do   

....do 

..do   

...do   

..  do 

....do 

.  iio   

...do 

..  do   

...do  

...do   

....do 

....do 

..  do   

...do 

..  do 

....4o  

..do 

...,do  

Dr.K.MIchDor 

...do 

B.F.  Baltd... 
...do 

...do    

Carilalo,  P> 

...do  

...do 

....do 

...do 

...  do .. 

...do 

...  do 

....do 

•laUiMoniof  CoBpwmUn  ZoWogy.  Cambridga,  Maw 


I  ■'■>' 


f 

1 

H:, 

m 

J;ijj 

B 

ii  1 

1 

1 

1 

M 

714 


MONOORArHS  OF  KORTH  AMERICAN  KODBNTIA. 


Tablk  XXIII. — Litt  of  uptoimait  examinrd  of  Rciuhus  caholinrnhih  car.  ucucoris— CoDtinned. 


1 

s 

h 

387 
4U 
486 
I3»3 
MU 
98M 
380 

sm 

189 
181 
180 
8116 
960 
»T0 
9W 
TM 

Til 

na 

731 
7M 
TiS 
7M 
Ttl 

■m 
•m 

10S7 
1301 
ITT 
183 
176 
084 

im 

196 

097 
3S7 
330 
331 

1116 

1197 
1108 

B 

a 
a 

is 

i-8 

M 

s 

s 
a 

1 

% 

H 

if 
J 
<f 
<f 

I,<H'jillly. 
PennRjIvnula  f . . . . 

When 
oollectad. 

Ffom  whom  re. 
oeWed. 

Collrcted  by— 

o 

s 

Beaarka. 

4734 
I0S3 

NatlOallary.. 
S.F.  Balrd  .. 

..  do 

..    do 

...do 

B  F.  Bain) 

..  do 

...do 

..  do 

O.Dreilor  .  . 

J.K.ToWBMod 

M.UeDooa)d.. 

gkall 

BUek. 

aboTO  aad  bo- 
low. 

Daoky. 
...do. 

Wwhingum.  D.  C 

..  do 

.  ilo 

Oct.  99,!8i9 
Jan.  31,  less 
Jan.  31, 18SS 
Winter,  1896 

Skin  and  ekall 
Skin  

..  do   

900S 

.... 

..  do 

.  do 

Bkinaadakall 
Skin  

<f 

.  do 

...do 

..  do   

KoT.  — ,  18S4 

...do 

..  do   

...do 

1096 
1697 
9937 
7007 

607 

... 

...do 

...  do 

S.F.  Baird... 

...do 

...do 

do 

8  F.  Baird    . 

...do...  

..  do 

.do    

Skull 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...do ; 

...do 

CleveUnd.OSiia  ... 
Bockport,  Oblo... 
...do 

J.  P.  Kirtland 
...do 

J.  P  Kirtland 

...do 

..do 

R  Kennloott .. 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

....do   

gkin 

...do 

...ilo 

MonntCuroll,  III. 
Union  Connty,  III 
WMtNonbfl«ld,III 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Oct   96,ie64 
Sept.  — ,  I8SS 
8ep(.9S,18SS 
Sept.  — ,  I8SS 
Spring,  1699 

Spring,  18SS 
Bpriug,  18SS 
Spring,  IgSS 
Spring,  18» 
Spring,  18SS 
Spring,  IRSS 
Spring,  18S5 
Spring,  1898 
Spring,  18SS 

R.  Kennloott.. 

...do 

..do 

...do 

•■*> 

..do        .... 

..do 

...do   

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

...do     

..do 

...do 

..do 

...do    *...    . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

.do 

...do 

do   

...do 

..  do 

do 

..do 

..do 

....do 

.  do 

..  do 

...do 

do   

....do 

...do 

CkTeUod,  Ohio    .. 
Chicago,  III 

....do 

S.r.  Baiid... 
B.  Kennloott.. 

....do 

CFbi 

....do 

..do  

...do 

aF.  Baird... 
B.  Konaloolt . . 
..  do   

SknU 

Skin 

....do 

Blaek. 
....do. 
Oray. 
Blaek. 

Blaek. 

1966 

9 

...do   

0^lMeI•I^VIoh.. 

C.  Foi 

...do 

....do 

Skin  and  aknU 

sua 

....do 

I>otroU,Hloh 

..  do 

Dr.P.B.Boy.. 
.  do      ...  . 

Dr.  P.  R.  Boy. 

..  do   

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do    

do 

...do 

..  do 

.  do   

...do 

..  da   

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do  

....do 

....do 

..do 

1908 
1900 
1990 
1931 

.... 

9 
9 

...do 

...do 

....do   

...do 

...do 

8.F.  BnlM  .. 
do 

B.  F.  Balrd  .. 
do 

gkall  

.  do 

...do 

A.C.Ba>TT  .. 
do 

A.C  Barry 

.  do     

...do   

do 

.  ir, 

Fort  Dm  U..um, 

Iowa. 
. .  ilo 

,1893 

,18SS 

,1899 

W.B.Moon.. 

...do 

....do 

W.X.lIooie.. 

....do 

...do 

gkin 

...do.. 

...do 

....do 

ll)J  [ 


BOJDRID^— 8C1URU8  OAROLiyBNSIS  VAK.  0AROLINBN8I8.      715 


TiBLB  XXni.— £<«l  o/  tptcimtnt  txamtned  of  SciURCS  caroukrnru  rar.  LBCcnn* — Contlnned. 


IIM 

tut 
tm 
lUt 
IIS 
IIM 
IU» 
IIM 
1«M 

IMS 
MM 


l«T 


MM 


UM 


LooaUty. 


Fort  Dm  Moinaa, 

Iowa. 
...do 


.do. 
..do. 


....*o 

...do 

Mat  Looti,  Mo . 


....do 

ladapasdaaea,  llo. 

lUanari 

....do 

...do 

LesTaawottii,  Mo 
MtCnak,  K«a.. 


...do 

Month  or  Pktto. . 


Whn 

oolleoiod. 


Dae.  — ,  IMS 
Dao.  — ,tM5 
Dao.  — ,  IMS 
Dae.  — ,IMS 
Dae.  -,IHS 
Dae.  -,  I8U 
Dae.  — ,I8SS 


Jan.  M,IMS 
M*rM,18S1 

Mar  H,i837 
Mar  M,  IRST 
Apr.  M,  leST 


From  whom  ra- 
oelrad. 


W.B.  Moore.. 

...do 

...do 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Dr.Oeo.Batal- 


Dr.J.O.Ueopar 
Dr.  P.  R.  H07 
...do , 


U.D.N.Coaoh 
Ltr.T.BrTaa 


Collaotad  by- 


W.X.Moon.. 


..do. 

..do. 
do. 
.do. 


...do 

Dr.aao.Eacrl- 


....do 

Dr.J.O.Ceopar 
Dr.P.&Hoj 
....do 

...  do 

I,t.D.K.Cooali 
W.B.Wood 
...do 


Skin. 


do 

do 

do 

do 

SkiaaadekuU. 
8Ua 

do 

de 


...do. 
....do. 

...do. 
...do. 
BknU.. 
sua... 
...  do. 
....do. 

...do. 
...do. 


Tabu  XXIV.— £<«<  (tf  qMo<awN«  cMniiwd  nf  SoiaBDS  CAROUMBifBis  wht.  oakoumbmsm. 


1 

1 
1 

1 

LoeaUty. 

Wkan 
oollaatad. 

From  whoa 
raoatrad. 

OoUaetadbr- 

Nataraofapeo- 

Bamuka. 

MM 
QMS 
MM 

Mn 

MM 
MM 

i«n 
i«m 

UM 

»■ 

9 

Dr.]I.Oo«aa  .. 
..do    

Or.KCooaa... 
....do  

gkia 

In  Mat.  Mnaania. 
da 

...do 

....do 

.     do 

...  do    

....do  

do 

..do    

....do  

....do 

....do  

....do. 

..do       

....do  

....do  

to 

....da 

....do    

....do 

....do  

....do  

da 

Tarban'.V.O 

.  do  

J.L.Biidcw- 
....do 

J.L.lMd(ar.. 
....do 

....do  

...  da 



....do  

...da 

do  

....do 

do 

do 

....da 

Ohar)«tim  1^  0 

r8.Hel(aa... 
M^|.J.Laeaiita 

Or.JOMa 

atChwrlaaOol. 

Ian. 

....da  

F.  8.  nolma. . . . 

....do  

...da 

UbartyConBtr.Oa. 

Mv->ltM 

Mat.J.LaeoBta 

Bkoll 

da 

nsi 
dm 

«IM 

MM 

...do 

....da 

Omd  Oataao.  La. .. 

StChailaaGol. 

lata. 
...  do 

Bkla 

da 

....do 

....do 

....da 

...  do 

....do  

....do 

....do  

....da 

716 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOBTO  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


Taiilk  XXIV.— U((  eif  tpeciwunt  tiaminti  of  Scit:iii.'H  cahounkmkis  rar.  rAiioiJNKNBm— Coiitinnttl. 


■h; :  I 


1  Wi  ■ 


\m 


liH 


if  i 

•J 


us 


lUl 
MM 
1145 
MM 
SU3 
MM 
«1U 
MM 
MS7 
(198 
MM 
«l« 
«1<I 
MM 

Mn 

S4M 
84U 
3M 

xn 


lan 

IMS 
IM* 
IKI 

8XM 

em 


LovaUty. 


Pnlrle  Her  Ronge, 


do 

do 

.do 

do 

do 

do 

.  ..do 

....do 

BraokbiTaa,  Ulu 

...do 

...do 

WuhlngUmCo.,  Tei 
JftokoonvtUe,  VU. . . 

..do   

Hlb«niU,FU 

...do 

...do 

WeUki,na 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do   

...do 

...do 

JukKiiTlU«,FU  .. 

...do 

...do 

New  Leoo,  Mnloo. 
...do 


Whrn 
collrotiMl, 


J*D.  S3,IM> 
Ju.  83,1869 
Jul.  30,  IMS 

Jul.  30,  leoe 

Jsn.  30, 1800 
Fob.  «,  I8SS 
FnU  0,  le«9 
Feb.  0,  IM> 
Feb.  6  IN9 
Feb.  e.lM9 
Feb.  <,1E«R 
Feb  6,  liMO 
Feb.  «,  IMS 
Feb.  «,  1809 
Feb.  Men 
Feb.  «,ieil9 
Jan.  -,  leak 
Ju.  — ,ieso 
Jan.  — ,  1809 
Apr.  — ,  1833 
Apr.  -,  1893 


From  whom  re 
celvLil. 


UJaa-Fatrie 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


T.J.  B.  Knnaii 


...do 

Dr.O.LlaoMam 
Allen  It  Marojr 


...do... 
...do.... 
...do... 
...do.-... 
..do... 
...do  ... 
...do.... 
.  do... 
...do... 
...do.... 
...do... 
...do.... 
...do  .... 
...do.... 
..do  ... 
...do  .... 


LtD.N.Cooob 
...do 


Collected  by— 


LtJaa.m>rle 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 

do. 

.do. 
..do. 
..do. 


T.J.  R  Keuaa 

...do... 

...do... 
Dr.O.LInceenB 
Allen  *  Marey 

...do... 

...do... 

...do... 


...do. 
...do 
...do. 
...do 


...do... 

...do... 

...do... 

...do... 

...do... 

...do... 

...do... 

...do  ... 

...do... 

LkD.N.Cooob 

...do... 


Nalore  (if  epeo. 
Imen. 


Skin. 


...do   

...do 

8Uu  and  aknil 

...do 

BkoU 

...do 


...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
Skin.. 
...do. 
...do. 
..do. 
...do. 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do   


...do 

....do 

Skin  and  aknll 
«kln 


Raaarka. 


la  Nat.  Mawnm. 


..da 
..do. 
..do. 
..ia. 

..do. 
..do. 


...do. 
...dOL 
...da 
In  Una.  Uooip.  Ziwl 


...do. 
...da 
...da 
...do. 
...da 
...do. 
...da 
...da 
...da 


.da 


...da 

...da 

...da 

..da 

...da 

In  Nal.  Mnaenn. 

...da 


Table  XXV.— £<«<  <tf  qxdawiu  enmiMd  nf  Sciords  caroukbnsis  rar.  ydcatakknsi*. 


BiM.  ■  lii. 


8309      «S8 
8303 


Locality. 


Merida,  Tacatan  . 

do 

do 

do 


When 
collected. 


Mar.,      1803 
Mar.  3,1803 

— -  —.1803 
,1809 


From  whom  raoelred. 


Joo6  Salour  Llarregnl . 

do 

....do 

do 


CoUeetod  bj- 


Dr.A.Bohott.. 
...do 


Skin. 
...do. 


da 


.Q 


iLi' 


SCIUIIII)^— SOIUUIJS  NIQBR 


SCIURUS  NIGER  Linn. 

Foi  Bqnirrrl. 

Var.  n;oek.  , 

Boutbern  Fox  Squirrel. 

Munu  nigir  Catesby,  Carolina,  ii,  174S,  73,  pi.  Ixxlll.-LiNNiBrs,  8y»t.  Nat.  1,  1758,  H4;  I,  1760,  m 
(bued  on  Cktesby's  "  Black  SqHirrtl"  of  Catenby'i  Carolina).— Erxi.p.bkn,  SyHt.  Vvg.  Anim. 
1777,  417.— SciiRKDER,  SSnget.  iv,  KOS,  776,  pi.  ooxv,  ccxv*.- Shaw,  Oeu.  Zoul.  ii,  1801, 1.19.— 
"Ord,  anthrie'*  Geog.  (2d  Ani.ed.)  il,  1815,  %)«."— Desmarkst,  Ham.  ii,  1822,  334.— Lkhhon, 
Han.  de  Ham.  1827,  235.- Alle-v,  Bull.  Ung.  Comp.  Zool.  ii,  1871,  176.— Hayh ard,  Dull. 
Ewez  Inst,  iv,  1872, 145. 

SclHnu  etnereut  var.  nifer  AlXEN,  Proo.  Boat.  8oo.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  287. 

Selunu  tttriegaliu  Erxlkben,  Syst.  Heg.  Aniiu.  1777,  421  (mixed  with  Uexioan  species),— Omrlin,  Hyut. 
Nat.  i,  1788, 161  (in  part),— ScnHEBER,  SUnget.  iv,  1792, 789,  pi.  ocviii  (in  part ;  tlie  plate  is 
Bnffon'a  Coqnallin).— Uesmarrst,  Ham.  1832,  333.— Fischer,  Synop.  Mam.  1829,  352  (in 
part).— ScniNZ,  Synop,  Mam  ii,  1845,  17  (in  part);  and  also  of  other  compilers. 

Sdtinu  tulplaiu  Oheun,  Syst.  Xat.  i,  1788, 147.— Ooduan,  Am.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1826,  128.— M'Murtrib, 
M'Hnrtrie's  Cnvier  (Am,  ed,)  i,  1831,  4.13.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.  1837,  246. 

Macroxt*  mlpiniu  Gray,  Aun.  and  Hog.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1867,  420. 

Soiunu  capiilralut  Boso,  Ann.  dn.  Hus^nm,  i,  1802, 281.— DK8MAREST,  Mam.  ii,  1822,  332.— IIarlan,  Fann. 
Anier.  1835,  175.— Lesson,  Han.  de  Ham,  1827, 232,— H.  Smith,  GrifBth'a  Cnvier's  An,  King, 
ill,  1827,  178  (with  plate);  v,  1837,253. -Fischer,  Synop.  Ham.  1829,  351,— BaCHMan,  Proc. 
Zo5l.  8<>c.  Lond.  1835,  85;  Churleswortb's  Hag.  Nat.  Hist,  ill,  1839,  117;  Am.  Jonrn.  Sol. 
and  Arte,  xxxvii,  1839,  391.— WaONER,  Snppl.  Schreber'a  Siingot.  iii,  1843, 156,  pi.  ccxiii  B 
(gray  variety— no  description).— Schinz,  Synop.  Ham.  ii,  1845,  5. — Audubo.s  St  Bachman, 
Qnad.  N.  Am.  ii,  1851, 132,  pi.  Ixviii. 

fMunu  njlrmtrli  M'Mitrtrir's  Cnvier's  An.  King.  (Am.  ed.)  i,  1831, 433.— Schinz, Synop.  Ham.  ii,  1845, 6. 

8c(»r»»  taiMMi  Bachman,  Pioo.  Zo5I.  Soo.  Lond.  1838,  86;  Chorlesnortb's  Hog.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1839,  154; 
Silliman's  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts,  xxxvii,  1839,  295. 

L»  CapMrale,  V.  Cuvier,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Ham.  livr.  xxvii,  1819  (pitte  and  text). 

Capitlrule  grU.  F.  CuviER,  IliRt.  dvs  Uamm.  livr.  xiviii,  1835  (plato  nud  text). 

Black  Squirrtl,  Catesby,  Pennant,  and  others. 

Lt  Coqiullin,  BuFFON,  Hist.  Nat.  xiii,  1765, 109,  pi.  xiii  (description  and  Bgnra). 

Var.   CINEBBU8. 
Northeri  Fox  Bqalrrel. 

Seimnu  dnttnu  LiNNJCUB,  Syst,  Nat.  i,  1758,64;  i,  1766,  86.- Erslrben,  Syst.  Reg.  Anim.  17r7,  418.— 
Omkun,  Syst.  Nat.  i,  1788, 147.— Schrbbbb,  SSnget.  iv,  1793,  766,  ccxiii  (name  on  plate).— 
Shaw,  Oen.  ZoSI.  ii,  1801,  137.— Oodman,  Am.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1826,  129,— H.  Smith,  Griffith's 
Cnvier,  iii,  1837, 177  >  ▼,  1827,  253.— M'HuRrniE,  H'Mnrtrio's  Cnvior  (Am.  rd.),  i,  1831, 433.— 
Bachman,  Proc.  ZoSI.  Soo.  Lond.  vi,  1838,89;  Cbarlesnorth's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1839, 159; 
Silliman's  Amer.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts,  xxxvii,  1839, 397. — WaOner,  Snppl.  Schreber's  Siiuget, 
ill,  1843,  IftH— Schinz,  Synop.  Ham,  ii,  1845,7,- Aodubon  dt  Bachmai<, Quad,  N.Am,  i,  1849, 
146,  pi.  xvii.-BAiRD,  Ham.  N.  Am.  1857,  248,  pi.  xlvtii,  tig,  3  (skall).— Aubn,  Ball.  Has. 
Comp.  Zo6l.  i,  18(10, 233. 

Sdurui  dasrmis  var.  etaovos  Allen,  Proc.  Bast.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874, 287. 

BoiiirM  rulpinii$  SciiREBRR,  SUnget.  iv,  1793,  773,  pi.  cozv,  B. 

aeiant  tirgiHianiu,  Kerr's  Linnana's  Syst.  Nat.  369, 1792. 

f"  Marw  hitmaUi  Quo,  Guthrie's  Geog.  (2d  Am.  ed.)  ii,  1815,  29!<,  304." 

f  Jfocnnw  nfgkoliu  Orav,  Ann.  and  Hog.  Nat  Hist.  3d  ser,  xx,  18(17,  42S. 

Capittrale  A  loMgue  q»ttir,  F.  CuviER,  Hist,  des  Ham.  livr.  Iv,  1836. 

Fiu  Sq»irret,  Cat  Squirrtl,  VuLOO,  and  uf  authors. 


i;  Ii 


— -t'^-i!  v\^  * 


i^'^S:*^'»?*i-«i;.%^  ,  ,;v . 


I  ill 


,i 


|!^l;' 

i  ;,;. 

P  ' 

;  .'&i: 

' 

1    ».VI 

'1 

■'«■;■ 

■1' 

Mi 

'  ■■■• 

l\ 

■  11 


I      '.: 


'■J:     !* 


718 


MONOOKAI'HS  OF  NORTH  AMKHICAN  RODENIIA. 


Vur.    LUDOVICIAMUB. 


Wettern  Fox  Sqilrrel. 

&!<iini<  IiMi0F<nlaiiiM  CCfrnit,  Barton'a  Mini,  nnd  Vby:  Joiirn.  Ii,  1806, 43  (from  R«l  River  nf  "  Lonliiito*  ").— 

Hari.an,  Faun.  Ainer.  l&ia,  IH6.— H.  Hnitii,  QrilHtb'a  Cavliir'ii  Au.  KiDk-  v,  1(07,  i{54.— Lvs- 

•  SON,  Man.  d«  Mam.  1827,  334.— KiscHKli,  gyiiop.  Mam.  1899,  351.— lUlRU,  Mam.  N.  Am.  1857, 

i»l.— tToMKH,  Proc.  Zo5l.  Soo.  Ixind.  1861, 881  (CmU  Rica).— Haydkn,  Traa*.  Am.  Tbll.  Boo. 

I'bila.  xii,  IMCI,  144.     Allbn,  Proo.  BiMt.  One.  Nat.  Iliit.  ztil,  18X0, 188. 

Seiurui  ludovieiantu  var.  alrowntrU  Enoclmann,  Trani.  Aoad.  Boi.  St.  Louii,  i,  1869,  339  (melaniitio). 

Soiunu  eiiierrtu  var.  hdoviaUinu*  AlJJtN,  Proo.  Boat.  Boo.  Nat.  Hltt.  xvl,  1874, 387. 

Maenxiu  Imfariolamit  Gray,  Add.  aod  Ma^.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ^r.  xi,  1807,  43(1. 

^MriM  njirfnier  "  Okofvroy,  Mu«.  Par." ;  Nodt.  Diot.  d'Hiit.  Nat.  z,  103.— Dmmarut,  Ham.  ii,  1839, 
333.— Harlan,  KaDO.  Amer.  1835,  170  (New  Orleaoa).— Lemon,  Mud.  de  Mam.  1837,  333.— 
KidcilKR,  Synop.  Ham.  1831),  351.— BctiiNZ,  Synop.  Ham.  ii,  1846,6  (tpeoimen  ftom  Hi«- 
•onri).— Uaximiuan,  Wiegm.  Arab.  f.  Nntarg.  1861, 70. 

Sei»nu  macroiura  Bay,  Lontt**  Kxped.  R.  Mto.  i,  1833, 115  (Kaniai). 

Sciwrui  mooroariu!  DouoiiTY,  Cab.  Nat  Hiat.  i,  1830, 365,  pi.  zxlll.— "  F.  CcTnut,  Bnppl.  Bnfun't  Hint.  Nat. 
i,  Mam.  1831,  397." 

MariM  iH4oroiirni»  Oodhan,  Am.  Nat.  HiHt.  ii,  1896,  134.— WooDnoDSK,  Sltgivavea'a  Cctl.  and  ZnDI  Riv- 
en, 185,3,  63. 

SciitrHt  magnioatuUttui  Harlan,  FaOD  Amer.  1835, 178.— H.  Bmitb,  Oriffltb'i  Cavier*!  An.  King.  1837, 355.— 
Lrskon,  MaD.  de  Ham.  1837,  835.— Fischkr,  Synop.  Mam.  1839,  361.- Bachman,  Proo.  ZoSI. 
Boc.  Load.  1838,88;  Cborlvawortb'i  Hag.  Nat.  Hiat.  ill,  18%,  156;  Bllllmon'a  Am.  Jonm. 
Sci.  oDd  Art«,  xxxvil,  1839,  806 — Waonkr,  Sappl.  Bobreber'a  Biinget.  lii,  1843, 166.— BcniHZ, 
ByMop.  Ham.  ii,  1845,  11.— Khnnicoit,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off  lirp.  Agr.  1866  (1857),  66,  pi.  vl. 

Sdiirut  ratanraiaa  Bacbman,  Proo.  Zo6l.  Soo.  Lond.  18:<H,  87 ;  Ch»<  ^et.  fortb'a  Mag.  Nat.  Hiat.  ill,  1H30, 
155;  Billiman'a  Am.  Journ.  Boi.  and  Arte,  xxxvii,  1639,  S95.— Waohbr,  Bappl.  Bobreber'a 
Siiuget.  lii,  1843,  164.— Audubon  St,  Bacuman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  il,  1861, 07,  Ivlii. 

Sciunu  aNrfakoai  Bacbk^n,  Proo.  ZrSI.  Boo.  Lond.  vl,  1838, 97  (Lonialaoa ;  dnaky  variety) ;  Cbarleawortb'a 
Mag.  Nnt.  Hiat.  lii,  1639,  378.— Waonkr,  Suppl.  Bobreber'a  SSugot.  ill,  1843, 183.— SCHINZ, 
Syoop.  Mam.  Ii,  1H45,  13.- Auoi'BCN  A,  Bacrman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  lii,  1854,  860,  pi.  olii,  fig.  8. 

Sciunt  tKxidtnlalU  Audubon  A.  Bachman,  Jonrn.  Aood.  Nat.  Bci.  Pbilo.  vili,  1948, 317. 

Scinru*  ruiieatulatk$  Audubon  A.  Bacbman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  ii,  1851,  30,  pi.  Iv. 

SeluTiit  Mjf<  Audubon  &  Bachman,  Qoad.  N.  Am.  ii,  1851,  374,  pi.  Ixxxix. 

SciMTui  Hmitii  Haihd,  Proc.  .load.  Nat.  Boi.  Pbilo.  vii,  1855, 331 ;  Mam.  N.  Am.  16.'>7, 856 (Texaa ;  Immatnre). 

Vur.  CINERKUS. 
•  Northern  Fox  Squirrel. 

Varietal  chars. — Length  of  body  12  to  13  inches,  varying  from  11  to  14 
or  rilore ;  tail-vertebrse  about  10,  varying  from  9  to  11 ;  tail  to  end  of  hairs  12, 
varying  from  1 1  to  14.  Color  variable,  but  with  the  nose  and  ears  generally  con- 
color  with  the  dorsal  surface  Commonly  whitish-gray  above,  yellowish-white 
below,  with  the  edges  and  under  surface  of  the  tail  fulvous,  varying  to  rufous. 
Often  with  a  fulvous  or  rufous  cast  above,  and  strongly  fulvous  or  rufous 
below.  Varies  to  dusky  above,  with  the  ventral  surface,  legs,  and  feet 
blackish  or  black.  Maryland  ond  Virginia  specimens  are  rather  larger, 
grading  into  var.  niger,  with  generally  the  tail  more  ferruginous. 

0(  this  variety,  called  by  them  the  Cat  Squirrel,  Audubon  and  liachmun 


nit 


SCIURID^-aCIURDS  NIGER  VAR.  NIOER. 


719 


sny : — "Perhaps  none  of  our  Squirrels  are  subject  to  greater  varieties  of  color 
(luin  the  present;  we  have  seen  specimens  in  (formerly)  Peale's  Museum,  of 
every  tint,  from  light-gray  almost  to  Hack.     Tw(»  others  that  came  under 

our  observation  were  nearly  white We  have  represented  in  the 

plate  three  of  these  Squirrels,  all  of  different  colors,  but  the  varieties  of  tint 
to  be  observed  in  different  specimens  of  the  Cat  Squirrel  are  so  great  that 
among  fifly  or  more  perhaps,  we  never  could  find  two  exactly  alike;  for 
which  reason  we  selected  for  our  drawing  an  orange-colored  one,  a  gray  one, 
and  one  nearly  black."* 

In  general,  var.  cinereus  is  smaller  than  var.  niger,  and  may  be  distin- 
guished from  it  by  the  absence  of  a  distinctly  white  nose  and  white  ears. 
This,  however,  is  an  arbitrary  character,  since  specimens,  particularly  from 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  have  the  nose  and  ears  only  grayish  rather  than 
whitish,  with  sometimes  the  ears  not  lighter  than  the  surrounding  surface. 
Florida  specimens  of  var.  niger,  on  the  other  hand,  have  the  nose  merely 
grayish,  and  the  ears  not  lighter  than  the  back,  while  the  grayish  nose-patch 
is  small,  and  sometimes  almost  wholly  restricted  to  the  sides  of  the  nose. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  States  from  Virginia  northward  to  Southern  New 
York  and  Southern  New  England ;  ranges  farther  southward  i«t  the  AUegha- 
nies,  perhaps  to  Georgia. 

Var.  NiOEB. 

Southern  Fox  Squirrel. 

Varietal  chaus. — Larger;  length  of  body  generally  about  13.50,  ranging 
from  12  to  15.  Tail-vertebrse  about  II,  ranging  from  10.25  to  12.50;  tail  to 
end  of  hairs  14,  ranging  from  14  to  16.  Color  variable,  but  with  the  nose  and 
ears  whitish,  usually  in  strong  contrast  with  the  rest  of  the  dorsal  surface. 
Color  generally  gray  above  (rather  darker  than  in  var.cinereua),  whitish  beneath, 
with  the  tail  whitish  beneath  and  on  the  edges.  Varies  to  more  or  less  fulvous 
and  rufous  phases,  but  more  frequently  to  dusky  and  black.  Oflen  with  only 
the  feet,  legs,  and  lower  surface  black.  In  the  dusky  varieties,  the  head 
(except  the  nose  and  ears)  is  oflen  intense  black.  Sometimes  with  the  under 
parts  rufous,  and  often  with  the  whole  pelage  mixed  dusky  and  rufous,  or 
with  the  limbs  and  head  black,  and  a  narrow  black  dorsal  and  ventral  band. 
Equally  variable  in  color  with  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is  to  be  commonly 


II 


*  Qaadrapedt  of  North  America,  vol.  i,  pp.  146, 147. 


720 


MONOOUAIMI8  OF  NOKTO  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


(liHtiiiguiHhcd  Ity  its  white  or  whitinli  noso  nnd  curH.     Of  the  dozen  or  more 
spccinumH  licfiirc  iiic,  cnch  difTors  widely  from  nny  of  the  others. 

IIaiiitat. — South  Atluntic  and  Gidf  Stnteo,  from  Mnryhind  to  Loui8iana. 

Vor.   LUD0VICIANU8. 

Wextern  Fox  Squirrel. 

Varietal  ciiaks. — Smaller  than  the  |ireccding,  about  equaling  in  size  var. 
cinereun;  length  of  hody  12  to  13,  ranging  from  11  to  14  or  more;  tail-vcrtebne 
9.75,  ranging  from  8.50  to  10.50;  tail  to  end  of  Imira  12  50,  ranging  from  11 
to  13  50.  Color  less  variable  than  in  vars.  cinerrun  and  niger.  Above,  dusky- 
gray,  with  a  (strong  rufous  suiTusion ;  ears,  feet,  and  ventnd  surface  fulvous, 
varying  to  bright  ferrugineous.  The  whole  under  parts  are  occasionally  black 
or  mixed  black  and  rufous,  the  hairs  being  annulated  with  these  colors. 
Never  api>arcntly  wholly  black,  nor  with  the  under  surface  pure  white. 

This  variety  is  much  more  constant  in  its  coloration  than  either  of  the 
two  preceding,  the  principal  variations  being  to  dusky,  annulated  with  rusty 
l>eneath,  or  with  the  whole  ventral  surface  black.  The  cars  are  generally 
rufous,  in  strong  contrast  with  the  color  of  the  dorsal  surface ;  the  feet  and 
whole  lower  parts  arc  generally  rufous,  varying  somewhat  in  intensity  in  dif- 
ferent individuals  from  the  same  locality.  The  upper  parts  vary  from  a  dusky 
fcrrugineous-gray  to  a  lighter  gray,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  that  of  the 
reddish-gray  type  of  var.  cinereus  from  Pennsylvania.  There  is,  however,  a 
considerable  amount  of  geographical  variation  in  color,  mainly  through  a 
great  increase  in  the  intensity  of  the  rufous  coloring  of  the  ventral  surface 
southward. 

The  palest  s|)ecimens  are  from  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Plains, — Fort 
Randall,  Dak.  Ter. ;  Kiowa  Agency,  Ind.  Ter. ;  Guadeloupe  and  Fort  Chad- 
bourne,  Tex., — some  of  which  are  nearly  white  below  and  much  lighter  above 
than  examples  from  other  localities.  The  most  rufous  come  from  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley,  particularly  from  the  southern  portion.  The  specimens  from  Ohio 
arc  rather  lighter  than  those  from  Illinois,  while  the  series  from  Fort  Des 
Moines,  Iowa,  inclines  strongly  toward  the  more  southern  type  of  coloration. 

No.  7768,  from  the  Republican  Fork,  is  white  below,  with  merely  a  faint 
tinge  of  fulvous,  which  becomes  somewhat  stronger  on  the  chin  atid  throat. 
The  up|ier  parts  are  about  as  in  specimens  from  the  upper  part  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley.     No.  11348,  from  Fort  Randall,  is  also  nearly  white  over  the 


SCIURIDiR— SCIU11U8  NHJKIl  AND  VAHIHTIKH. 


721 


ventral  surface,  passing  into  fulvotm  nntcriurl}-,  and  in  olso  niiieli  lighter  nliove 
tlmn  8|>eciineii8  from  Northern  Illinois.  No.  7773,  from  Sioux  City,  lown,  is 
also  pnle  whitisli-fulvous  holow  an<l  light  uhovc.  Specimens  from  Northern 
Illinois  urc  also  very  pale  fulvous  IxMieatli,  lighter  gray  ai»ovc.  Fort  I)es 
Moines  specimens  are  consitlerubly  brighter  helow  than  are  those  from  North- 
eastern Illinois  and  adjoining  portions  of  Michigan,  more  approaching  the 
southern  type  of  coloration.  In  a  large  series  of  specimens  from  Siiint  Louis, 
Mo.,  the  ventral  surface  is  strongly  rufous,  and  tlie  dorsal  surface  is  of  a  dark(>r 
gray.  In  others,  from  Prairie  Mer  Rouge,  La,,  tlie  under  ports  are  «l(!ep 
orange,  with  a  perceptible  further  darkening  of  the  color  above.  We  have 
hence  a  gradual  transition  in  the  color  of  the  under  parts  from  pale  yellowish- 
white,  through  pole  fulvous,  deep  fulvous,  and  ferrugincous,  to  bright  reddish- 
orange,  in  passing  from  the  Plains  and  the  more  northern  localities  to  the 
swampy  region  of  the  Lower  Red  River  in  Louisiana.  While  the  upper 
parts  show  a  less  striking  change  in  depth  of  color,  there  is  a  correspondent 
darkening  of  the  dorsal  surface  through  the  larger  amount  of  black  and  the 
brighter  tint  of  rufous. 

Habitat. — The  whole  region  drained  by  the  Mississippi  River  and  its 
tributaries,  and  that  bordering  the  Missouri  as  far  northward  as  Southern 
Dakota,  extending  westward  along  the  wooded  streams  into  the  Plains.  In 
other  words,  from  tlie  AUeghanies  on  the  east  (where  it  meets  the  range  of 
vars.  cinereuM  and  niger)  to  the  eastern  jjortion  of  the  Plains  on  the  west,  and 
from  the  Great  Lakes,  Minnesota,  and  Dakota  on  the  north,  to  the  Gulf  coast 
and  the  highlands  of  Mexico  on  the  south.  Its  iiabitat  is  hence  far  more 
extended  than  that  of  either  dnereus  or  niger,  and  includes  a  far  greater  range 
of  climatic  conditions. 


i 


GENERAL   BEHABK8   ON   SCIURUS  NIGER  AND   ITS  VARIETIES. 

Differential  characters. — As  already  stated,  var.  dnereus  differs  from 
var.  niger  mainly  in  being  rather  smaller,  and  in  having,  as  a  rule,  the  nose 
and  ears  no'  white,  or  not  strongly  contrasting  in  color  with  the  rest  of  the 
dorsal  surface.  Audubon  and  Bachman,  and  also  Professor  Baird,  refer  to  the 
longer  and  more  pointed  ears  of  var.  niger,  but,  judging  from  the  specimens 
before  me,  this  is  not  a  very  appreciable  character.  That  such  should  be  the 
case  would  be  only  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the  enlargement  of  periph- 
eral }>arts  southward,  so  oflen  exemplified  in  other  Mammals.  The  more 
4C  M 


722 


MUNUOItAPUS  OF  NOIITII  AMKUICAN  IIODKNTIA. 


'"h 


mv 


,  .'„, 


nm 


:i'ri'i( 


truxtwurtli}'  c-lianicter  ol'  while  iiuho  und  cars  in  vnr.  niger,  tliHugli  opni  t<i 
many  cxc(*|itiuiiH,  is  tliu  one  nmini}'  to  Ix;  relied  npon  in  distinguiBliinfj  iho 
two  varieties.  'I'liere  is  a|ipareiitly  n  gradual  and  qnile  marked  incre»8e  in 
8i7.(>  southward  in  tlii'se  two  forms,  so  that  size  alone  fails  to  he  distinctive, 
espetnally  in  llu;  central  portion  of  the  Atlantic  Stat  >8,  or  wherever  their 
iiiiltitats  meet. 

Var.  liidoricianux  is  generally  readily  separahic  hy  its  coloration  from 
either  var.  cinereun  or  var.  n'lgfr.  The  riisty-hellicd  style  of  var.  cinereua, 
however,  is  often  <|uite  insi^parahle  from  specimens  of  vur.  lu<iovicianu.t  from 
northern  l()caliti(;s.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  when  Pennsylvania  speci- 
mens of  the  riitous  type  are  cinnpared  with  Qhio  examples  of  var.  ludovici- 
aiiu.s.  There  are,  for  instance,  two  specimens  hefore  me  without  labels,  an<l 
hence  from  unknown  localities,  which  I  cannot  positively  refer  to  one  of  these 
vari(!ties  rather  than  to  the  other.  Tlicre  is  little,  if  any,  difference  in  size 
between  vars.  cinereux  and  ludovicianus,  altltough  the  latter  is  pretty  constantly 
npprecial)ly  smaller  than  var.  niger,  as  shown  by  a  comparison  of  the  forego- 
ing diagnoses  of  the  thn;e  varietieu.  'Y\\q  external  measurements  arc,  unfor- 
tunately, nearly  all  from  skins,  and  are  hence  not  very  trustworthy.  Taking 
the  skulls  as  a  standard  of  comiuirison,  var.  niger  averages  appreciai)ly  the 
larger,  four  skulls  of  niger  averaging  2.75  against  2.58  in  both  vars.  lutlovici- 
anus  (eigiit  skulls)  and  cinereus  (three  skulls). 

Oeookaimiical  vauiation. — In  varieties  cinereus  and  niger,  the  only 
a]»preciable  feature  of  geographical  variation  is  the  before-noted  gradual 
increiisc  in  size  southward.  A  large  series  of  specimens,  from  numerous 
localities,  might  show  that  other  variations  correlate  with  differences  of 
locality.  My  material  illustrative  of  these  two  forms  is  unsatisfactorily 
scanty.  Var.  ludovicianus,  on  the  other  hand  (thanks  to  more  abundant 
material),  shows  strongly  marked  geographical  variations  in  color,  but  I  fail 
to  notice  any  well-marked  geographical  variation  in  size.  Judging  from  the 
skulls,  the  northern  specimens  are  rather  the  larger,  yet  the  largest  skull  of 
the  series  is  from  Brookhaven,  Miss.  The  measurements  taken  from  tho 
skins  show  also  a  rather  greater  size  northward,  the  largest  specimens 
l)eing  from  Ohio  and  Fort  Randall,  Dakota,  if  length  of  l>ody  be  taken 
as  the  standard ;  if,  on  the  other  hand,  the  length  of  the  hind  foot  be 
adopted,  in  consequence  of  being  less  susceptible  to  variatiou  resulting  from 
ta.\idcrmy,  the  southern  specimens  average  nearly  or  quite  as  large  as  the 


8CIUKI1)^^-8(1IU1{UH  NKIKU  AND  VAIUKTIHS. 


23 


northern.  Judged  hy  tliis  stnndard,  the  specimens  from  Snint  Louis,  Mo., 
must  be  regarded  ns  fully  as  large  us  tliose  from  further  north,  if  not,  indeed, 
a  little  larger. 

The  geographical  vuriation  in  color  in  vnr.  iudovicianu.i  consists,  ns 
already  noticed,  in  an  increasing  pallor  northward  and  toward  the  dryer  ]Hir- 
lions  of  the  plains,  and,  in  the  country  immediately  bordering  the  Missis- 
sippi, in  a  strongly  marked  increase  in  color  southward. 

Geoorapiiical  DI8TBIHUTI0N. — Vurs.  citwreus  und  niger  occupy  the  Atlan- 
tic slope  from  New  York  southward,  var.  niger  being  found  westward  in  the 
Gulf  States  08  far  as  Eastern  Louisiana.  Var.  cinereus  has  been  report(>d  us 
common  on  Long  Island,  and- as  occurring  as  fur  eastward  as  Massachusetts, 
but,  if  ever  found  in  the  last-named  locality,  can  occur  there  only  very  rarely. 
Both  var.  cinereus  and  var.  niger  occur  in  Maryland  ond  Virginia,  where  their 
habitats  overlap,  and  the  two  forms  interblend.  Probably  vnr.  cinereus  ranges 
farther  southward  along  the  mountains  of  the  interior  than  along  the  coast. 
Var.  ludovicianus  appears  to  occupy  nearl"  the  wliole  region  drained  by  tlic 
Mississippi  and  its  eastern  tributaries,  and  extends  up  the  Missouri  to  above 
Fort  Randall,  and  occurs  along  the  Arkansos,  the  Red,  and  the  other  princi- 
pal rivers  that  come  down  from  the  Plains  as  far  as  they  are  regularly  bor- 
dered with  timber.  The  westernmost  localities  represented  by  the  specimens 
before  me  are  the  Republican  Fork  and  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Cobb,  Indian 
Territory.  It  is  found  throughout  a  large  part  of  Texas,  and  doubtless 
ranges  far  into  Mexico.  It  has  even  been  reported  as  occurring  as  far  south 
ns  Guatemala,*  but  I  think  the  identification  in  all  probability  erroneous. 

Synonymy  and  nouenclature. — The  earliest  available  name  for  the 
(specific  designation  of  the  Fox  Squirrels  is  doubtless  niger,  used  by  Catesby 
in  1743,  and  adop'  y  Linnaeus  in  the  tenth  edition  of  the  Systema  Naturte 
(1758),  based  on  tbc  Large  Black  Squirrel  of  Catesby,  which  unquestionably 
refers  to  the  dark  phase  of  the  Southern  Fox  Squirrel.  Immediately  follow- 
ing it,  on  the  same  page  of  this  edition,  is  the  name  cinereus,  generally  con- 
sidered as  referring  to  the  Northern  Fox  Squirrel,  the  Cat  Squirrel  of  Bachman. 
Tlie  only  objection  to  niger  as  applicable  to  the  whole  group  is  that  it  refers  to 
only  a  single  phase  of  coloration,  and  not  to  the  most  prevalent  one,  though 
a  very  common  one.  In  view  of  the  great  frequency  of  the  black  and  dusky 
phases  of  coloration,  the  objection  is  one  of  no  great  importance,  and  I  hence 

•  Toniea,  Ptoo.  ZoOl.  Soo.  Lond.  16C1,  p.  8»1. 


lii';" 


Hill, 


ll'i?i 


ir 


l:ll;l! 


m'' 


724 


MONOGItAPIIS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  ROD"ENTIA. 


adopt  niger  ns  the  specific  nnme  of  the  group.  The  next  most  prominent  name 
of  the  Southern  Fox  Scjuirrel,  and  next  in  (lute,  is  vulpinus  of  Gmelin,  whicli 
Professor  Baird  adopted  for  this  form  in  place  of  the  later  one,  cajmiratus, 
(,f  Bosc.  The  latter,  however,  has  been  often  employed  for  its  designation 
by  both  American  an<I  foreign  authors,  and  is  the  name  adopted  by  Bachman. 

The  Nortliern  Fox  Squirrel  has  commonly  borne  the  name  cinereus, 
wliicb  is  unquestionably  the  name  to  be  adopted  for  its  varietal  designation, 
although  it  has  been  also  applied  by  various  authors  to  S.  carolinensis.  Aside 
from  vulpinus  of  Schreber  {nee  Gmelin),  it  has  no  very  prominent  synonyms. 

The  Western  Fox  Squirrel  was  first  described  by  Custis,  in  1806, 
under  the  name  ludoviciunvs.  In  consequence  of  the  great  variability  in 
color  this  form  presents,  it  was  subsequently  redescribed  under  eight  or  ten 
ditferent  specific  designations,  several  of  which  have  been  at  times  more  or 
less  current  for  particular  phases  of  coloration,  generally  supposed  to  rep- 
resent forms  specifically  distinct  from  ladovicianus  of  Custis.  The  more 
prominent  among  them  are  rufiventer  of  Geoffroy,  used  by  Desmarest  and 
Harlan,  the  latter  referring  to  it  a  specimen  from  New  Orleans;  macroura  of 
Say,  applied  to  examples  from  Eastern  Kansas,  which  name,  being  preoccu- 
pied, was  changed  by  Harlan  to  magnicaudatus,  and  adopted  by  Bachman 
and  others  in  place  of  ludovicianus.  Bachman  applied  the  name  subauratm 
to  specimens  received  from  Louisiana,  and  auduboni  to  black-bellied  speci- 
mens from  the  same  State.  Audubon  and  Bachman  gave  the  name  sayi  to 
specimens  from  the  Missouri  River,  ruhicaudus  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky 
specimens,  and  occiden/alis  to  dusky  specimens  supposed  to  have  come  from 
the  Pacific  coast,  but  which  these  authors  later  referred  to  their  S,  auduboni. 
Baird  gave  the  name  limitis  to  the  pale  form  of  tlie  Plains  from  Western 
Texas,  based  partly  at  least  on  small  size  resulting  from  immaturity,  as  shown 
l)y  his  types.  More  recently.  Dr.  Engelmann  has  described  melanistic  speci- 
mens from  Saint  Louis  under  the  varietal  name  atroventris. 

Tiie  S.  variegatus  of  Erxleben  has  generally  been  applied  to  some  of 
the  Mexican  species,  it  being  based  partly  on  the  Quahtecallotlquapachtli  aut 
Cotztiorotequallin*  of  Fernandez,  and  partly  upon  the  Coquallin  of  Buffon.f 
The  latter,  as  first  pointed  out  by  M.  F.  Cuvier,  is  certainly  the  Southern 
Fox  Squirrel  (S.  niger  var.  niger),  as  shown  by  its  white  nose  and  white 


•  Nuv.  Ilisp.  p.  8. 


i  HiHt.  Nat.  vol.  xlil,  p.  109,  pi.  xiii. 


SCIUlUDiB— SCIUEirS  NIGER  AND  VARIETIES. 


725 


ears,  as  represented  in  Biiffon's  plate,  and  hence  S.  varicgatus  is  clearly  ref- 
erable in  part  (and  I  think  mainly)  to  tiie  Southern  Fox  Squirrel  of  the 
present  article.  The  animal  described  very  imperfectly  under  J'.ie  above- 
cited  names  by  Fernandez  is  apparently  referal)le  to  the  S.  hi/popyrrhun  of 
Wagler,  §  as  claimed  by  the  last-mentioned  author. 

Tarms  XXVI. — Meiaiirrmenli  of  Irn  iixxiineiia  of  ScmiifK  MOKlt  rnr.  cinkheiih. 


3 

a 

D 

1 

a 

I 
S 

Ixwa'ity. 

i 

From  tip  of  now 
tc- 

Tail  to  end  of— 

Li'iigtli  of— 

Nature  of  iippi;iiuen. 

1 
1 

t 

1 

t 

1 

1 
S 

1 

.a 
□ 

S 

M 

345 

3M 
SOS 
396 
319 
3380 
CKH 



CarllBle,Pk  

a  70 

3  70 

11.  SO 
11.00 

n.oo 

9  40 
&90 

laoo 

11.00 
10.00 
10.80 
7.50 

11.00 

13.00 

11.00 
1180 
it.  00 
11.40 
IS.  00 
13.90 
14. 75 
11. 50 

14.00 

....... 

3.00 

3.00 
S.M 
8.75 
a.H) 
S.90 
3  05 
8.80 

MensaromoDtfl  from 

Italrd'B  Mamm.  N. 

Amer.  p.  850. 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

MoaaureracntR  from 

And.  and  Dacli.  Qil. 

N.  Am.  i.p.  ll.'>. 
da 

do 

13.80 

do 

IMS 

<f 

3.W 

19.  S3 

du          

Clarke  C'GUDty,  Va 

9 

3.00 

13.13 
13.00 

8.00 

3.00 

Table  XXVU.- 

-Me<uurtme»l> 

of  eight  tpeciment  of  8ciURU8  niobk  var.  nimrr. 

i 

a 
O 

Loeality. 

i 

From  tip  of  noee  to— 

Tail  to  end  of— 

Lonpthof- 

Nature  of  apoclmou. 

& 

1 

1 

t 

> 

i 

■a 
a 

1 

t 

D 

a 

1880 

344 

09 

lexi 
io:h 

•8050 

•sow 

Tarboro'.N.C! 

.... 

aoo 

8.60 
8.70 

15.00 

13.00 
14.50 

laso 

10.75 

11.33 
18.00 
11.90 
10.33 
18.35 

la.v) 

I9L00 

14.50 

1.1.83 
10.00 
15.00 
14.00 
IMO 

13  50 
10.50 

1.75 
8.05 

aoo 

3.00 
3.80 

McaaiirementH  from 
B.iinl'a  Mamm.  N. 
Amer.  p.  848. 

da 

da 

do 

Soathem  State* 

Florida..... 

...do 

3.00 
tO-i 

3.0J 

da 

Mraauremenlfi  from 
Aud.  audllat'li.Qil. 
N.  Am.  ii.p.  I3i 

MraHiifcd  In-Kii. 

rta 

Soatbem  States 

1150 

13.75 
13.00 

HlbemU  Fla 

Hawkiiiavllle,Fla.. 

tt 
? 

i.eo 

3.79 

3.17 

*  Id  UoMum  of  CompArftlirn  Zootomy,  OambrtdKe,  Mass. 
$  Soo  bis,  1H31.  p.  010. 


ii 


72G 


MOHOGUAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


V: 


;.^i 


11^^' 


!|^' 


m 


sHi; 


Table  XXVlll.—Mea»»rement«  of  tiveHts-iiint  aiKciiiunt  of  Bcidrui' 

NIOER  nar.  ludovicianus. 

1 

a 
a 

1 

Locality. 

FromtipofnoaF 
to— 

TalltooDdof— 

t 

o 

e 
1 

•A 

Komatka. 

t 
1 

i 

1 
> 

1 

175 
2351 

no 
no 

1151 
8371 
719 
71S 
IW3 
781 
8373 
1185 
1194 
8353 
610 
017 
1-JOl 
1208 
1346 
1495 
1881 
8.53 
329 
.•896 
8897 
89M 
3308 
8354 

PortUUnton,  Obio 

do 

... 

14.50 
18.50 
13.00 
13.50 
11.00 
11.00 
11.00 

13.  CO 
9.50 

laoo 

18.00 
11.  .10 
11.  .50 

18.00 
18.50 
13.00 
11.85 

14.  ro 

11.90 
11.00 
18.  .lO 
19.00 
18.00 
10.80 
11.00 

9.50 
«.00 

laoo 

10.90 

9.15 

Skin.. 
..do  ... 

Meaanrementa  tnm 
Balrd's  Mamm.  N. 
Amcr.  p.  956. 

da 

....  da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

da 

9:68 
9.90 
%85 
3,85 
9.  HO 
9.88 
9.90 
9.70 
8.80 
8.85 
a.  Ml 
9.70 
9.60 
9.80 
9.80 
3,88 
9.68 
9  90 
9,80 
9.3K 
9.60 
9.40 
9.75 
9.75 
8.50 
8.53 

..do... 
..do  .., 
..do... 

.do... 
..do   .. 

„do,.. 
,,do    .. 
..do... 
..do... 
..do,.. 
..do... 
,,do.. 
..do... 
,,do... 
..do  .., 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do  ... 
.do  ... 

.do,.. 
,,do... 
.do.., 
,,do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do  ... 

Milwaukee,  WU 

10.00 
9.80 



10  00 
9.45 
R5(l 

13.50 
19.00 
18  00 
11.00 
18.00 
11.00 

lUclne,  Wi« 

do 

S.60 
8.75 

aoo 
aso 

9.40 

9.75 

9.40 
8.00 
9.60 

8.60 
8.50 

Weat  Northfleld,  III 

<f 

do 

do 

do 

Fr6moDt,III 

J 

cf 
9 
■S 

<f 
<5 
? 
? 

10.45 

9.00 
8.80 
7.  CO 
10.00 
10.50 
10.00 
8.50 
10.00 
10,00 
7.75 
7.00 
8,95 
9,95 
8,65 
7,80 

ago 

8.00 

13.00 
14,  75 
18.00 
11,00 

13  50 
13  95 
18.90 
13.00 
13,00 
13.00 
19.00 

o.eo 

19.00 
19,50 
19.00 
11.50 
18.00 
11.50 

Fort  D.'a  llolnea,  Iowa 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Prairie  Mer  Booge,  La 

do 

.  .    do 

..     .do 

do ... 

do 

••■| 

Gandelape  Bottom  (near  IndiaDola), 
Tex. 

Tablk  XXIX.— A/eiiauremnir*  of  Hree  ajinill*  of  SciURUd  NIOSR  rar.  CINERICS. 


LocaUty. 


Eaat'n  Shore  of  Maryland 
Waahlngton.D.C,  ^market) 
Carllale.Pa 


9.50 
3.70 
9.55 


1.55 
1.69 


ag7 
0.90 
0.90 


0.85 
0.88 
0.86 


0.80 
0.96 
a96 


0.40 
0.44 
0.44 


0.80 
0.87 
0.77 


1. 39 
1.35 
1.38 


0.33 
0.35 
a  48 


II 
II 

a,  «• 
P 


n  25 

0.  2J 
I).  23 


0  47 
0,45 
>l.  47 


i 


I 
( 
I 

S  a 
II 


0.33 
0,34 
0,39 


1,50 
1.50 
1,40 


a70 
0,87 
0,90 


SOIURIDwffi!— SOIDRUS  NIGER  AND  VARS. 


Tablk  XXX. — ilea»urementt  of  four  tkulh  of  SciURUS  NIOKR  var,  NIOBR. 


727 


1 

c 

i 

i 

1 

A 

s 

S 

3     4 

J 

e'I 

II 
if 

g 

i 
1 

.a 

1 

1 

LouUlly. 

i 

* 

1 
1 

* 

* 

1 

5  £ 

is 

's  a 
tl 

1 

11 
II 

ll 

.a 
S 

t 

3 

5 

H 

a 

in 

^ 

» 

b 

b 

1.40 
1.45 
1.40 

o 

0.53 
0.54 
0.50 

b 

0.37 
0.38 
0.38 

b 

0.51 
0.53 
0.51 

^ 

30(M 
3003 

■test 

OrargU 

ilT7 

a.  75 

l.M 
1.87 

l..^s 

1.00 
1.00 
1.(0 

l.f3 
0.07 
0.00 

0.87 
0.30 
0.39 

0.44 

0,65 
O.M 
0.«5 

a35 

0.35 

...do 

K*t4ihei,  MiM 

1.54 

o.go 

•947 

Suuth  Carolina  t 

a7s 

l.W 

0.08 

1.00 

0.85 

0.43 

0.R7 

1.45 

0.53 

0.37 

0.53 

0.38 

1.53 

0.0U 

*  In  Mawam  uf  Comparattve  Zotilogy,  CAmbridgr,  Mbjw. 
Table  XXXI. — Mtatunmmi*  of  »iiie  •A:ii/I>  of  Sciunus  mioer  rar.  li'Iwjvicuisus. 


3488 
17«S 
1870 
3131 
3138 
1805 
4348 
•18R5 
t833« 


LoonUty. 


BDrllnfnon ,  Iowa 

Saint  Lonia,  Mo 

WMtNorthfleld,ni.... 
Prairie  Her  Bonge,  La. 

do , 

do 

Fort  Riley,  K*na 

Derifa  River,  Tex 

Bnokharen,  Miaa 


3.83 
3.60 
160 
3l5S 
3.53 
3.53 
3.48 
3.35 
3.08 


1.00 
1.58 
1.90 


1.43 
1.31 
1.55 


0.04 

a88 
asii 


aao 

0.80 
0.00 
0.87 
0.80 
0.84 
0.83 
0.77 
0.94 


0.33 
0.31 
0.83 
0.31 
0.33 

aa3 

0.30 
0.31 
0.33 


0.78 
0.80 

aeo 

0.80 
0.M 
0.78 
0.75 
0.67 
0.87 


S  . 
a  S 
l\ 

i! 

I! 

%.s. 

b 


1.33 
1.30 
1.30 
1.35 
1.30 
1.35 

i.»r 

1.16 
1.37 


a48 
0.45 
0.53 


ll 


b 


0.38 
a  95 
0.33 


i 
t 

a 
« 

If 
b 


0.48 
0.48 
O.SO 
0.44 


0.33 
0.33 
0.99 


L.IO 
1.48 
1.47 
1.45 
1.49 
1.45 


1.87 
1.58 


0.87 
0.65 
0.85 


•TypaoT  jr.  "U«tM("i  not  fully  adnlt 


t  Perbapa  var.  lUpar. 


II; 


s; 


,■1. 


728 


MONOGEAPI13  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA, 


Tablb  XXXII.— Lut  of  tpeoimem  examined  of  Sciunos  niokr  tar.  cinkkeL'S. 


•s 

1 

I- 

i 

a 

§•8 

ii 

LooaUty. 

From  whom  reoelrod. 

Collected  by- 

i 
I 

■s 

i 
1 

•15«0 
•IMI 
•SI8 

n 

34S 
«M 

39S 

4043 

S588 

•48V3 

PeDnaylvanlA , 

do    

J.T.Rotkniuk 

do 

J.T.  Bothrock 

do 

Skin, 
do 

796 
G09 
48W 

B«anfoTt,  N.  C 

A.8.Blckmora 

S.F.Italrd 

do 

A.  8  Bickmora 

8.  F  Baird 

do 

Alcohol  ie. 
BknlL 
dow 

CulUI^Pa 

...do    

...do      

do   

do 

do 

..do 

do    

do 

Skin. 

8k  oU. 

8kin. 

do 

839 

FriDce  Oeorga  County,  Maryland 

do            .  .    .. 

do 

do 

MrPlammer 

do     

do        

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

93] 

District  of  Columbia 

8.F.Bklrd   

S.F.  Baird  ..      .  . 

SkolL 

8kio. 

do 

do 

Waahlngton,  D.  C.  (market) 

ClarkBCoonty,  Virginia 

Maryland 

C.Drexler 

Mr.  PInmmer     ... 

Dr.  C.  a  &  Konnerly. . 
J.  A.  Allen         

Dr.C.  aRKennerly.. 
P.  UJony..      . 

...do. 
8klnaiidakall. 

*  In  HoMum  of  ComparntiTo  Zo51oiey,  Cambridge,  Uu*. 
Table  XXXItl.— £ift  of  tpeoimeiu  examined  of  Sciitrus  mioer  rar.  niokr. 


e 

1 

a 

o 

(3 

Locality. 

When 
collected. 

From  whom  le* 
oeived. 

CoUeoled  by- 

% 

^ 

1981 
1983 
1383 
1384 
1383 
1980 
05 

344 

1483 

•3130 
•3160 

Tarboro',  N.C 

J.L.BridKer.... 
....do  

J.UBrldger.... 
do 

Skin 

do 

Bead  naariy  black. 

neadwhollybUckn. 
eafi  Bcaa  aad  eara. 

....do    

.  ..do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do   

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

do 

....do 

...do 

....di 

do 

Southern  Statea  .... 

Acad.  Not.  Sol. 
PhiU.' 

do 

....do 

....do 

3003 
3004 
1633 
3349 

' 

Dr.  Oeannr 

Dr.  Jonea 

....do 

...do 

Dr.  Jonea 

....do 

SknU 

....do 

...do 

Natohef,  Hlea 

F.  J.  R.  Keenan  . 

F.  S.  R.  Keenan  . 

...do 

....do 

Hibemla,Fla 

Uawkinsrille,  Fla.. 

Feb    1,1860 
Mar.  13, 1860 

Florida  Kxped  .. 
....do 

Allen  ft  Many  . 
....do   

AknooUa 
8kln 

'In  MueoiB  of  ComparatlTe  Zo(iloRy,'CMiUrld<«,  Mats. 


■.MM 


SCIDEIDiE— SCIDBUS  NIGEK  VAR.  LUDOVI0IANU8. 
Tadi.b  XXXIV.— tf»(  of  apfciment  eiamined  <tf  Sciuiius  nioer  var.  i.udovicianus. 


729 


*30IH 
-1635 
•1«I8 

•lean 

■IIEW 

nsig 

K40 
'IMI 
•IM4 
•M93 

Man 
•laM 

"IMl 

•1643 

•SOO 

•1*8 

•IW 

114 

IW 

■  il5 

734 

TI9 

718 

1983 

704a 

8115 

761 

171 

170 

17a 

<U1 
7173 

8393 
1194 
1113 
a39a 

aggs 

igu 
isai 

11348 
7041 
VW7 
43(18 


»a68 

0270 
IN7I 


4349 
433U 
4348 


Locality. 


EvanstoD,  111 

Marion,  Oglo  Co.,  Ill 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Jasper  Co.,  Iowa . . . 

Keilfleld.Iuwa 

...do 

..do 

...do 

RaUlii,Mloh 

...do 

.    do 

ClereUnd,  Ohio 

Port  CIlDtoD.Oblo.. 
Weat  NonhBtld,  HI 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Peoria,  III 

Ht.Camll,III 

Fr6mODt,III 

Baoili«,Wia 

....do 

Milwaukee,  Wia  ... 
AuQ  Arbor,  Uiob  . . . 
Sioux  City,  Iowa  .. 

...do 

Iowa 

Ft  DeaHoluea,  lowr 

...do ' 

...do 

...do 

Builington,  Iowa 

Mouth  of  Vormllion 
Fort  Raiidoll,  Dak  .. 

...do 

Cherokee  Natioo. .. 
Furt  Kil»y,  Kaaa  .. 

...do 

..do 

Kiowa  Ageney,  near 
Fort  Cobb. 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Whon 
collected. 


June  96, 1867 
Kept.  30, 1867 
.SeptX  :<67 
Sept.  30, 1867 
Sept.  30, 1867 
Sept.  30, 1607 
Sept.  30, 1867 
Sept.  30, 1867 
May  98, 1867 
Aug.  82, 1867 
Ang.  93,  Iriin 
Aug.  99, 1867 
Aug.  99,  1867 


Spring,  less 
Wiot«r,S4-SS 


Oct.  96,1864 
Jan.  — ,  18S9 


Spring 

May  94, 1864 


Autumn 


Dot  a^ 

Spring,  1873. 


Nov.  19, 

Sov.  19, 

Not.  18, 

Not.  9J, 


From  whom  re. 
ceived. 


O.  Marcy 

J.A.Allen... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

It  W.  Parker . 
J.A.  Allen... 
...do    ....... 

...do 

...do 

W.J.Beal    .. 

...do 

...do 

Dr.  Kirtland. 

...do 

&  Kennloott. 
...do 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Mr.  Blahop... 

...do 

W.F.Shaw.. 
Dr.  P.  a  Hoy 

...do 

B.  Serooffib. . . 

C.Fox 

J.Fellner 


W.E.  Moore.. 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

T.  Olorer 

F.V.  Hayden.. 

...do 

Dr.  B.  Conea  . . 
Dr.  E.  Palmer 
Dr.  H.  Brandt 

..do 

...do 

Dr.  B.  Palmer 

...do   

...do 

...do 


O.  Marcy 

J.A.Allen... 

...do 

...do 

...do   

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

H.  W.  Parker 
J.A.Allen... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

W.J.Beal... 

...do 

...do 

Dr.Kl   bind. 

...do 

B.  Kennloott. 
...do 


Colleciedby— 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Mr.Biahop... 

...do 

W.F.SLaw... 
Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy  . 

...do 

8.  Sercomb 

C.Fox 

J.  Kollner 

...do 

W.E.  Moore.. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

T.  Glover  — 
F.  V.  najden. 

...  do 

Dr.  E.  Couea  . 
Dr.  E.  Palmer 
Dr.  H.  Brandt 

...do    

..  do 

Dr.  E.  Palmer 


..do 
..do 
..do. 


Alrolidio 

Skin 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

AlcohoUo 

...do 

...do 

Skin 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

Skull 

Skin 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

Skull 

Skin 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

Skull , 

Skin 

....do 

....do 

..  do 

Skin  and  akull 

...do 

Sknll 

Skin 


do. 

.  do. 
.do. 


Belly  l..iwk. 


Belly  black. 


(U'lly  bbw.v. 


•In  MoMum  of  CompanttlT* Zoeiogjr,  Cambridge,  Maaa. 


730 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


'im\ 


Ih 


i!< 


i  it 


I 


Tablf 

XXXIV.— Ii»<  o/  upecimeni  ernminnl  of  Scirnrs  NiOF.n  rar.  l.unoviCANtis— Contiuneil. 

"3 

1 

B 

a 
a 
i 

9 

o 

a 

h 
■■J 

£ 
B 

s 
s 

1 

S 

i 
1 

1 

Locality. 

Wlirn 
culluctod. 

From  whom  re- 
ceived. 

Collerted  by-. 

• 
£ 

Remarks. 

Tnn 

7777 
7778 
771H 

3165 
3IC6 
3107 

3in 

331 
333 

ei6 

Ml 
1301 
IMS 
1303 
1306 
1344 
1345 
1:H6 

1406 
718 

101 

3S3 

S.M 
3394 
3896 
3297 
3i39 
3398 

3300 
3301 
3303 
4753 

4736 
47S3 
4734 
■739 

8008 

Kiowa  Agoncy,  near 

Frrt  Cobb, 
llepublican  R.,  Kane. 

...do 

...do 

Dr.  E.  I'almer 

Dr.  E.  Coaea  . . 

..do 

...do 

Or.  E.  Palmer 

Dr.  E.  Conci  . 

..do 

...do 

J.  Fellnor... 

J.O.Cooper.. 

.-do 

...do 

...do 

Skull 

"ftciurut    mag- 
nfMudotiM." 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do 

do. 

May  38, 1864 
May  33,  1864 
May  33,  I8C4 
May    5,1864 

Jane— ,1857 

Jane  37, 1857 
Juno  30, 1857 

Skin    

...do 

Skin  and  akull 
Skin 

0600 
3383 

00 

<f 

Mouth  of  Vormil. 

lion.  Miaaonri  R. 
Independence,  Mo. . 

...do 

do 

J.  0.  Cooper  . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

3384 
3684 
1340 
941 

Weetom  Miuonri  . 

...do 

...do 

...do    

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

..  do   

...do 

..do 

...do 

..  do 

F.J.ItKeenai 
Dr  Oeo.  Engel 
mann. 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Lt.Q.K.Warrei. 
Lt.D.N.Coucli 

LtJaa.Fairie 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

....do 

Skull 

...do 

.  do 

...do 

.Skin 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

DroolihaTen,  Mo  ... 
Saint  Luaia,  Mo 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

"t 

...do 

....do 

...do 

Apr.    9,1853 

Apr.    9,1855 
Dm.  -,  1835 
Not.  — ,  1855 
Not.  -,  1855 
Nor.  -,  1855 
Winter,  1855 

...do 

...do 

...do 

F.  J.  R.Kei.-nan 
Dr.Oeo.  Engel- 
niKon. 

..do 

..do 

...do 

...do.. 

...do 

..  do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

a 

9 

... 

lies 

...do 

SknII 

do. 

Mlsaourl 

Skin 

Duaky. 

9 

Fort  Leavenworth, 

Kans. 
Prairie  Mer  Bonge, 

La. 
...do 

Not.  37, 1834 
June  93, 1893 

Jane  35, 1858 

...do 

...do 

LtJaa.Fairlo 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do   

1343 
1304 
1305 
1348 
3138 
3131 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

....do 

Skull 

....do 

....do 

...do 

.... 

...do 

...do.- 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do   

do 

.  do 

Skin  and  akall. 
....do 

.... 

...do 

....do  

...do 

...do   

do 

do      .  .. 

Skin 

Grand  Colean,  La... 
...do 

8t.Charle«Col 
lege, 
do     ..  . 

StCharlesCol 
lege. 

....do 

.  do   

....do 

do 

...do 

do     .. 

...do 

....do 

do     ... 

...do   

.do 

Teiaa 

Capt.J.Popo. 

Uapl.  J.  Pope. 

...do 

'Belly  black. 


SCIURIDiE— 8CIDRUS  FOSSOK.  731 

Tahlr  XXXIV.— Cfat  of  ipeciment  atamined  of  SciUHfs  nioer  rar.  MiDOVlciANUg — Contimicd. 


h 


lOSO 


9S1 
1419 


«S8 

iiie5 

TS'I 
338 


Locality. 


reomRlTor.  Tgi. 


Ft,  ChAdboarnti,  Tei 
Oujidalupe  Bottom. 

Tex. 
8u     Pedro,     R I  o 

Oreude,  Tex. 
DeTll'a  River,  Tex. 

...do 

...do 

Wathlngton  Ca.Tex 
New  LeoD, Hex.. 


When 
collMted. 


Apr.    6,1856 


Prom  whom  ro. 
oeWed. 


CaptJ.rope. 


Col.J.D.Or*. 
ham. 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Lt  D.N.  Coach 


Collected  by- 


Dr.  O.  C.  Sbn- 

mard. 
Dr. Swift    .... 
Capt  J.  Pope.. 


J.H.CIuk. 


..do. 
.do. 
..do. 


Lt  D.  N.  Conch 


e 
I 


do. 
.do. 


do. 


....do 

Skull 

....do 

...do 

Sklnandaknll 


Reiuarka, 


'*8eiurut  lim 
itU." 

do. 

do.  (type). 


SCIURUS  FOSSOR  Peale.         v 
Calllbrnla  firajr  Bqnirrel. 

8el»n$  fouor  Peale,  Ham.  and  Birds,  U.  S.  Ex.  Exp.  1848,  55.— Audcbon  &  Bacrman,  Qaod.  N.  Am.  iii,  , 
1854, 364,  pi.  cliii,  Bg.  8.- Baird,  Ham.  N.  Am.  1857,264.— Cooper,  Proc.  Cnl.  Aond.  8oi.  iii.— 
Gray,  Add.  and  Hag.  Nat  Hist.  3d  Rer.  xx,  1867,  426.— Allen,  Proo.  Bfwt.  Boo.  Nat.  Hist, 
xvl,  1874,  287. 

Seiunu  luermanni  Lb  Conte,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8oi.  Pbilo.  vi,  1852,  140. 

Boiunu  leporiniu  Hemsbaw,  Ana.  Bep.  Ch.  Engineera  (or  1876,  App.  JJ,  310  (probablv  not  S.  Uiportnui 
Baobman). 

Specific  chaelb. — Length  of  body  11  to  12  inches.  Tail-vertebrae  about 
11,  ranging  from  10.50  to  12.50;  tail  to  end  of  hairs  14.50,  ranging  from  14 
to  15.50,  hence  much  longer  than  the  body.  Above,  clear  plumbeous-gray; 
beneath,  pure  white;  no  lateral  line;  hairs  o^the  tail  gray  at  base,  with  a 
broad  subterminal  band  of  black,  and  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  posterior 
surface  of  ears  brownish,  particularly  toward  the  base. 

This  species  is  remarkable  for  the  constancy  of  its  coloration.  Among 
some  thirty  specimens  before  me,  only  two  depart  much  from  the  normal 
phase,  as  above  described.  One  is  No.  2463,  from  near  San  Francispo,  which 
is  faintly  washed  above  with  pale  reddish-brown.  The  other  is  No.  3633, 
from  Fort  Tejon,  which  is  evidently  in  an  abnormal  condition  of  pelage. 
This  has  the  back  brownish,  and  an  unsymmetrical,  irregularly-shaped  spot 
of  brownish-yellow  on  the  top  of  the  head.  Professor  Baird  also  refers  to  a 
specimen  from  San  Francisco  with  a  brownish  back.  There  is  a  slight  varia- 
tion in  color  with  locality,  specimens  from  northern  localities  being  of  a 


732 


MONOGKAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


■. :  I 


M'.J': 


:l,  f:! 


M    ,« 


:it 


mk 


liii 


darker  purer  gray  than  those  from  the  more  desert  regicm  soiitliward;  Fort 
T'ejon  specimens,  as  compared  with  otiiers  from  Oregon,  jjresenting  a 
olcached  or  faded  appearance.  Tlic  skulls  show  no  appreciable  difference 
in  size  with  locality;  southern  specimens  arc  certainly  not  smaller  than  north- 
ern ones. 

This  species  dilTers  from  the  Eastern  Gray  Squirrel  (S.  caroUnemis)  in  its 
larger  size,  relatively  much  longer  tail,  and  in  the  gray  of  the  upper  parts 
wholly  lacking  the  fulvous  suffusion  seen  in  that  species,  and  in  being  purer 
white  below.  S.  fossor  much  more  resembles  the  wholly  gray  phase  of  S. 
aherli,  the  two  species  being  of  about  the  same  size.  S.  aberti,  however,  has 
a  shorter  and  whiter  tail,  especially  beneatJi,  and  has  usually  a  dark  reddish- 
brown  area  on  the  back  and  a  very  distinct  black  lateral  line.  It  is  further 
distinguished,  especially  in  winter,  by  the  presence  of  long  consi)icuous  ear- 
tufts,  as  well  as  by  the  much  larger  size  of  the  ears  themselves. 

8.  fossor  is  a|)parently  wholly  restricted  to  the  Pacific  slope,  no  speci- 
mens having  been  reported  as  occurring  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast 
Kanges  of  mountains.  Specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  as  far  north  as 
Fort  Dalles,  Oreg.,  and  from  intermediate  localities  thence  southward  to  Fort 
Tejon,  much  beyond  which,  in  either  direction,  its  occurrence  has  not  been 
reported.  Its  habitat  is  hence  quite  restricted.  Its  nearest  ally  is  to  be  found, 
in  8.  colliai  of  Mexico,  with  which  it  agrees  in. size  and  in  the  relative  length 
of  the  tail,  differing  from  it,  however,  greatly  in  coloration.     • 

Melanistic  phases  of  coloration  are  thus  far  unknown  in  this  species; 
hut  since  they  occur  in  all  the  other  North  American  Sciuri,  they  are  to  be 
looked  for  also  in  this.  ^  " 

The  8durus  lejwrinus  of  Bachman,  doubtfully  referred  by  Professor 
liaird  to  8.  fossor,  agrees  much  better  with  8.  colliai  than  with  8.  fossor.  It 
may,  however,  have  been  based  on  an  abnormal  specimen  of  S.  fossor.  A 
specimen  in  abnormal  pelage,  collected  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw  in  Southern  • 
California  in  1875,  I  at  first  identified  as  satisfactorily  meeting  the  require- 
ments of  Audubon  and  Bachman's  8.  leporhus,  but  a  reexamination  of  the 
subject  convinces  mc  that  their  description  of  S.  leporinus  better  agrees  with 
certain  phases  of  S.  collieei  than  with  any  known  phase  of  S.  fossor,  and  that 
the  locality  of  the  specimen  was  Western  Me.\ico  instead  of  "  Northern  Cali- 
Ibrnia",  as  supposed. 


N 


in; 


SCIURID^— SCITRUS  FOSSOU. 


733 


Tablk  XXXV. — itauurementi  of  nine  spmiment  of  SciURUS  F06."0li. 


1003 
1003 
1004 

3841 

im 

ISMO 
lilSlt 
19613 


Looalitf. 


Fort  Dkllei,  Orag.  Tar 

do 

do 

PoUlama,  CJ 

FortCmok.Cd 

Sao  Fruolaoo,  Ckl 

MoanUtnt  near  Kerovllla,  Cal . 

T(J<«  MounUina,  Cal 

do 


From  Up  of  noaa  t 


1.33 


1.30 
1.33 


3.35 
3.35 


3.0.1 
3.0d 


11.33 
11.30 
11.33 
13.00 
18.00 
13.00 
II.  Hi 
11.00 


Tail  to  and  of— 


1130 
10.60 
11.00 
11.00 
11.33 
11.00 
10.50 
0.90 
10.33 


i 
a 

n 


15.90 
H.OD 
14.35 
14.  M 
14.50 
l.'J.OO 
14.00 
13.00 
1/50 


LoDftth  of- 


8.00 
1.05 


1.13 
l.tO 
I.  GO 


3.10 
9.05 
9.87 
9.03 
9.10 
3.10 


Froth. 
..do. 
..do. 
..  do. 
8kln. 
...do. 
..  do. 
..do. 
..  do. 


Tablk  XXXVI. — Ufotuntntnt*  of  In  $kiUU  of  Sciunus  possor. 


i 

Looalltr. 

i 

a 

1 

1 

i 
1 

1 

a 

1 

I 

i 
i 

f 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

9111 

Stookton,  Cat 

853 
800 

1.90 
1.53 

1.00 
0.90 

0.94 
0.93 

1.31 

a  CO 

' 

4181 
4900 

474« 
415S 

.    do .-. 

804 
9.53 

9.58 
800 
803 

1.51 
1.45 
1.51 
1.93 
1.90 

0.91 
0.90 
0.93 
0.91 
0.90 

013 
0  99 
0.94 
0.33 
0.30 

do 

.  ..  do > 

1.60 

0.03 

...do 

3548 
35M 
1S493 

jo                                                     ,                                 ...            

809 
808 
860 

1.41 
1.4l« 
1.90 

O90 
1.00 

a»3 

033 
0.S1 
0.15 

do 

1.3T 

0.90 

rf 

lm\ 


'I      I 


734 


MONOGUAPUS  OF  NOUTU  AMKItUAN  UODBNTIA. 


Tadlk  XXXVII.— Li»(o/>jK<)imeii<exaiiilHcdo/ Sciunuf  PoasoR. 


I  ,  ", 


I  I' 


hI 

■1 

II    '' 

II 

f^'  1 

III 


t 

1 

B 

B 
B 

1'   = 

u 

1009 
1003 
1004 

1173 

im 

•jiSl 
•J»4 
1175 
3830 
3«>41 
3841 
3843 
3808 

seoo 

S6II3 
4167 
4166 
3838 
3843 

i 

a 

u    . 
a  s 

:::   s 

s  • 
1  = 

1^ 

9010 
9011 

J 

i 

a 

-a 

a 

S 

36 
37 

38 

i 

a 

m 
H 

9 
cf 

9 

Lovdlily. 

When 
collected. 

From  whom  re- 
ceived. 

Collected  by— 

! 

'A 

Fort  Unllei,  Greg 

ilo 

do 

.Ian.  17,1855 
.Ian.  15,1855 
Jan.  15,1855 

OoT.I.I.Stevena.. 
...do 

Dr.  Oeo.  Suckle  J.. 
....do 

Skin, 
.do. 

...do 

...do   

..  do. 

do 

do 

..do 

...do 

Skull. 
..  do. 

...do 

...do   

Stockton,  Cal 

...    do 

U.».8.WUIhimM>n 
.    do 

Dr.  J.  8.  Newberry 
..  do        

Skin. 
SkulL 
Skin. 
AlooboHc 
do 

9117 

San  PninoiMm,  Cal 

....  do   

. .  do 

.  do        

.... 

9 

? 
? 
9 
9 
rf 
rf 
9 

A.Agauti 

..  do   

A.Agaaall 

...do        

do 

Lt.R.8.WllllamM>n 

John  Fellner  

...do 

Dr.  J.  a  Newberrj- 

John  Fellner 

....do   

Skin. 

....do. 

...do. 

da 

Fort  Crook.  Cal 

....  do   

do 

...do   

...do     

do 

..  do 

..  do   

do 

do 

Mar.  31, 1861 
Uar.  93, 1861 
Not.    9,18611 

D.F.Parkinaon.. 
...  .do . .  . 

D.F.Parkinaon... 
...do   

...do. 

do 

do 

do 

...do 

...do     

4188 
4187 
4197 
4108 
4109 
4-JOO 
4901 
««)8 
4T4H 
47.15 
47.16 
4741) 
4751 
47.VJ 
4753 
4765 
C508 

John  Fellner 

...do 

John  Fellner 

....do 

Skin  and  skull. 

do 

do 

...do...; 

....do   

do 

....do  

...do 

do 

...do 

....do   

Skull. 

do 

...do 

...do 

do 

....do 

....do 

do    

..  do 

...  .do 

do. 

do   

...do 

D.F.Parkloaon  .. 
..do 

...da 
da 

do    

...do 

do    

....do 

...dn 

da 

do 

do    

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

da 

do 

...    do    

...do  

...do   

..  do 

...do 

Ak 

...    do   

....do 

..do 

da 

.     do    

....do 

..do 

da 

979 

MluhlKan  Blnffa,  Cal 

,1863 

F.  Grnber    

F.  Oniber  . 

Skin. 

347 
I5W) 
16X1 
3833 
3*0 

S4I!3 
240d 

9 

John  Xaatns 

....do 

do 

..  do 

3547 
M4S 
3,149 
1604 

330 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

San  Diogo,  Cal 

do 

Skin  and  aknll. 
SknIL 
da 

.  ..  do    

....do  

do 

do    

do   

do 

do 

..  do 

do 

da 

Tpjun  Volley,  Cal  . 

....do  

do 

da 

Pn-sidlu  ?,  Cal  

Skin. 
....da 

San  Diego,  Cal 

Dr.  J.  H.Webb... 

Dr.  J.  H.  Webb... 

*  In  Musouiu  of  ComparatiTo  Zodlogy,  Cambridge,  Uom. 


P,^  ' 


^' 


SCIUIUD^>— 8CIUUUS  ABEHTI. 


735 


SCIURUS  ABERTI  Woodli. 
Abert's  Squirrel. 

Seiurui  dornllt  WoODllousK,  Proo.  Aouil.  Nnt.  8vi.  Pliila.  vi,  1853,  110  (not  S.  ioriaUt  of  Ornjr). 
Bduruittbtrn  Woodiiouhk,  Pruc.  Acnd.  Nut.  8cl.  Plilla.  vl,  1H.VJ,  !i-JO;  8itgr«nvuii'H  Kxpl.  Colorado  nnd 

Zuni  Kivcn,  185.1,  53,  Mam.  pi,  vi.— Aududo.n  &  Haciiman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  iil,  1H54,  '2112,  pi. 

cllli, «({.  1.— Uaiiii),  Mam.  N.  Ara.  1«57,  !«17.— Allen,  Proc.  lJo«t.  Soc.  Nut.  Mint,  xvl,  1H«4, 

887.— CoUM,  Am.  Nat.  i,  lWi7,  :155.— Cocks  &.  YaIiiiow,  Wbeelei'a  Survs.  aud  Expl.  Wcat  ol 

lOUlh  Merld.  v,  Zoiil.  187(1, 115. 
8(i*ru»  alberli  Obav,  Aun.  and  Mug.  Nat.  HIat.  3<l.  aer.  xx,  1807,  417  (lege  abtrii). 
Murut  cattanoliu  Baihd,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Pblla.  vll,  1855,  333  (typ.  error  fur  eaita»onot»$). 
Sci«ru4  cailMimoItu  Baiuo,  Mam.  N.  Am.  1857, 2(iU;  U.  8.  and  Mex.  Bouod.  Surv.  11,  pt.  il,  1859,  35,  pi.  t. 

Specific  cbaks. — Length  of  body  11  inches;  of  tail-vcrtebraj  8;  of  tail 
to  end  of  huirs  12.  Above,  i)lumbeou8-grny,  with  generally  a  more  or  less  broiid 
dorsal  area  of  reddish-brown  ;  beneath,  pure  white ;  sides  of  the  body  with  a 
distinct,  generally  conspicuous,  black  line,  sejjarating  the  white  of  the  under 
parts  from  the  gray  of  the  upper  parts.  Runs  into  melanistic  phases,  in  which 
the  color  varies  from  brownish-fuscous  to  uniform  black  throughout.  Tail 
centrally  black  above,  broadly  edged  with  white,  wholly  white  below.  Ears 
very  large ;  in  winter,  with  long  pointed  ear-tuf\8,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  length.  The  ears  are  larger  in  this  species  than  in  any  other  Ameri- 
can species  of  the  genus. 

The  brownish  area  on  the  back  varies  in  color  from  yellowish-brown  to 
strong  reddish-brown  or  bright  chestnut,  and  in  extent  from  a  short  narrow 
stripe  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  one  to  three  inches  in  length,  to  a  broad 
band  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  which  sometimes  widens  so  as 
to  cover  the  whole  back  from  the  nape  tj  the  tail.  It  is  occasionally  almost 
wholly  obsolete,  and,  when  confined  to  a  narrow  stripe,  is  much  paler  than 
when  of  larger  extent.  Some  specimens  have  a  chestnut  spot  at  the  posterior 
base  of  the  ear,  which  sometimes  involves  the  basal  half  of  the  ear-tuft; 
most  of  the  specimens  are  without  the  chestnut  ear-patch.  Nearly  half  of 
the  specimens  are  also  wholly  without  ear-tufts.  Tiiis  is  apparently  a  sea- 
sonal feature,  but  may  be  to  some  extent  individual.  Of  specimens  obtained 
the  same  day  at  the  same  locality,  some  have  well-developed  ear-tufts,  while 
others  are  wholly  without  them.  The  majority  of  the  specimens  taken  in 
summer  show  no  trace  of  ear-tufts. 

There  are  four  specimens  from  Colorado  City,  Colo.,  which  present  a 
melanistic  phase  of  coloration,*  varying  from  pale  yellowish-brown  to  black. 

*  Dr.  Couea  iuforms  me  that  the  black  Aberi'a  SquirreU  are  the  prevailing  style  in  portionB  of 
Colorado,  The  collection  mode  by  Mrs.  H.  A.  Maxwell  in  the  vicinity  of  Boalder  contains  several 
examples  of  this  phase,  vbich,  Dr.  Cooes  was  assared  by  this  lady,  is  mnch  more  commonly  found  there 
than  the  normal  one. 


730 


MOSOOUAPIIS  OF  NORTH  AMUUICAN  UOOBNTIA. 


Home  (if  those  linvo  wrll-dovcjloped  enr-tuns,  wliile  ollicrs  are  cntirel}-  witli- 
nut  tlicm.  One  t^peciincii  Ims  tlic  pustorior  linlf  uf  the  dorsnl  Hurtiice  dusky 
jellowishhrown,  while  the  rest  of  the  hotly  is  dusky,  mid  the  tail  is  nearly 
black.  There  is  also  a  wholly  black  specimen  in  the  collection  from  the 
Apache  Mountains,  Arizona. 

Thii  species  is  considerably  smaller  than  S./ossor,  with  a  rather  stouter 
body  and  shorter  tail.  One  specimen  (No.  9549),  from  the  mountains  north 
of  Santa  Fi^,  N.  Mcx.,  lias  the  general  color  above  of  S.  fossor,  showing  only  a 
very  narrow  yellowish-brown  dortal  stripe.  It  Ims,  however,  a  broad,  black- 
ish, lateral  line,  and  the  under  side  of  the  tail  is  wholly  white  These  are 
features  that  serve  at  once  to  distinguish  the  two  species,  aside  from  the  dif- 
ference of  size,  relative  length  of  the  tail,  etc.  From  all  the  gray  phases  of 
S.  carolinensh,  it  is  distinguishable  by  the  absence  of  the  subterniinnl  fulvous 
sufTusion  of  the  pelage  above,  which  is  constantly  present  in  S.  carolinensis ; 
by  the  absence  of  a  white  ear-patch  ;  by  the  coloration  of  the  tail ;  by  the  much 
larger  size  of  the  ears ;  and  by  other  quite  obvious  differences. 

In  respect  to  the  skulls  of  the  gray  North  American  Sciuri  possessing 
two  premolars,  namely,  S.  fossor,  S.  aherti,  and  S.  carolinensis,  the  skull  of 
iS.  carolinensis  is  distinguishable  by  its  narrow  elongate  form,  its  smaller  size 
(especially  as  compared  with  8.  fossor),  and  particularly  by  the  excessive 
narrowness  of  the  nasal  portion  and  consequently  narrower  nasals  and  upper 
incisors.  The  chief  difference  between  the  skulls  of  S.  aberli  and  S.  fossor 
is  the  much  larger  size  of  the  skull  in  8.  fossor.  Two  skulls  of  8.  aberti, 
both  fully  adult  (one  of  them  very  old),  have  an  average  length  of  2.30  against 
an  average  length  of  2.60  in  nine  skulls  of  S.  fossor,  the  smallest  of  which 
(rather  young)  has  a  length  of  2  52.  The  first  premolar  seems  to  be  rela- 
tively larger  in  S.  aberti  than  in  either  <S.  fossor  or  8.  carolinensis. 

The  geographical  range  of  8.  aberli,  as  shown  by  the  specimens  in  the 
collection  of  the  National  Museum,  extends  from  the  mountains  of  Central 
Colorado  southward  to  the  Apache  Mountains  of  Arizona.  Its  occurrence 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  reported  from  any  locality  outside  of  Colorado, 
New  Mexico,  and  Arizona.  Its  range  is  hence  apparently  separated  by  quite 
a  wide  interval  from  that  of  S.  fossor,  neither  species  having  been  yet 
reported  from  either  Utah  or  Nevada. 

The  8.  castanonotus  of  Uaird,  formerly  regarded  by  Professor  Buird  as 
distinct  from  8.  aberti,  proves  to  be  not  separable,  even  as  a  geographical 


SClUBlDiE— 8C1UIIU8  AnEHTI. 


737 


variety.  Its  diicf  «li(rorcntiul  clmractcr  was  the  siippoHcd  permanent  aliscnee 
of  cnr-tuft8,  which  additional  material  shows  miiy  be  absent  or  present  in 
N|)ecinicn8  from  tiio  same  loctility.  I  uin,  in  fact,  unable  to  ii]ipreciate  any 
diflerences  in  the  limited  material  (twenty  specimens)  belbro  mo  that  aro 
peculiar  to  particular  localities. 

Tabue  XXXVIII.— Jf«uiireiii«N(<  0/  Uh  tptolnutii  of  Sciuruh  aderti. 


MM 


lint 

11873 
1I8M 
»rt7 

iini 

DM* 
•3U 


LoaaUty. 


8u  FruMslMo  UU.,  N.  It«i 

Colorado 

Apaobo  UoDBtoliu,  Aril. . . . 

do 

Camp  Apache,  Aria 

8ao  Franclaoo  Mounlaina . . . 

Ut.  Taylor,  N.  Hex 

Coppar  VlDoa,  N.  Max 

SSmilaa  N.  of  Buta  Ft,  N.  U 
Colimdo  City,  Colo 


Fnm  Up  of  noaa  U^— 


1.19 
I.  OS 
0.U 
1.09 


1.19 
1.M 
1.89 
1.00 


1.W 
8.90 


1.89 
1,49 


%_ 

11.00 
10.90 
0.9P 
11.00 
11.00 
10.89 


10.89 

laso 

10.79 


Tall  to  OD-I    ,        .,     , 
of-         l«n«tlio.r- 


aoo 

0.00 
B.00 
8.90 
0.90 
&79 
S.90 


g.00 
au 


t 

J_ 

II.  0, 
11.00 
11.90 
10.89 
11.90 
11.00 
18.00 


11.00 
11.00 


1. 73 
l.f>0 
1.00 
1.70 
1.30 


1.30 
1.63 
l.«9 
1.90 


n 

170 
179 
3.70 
8.70 
'  c'5 
:i.'.9 
179 
8.00 
8.90 
1«0 


"8 
I 


Skin.* 

Aloobollc. 

Skin. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...da 

..do. 

...do. 


*•  MMaoramaDU  iVom  ProU  Bolrd'a  Mam.  N.  Amer.  p.  8M. 
Tablr  XX%.Yi..—itta»wrfme»lt  of  two  tkuUt  nf  SoiURDg  abehti. 


Loealtty. 


Coppar  MInea,  N.  Max . 
do 


1.33 
183 


1.33 
I.M 


0.73 


(kfS 
0.78 


aio 


u 


0.117 
0.M 


11 


1.16 
1. 10 


0.33 
0.37 


i 

n 

11^ 


0.83 

a  81 


II 


0.40 
0l48 


0.87 
a88 


1.39 
1.33 


0.68 
0.63 


47  M 


738 


MONOGKAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTFA. 


Tablr  XL. — Li$l  of  fpeciment  examined  of  Scitinus  aiierti. 


i  ''  M 


jiij 


•3 
1 

a 

9 

a 

e  d 

a 

B 

9 

a 

go 

s 

a 
a 

"3 
a 
« 

6 

& 

ce 

s 

3 

M 

Looollty. 

When 
oolleoted. 

From  whom  ro- 
oelveit. 

CoUooted  by- 

1 

iiooa 

05.V> 

u.'i4g 

9S50 
9351 

9SSj 

tiee 
35ie 

9010 

J 

ColoriHta  Divide 

Colorado  Uitjt,  Colo  

...do 

Oct    1,  law 

Dr.F.V.Uaydon. 
..  do    

W.  L.  Coulter 

Skin 

....do   .... 

Btaok. 
do. 

...do 

...do    

...do 

...do 

.    do 

...do   

...do    .... 

do. 

dow 

:I5  mllm  north  of  Saola 
F6.,N.Mox. 
do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do   

...do 

do 

do 

Blaok. 

UetWMu  Twis  ondSantA 

F«.,  N.  Uei. 
.    do 

...do 

do 

...do... 
.  do 



Camp  BurKwyn,  N.  Mm 
Fort  Union  N  Mex 

Dr.W.W.Anderwr 
Dr.  Sonthworth  . . 
Dr.  E.  rainier... 

LtG.M.  Wlieeler 
Col.  J.  I).  Gr,ifaani 

..do 

1  •  G.  M.  Wheeler 

Or.  E.COU0II  

CnpL  L.  SitgreavM 

Dr.W.W.Anderaon 
Dr.  Sonthworth  .. 
Dr.  E.  Palmer... 

Dr.  .J.  T.  Rothrook 
r.  H.Clark 

...do 

Dr.O.  Loew 

Dr.  E.Couea 

Dr.  .S.   W.  Wood 
huune. 

...do.   .. 

...do 

...do 

Alcobollo  . 
Skin    and 

Bkull. 
...do    ... 

Skin 

...do 

...do 

..do.... 



4 

9 

umWilllama'BMouQUiii 

N.  Moi. 
Sierra  Mw.,N.Mcix.... 
Copper  Uinen,  N.  Mex  . . 

...do 

Camp  Apache,  Ariz  — 
Sau  FranciituuMts.,  Ariz 
...do 

Oct.  2,-).  isrj 

Winter,  1837 

Sept.   l.lt>73 
July  S3,  liM4 

12! 

131 
11090 
7819 
3430 

7183 
11870 
11375 
1IU74 
11473 

liOO 
1107 

039 
097 
17 
lOU 

Apache  liountoina,  Arie 

...do 

Mount  Taylor,  N.  Hex  . . 
Camp  UrowD,  Aris 

SvpL    1,  1873 
Sept.    4.1873 
•luly    5,1873 

Oct    3,  lerj 

Lt  U.  M.  Wheeler 

...do 

...do 

...do 

11.  W.llanahaw... 

...do 

Dr.  C.  O.  Newberry 
...do 

...do 

...do... 

...do 

...do... 

II. — Species  inJuihiting  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America. 

SCIURUS  COLLI^I  Richardson. 
Collie's  Bqalrrd. 

Sciuriu  colliai  RicnARn.soN,  Zoul.  of  the  Bloamni,  1839,  8,  pi.  I.— Baciiman,  Proo.  Zool.  Soo.  ImuiI. 

11^38,  95  (without  deaoription);  Charlegworth's  Mag.  Nat.  Hlitt.  iii,  1839,  334;  Amer.  Jouru. 

Sci.  Olid  Art«,  xxxvii,  18:19,  307. — Wagner,  Siippl.  Schrebor's  Siiuget.  HI,  1845,  174.— Aunu- 

noN  &,  Rachman,  Quad.  N.  Amer.  iii,  1853,  pi.  civ.— Baikd,  Mam.  N.  Amer.  1857,  t280. 
Macroxut  colliwi  Gray,  Ann.  nnd  Mag.  Nat.  Hiat.  3d  ser.  xx,  1807,  421  (in  part). 
tSdurua  lejmrinuK  AuDUBO.v  &.  Daciiman,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil*.  1841, 101 ;  Jonrn.  Acad.  Not.  8oi. 

Phila.  viii,  1843,  314 ;  Quad.  N.  Amor,  i,  1849,  ;I29,  pi.  xliii.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amer.  1857,  atJi. 
Seiiirun  oculatut  Pktkrs,  Monalsb.  K.  P.  Akad.  d.  Wiasenach.  za  Berlin,  18C3  (18U4),  65:i. 
Sciuriit  arizoneiuii  CouKS,  Amer.  Nat.  1,  18(37,  357;  Proo.  Acad.  Hat.  Sci.  Phila.  1887,  134. — CoUES  it 

Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Expl.  and  Surv.  West  100th  Merid.  v,  Zoiil.  1870,  110. 

Specific  chars. — Length  from  the  end  of  the  nose  to  the  base  of  the 
tail  about  12.50;  tail  to  end  of  the  vertebrtB  11.00;  tail  to  end  of  hairs  14.00. 
Above,  except  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  region,  clear  gray,  without  rufous  or 
fulvous  suffusion  beneath  the  surface;  abroad  mesial  band  extending  from 
the  head  to  the  tail  mixed  yellowish-brown  and  black ;  lower  parts  (usually?) 


SCIURID^— SCIURUS  COLLIJEI. 


739 


pure  white;  no  lateral  line.  Tail  long  anil  very  hroml,  vcrtcbrrc  alone 
nearly  equal  in  length  to  the  length  of  head  and  body;  above,  deep  black, 
broadly  edged  with  whitish  or  mixed  white,  black,  and  i)ale  fulvous;  bencatli 
with  or  without  a  broad  central  area  of  brigiit  tawny,  bordered  by  a  broiid 
Bubterminal  band  of  deep  black,  and  broadly  edged  with  wliite.  Sometimes 
the  central  bright  tawny  zone  can  be  faintly  seen  through  tlie  iiairs  of 
the  dorsal  surface,  as  in  the  Arizona  specimens;  again  it  is  merely  pale  ful- 
vous, striped  with  narrow  lines  of  dusky,  the  central  fulvous  area  being  visi- 
ble cnly  from  the  lower  surface. 

This  species  is  thoroughly  distinct  from  S.  carolinensis,  which  it  some- 
what resembles  in  color,  as  it  also  apparently  is  from  every  other  North 
American  species  o{  Sciurus,  It  was  described  by  Richardson,  in  1839,  from 
a  specimen  from  San  Bias,  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  in  latitude  21°  34', 
where  Mr.  Collie  found  it  common.  My  Mazatlan  specimens  are  from  near 
ihe  same  locality  (about  one  hundred  miles  farther  north),  and  agree  with 
Richardson's  original  description.  Dr.  Gray's  S.  collim,  "var.  2",  with  brigiit 
rufous  sides  and  limbs  and  white  belly,  I  refer  with  little  hesitation  to  S. 
booth'iM,  while  his  "var.  1'',  from  the  west  coast  of  South  Atnerica,  with  "the 
under  surface  yellow",  he  considers  the  same  as  Ogilby's  S.variegatoidcs  and 
his  8.  griseocaudatus,  both  of  which  I  refer  to  the  S.  hi/pojii/rrhus  of  Wagler. 
The  "Macroxus  collicei^'  of  Gray  seems  to  be  only  in  small  part  referable  to 
the  S.  collim  of  Richardson. 

I  refer  to  this  species  also  the  S.  arizonensis  of  Coues,  described  origin- 
ally from  a  single  specimen  obtained  at  Fort  Whipple,  Ariz.  .Two  other 
specimens  from  Arizona,  collected  later  by  Mr.  F.  Bischoff,  agree  essentially 
with  Dr.  Coues's  specimen,  except  that  they  are  somewhat  larger.  One  of 
tliem,  however,  has  the  brownish  dorsal  area  less  strongly  developed  tbau  in 
tlip  others,  and  has  "the  lower  surface  considerably  varied  vvitii  irregular 
patches  and  ttreaksof  pale  yellowish-rufous,  thus  showing  a  tendency  to  the 
acquisition  of  a  rufous  belly,  so  common  a  feature  among  the  Squirrels  of 
Mexico  and  Central  and  South  America.  Dr.  Coues's  specimen,  though  killed 
in  December,  was  evidently  not  full-grown,  being,  as  described  by  him,  of 
about  the  size  of  S.  carolinensis.  The  other  specimens,  one  of  them  a  female 
that  had  recently  nourished  young,  are  much  larger,  and  indicate  a  species 
fully  as  large  as  8.  abcrti,  if  not  even  larger. 

The  coloration  of  S.  collim,  at  first  sight,  seems  to  bear  a  close  resem- 


m 


740 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


blnncc  to  that  of  northern  specimens  of  5'.  caroUnensh,  |iarticulurly  to  those 
with  a  hirge  brownish  dorsal  area.  A  careful  comparison,  however,  shows 
the  absence  of  the  fulvous  suffusion  below  the  surface  of  the  pelage  seen  in 
tliat  species,  and  the  absence  of  any  tawny  lateral  line.  The  tail  also  is  mnc'i 
longer,  and  more  than  one-third  fuller  and  broader,  with  quite  different  col- 
oration, being  distinctly  tricolored  below,  with  the  three  colors  strongly  con- 
trasted and  sharply  defined, — centrally  a  broad  band  of  bright  tawny,  nearly 
two  inches  wide,  with  indications  of  two  narrow  bars  of  black  witliin  it  on 
each  side  of  the  vertebraj;  outside  of  this  is  a  band  of  deep  black,  one-half 
to  one  inch  wide,  with,  beyond  this,  a  broad  clear  white  margin.  The  hairs 
arc,  many  of  them,  fully  three  inches  in  length,  so  ti;at  the  tail,  measured 
across  tlie  middle  from  point  to  poit  t  of  the  outstretched  hairs,  has  a  breadth 
of  .six  inches.  The  Mazatlan  specimens  have  the  tail  rather  less  full,  and 
the  bright  tawny  central  area  is  simply  pale  fulvous, — a  difference  of  no 
great  importance,  in  view  of  the  differeni.^s  in  this  respect  presented  by 
specimens  of  S.  caroUnensis  from  even  a  single  locality. 

The  ears  are  low,  broad,  and  round,  not  half  as  large  as  in  S.  aberU,  and 
less  pointed,  shorter,  and  broader  than  in  S.  fossor.  This  species  is  further 
distinguished  from  S.  fossor  by  its  shorter  tail,  more  brownish-gray  color  of 
the  upper  surface,  and  by  the  presence  of  a  yellowish-brown  dorsal  area, 
covering  nearly  all  of  the  back.  S.  colUcei  is  distinguishable  from  iSi.  abcrti 
not  only  through  the  great  dilTerence  in  the  size  and  form  of  the  ears  and 
the  absence  of  ear-tuf>s,  but  by  lacking  the  black  lateral  line,  and  by  the 
dorsal  brownish  area  being  pale  yellowish-brown  instead  of  reddish-brown  or 
chestnut.  The  S.  leporinus  of  Audubon  and  Bachman,  from  "California", 
greatly  resemhies  jS.  colUai  in  color,  size,  and  form,  and  is,  I  have  little  doubt 
referable  to  this  species.  Its  supposed  locality  is  doubtless  wrong,  being 
not  the  present  State  of  California,  but  from  some  point  farther  southward. 
I  have  seen,  however,  a  specimen  of  S.  fossor,  in  an  evidently  abnormal  con- 
<lition  of  pelage,  corresponding  quite  well  with  the  description  of  S.  leporinus. 
The  description  of  Sciurus  oculatus  of  Peters,  in  respect  to  size,  colora- 
tion, relative  length  of  the  tail,  etc.,  agrees  with  the  usual  phase  of  S.  coUioBt. 


.Ill 


.     ; .     SCIURID-S!— SCIURUS  BOOTHIiE. 

Tadlr  Xhl.—Mr<uuremeHi»  of  eight  tpcdmmf  of  SciURca  C11.1.1.E1. 


741 


0 

iMaHty. 

Si 

From  tip  of  nose  to— 

Tall  to  end  «r— 

Length  of— 

"S 

e 
I 

Bemnrkn. 

i 

1 

t 

1 

^ 

i! 

1 
1 

1 

MM 

tmcn 
em 

IIHS 
DIM 

not 

Mu*Uu,Mex 
....do 

.... 

LIS 
■1.00 

S.IJ 

a.  00 

435 
ISO 

13.00 
13.00 
10.90 

«.M 

13.00 
13.90 
l&«0 

10.60 

11.75 

u  00 
aso 

ftiO 

10.75 
9.00 

1100 
1100 
ILOO 

13.0'> 

HOD 
13.00 
13.60 

1155 

\.n 
\.w 
1.75 

1.90 

1.65 
1.95 
1.00 

1.00 

a.  40 
3.33 
3.33 

a.  30 

310 
3.60 
3.60 

3.60 

0.69 

as: 
a69 

0.70 

a65 
o.eo 
a77 

0.73 

Skin.. 
..do... 

Skio.. 

..do... 
..do... 

Meoanretneataqaoted 
fromKtc|]ardiH>u<l.  c.) 
MeaaurementaiiuoteU 
fyomCouea  (I.C.).  ' 

HeaaamneDta  quotcil 
from  Petcra  (1.  c). 
t".o. 

8«nDUa,Cal.. 

FVtrt  WhippK 
Aril. 

Arima 

....do 

U»|«> 

....4o 

9 

J 
9 
? 

? 

1.10 

1.10 
1.08 

9.0s 
y.os 

3.70 
«.S0 

Table  XLII. — £{tl  of  tptamttit  ezamineti  of  Sciurub  corxi.£i. 


1 

u 

I 

Loullty. 

When 
collected. 

From  whom  received. 

Collected  b;- 

Xatnre  of  specimen. 

1 
Renarka. 

8173 

11149 
11146 

IW63 
0064 

t 
? 

Fort  Whipple,  Aria 
Ariaona 

Dec.  SO,  1869 

,  1871 

Deo.    5,1871 

Dr.E.Conea 

LtO.M.  Wheeler... 
..  do 

Dr.E.Conea 

Ferdinand  DlacholT 
...do 

Skin.. 

..do... 
.do... 
.do  . . . 

Type  of  ^^.  ariamen* 
tuCome. 

...do 

Ferdinand  Biacboff 
....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

.  .do  . . . 

' 

SCIURUS  BOOTHIA  Gray, 


Varied  Sqnirrel. 

(SHwM  Mrfeff«tM  EBXLsnEN,  Byst.  Anim.  1777,  431  (in  pnrt  nnly).  Based  in  part  on  BnffVin'B  Coqnallin 
(=  iScivrua  niger  Linn.),  and  in  part  on  tbo  CotliomlequalHn  of  KeniandeE  (Nov.  Hiap.  0\ 
which  Is  anrecognizMble  as  t«f«rrin|i  to  any  partio4ilatr  species  of  red-Iiellied  Mexican  Squir- 
rel.—Omei.in,  Byst.  Not.  i,  1788, 15!.  Based  ou  Fernandez,  Bnffon,  Erxleben,  and  Bchrelier, 
■a  above. — Bciirkbkr,  HUnget  iv,  1798,  789,  pi,  ccxviii.  Same  as  the  above.*  Also,  hero 
belongs  the  Sdunia  variegatut  of  compilers  generally. 

fSntmrmi  variegaltu  Wibomanm,  Arch.  f.  Natnrgescb.  iii,  ii,  1837,  166  (prolmUy  in  p^  SAUssuni!, 

Rev.  et  Hag.  d«  Zool.  18)11,  4. 

tSduitu  aWlpe*  Waover,  Abh.  der  math.-phys.  Riasae  der  K.  Bayer.  Akad.  d.  Wisaer.  1837,  601. 

tSciumi  rarint  Wahmek,  Stippl.  Schreber's  SSnget.  iii,  1843,  168,  pi.  coxiii  D  (.S.  alMpeauu  the  plate), 

Seiunu  rieitardmmi  Oray,  Ann.  and  Hag.  Nat.  Hist,  x,  1848,  964  (not  S.  rickardnwi  Bochnian,  18.18). 

.^jariu  bttHkB  Ohav,  Litt  Mam.  Brit.  Hus.  1843,  139  (=  S.  ridtanlnni  Oray,  as  above) ;  Zuul.  Voy.  Bui- 
phnr,  1844,  .14,  pi.  xiii.  flg.  1. 

Sciurtu  /Meoearitgatiu  ScRiNZ,  Synop.  Ham.  184!>,  15  (=:  5,  rickardMni  Oray,  aa  above). 

ilacrQZ»$  oiflphti  Lekson,  Rev,  Znfil.  1842, 130  (no  description) ;  Descrip.  de  Manini.  et  d'Ois.  1847, 141, 

MacroxwpfUUlei  Lesson,  Rev.  Zofil.  1848,  130  (no  description) ;  IX-scrlp.  de  Manm.  et  d'Ois.  1847,  148. 

*  Bchieber'B  deacriplion  is  quoted  by  Omelin,  althoiigh  Uie  "Vierter  Theil"  of  Bchrvbcr'a  \roik 
b(W8  Ue  date  "  1798  "  on  tiia  tide-pi«e. 


M'..:^ 


Ml.! 


■f 


n'l 


:LH 


742 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Maerozim  hoolhlo'  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mng.  Nnt.  Iliot.  3i1  Her.  xx,  1R67,  424. 

JUacroxi'H  niuii/ana  Uiiay,  Auu.  nud  Mag.  Nut.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1HC7,  423  (Costa  Rica). 

Macrorns  colliai  Giiay,  Ann.  and  Mni;.  N»t.  Hint.  3<1  aer.  xx,  18G7,  421  (vara,  t  and  2  only). 

"  iS'ciui'iK  intermediuH  Vki<urai?x  "  (MS.  nntuo f ;  see  Gray,  1.  c.  421). 

Sciurut  rigidua  IVi'Eiis,  Muuatsb.  Kiiuigl.  I'rouiM.  Akod.  WiDseniich.  zu  Berlin,  1863  (1664),  Go2. 

Specific  chars. — Form  rather  stout;  muzzle  short  and  broad;  ears  rather 
small ;  tail  narrow,  rather  longer  than  head  and  body  ;  pelage  full,  coarse,  an«l 
long.  Length  of  head  and  body  12.50 ;  of  tail-vertebroe  9.75 ;  of  tail  to  end  of 
hairs  12.75.  Above,  dark  brown,  mixed  with  yellowish-gray  or  black,  varied 
with  fulvous ;  often  paler  on  the  sides,  where  there  is  a  tendency,  in  many 
specimens,  to  a  broad,  grayish,  sub-lateral  band ;  beneath,  deep  brownish-rrd, 
frequently  with  unsymmctrical  patches  of  pure  white.  Tail  below  tricolored, 
centrally  rufous,  then  black,  with  a  border  of  white;  the  rufous  in  the  nii<Idle 
variable  in  amount  and  in  tint,  sometimes  obsolete,  sometimes  forming  a 
broad  central  l)and  of  bright  rufous,  at  other  times  pale  rufous. 

This  species  is  so  variable  in  coloration  as  to  be  hard  to  characterize. 
The  above  diagnosis  indicates  a  condition  intermediate  between  the  extremes, 
as  well  as  apparently  the  most  common  phase.  Of  eighteen  Costa  Rican 
specimens,  about  half  present  a  quite  uniform  style  of  coloration,  while  of  the 
remainder,  no  two  are  very  nearly  alike.  Eleven  agree  quite  nearly  in  having 
the  general  color  above  black,  varied  more  or  less  with  reddish-brown,  the 
proportion  of  the  two  colors  varying  with  each  specimen.  The  ventral  sur- 
face in  all,  including  the  inner  side  of  limbs,  is  dark  reddish-orange.  The 
pelage  above  is  black  at  base,  witii  a  broad  subterminal  band  of  fulvous-  or 
rufous-brown,  the  hairs  all  broadly  tipped  with  glossy  black.  The  sides  of 
the  head,  nose,  and  chin  are  grayish-brown ;  the  ears  liave  a  rufous  spot  at 
tile  base  posteriorly.  The  hairs  of  the  tail  are  fulvous  (in  some  specimens 
rufous)  at  base,  ringed  with  black,  then  crossed  by  a  broad  band  of  black  and 
narrowly  tipped  with  white.  The  color  of  the  central  portion  of  the  lower 
surtace  varies  from  fulvous  to  dark  brownish-red.  Another  specimen  (No. 
11410)  is  similar  to  these,  but  has  less  black  above,  and  the  rufous  of  the 
ventral  surface  is  paler;  the  tail  is  rufous  centrally  near  the  base  and  toward 
the  tip.  No.  113G4  has  still  less  black  above,  and  the  lower  surface  is  irreg- 
ularly marked  with  large  patches  of  pure  white.  The  tail  is  also  much  more 
broadly  edged  witii  white,  and  the  ear-patches  are  also  white,  as  they  are  in 
the  mnjority  of  the  specimens  before  me.  No.  930G  differs  little  fn)in  the 
last,  except  in  having  rather  less  black  above,  and  in  a  tendency  tu  a  pale  band 


ii: 


m 


SOIURID^— SCIUED8  BOOTHIA. 


743 


nlong  the  sides,  midway  between  the  edge  of  the  ventral  surface  and  tlie 
middle  of  the  back,  and  in  having  rather  less  white  below.  In  No.  11412, 
the  color  of  the  middle  of  the  back  is  nearly  uniform  bluckish-brown,  with  a 
quite  well-marked  grayish  subdorsal  band;  the  ear-patches  are  pure  white, 
and  there  are  large  areas  of  white  on  the  ventral  surface.  In  No.  11411,  the 
upper  parts  are  dull  faded  reddish-brown  instead  of  blackish-brown ;  the  light 
lateral  band  is  still  better  marked,  and  the  white  below  is  restricted  to  a  spot 
at  each  arm-pit  Four  other  specimens  are  similar  to  the  last,  except  that 
the  lateral  band  is  more  or  less  whitish,  and  the  tail  is  more  broadly  edged 
with  white.  The  white  of  the  lower  surface  is  sometimes  confined  wholly  to 
the  throat  and  breast,  and  sometimes  forms  a  narrow,  more  or  less  interrupted, 
mesial  line,  widening  over  the  posterior  part  of  the  ventral  surface.  In  No. 
11421,  the  lower  surface  is  rusty-yellow,  with  the  upper  parts  paler  than  in 
any  of  the  preceding.  No.  8506  (from  Nicaragua)  is  wholly  pale  yellowish- 
brown  above  and  rusty-yellow  below,  with  white  arm-pits.  Tlie  above- 
mentioned  pale-grayish  lateral  band  is  placed  high  up  on  the  sides,  and  does 
not  correspond  in  position  with  the  usual  "lateral  line"  which  marks  the 
division  of  the  ventral  from  the  dorsal  surface. 

As  would  be  expected,  these  pliases  of  coloration  have  given  rise  to 
numerous  synonyms.  Lesson's  Macroxus  adolphei  and  M.  pyladei  seem  botli 
referable  here,  the  former  agreeing  with  No.  11364,  described  above,  except 
that  the  f  ntire  lower  parts  are  white  instead  of  having  the  white  restricted  to 
irregu\f  large  patches;  the  latter  {M. pyladei)  agrees  closely  with  the  usual 
C'\,iSii  Rican  phase  of  this  species,  in  which  the  ear-patches  and  the  whole 
lower  surface  are  rufous,*     Both  were  described  from  Central  American 

*  L«8son'a  above-cited  work  beiofc  rare  id  American  libraries,  I  append  an  exact  transcript  of  bis 
deseriptlona,  kindly  fnrnialied  me  by  Dr.  E.  J.  Noliin,  Secretary  nf  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
I'hiladelphia,  from  the  copy  of  Lesson's  work  contained  in  tbe  Academy's  library,  tbeonly  copy  in  this 
cuoatry  of  which  I  bare  kaowledj;e : — 

"  19.  L'ficCRETJII.  D'ADOUmR. 

"  (Macroxut  Adolphei,  Lesson) 

"Cet  ^onronil,  par  son  facies,  rap|)elle  l'4kinre«ill  du  Pylade,  et  cepeodant  sa  coloration  «st<liff6reD)e. 
Le  m&le  et  la  femellu  out  M6  la6»  par  moo  tWre,  Adolptie  Lesson,  dans  les  for^tsqni  nvoisineut  Keulejo, 
dans  la  province  de  Nicaragua,  da  centre-Ani^rique.    Est-co  une  vari<St^  du  snlvantt 

"  Plus  fort  que  le  pylade,  I'ioureuil  d'Adolpbe  a  la  qneiie  de  la  lungiienr  du  corps,  et  cette  partie  n 
In  mAnie  nature  de  polls  et  la  niAine  coloration  que  le  pylade,  excepts  son  sommet,  qui  a  une  toufte  noiru 
«t  un  bouquet  Ijlaue  terminal.  Les  polls  de  oette  qaeue  sant  roux  en  dessus,  ond^  denoiret  termiuds  do 
blauo.    Le  blancost  plus  af  parent  snr  lea  portions  lat^ralcs  el  en  deasons. 

"  Le  m&le  a  le  dessus  de  la  Kto  brun  liquet^  de  |(ris,  le  dessus  du  corps  vari^  de  noir  loisant  et  de 
rotix  vif  paroncUiUtions;  le  dessus  des  menibree  est  <^Kaleaient  vari£  de  roux  el  do  brun;  mais  les  rx- 
tt^m\U»  en  dessus  sunt  Itrunes  tiquot^es  <le  gris-mux.  Doux  grosses  tonffea  blanc-nrigeux,  plnclSes  d^r- 
rtirv  lea  oreilles,  tranvlwut  sur  le  peliige,  et  le  pylade  a  deux  plafjuea  de  tubme  forme,  rouge  chamois  • 


\A      •■!    I 


m .  1 


744 


MOXOGKAPnS  OF  NOllTU  AMEUICAN  KODENTIA. 


i    1-  >■ 

111-  J! 


m\' 


il  !i 


H^ 


k:% 


Si  H-n 
'i-i 

ill 


41 


specimens.  Dr.  Gray's  Mttcroxus  colliai  "vor.  2"  from  Guatemala  corre- 
sponds with  the  above-described  specimens,  liaving  a  white  throat  and 
breast,  and  more  or  less  white  along  the  middle  of  the  belly.  Similar  speci- 
mens, with  perhaps  less  white  below,  seem  to  unquestionably  represent  the 
same  autlior's  Macroxus  nicoyana  from  Costa  Rica. 

Tiie  earliest  name  applicable  beyond  question  to  this  species  is  Gray's 
Sciurus  bootliia  (=  8.  ricluirdsoni  Gray  nee  Bachman  =  S.  fugcovariegatus 
Schiuz),  which  represents  the  dark  phase,  with  the  middle  of  the  belly  white, 
us  in  several  of  the  Costa  Rican  specimens.  The  8.  variegatus  of  Erxleben 
is  probably  in  part  referable  to  this  species,  combined  perhaps  with  other 
Mexican  species,  but  also  refers,  certainly  in  part,  to  the  8.  niger  var.  niger 
of  the  United  States,  and  is  thus  clearly  untenable  for  any  species  of  8ciurus. 
It  probably  refers  fully  as  well  to  8.  hypopyrrhus  as  to  the  present  species. 
The  8.  variegatus  of  De  Saussure  apparently  refers  mainly,  hut  not  exclusively, 
to  this  species.  The  account  of  8.  rigulus  of  Peters  is  a  good  description 
of  the  common  Costa  Rican  phase. 

This  species  differs  from  both  8.  hypopyrrhus  and  8.  aureigaster  in  its 
stouter  form,  smaller  ears,  shorter  tail,  and  short  broad  muzzle,  as  well  as  in 
coloration.     They  all  agree  in  possessing  narrow  tails,  rather  longer  than  the 

tont^s  Ins  parties  iDf^rionrcs,  lo  uedans  des  membres,  h  partir  da  menton  Jnsqn'iV  I'nnBB,  eont  d'un  blano 
pur;  led  joucs  sont  gridfttrea,  lea  dents  incisives  orang^es,  la  peaa  nne  des  pattes  noire. 

"  La  femelle  eat  aassi  furte  que  la  mAlo ;  le  dessus  da  corps  a  do  noir  aur  la  ligne  mMiane,  et  lo 
rcsto  tiro  an  gris-brun,  et  niAnio  passe  aur  lea  flanca  an  gris  franc. 

"20.  L'ficuuEUii.  duPyi.adb. 

"  (MacroxM  Pi/ladei,  Lesson) 

"  Les  dcnrenila  de  la  Cnlifornin,  dn  Hnxiqne  et  dn  Texas,  ont  entre  enx  la  pins  grande  annlogie  do 
tnille,  do  forme  et  de  coloration.  L'osp&ce  quo  nous  d^rivons,  rapportde,  en  1842,  des  cfitea  de  la  Mer 
du  Sud  par  le  docteur  Adolpbe  Lesaon,  cbirurgien-Diajor  du  brick  l«  Pgtade,  vient  encore  ajonter  ilia  dilil- 
ciiltt'  do  distingner  Ics  diverscs  csphces  admiaes,  et  cepcndant  elle  est  bien  diatincte,  h,  en  juger  par  les 
descriptions  on  les  figures  que  nous  poH«^ons. 

"  Cet  (^curenil  a  6t6  ta6  dans  lea  arkrca  de  San-Carloa,  dans  la  province  de  San-Salrador,  an  centre- 
Am6riqne.  8a  taille  eat  le  double  de  notre  (Scurenil  de  France.  Sa  quene  ne  ddpasae  pax  les  deux  tier* 
du  corpa;  elle  est  toufTue,  couvvrte  de  longs  polls,  ccnx  da  deaaua  noirs,  termiu^s  de  blano  pur;  cenx  dn 
dessoua  roux,  pnia  noira,  et  enfin  tcrniin(!a  dc  blanc-neigeax,  ce  qni  Ini  donne  nn  aap^t  <Sniaill(S  noir  et 
blanc.  Le  pelage  anr  lu  corpa  est  vuri6  de  noir  profund,  ni6lang6  par  places  de  polls  ronx ;  le  dessns  do 
la  ttto  eqt  gris  avec  du  noir  anr  I'occiput ;  fea  oreilles  sont  bord^s  de  noir;  nne  tache  ronde,  d'un  ricbe 
chamois,  occupe  lo  dorri^re  de  roreille;  t^int  le  dessons  da  corps,  les  qaatre  membres  sont  de  la  nuance 
roux-cbaniois  la  plus  intense,  excepts  les  teslicnies,  fort  groa,  qui  aout  grit&trea  et  le  ponrtonr  de  I'anns, 
<|ui  eat  blanc ;  It-s  parties  d(!nndi!ea  des  extr^mit^s  aont  conlenr  de  chair,  les  ODglea  sont  blnnoh&trcs, 
le  meuton  et  lea  Jouea  aont  griaAtrea,  les  dents  incisives  orangdes;  les  monstacbes  sont  longnes  et  nnirts. 
.Te  n'ai  vn  qn'nn  acnl  individn  do  cette  eap^cr,  et  c'iStait  nn  mftle,  dont  I'analogle  aveo  I'^cnrenil  de  la 
California  de  F.  Cuvier  6tait  fort  grande. 

"C'esttV  liealrjo,  Hur  la  cOto  de  Nicnragno,  dans  I'AniAriqne  du  centre,  qne  vit  cet  <!cnreuil." — 
(DfKriplion  de  itammifirei  el  d'Okraux  rdcemment  d^ouverli, pric<i<e d'un  Tabteauiur  let  Bttce$  Humaina, 
par  M.  Leshu.n,  Puria,  llj4*,  pp.  141-143.) 


SCIUElDiE— SCIURUS  BOOTHI.E. 


745 


body ;  but  ill  this  species  the  form  is  stouter  than  in  cither  of  the  othcis. 
Tiiough  so  variublc  in  color,  the  character  of  the  coloration  is  quite  clUrerciit 
in  the  three  forms,  as  is  the  nature  of  the  pelage.  Possibly  additional  mate- 
ria! will  show  that  some  of  them  (possibly  all)  intergrade,  but  the  consider- 
aide  number  of  specimens  before  me  leave  mc  strongly  impressed  with  tiieir 
distinctness.  The  character  of  the  pelage  is  widely  different  in  each,  l»cing 
eofV,  and  full  in  8.  aureigaster,  longer  and  coarser  in  S.  boothice,  and  courser 
still,  sparse,  stiff  and  shining  in  S.  hypopyrrhus.  S.  hypopyrrhus  is  iintiier 
distinguished  by  the  great  length  and  narrowness  of  the  ears. 

Table  XLIII. — UeaturtmenU  of  ninetem  ipeoimetit  of  SciURCS  boothi^. 


1 

s 

H 
i 

9 

1 
6 

i 

S 

a 
a 

1 

Locality. 

i 

From  tip  of  noM  to — 

Tail  to  end  of— 

Length  of— 

i 

0 

1 

i 
1 

•s 
t 

a 
a 
C. 

Skin. 
.(K 

da 

■111. 
.ilo. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

ill., 
.do. 

dii. 

lie 

do. 

do. 

do. 

dii. 

do. 

do. 
..do. 

1 

1 

i 
1 

li 
1 

1 

1 
1 

is 

11368 
II70I 

linn 

11413 
1I4II 
11384 
8414 
11703 
U4I4 
II4I3 
1-3034 
13048 
l';0!» 

i'.'«4a 
iaM7 

1 14.10 
11410 
8900 

Cj»U  RIcn 

if 

0.08 
l.OO 
1.03 

1.83 
9.00 
l.CO 

3.90 
3.30 

.  19.30 
1330 
13.30 
liSO 
11.00 
10.50 
11.33 

0.93 
0.75 
10.75 
3.00 
9.75 

10. 75 
19.33 
13.73 
13. 7.-1 
I'i.OO 

1.33 

1.37 

1.43 
1.43 
I.SO 
I.JO 
1.43 
1.37 
1.35 
1.35 

ilo   

9.3.-. 
130 
9.97 
1S3 
9.15 
393 
9.10 
3:5 
393 
3  03 
9.30 
3  37 
9.30 
333 
3  45 
3.30 

9.43 

O.fM 

0.57 
0.50 
O.CO 
O.CO 
0.57 

o.uo 
o.,^5 
0.  Ki 
0.B1 

0.C5 
0.6,-. 
0.65 
0.70 

o.-o 

......do 

do 

do 

do   

1.00 
0.06 
n.iio 
0.08 
1.03 

aoe 

0.04 
1.03 
1.03 
1.00 
1.00 
0.05 
1.00 
1.03 
1.10 

.1.88 
4.0b 
I.EO 
8.00 
3.07 
1.86 
I.EO 
1.03 

9.00 
1.8S 
1.85 
3.00 
3.10 
1.85 

9.17 
3.1'.) 
3.03 
9.15 

1.00 
3.00 
3.33 
&90 
3.30 
3.03 
315 
3  30 
340 
9.30 

do   

do 

109 
01 

8-1 
81 

do   

13.50 
10.73 
10.73 
11.00 
11.50 

9,33 

13  CO 

do   

do 

do 

do    

? 

do  

cf 

do 

do   

13  50 
13.00 

0.00 
13  50 

9.50 
10.00 

11.95 
14.00 

13  30 
1175 

1.37 
1..15 
1.43 
1.50 

Vut  Coaat  of  Central  Amerioa. . . 
do 

1 

1      ■■ 

746 


..t'  \      '1 


!t;lii| 


■hd,\ 


it. 


'iB 


MONOGUAPHS  OF  NOllTH  AMEllICAX  RODENTIA. 

Taolr  XLIV.— /.(»<  of  tpeclment  examined  of  BciURUS  BOOTlllf. 


1 

a 

a 
a 
i 

1 
1 

IISG.') 
tlMK 

no:ii! 

IHU 
11412 
114l:l 
11414 
11417 
IJ4I4 
ll'OI 
11-02 
12044 
12040 
12047 
la04ii 
12049 
120.14 
li™)4 

nil!) 

111!» 
11121 

8,-.0O 

i 

a 

•3 

^ 

tucallty. 

From  wliora  rc«eiTed. 

CoIIeeted  by- 

i 

I 

i 

9 
30 

CinURiu 

do    

J.CZtMoo 

do    

J.  C.  Zflcdon 

Kkln. 
.do. 

do. 

do 

da 

do   

do 

13 
14 
IJ 

IH 

9 

do  

J.Carmiol 

da 

do 

do    

do 

do. 

Jo   

do   

do 

da 

do   

do     

do 

do 

do   

do    

....  do    

do 

do   

do   

do    

tXa. 

do   

do     

do    

da 

88 
87 
109 
91 
«7 
S 

<f 

do 

do 

Prof.  Wm.  Oabb 

Tiilmanr n  Expedition  . . . 
...  do     

Prof  M'm.  Gabb 

da 

do 

..da 

do    

do    

da 

do 

do 

do 

..do. 

do 

do 

do 

da 

.  ...do   .  ... 

..  ilo 

.do         ... 

da 

do 

do   

do 

Dr.  A.  Ton  Frantiiua  . . . 

Capt.J.M.I>ow 

do 

Dr.  A.  von  Frantilns  . . . 

Capt.  J.  U.  Dow 

do 

..da 
..da 

.da 

WeHi  Coast  of  CpntrnI  Anirrica 

do 

do 

do    

do 

JamcB  nrplinme 

-da 
..da 

cf 

fames  ITnphnTne 

SCIURUS  HYPOPYRRHUS  Wagler. 
Fire-Bellied  Sqalrrol. 

Sciiirut  hypoptirrhuii  Waolkh,  Isis,  ISll,  510. — "Waoner,  Mllnchcn.  gel.  Anzeig.  vii,  20";  Siippl.  Scbre- 

Ii«r'H  8iiugut.  iii,  lb4;i,  167,  pi  ccxiii  C— Scill.NZ,  Syn.  Mam.  ii,  1845, 20.— Bairi>,  Maui.  N.  Amer. 

18."i7,  282.— De  9aI!88UHK,  Rev.  et  Mur.  do  Zool.  1881, 4. 
£ciiirti«  nigretcetit  Bknnrtt.  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soo.  Loud,  i,  18X1,  41  (a  melaniatio  form).— Baciiman,  Pnic. 

Zoul.  Snc.  Lond.  vi,  lg:)8,  90;  Charlosworth'o  Mag.  Nat.  Hi8t.  iii,  1839,  XM ;  Sillimaii's  Amer. 

Jonr.  8ci.  and  Arts,  xxxvii,  18:19,  30(i.— Waoner,  Suppl.  Sobrtsber's  Siinget.  iii,  184:!,  174.— 

SciilNit,  Syiiop.  Mam.  ii,  1845,  19.— Auduuon  &,  Baciiman,  Qnad.  N.  Am.  iii,  1804,  74,  pi. 

cxvii. — Daird,  Mam.  N.  Am.  1H57,280. 
ifacroxui  iiii/t'eacrnnGiiAY,  Ann.aud  Mng.  Nat.  lliat.  :}d Her.  xx,  1867,424. 

Sciurm  rarirgalolda  OoiuiY,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  1839, 117 ;  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat,  Hist,  v,  1840, 62. 
iScturiM  gritcocaudatiu  Gray,  Zoiil.  Voy.  Siilphnr,  1844, 34,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  2  (animal),  and  pi.  xvlii,  flgs.  7-13 

(HknII  and  teotb). 
Sciurui  donalit  Gray,  Proc.Ziiol.  8  :o.  Land.  1848, 1:<R,  pi.  vii  (white,  with  a  broad  black  donal  atripo). — 

Sci.ATKR,  Profl.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1870,  6/0. 
Macroxuf  coUiai  •'  var.  1 "  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mng.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  iwr.  xx,  1867, 431. 
Mttcrotut  donalit  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  aer.  xx,  1867,  ^•S. 
MacroxHt  maurui  Gray,  Aim.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  aer.  xx,  1867,  425  (Ouxaca,  Max.). 
MacnxM  melaaiaGRAY,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1807,  425. 

Specific  chars. — Size  largo ;  form  rntlicr  slender ;  enrs  high  nnd  nar- 
row ;  tail  very  long,  tlie  tail-vertebrae  alone  equalling  the  length  of  the  heail 
and  body.     Length  of  body  10.50  to  12.50;  tail-vcrtcbri£  the  same;  tail  tu 


sciuitiDiB— sciuiius  nyroPYRReua. 


747 


end  of  hairs  12.75  to  16.00.     Color  variable,  tending  strongly  to  both  ulbi- 
nistic  and  molanistic  phases.     Pelage  coarse  and  stiff. 

Of  the  eleven  specimens  examined,  two  are  almost  wholly  black ;  tlircc 
are  black,  varied  with  fulvous,  gray,  and  small  unsymmetrical  spots  of  white; 
four  others  are  black  above,  strongly  varied  with  pale  yellowish-brown,  tlio 
hairs  being  black  at  base  and  tip,  with  a  broad  ring  of  pale  yellowish-brown. 
The  whole  lower  surface,  including  the  inner  side  of  the  limbs,  is  rusty- 
yellow.  These  vary  little  in  color,  mainly  in  respect  to  the  brighter  or  paler 
tint  of  the  lower  surface  and  amount  of  black  above. 

Tlie  three  specimens  mottled  with  white  (all  from  Guyaquil,  Ecuador) 
present  a  very  peculiar  appearance.  One  of  them  (No.  9014)  has  the  pelage 
everywhere  black  or  dusky  at  the  base,  each  hair  generally  with  a  long  silvery 
white  tip,  except  on  the  lower  part  of  the  back,  basal  portion  of  tiie  tail,  and 
hind  limbs,  where  the  white  of  the  tips  is  replaced  by  yellowish-rusty.  Tiie 
sides  of  the  neck,  the  fore  limbs,  and  portions  of  the  ventral  surface  arc  more 
faintly  washed  with  a  paler  tint  of  the  same.  The  ears  and  upper  surface 
of  the  head  and  of  all  the  feet  black,  the  head  and  feet  faintly  varied  witii 
rusty.  Cheeks,  chin,  and  throat  pale  dusky  yellowish-brown.  Tail,  except 
basal  sixth,  black,  with  the  hairs  broadly  white-tipped;  at  the  base,  the  hairs 
are  rufous-tipped.  Top  of  the  head,  anterior  half  of  the  dorsal  surface,  and 
left  fore  leg  with  small  pencil-like  tufts  of  lengthened  white  hairs,  showing 
a  tendency  toward  albinism.  No.  9093  differs  only  in  being  blacker  below, 
with  the  rufous  of  the  lower  part  of  the  back  and  basal  portion  of  the  tail 
darker  and  more  extended,  and  with  more  rufous  below,  and  in  having  the 
turts  of  wliile  hair  more  numerous,  nearly  confluent  over  the  shoulders,  and 
appearing  also  on  the  breast,  throat,  and  hind  limbs.  No.  9392  differs  from 
the  last  in  lacking  white  patches  on  the  head,  in  their  larger  size  on  the 
middle  of  the  back,  in  the  right  fore  limb  being  wholly  white  from  the  elbow 
to  the  toes,  the  latter  being  black  only  at  the  end,  and  in  the  rufous  on  the 
rump  and  base  of  the  tail  being  bright  chestnut,  or  a  little  stronger  even  than 
in  No.  9093.  No.  701P,  from  La  Union,  Central  America,  and  three  otiicrs 
from  Obispo,  Panama,  differ  from  all  tlie  preceding  in  being  wholly  pale 
yellowish-rufous  below  and  black  above,  where  tiie  hairs  have  a  yellowish- 
while  subtcrminal  zone,  the  general  effect  above  being  black,  conspicuously 
varied  with  yellowisii-white.  The  posterior  surface  of  the  ears  and  the  whole 
lect  and  inner  sides  of  limbs  are  like  the  ventral  surface.  The  upper  sur- 
face of  the  head  is  yellowish-gray,  sprinkled  witli   black ;  the  checks,  cliin, 


1 

m 

Ft  '■ 

1 

ii 

1 

i  f  !  (1  ! 

1 

!           'i 

lift  H 

j: 

1' 

¥ 

III   1 

1 ' 
!,; 

1    ! 

m 

J 

i      it 


! ,  ■;,  Ml 


;k'^'  J: 


.i-ll^ 


|i  I 


748 


MONOGRAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


niid  lliront  pale  fulvous.  The  tail  liiis  also  the  hairs  of  the  lower  surface  pale 
}cil()\visli  at  the  base,  then  black,  broadly  tipped  with  white.  These  speci- 
mens, judging  from  De  Saussure's  description,  are  the  more  cominon.or  normal 
plinsc  of  tiic  species.  No.  8495,  from  Nicaragua,  is  white,  except  a  broad 
dorsal  band,  extending  from  the  occiput  to  the  tail,  which  is  intense  brownish- 
black.  The  hairs  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  tail  are  white  at  base,  then 
black,  broadly  tipped  with  white,  giving  a  wholly  pure  white  surface  to  the 
fail  tiirough'v.t.  No.  8628,  from  Costa  Rica  (^about  half-grown),  has  the 
whole  body  pale  yellow  or  yellowish-white,  with  an  indistinct  brownish  dor- 
sal band.  The  hairs  of  the  tail  arc  wholly  black  at  base,  broadly  tipi)ed 
with  whitish.  Two  other  specimens,  from  Southern  Mexico,  are  almost 
wholly' black,  being  only  slightly  varied  with  gray  above  and  on  the  tail. 

This  species  difTers  from  most  other  American  species  in  its  slcnderness, 
the  great  length  and  narrowness  of  the  ears,  and  the  excessive  length  of  the 
tail,  which,  with  the  hairs,  is  one-fifth  to  one-fourth  longer  than  the  head  and 
body.  Dr.  Gray's  S.  dormlh  agrees  perfectly  with  the  white,  black-backed 
specimen  (No.  8495)  above  described.  The  Macroxus  melania  of  the  same 
author  corresponds  with  the  black  phase  of  this  species,  and  his  M.  maurvs. 
with  the  black  phase  which  has  the  under  parts  more  rufous.  De  Saussure,  in 
his  paper  on  the  Mexican  Squirrels  (as  above  cited),  describes  this  species 
as  being  usually  fcrrugineous  beneath,*  but  gives  the  following  phases  of  col- 
oration under  the  head  of  three  unnamed  varieties: — a,  wholly  black,  with 
the  hairs  more  or  less  fulvous  at  the  base;  b,  blackish,  with  the  ventral  sur- 
face gray,  fulvescent,  or  dusky;  c,  body  wholly  black. 

The  original  description  of  Waglcr  refers  to  a  phase  with  the  lower 
parts  strongly  rufous.  The  length  is  given  as  12  inches  from  the  nose  to  the 
end  of  the  tail;  the  tail  (vertebra:  only?)  as  11.75.  Wagner  gives  the  length 
from  nose  to  base  of  tail  as  12  inches;  of  the  tail- vertebrae  12.09;  tail  to  end 
of  hairs  14.75. 

I  am  quite  confident  that  the  Sciurus  nigrescens  of  Hcnnett,  described 
in  1833  as  "from  that  part  of  California  that  adjoins  Mexico",  is  referable  to 
the  dark  phase  of  the  present  species.  The  great  length  of  the  tail  as  com- 
pared with  the  bodyt  renders  it  almost  certain  that  it  can  refer  to  no  other 

"'Subtug  iufo-l'«rru|;iueuB,  frvqiivnter  piliB  uigriM  iiiterniixti*,  ui«nto  ui|{r«8C«iite."— (Arr.  r( 
Mag.  de  Zool.  18C1,  p.  5.) 

t  Acconling  lo  Beonetf,  bend  and  body  10X0;  tail-vertebrio  IO.SO;  tail  to  end  of  bain  14.00 ;  or, 
according  to  Bacbuian's  meaiinrenieota  of  the  aauie  specimen,  bead  and  body  18.37;  tail  to  end  of 
bairs  10.37. 


I'i'  J    'i   t 
ill  '      ti 


SCIUBID^-SOIDRDS  nvpoPYimnus. 


749 


known  species,  the  tail  being  about  three  inches  longer  than  the  body, — a 
proportion  found  in  no  other  Mexican  Squirrel.  The  general  size,  as  well  as 
the  narrowness  of  the  tail,  gives  further  evidence  of  its  correct  reference 
being  lierc.  There  are,  furthermore,  two  specimens  in  the  collection  that 
aji^rce  fully  witli  Bennett's  description,  which  I  have  no  hesitation  in  referring 
to  this  species. 

The  Sciurus  variegatoules  of  Ogilby  and  the  Sciurus  griscocaudutus  of 
Gray,  from  the  "west  const  of  South  America",  I  am  convinced  arc  both 
referable  to  this. species,  and  hence  also  Gray's  "var.  1"  of  Gray's  Macroxux 
colticei    They  agree  closely  with  the  specimens  from  Panama  and  La  Union. 

The  Sciurus  varius  and  S.  socinlis  of  Wngner  were  referred  by  Wiegmann 
to  this  species,  as  I  think,  incorrectly.  The  former  seems  to  more  nearly 
agree  witii  8.  boothia,  while  the  latter  I  am  unable  to  identify. 

Tiiis  seems  to  be  a  common  species  in  Southern  Mexico  and  Central 
America  southward  to  Ecuador,  and  presents,  as  noted  above,  widely  varying 
phases  of  coloration. 

In  several  specimens  of  this  species,  in  which  the  dentition  could  be 
examined,  there  were  generally  found  two  upper  premolars,  but  two  out  of 
four  alcoholic  examples  hud  only  one. 

Table  XLV,— AfeiMiir«m«ii(<  of  elaen  tpedmeiu  of  SciURCS  nvpopyRRHL'S. 


9399 
9303 
tOK 
7019 
M9S 
l«S8 
T90S 
'4300 
•SOM 
•3MS 
•3043 


Looolity. 


Ouayaquil,  Eoondor 

do 

do 

L*  UdIod,  Centnl  Anurlu . 

Nioarseiui 

San  Jort,  CmU  Bioa 

OoauuMlcoa,  Mexico 

Meiico  (Oulf  cout) 

Oblipo,] 


.do. 


.do. 


From  tip  of  noM  to — 


1.10 
0.93 
1.10 
1.18 
1.13 


1.00 
1.90 
l.OS 
0.93 
1.13 


9.00 
1.80 
1.98 
1.98 
9.90 


9.10 
9.90 
9.00 
I.  Ml 
9.01 


9.43 
9.38 
3.99 


9.4J 
9.U 
JLST 
9.43 
9L47 


19.90 
U33 
19.30 
19.93 
19.00 
9.00 

laoo 

11.93 
10.40 
ia93 
lb  93 


Tall  to  eod  of- 


19.  OO 
13.19 
11.00 
11.33 
11.00 
0.13 


11.33 
10.40 
10.  (10 
10.33 


14.93 
16.33 
13.30 
IS.  SO 
13.15 
19.00 


13.63 
1^83 


Longtbof— 


1.30 
1.50 
1.49 
1. 33 
1.15 
1.33 
1.43 
1.33 
1.63 
1.35 
1.63 


3.30 
9  33 
9.33 
^140 
3.39 
3.95 
9.49 
9.40 
9.90 
3.43 
9.41 


H 

0.83 
1.00 
0.80 
0.70 
0.70 
a  73 
0.  78 
0.80 
0.00 
0.W 
a93 


s 

I 

"S 

e 

s 


Skin. 
...do. 
...do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
Alcolioiio, 
....do. 
...do. 
...do. 


•  In  Miueum  of  CompanliTe  Z08I0K7,  Cambridn*,  MaM. 


i  !'       'I 


t,7l. 


:. 


r-s 


'      M^ 


li  ■■lliJi 
'  ■•s"\ 


%Mm 


750  MONOtjKAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

TAni.R  XljVl.—LiiloftpeclmfiueramiiudnfRcivitvs  iivroPYnimuH. 


V3M 
IKKKI 
MU 

8495 

7uig 

7J05 

■4.'oa 

•3<:40 

-:i04j 

•3U4J 


LoTJIIIy. 


OnytqnII 

do 

do 

Ban  JimA,  CcU  Bloa 

NIcArafpm 

LaUdIud,  C^'iitral  Amarlo*.. 

OoAKnCMtcos,  Moxloo 

Mi'Xioo  (Cluir  IXKUt) 

Obitpo,  Tauama 

do 

do 


From  whom  noolved. 


Dr.  D«>struDgQ 

do 

do 

Dr.  A.  TOO  FruUiui.. 

jMDMUepbanie 

Capt.  J.  H.  Uow 

F.  Humloliraat 

Commodore  Porry  ... 
Uaullir  Expedition  . . 

do 

do 


Coltfotcil  by- 


Dr.  Dcatfunge, . . . 

do 

do 

Jo44  Zelbdon 

Jamea  Hepbuiiie. . 
Capt  J.H.Daw..' 
F.  Bumlobrut ... 


naaaler^xpedlttoQ  . 

, do 

do 


Skin. 
...dft 
....do. 
...do. 
...io. 
...do. 

do. 

Alcobtillo. 
...do. 
....do. 
...do. 


*  la  Museum  of  Comparative  ZoQlogj,  Cambridge,  Uaat. 

SCIURUS  AUREIGASTER  F.  Cuvicr. 
Bed-bclIIca  Squirrel. 

&iiirti<  aurtoganttr  F.  CiiviKR,  Hiat.  lies  Mam,  ill,  Itvr.  lix,  1829  (with  a  flKiire).— Daciiman,  CharleBwnrtirH 
Mag.  Not.  IliHt.  iii,  1H38,  l.VJ.— Wagneh,  Siippl.  ScbrebeHii  Sitnget.  iii,  lH4:i,  16,'i.— SciiiNZ, 
8,vnop.  Maiu,  184.'>,  7,— Kairp,  Mam,  N,  Am.  IWl,  Wi  (from  CuTi«r),— Oray,  Ann,  unil  MnK, 
Nat.  HiKt.  3d  ser.  zx,  1H67,  4i2:l. 

f  "  ficiurm  lencogmlei  F.  CuviKR,  Mam.  i,  1831,  300." 

Soiurua  ferrugMrenirit  At'DUDOx  &  Uaciiman,  Proo.  Aca<1.  Nat.  Sci,  Phila.  1841, 101 ;  Jniirn.  Acad.  Nat, 
8ei.  Phila.  viii,  1848,  313;  Quad.  N.  Am.  i,  184U,  1J92,  pi.  xxxviii.— UairI),  Mum.  N,  Am.  IH'iT, 
281  (from  Audnbon  and  Baobman). 

JIfdrrojiK  aureogailer  Ouay,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hiat.  3d  s«r.  xx,  18<i7,  423. 

MuvrosuH  mono  Gray,  Auii.  and  Maj;.  Nat.  Iliat.  .3d  ser.  xx,  1807,  424.  '  .■      : 

Hcureuil  de  la  Ca/(/briiie  ou  4  vmtre  dor6,  V.  C(i viEn,  Hint,  des  Mam.  iii,  llvr.  lix,  1829. 

Specific  chars. — Head  and  body  about  10.50;  tail-vcrtebra3  8.50  to  9.00; 
tail  to  end  of  hairs  about  11,50,  rather  longer  than  head  and  body.  Ptjlagfl  soil 
and  full.  Above,  including  the  head,  clear  dark  gray ;  beneath,  deep  reddish- 
orange,  which  *l)lends  with  the  gray  of  the  sides,  and  often  extends  high  up  on 
the  sides  at  the  shoulders,  sometimes  meeting  on  the  back,  where,  however,  it 
is  generally  more  or  less  mixed  with  gray.  Sides  of  the  head  and  chin  light 
gray.  Tail  tricolored  below,  centrally  deep  reddish-orange,  then  black,  and 
white-edged ;  upper  surface  mixed  black  and  white. 

The  color  varies  greatly  in  different  individuals,  but  less  so  than  in  moint 
of  the  other  Mexican  Squirrels,  the  chief  variation  being  in  the  direction.of 
meliinism.     The  gray,  however,  varies  from  whitish-gray  to  dark  iron-gray, 


SCIURID^— SCIURCS  ADREIGASTER. 


rr>i 


and  (lie  rufous  tint  of  the  lower  parts  from  rcddisli-orungo  to  strong  reddish- 
brown  or  ficry-chcstnut.  One  specimen  (No.  7205)  is  wholly  blaek,  very 
minutely  sprinkled  on  the  sides  with  reddish-gray ;  tiic  hairs  of  the  tail 
wlioUy  IdacU  to  the  base.  Another  (No.  3923)  is  diiKky,  with  the  middle  of 
tiie  back,  the  feet,  most  of  the  head,  the  ears,  and  the  tail  l)lack ;  sides  and 
most  of  the  dorsal  surface  varied  witii  pale  rcddisli-brown  ;  lower  parts  mixed 
blaek  and  rufous.  Anc  her  (No.  8489)  is  blackish  above,  varied  with  white, 
with  a  faint  rufous  tinge  across  the  shoulders;  whole  top  of  the  head,  feet, 
and  exterior  of  hind  limbs  i)lack,  the  former  slightly  varied  with  -.thitifih ; 
cheeks  and  chin  gray ;  whole  lower  surface  intense  orange-red ;  tiiil  below 
wholly  black,  except  a  narrow  mesial  line  of  mixed  rufous  and  black  toward 
the  base;  upper  surface  of  toil  mixed  white  and  black.  In  No.  7203,  the 
red  of  the  lower  surface  extends  high  up  on  the  sides,  meeting  over  Mic 
shoulders,  and  more  or  less  tinges  the  whole  dorsal  surface,  except  the  head, 
which  is  clear  blackish-gray.  Tail  centrally  more  or  less  red  belov/.  In  No. 
7847-,  the  lower  surface  is  fiery-orange,  which  color  impinges  upon  the  dorsal 
surface  at  the  shoulders,  not,  h'"wever,  extending  quite  to  the  median  line. 
The  rest  of  the  dorsal  surface  is  clear  blackish-gray.  Tail  below  broadly 
centred  with  rufous.  In  No.  7848,  the  colors  have  the  same  distribution, 
bot  the  gray  of  the  upper  parts  is  lighter,  the  white  predominating  over  the 
black.  The  middle  of  the  tail  below  is  deep  reddish-brown  throughout,  bor- 
dered by  a  broail  band  of  black,  and  edged  and  tipped  with  white.  In  No. 
32G2,  the  iMsterior  half  of  the  back  is  nearly  white.  In  No.  6352,  while  the 
distribution  of  the  color  is  the  same  os  in  No.  7848,  the  color  below  is  dark 
red,  which  prevails  over  the  shoulders  with  almost  the  same  intensity  as  below. 

Except  where  the  tints  are  obscured  by  melanism,  the  pattern  of  the 
coloration  remains  quite  constant,  the  variation  being  mainly  in  reference  to 
the  varying  proportions  of  black  and  white  of  the  upper  parts,  in  the  intensity 
of  the  red  of  the  lower  surface,  and  in  the  extent  of  its  encroachment  np<m 
the  dorsal  surface. 

The  SciuriM  aureosoiter  of  F.  Cuvier,  as  shown  by  the  description  and 
figure,  especially  the  latter,  refers  unquestionably  to  this  species.  The  S. 
aurcogaster  of  Gervais,  Ijowever,  is  an  entirely  different  animal,  namely,  the 
Macroxus  leucops  of  Gray,  os  is  shown  in  the  discussion  of  the  synonymy  of 
that  species.  F.  Cuvier's  S.  leucogaster,  the  description  of  which  I  have  not 
seen,  is  referred  by  Boird  ond  others  to  Cuvier's  8.  aureogaster. 


Jili' 


i:  I' 


i 


ff 


iU; 


752 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AJIERIOAN  RODENTIA. 


Audubon  and  Bachman's  figure  of  their  Sciurus  feiruginiventru  is  also 
an  excellent  representation  of"  the  average  phase  of  this  species,  to  which  their 
description  is  unequivocally  applicable.  The  locality  of  "California"  is 
undoubtedly  erroneous.  As  Professor  Baird  has  remarked,  the  species  of 
Squirrels  described  by  these  authors  us  "probably  from  California",  nearly  all 
came  from  Mexico  or  from  points  far  south  of  the  present  State  of  California. 

To  th's  species  is  doubtless  referable  Dr.  Gray's  Macroxus  morio,  from 
an  unknown  locality. 

The  specimens  in  the  collection  are  mostly  from  the  provinces  of  Vera 
Cruz  and  Oaxaca  in  Southeastern  Mexico  ;  one,  however,  is  from  Guatemala. 
On  one  of  the  labels  is  written,  probably  by  the  collector,  Professor  Sumi- 
clirast, — "The  common  species  of  Sciurus  of  the  tierra  calienta  of  the  east 
coast,"  Dr.  Gray  also  cites  examples  from  Colombia,  which,  he  says,  were 
received  from  Parzudaki  and  Verreaux,  as  the  S.  aurcogaster  of  F.  Cuvier. 

Table  XLVIl.— ir«>»iirrm«iito  of  nine  ipecimtiu  of  SoiCRUs  A'inEiaASTER. 


1 

i 

s 

1 

i 

a 
g 

1 

•a 

5 

Looallt;. 

1 

From  Up  of  DOM  to— 

Tall  to  rod 
of- 

LeUKth  of- 

1 

1 

^ 

i 

1 

t 

1 

e 

S 

i 

1 

R 

78M 

TJOI 

7847 

7403 

115.13 

PIW 

033  !-» 

»3(ltl 

1136 

8 
14 

7 
14^ 

30 

OrizabA,  Mexico 

1.00 

a  8.1 

1.10 
0.03 
1.03 
0.90 

l.8« 

i.sa 

1.8S 
1.75 

a.  10 

1.65 

11.00 
8.03 
11.30 

laoo 

8.50 
0.00 
8.30 
8.83 

11.33 
10.50 
liOO 
11.03 

1.M 
1.30 
1.33 
1.53 
1.53 
l.CO 

1.45 
1.70 

3.30 
3.20 
3.30 
3.33 
3.33 
3.30 

0.70 
II.  .'lO 
O.CO 

a  04 

0.-0 

ilo 

O 

ilo 

do 

rf 

8.50 
11.00 
10.00 
10.00 

0.00 
B.M 
0.00 

aw 

11.00 
11.05 
11.  CS 
11.00 

Minulor  (Dear  VuraCras),  Mexico 

M<-iico 

9 
cf 

9. 35  !  0.  .U  1 

O.M 
1.03 

1.83 
1.90 

9.03 
«.I5 

3.00 

o.so 

Gnateniala 

m 


m\ 


Tablr  XLVni.- 

—Meaturementt  oj 

Hree  ikullt  of  Sciunus  aurkigastei 

. 

a 

S 

?, 

!^ 

i 

?. 

1 

f 

n 

t 

Jj 

t  f 

9 

a 

LooaUtj. 

i 

* 

i 
1 

1 

f 

1 

1  = 

C  a 

u 

1 

^     d 

* 

1 
* 

P, 

• 

s 

a 

1.38 

« 

^ 

^ 

a  p 

u 

ui 

■s. 

•s. 

Ki.-a 

I 

i.44 

S 

1 

1 

0.34 

§ 

1^ 

P 

1 

0.(0 

OrlMbii,  Mexico 

0  73 

070 

1.15 

0  46 

0.30 

1.40 

•CU.VI 

do 

0 

3.00 

1.35 

0.80 

1.08 

0il8 

0.09 

1.07 

0.38 

1.33 

0.67 

89lij 

Santa  EtlgeDia.Tehuantepec. 

3.43 

1.40 

0.80 

0.34 

0.78 

1.33 

0.43 

0.30 

1.43 

0  80 

.    *  lUtber  yoQDg. 


SCIDUIDiE— SCIURUS  LBUCOPS. 


753 


Tablb  XLIX. — List  of  ipeelmcna  cxamincil  of  Sciprus  aukeioaster. 


•s 
1 

a 

s 
a 

k 

11 

1903 
ISM 
78« 
7M8 

05X1 
e<89 

'Mai 

3033 
3201 
C333 
G3J4 
03Ki 

iisg 

■3 
I 

a 

a 

&_* 

1- 

3" 

% 

i 

a 

3 
1 

tocallt;. 

1 

From  whom  received. 

CollecUd  by— 

e 

a 

"S 

e 
§ 

'A 

6993 
6S53 

sues 

M 
7 
8 

0 

9 

Prof.  F.  SnmlchrMt  .. 
do         

Prof.  F.  Sumicbnut 
do   

Skin, 
do. 

do 

da 

do      .        ... 

do    

do. 

do    

do 

do    

do. 

do   

....  do   ......  . 

do    

Skull. 
..  do. 

do 

do     

do    

do     

do 

..  do. 

do 

....  do   

do 

Bklh. 
..  do. 

30 

Feb.,  1861 

..    do   

do 

Usilco 

H.  do  Saussore 

do   

...do. 

do 

do 

...do. 

do 

...do. 

Mlrador  (ntu  Vera Cnu>,  Hex 
do 

Dr.  C.  Sirtoriiu 

do 

Dr.C.Btrtorini 

do 

...do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

Boiton  Soc.  Nat  BUt. 

...do. 

1 

I 


>  Dasky. 


SCIURUS  LEUCOPS  (Gray)  Allen. 
fiolden-bellled  Squirrel. 

SciuriK  avrtoQMlrr  Oeoffroy,  Tojago  de  la  YdnnB,  Znul.  185.5, 156,  pis.  x,  xi  (not  of  F.  Cavler,  1839). 
1  Sdwnti  typozanlhui  Liciitenhtkin,  MS.  (see  Qeoffroy,  1.  c.  158). 
ilacrozui  griamJUnm$  Gray,  Ann.  and  tln^.  Nat.  Hist.  :!d  ser.  xx,  18C7,  427. 
Uttcnzui  leuoopt  Oiur,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  sor.  xx,  1807,  427. 

Specific  chars. — Length  of  body  and  head  about  12.50;  tail-vcrtebraj 
9.75 ;  tail  with  hairs  12.00  to  13.00,  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  head  and 
body,  but  narrow.  Pelage  full  and  soft,  .\bovc,  gray,  vaiying  from  whitish- 
gray  to  dark  iron  jiay,  generally  with  a  lavge  patch  of  yeilowish-rusty  on  the 
nape  and  a  large  area  of  the  same  culur  on  the  rump;  beneath,  pure  white, 
yellowish-white,  or  deep  golden-yellow.  Pelage  of  the  whole  upper  surface 
generally  with  a  broad  subterminal  band  of  yellowish  or  golden,  sometimes 
showing  faintly  through  the  surface. 

Of  three  specimens  from  Tehuantepec,  Mexico,  two  pre  white  below, 
faintly  stained  with  yellow,  while  the  other  has  the  lower  parts  deep  orange- 
yellow.  One  (No.  9432)  has  the  nape-patch  chestnut  and  sharply  defined ; 
the  rump-patch  is  faintly  developed.     In  another  (No.  9434),  the  nape-patch 

is  well  defined  but  paler,  and  the  rump-patch  is  also  only  faintly  indicated. 
48  H 


;'iS'!: 


m 


m'% 


^■'•H 
m 


754 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Ill  tlic  tliinl  (No.  9433),  tlie  nape-pntcli  is  strongly  colored,  but  is  more 
extended  and  not  sharply  defined  ;  the  rump-patch,  as  in  the  others,  is  partly 
hidden  by  the  gray  tips  of  the  hairs.  These  all  have  the  hairs  of  the  tail 
orange-yellow  at  base,  with  a  broad  subterniinal  zone  of  black,  and  broadly 
tipped  with  white.  The  yellow  of  the  base  is  traversed  by  a  irrow  line 
of  black. 

Three  other  specimens,  from  the  Sierre  Madre  Mountains,  Durango,  have 
each  the  chestnut  nape  and  rump  patches  sharply  defined,  the  latter  very 
large.  The  general  coloi»above  is  pure  dark  gray,  and  that  of  the  ventral 
surface  pure  white.  The  pelage  of  the  dorsal  surface  is  generally  ringed  sub- 
terminally  with  rufous,  but  there  are  many  rufous  hairs  intermixed  with  the  gray. 
In  two  of  these  specimens,  the  tail  presents  no  yellow,  the  hairs  being  banded 
with  black  and  white.  In  one  (No.  7176),  the  hairs  of  the  tail  have  a  faint 
wash  of  yellow  at  the  base.  Tiiis  specimen  very  closely  resembles  the  right- 
hand  figure  of  Geoffroy's  Plate  X  in  the  Zoology  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Venus. 
No.  0434,  from  Tohiuuitopcc,  corre.spond.s  with  the  other  figure  of  the  same 
plate,  while  No.  9433  might  apparently  have  served  as  the  original  of  the 
figure  given  in  Plate  XI  of  i\t".  same  work. 

This  species  was  first  descrii)ed  in  1855  by  Is.  Geoffrey,  from  specimens 
obtained  at  Monterey  by  the  naturalist  of  the  Venus,  but  erroneously  referred 
to  the  iS.  aitrfiogasfer  of  F.  Cuvier.  GeoflTroy,  in  his  article  on  this  species, 
refers  to  its  great  variability  in  color,  some  of  the  specimens  examined  by 
him  being  clear  white  beneath,  otiiers  grayish-white,  while  others  had  tiie 
same  parts  varied  with  rufous  and  white.  Dr.  Gray's  Marroxus  griseo/lavtts 
and  iiis  M.  Icucops  are  unquestionably,  I  think,  referable  to  this  species. 

The  M.  Icucops  agrees  well  with  Geoffrey's  figures  and  description  of 
his  iS.  nureogasfer;  the  M.  griscojlavus  better  with  my  Durango  specimens, 
except  that  the  nape-patch  is  not  mentioned.  In  both,  the  hairs  of  the  back 
are  lead-colored  at  the  base,  broadly  ringed  with  brown,  with  a  narrow  sub- 
terminal  ring  of  black  and  a  white  tip,  while  M.  leucops  has  the  "crown, 
nape,  and  rump  yellow-washed";  the  lower  surface  in  griseoflavus  is  "yellow- 
red"',  in  kucops  "bright  red".  GeofTroy  says,  of  the  upper  parts,  "mais  le 
gris  n'est  pas  pur,  les  polls,  noirs  h  leur  base,  blancs  h  leur  poiiite,  ayant  uno 
zone  intermi'diaire  roussc  qui  se  niontrc  un  peu  au  dehors,  et  jetle  sur 
I'enscmble  du  pelage  une  b'gfcre  nuance  rousse.  Sur  la  croupe  et  hi  nuque 
Ic  roux  devient  meine  dominant." 


SCIURIDJE-SCIUUDS  LEUCOPS. 


755 


Lichtenstein's  MS.  name  hypoxanthus  lias  of  course  priority  over  belli, 
but  seems  not  to  have  been  published  except  througli  this  incidental  refer- 
ence to  it  by  Geoffroy;  and  indeed  there  is  no  proof  that  the  specimens  so 
named  were  not  referable  to  the  true  aureogaster  of  F.  Cuvier. 

Dr.  Gray's  M.  griseqflavus  and  M.  leucojis  are  both  described  on  the 
same  page;  and,  although  griseojlavun  stands  first,  I  adopt  the  name  leucops  as 
agreeing  better  with'the  specimens  figured  and  described  by  Geoffroy,  wliile 
they  come  also  from  substantially  the  same  locality;  but  I  at  the  same  time 
believe  gruseoflavus  to  be  specifically  the  same,  notwithstanding  the  more 
uniform  coloration  of  the  dorsal  surface. 

A  comparison  of  Geofiroy's  description  and  figures  wi(h  tiiose  given  by 
Cuvier  shows  at  once  the  wide  differences  between  them,  which  Geoffroy 
himself  thus  notices : — "  En  comparant  cette  description  Ji  celle  de  M. 
Frdddric  Cuvier  ou  h.  I'un  des  individus  qui  nous  sont  venus  en  1829  et  en 
1831  de  la  Californie  ct  du  Mexique,  on  reconnaltra  imm''diatement  de  nom- 
breuses  et  remarquables  analogies  avec  ceux-ci,  mais  aussi  de  notables  diffd- 
rences.  L'lScureuil  de  la  FewMS,  en  nieme  temps  qu'il  manjue  infe'rieurement 
de  la  couleur  rousse  qui  serait  caractdristiquc  pour  I'esptce  selon  les  auteurs, 
plus  de  roux  sur  les  parties  supdrieures ;  et  cela,  non-seulement  sur  la  croupe 
et  la  nuque  oil  le  roux  domine,  mais  mCme  surledos,  otiles  polls  ont  unezone 
rousse  dont  d'autres  individus  ont  h  peine  un  vestige.  L'ficureuil  de  la  Venus 
ne  devrait-il  done  pas  6tre  considdrd  comme  une  espfcce  voisine,  niiiis  dis- 
tincte  du  Sciurus  aureogaster  ou  hi/jwxanfhusf"  He  refers  to  the  wide  ranjrc 
of  individual  variation  presented  bj  several  well-known  species,  and  is  infii"- 
enced  by  this  in  referring-  the  snscimens  collected  b^'  H'c  Venus  to  Cuvier's 
(S.  aureogaster. 

In  size  and  proportions,  there  is  little  difference  between  the  present 
species  and  S.  aureogaster,  but  the  difference  in  coloration  is  so  pronounced 
a'.id  of  such  a  character  as  to  leave  little  doubt  of  their  distinctness.  In  S. 
aureogaster,  the  hairs  of  the  dorsal  surface  have,  in  some  specimens,  a  pale 
central  narrow  ring  of  rust,  but  often  the  hairs  are  wholly  black  beneath  the 
surface  and  merely  narrowly  tipped  with  white.  None  of  the  sixteen  speci- 
mens of  S.  aureogaster  before  me  show  any  approach  to  nny  of  the  six 
specimens  of  S.  leucops,  yet  ;nore  abundant  material  may  show  that  they  are 
not  specifically  separable.  Among  the  specimens  from  Tehuantepec  are 
typical  representatives  of  both  forms. 


^'^ 


■■"'1 


'*! 


r    ;1 


I ', 


mn 


i',\ 


m' 


756 


MONOGRArnS  OF  NORTH  AMEBIC  AX  RODENTIA. 


The  liabilat  of  this  species,  so  far  as  kuown,  is  confined  to  Southern 
Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

Taule  L. — Meaturcmeutt  of  >ix  iipeciiiieti*  of  Sciuiics  leucofs. 


B 
a 
a 
i 

3 
= 
1 

a 
U 

OiU 
94.12 
04:i3 
7i:o 
iin 

STiOl 

1 

a 

1 

Loulitj. 

i 

From  tip  of  Dose  to— 

Tail  to  end  of— 

Lengttlor- 

i 

a 

i 

1 

"S 
£ 

1 

M 

1 

4J 

s 

0. 

t 

8 

1 

i 

a 

1 
1 

J 

B 

5 

33 
SA 
96 
8008 
477 
Hi 

9 

1.03 

t.io 

1.10 

i.gs 
i.es 
a.  00 

a.  as 
a.  30 
a  49 

12.  M 
11.30 
it.  SO 

11.  as 

11.00 
11.00 

».73 
0.00 
9.00 
a  75 
8.50 

a.  SO 

1100 

lato 
11.  as 

I'lOO 
11.75 
1100 

1.70 
l.SO 
1.58 
L35 
i.<5 
1.58 

a.ra 
tao 
a.  as 
aas 
aas 
ass 

a  75 
aeo 
o.eo 

0.00 

aeo 

Skin. 
..do. 
..do. 
-do. 
..Ao. 
..do. 

Ao 

do 

do    

Table  LI. — Litt  of  tpedmait  examined  of  Sciurl'S  leucofs. 


1 

0 

B 

B 

51-2 
477 

aooe 

30 

as 

96 

1 

Locality. 

Wtieo 
eoilecud. 

Fmni  wbom  received. 

CoUectnl  bj— 

i 

I 

o 

esoi 

7177 
7170 
0134 
9433 
0433 

9 

Slorra  Uadre,  Daraogo,  Mexico. .. 
do.'. 

Apr,  1663 

Johu  Xantna       

Skin. 

.    do. 

do. 

do    

do 

do     

do    

rrotF.Sunichraat... 
do            

ProrF.ganiicbraat.. 
do 

do 

....  do 

ilo       

do     

SCIURUS  ^STUANS  Linn. 
Bractllsn  Squirrel. 

Var.  iESTUANS. 

Sciurut  hr<uiliensi«  MAKConAVB,  HiHt.  Nat  Briw.  1048,  230.— BnissON,  Biiga.  Anim.  175C,  154. 

Sciurua  aja/kdna  L1NN.CU8,  8;at.  Nat.  i,  li06,  8H.— EnxLKUKN,  Syiit.  Reg.  Anim.  1777,  421.— Gmelin,  Syat 
Nat.  i,  1788,  151.— gciiRKliEli,  gUiiget.  1792,  787.— KuilL,  Beitriiffe,  IDSn,  68.— DEftMARtutr, 
Mum.  1832,  :)37. — Oripvith'h  Cuvier,  v,  fi68.— Maximilian,  neitiuice  z.  NatarKesch.  Bruil.  ii, 
l«i(i,  4:10.— Fischer,  Synop.  Mum.  1829,  3!)9.— Waonrr,  Snppl.  Schrelier'a  Siiuget.  iii,  IMS, 
IH(!.— TsciiUDi,  Fauna  Peruana,  1844-40,  1&8.— ScuiKZ,  Syo.  Ham.  ii,  1845,  17.— Oiebel, 
■  •'     SUuKPt.  18.-.5,  U.W, 

Maeroxm  atluam  "  V.  CuviKR,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  x  [1818],  848".— Lesson,  Han.  «le«  Mam.  1827, 238.— Gray, 
Ann.  uiid  Mag.  Nut.  Hist.  3il  mt.  xx,  1807, 432. 

kSra'tinta  amtuaiif  var.  guiaiieniilt  Prtkiis,  Monutab,  K.-P.  Akad.  r.n  Berlin,  180:1  (1864),  Cr4>. 

f  .Sci«r««jM(«i(/K»"GKOi'i.ii()v,  Coll.  Mint."— Dkhmarkht,  Nohv.  Diet.  d'HiHt.  Nat.  x,  1817,  109;  Mam.  1822, 
3.17  (Ca.Tenne;  yonngf).— Fihchkr,  Synop.  Mam.  1829,  359— Waokkr,  Snppl.  Bchreber'a 
Siiuget.  iii,  1843,  187. 

r  Macroxuf  puMllluf  Lesson,  Man.  des  Ham.'  1827, 338.— Gray,  Ann.  and  Hag.  Nat.  Hiat.  3d  aer.  xx,  l>^,  433. 


SCIUBID^— SOIURUS  ^STUANS. 


757 


Sctunt  jilrjjHliWa  Nattkrer,  MS.— WaONER,  Wiegm.  Arob.  f.  Natnrg.  1813,  ii,  43,  1845,  i,  148;  Abbnnd. 

d.  K.-D.  Akad.  d.  Wisaensch.  V,  1850, 279  (from  near  the  moath  of  the  Bio  Madeira,  Urazil). — 

GiEOEL,  Siiaget.  1855,  653  (from  Wagner). 
Sc'mnu  gufrlingm  C*8TELNao,  MS.  (=  Maeruim  leucogmler  Gray  J  see  Gray,  1.  c). 
Macre  nn  leueogatter  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mog.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1867,  430.  ^ 

Macri.ru>  flavivenUr  Castelnah,  MS. — Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1867,  432. 
Macroxut  kuhUi  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1867, 433  (=  Scmrus  leucotU  Costoloaa,  MS.) 
ifjioxiu  guerlingiu  Shaw,  Gen.  Zoul.  ii,  1801,  171,  pi.  156. 
^riuilian  Squirrel,  Pennant,  Quad.  1771, 286. 

i«  O'raiid  Oii«Wi»y«««,  BuPFON,  Hist.  Nat.  Suppl.  vii,  1789,261,  pi.  Ixv.  ',      '  ' 

Xf /V(«  <J«i«-«i?<7i«rf,  BUFRON,  Hist.  Not.  Sappl.  vii,  1789,  63,  pi.  jElvl.  _:..■',:■:... i.   ■■' 

O'licWiMfuet,  SliAW,  Gen.  ZoCI.  ii,  1801, 171. 

CachiH  gili,  VulifO.  r^   /- 

Var.  EUFONIQEB. 

Sciurvi  nifoii'ger  PccnERAN,  Rev.  de  Zool.  1845,  336  (Santa  F6  de  Bogotit). 
Sciunu  ckrymroa  PucnERAN,  Rev.  de  Zool.  1845,  337  (Santa  i'6  de  Bogota). 

to'iiriM  wttuant  var.  hoffmanni  Peters,  Monatsb.  Akod.  Wissensch.  Berlin,  1863(1864),  654  (Costa  Bica). 
Scittrut  kgporrkodui  Gray,  Ann.  and  Hag.  Kat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1867,  419. 

Matrmaa  irroralm  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  1867,  431  ("  Upper  ITcayali,  Brazil ''). 
Mttcrozm  grmogena  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3<1  ser.  xx,  1867,  429  (Mexico,  Honduras,  Costa  Bica, 
Panama,  Santa  F6  de  Bogot£) ;  lb.  4th  ser.  xi,  1873,  469. 

Var.  .ESTUANs. 

Vaeietal  chars. — Length  of  head  and  body  7.00  to  8.00  inches ;  of  tail- 
vcrtebroe  a  Jittle  less  (about  6.75  to  7.50);  to  end  of  hairs  about  9.00  to  9.50. 
Ears  of  medium  size,  rounded  ;  tail  narrow,  distichous  till  near  the  end,  where 
it  is  more  cylindrical.  Pelage  soft,  short.  General  color  above  dark  olivaceous- 
brown,  minutely  varied  with  fulvous  or  pale  rufous ;  below,  including  inside 
of  the  limbs,  generally  reddish-yellow,  varying  from  pale  rufous  to  yellowish- 
gray.  Sometimes  with  the  yellow  restricted  to  the  breast  and  the  middle  of 
the  anterior  half  of  the  lower  surface ;  or  the  whole  lower  surface  is  whitish, 
washed  with  fulvous.  Above,  with  the  middle  of  the  back,  sometimes  darker 
tlian  the  rest  of  the  dorsal  surface.  Tail  yellowish-brown,  ringed  with  black 
(the  subterminal  black  bar  very  broad),  and  washed  with  pale  grayish-yellow. 
Tlie  general  color  of  the  tail  is  blackish,  washed  with  pale  whitish-yellow. 
The  outer  surface  of  tlie  feet  is  usually  colored  like  the  back.  The  ears  are 
generally  reddish ;  the  eye  is  ringed  with  brownish-yellow.  The  sides  of 
the  muzzle,  the  chin,  and  throat  are  yellowish-white. 

This  variety  presents  no  very  striking  variations  in  color,  and  seems  to 
vary  but  little  with  locality.  I  have  noticed  no  tendency  to  melanism,  and  no 
melanistic  specimens  appear  to  have  been  met  with  by  previous  authors. 
The  subjoined  table  of  measurements  of  fifteen  specimens,  nearly  all  (thirteen) 
taken  from  alcoholic  examples,  shows  only  a  very  moderate  range  of  varia- 
tion.    The  specimens  arc  nearly  all  from  Southern  Brazil,  and  are  quite  uni- 


758 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


■In 


m  -'!i 


.  i,:i  f 


%  S' 


•Ji 


I 


aiiiffi'i 


form  in  coloration,  varying  mainly  in  respect  to  the  tint  of  the  lower  surface, 
which  ranges  from  yellowish-white  to  reddish-yellow.  The  upper  surface, 
though  presenting  a  small  amount  of  variation  in  comparison  to  that  shown 
by  the  Central  American  and  Mexican  species,  varies  considerably  in  respect 
to  the  general  tone  of  the  color.  The  hairs  are  generally  plumbeous  or  dusky 
at  base,  ringed  first  with  yellowish-brown  and  then  with  black,  with  yellowish 
tips.  The  hairs  are  thus  twice  ringed  with  black  and  yellowish.  The  gen- 
eral color  varies  from  mixed  yellowish-gray  and  black  to  mixed  reddish-brown 
and  black,  with  sometimes  the  middle  of  the  back  distinctly  darker  than 
the  sides. 

Var.  BUFONIGEB. 

Variltal  chars. — Larger  than  var.  anstuam.  Length  of  body  about  8.75 ; 
of  tail-vcrtebraj  about  7.00  to  7.75 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  hairs  9.00  to  9.75. 
Scarcely  different  in  coloration  from  \a.r. astuans,  except  that  the  dorsal  surface 
is  ratlicr  darker  and  niidder  and  the  lower  patts  rather  lighter ;  the  tail  is  also 
washed  with  yellowish-red  instead  of  very  pale  yellow,  while  the  black  rings 
are  broader  and  darker. 

In  respect  to  the  general  coloration  of  the  body,  these  two  forms  are 
sometimes  quite  indistinguishable,  but  the  coloration  of  the  tail  is  generally 
strikingly  different;  the  size  of  the  northern  form  seems  also  to  be  uniformly 
larger.  Occasionally,  specimens  of  var.  astuans  are  of  just  the  same  tint  above 
as  var.  rufoniger,  but  generally  var.  rufoniger  is  redder  and  darker,  the  middle 
of  the  back  being  frequently  quite  blackish,  the  hairs  being  ringed  with  red- 
dish-yellow and  black  instead  of  pnle  or  grayish-yellow  and  black,  with  the 
subterminal  black  ring  broader. 

Among  the  twenty-five  or  more  specimens  of  var.  rufoniger  in  the  col- 
lection (nearly  all  from  Costa  Rica),  the  range  of  color- variation  is  very  lim- 
ited, the  dorsal  surface  varying  only  in  respect  to  the  amount  and  intensity 
of  the  rufous,  and  in  respect  to  whether  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  region  is 
«;onc()lor  with  the  rest  of  the  dorsal  surface,  or  more  or  less  darker.  The 
lower  surface  varies  from  dull  pale  reddish-fulvous  to  deep  bright  orange. 
The  tail  varies  only  in  respect  to  the  tint  of  the  reddish  edging,  which  is 
sometimes  yclIowish-rcd,  but  generally  reddish-orange,  and  not  unfrequently 
dark  reddish-brown.  The  very  small  inconspicuous  ear-patch  varies  from 
white  or  yellowish-white  to  reddish-fulvous.  The  outside  of  the  limbs  and 
the  upper  surface  of  the  feet  are  gencndly  colored  like  the  dorsid  surface; 


SCIUBIDiE— SCIURUS  iESTUANS  AND  VARIETIES. 


7^ 


759 


tlie  inner  side  of  tlic  limbs  like  the  hcWy ;  sometimes,  however,  the  foot  ivin 
colored  liko  the  belly,  the  color  of  the  ventral  surface  also  sometimes  invad- 
ing the  outer  surface  of  the  limbs.  The  sides  of  the  face  and  chin  vary  from 
grayish-brown  to  deep  yellow  or  orange. 

Specimens  from  Venezuela  are  smaller,  and  are  undistinguishable  from  var. 
aaluansaboye,  but  still  retain  the  bright-red  edging  of  the  tail,  wliich  is,  how- 
ever, lighter  or  more  golden  than  in  Costa  Rica  specimens.  This  form  ap|)ears 
to  extend,  with  very  slight  modifications,  southward  through  New  Granada  to 
Eastern  Peru. 


GKNEBAL   BEMABKS   UPON   8CIURU8   /G8TUANS  AND   ITS  VARIETIES. 

Differential  characters. — The  two  varieties  of  Sciurus  eestuam  differ 
in  the  larger  size  and  more  reddish  coloration  of  the  northern  form,  and 
especially  in  respect  to  the  color  of  the  tail.  Var.  rufonigcr  averages  fully  an 
inch  longer  than  var.  astuans;  the  color  is  much  more  rufous,  the  tjvil  broadly 
edged  with  red  instead  of  narrowly  edged  with  pale  yellow,  and  the  ventral 
surface  is  deep  reddish-orange  instead  of  reddish-yellow.  In  the  tables  of 
measurements,  the  tail  appears  to  be  relatively  the  shorter  in  var.  rufoniger, 
but  the  difference  is  not  real.  In  the  case  of  var.  astuans,  the  measurements 
were  taken  from  specimens  preserved  in  alcohol,  while  the  measurement  f 
var.  rufoniger  were  taken  from  skins,  from  the  tails  of  which  the  verte  e 
had  generally  been  removed,  leaving  merely  the  shrunken  distorted  skin. 

Synontmy  and  nomenclature. — Linnseus's  description  of  Sciurus  astu- 
'ns  was  based  on  specimens  from  Surinam,  and  is  the  same  animal  as  the  S. 
brasiliensis  of  Marcgrave  and  Brisson.  The  name  mstuans  is  the  one  by  which 
the  Brazilian  Squirrel  has  generally  been  recognized  by  authors.  For  a  long 
time,  the  only  prominent  synonym  was  pusiltus,  a  MS.  name  given  by 
Geoffrey  to  young  specimens  from  Cayenne,  in  the  Paris  Museum,  which 
name  appears  to  have  been  first  published  by  Desmarest  in  1817.  This  is 
also  the  origin  of  Buffon's  "PelU  Guerlinguet",  and  the  £cureuil  nain  of 
other  French  authors.  For  many  years,  these  names  all  uniformly  referred  to 
the  original  example  in  the  Paris  Museum.*  Gray,  in  1867,  referred  to  a 
second  specimen,  "four  and  a  half  inches  long"  (head  and  body),  as  being  in 
the  British  Museum,  from  "Tropical  America".  I  have  before  me  another, 
from  Brazil,  which  I  believe  to  be  only  a  very  young  example  of  S.  eestuans, 

*  "Hue  tninru  &  Ciijenne;  c'eat  de  liV  que  Labonlo  envoyit  ii  BiitTun  le  sonl  iadividii  qiiijusqu'^ 
pr^ut,  ait  it6  d^orit."— (F.  Cuvikr,  Diol.  da  Scienca  Xal.  torn,  xiv,  ISIO,  p.  248.) 


7G0 


MONOGBAPna  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTJA. 


m 


l!« 


!  ■'    [ 


•M  -i 


1 1'\ 

hi' 


although  in  size  and  coloration  it  agrees  perfectly  with  the  descriptions  of 
S.  pmillus.* 

Tiio  next  synonym  of  the  Brazilian  Squirrel  (var.  (Bstuans)  is  the  8.  gil- 
vii;ularis  (Nattcrer,  MS.),  a  species  first  described  by  Wagner  in  1843,  based 
on  specimens  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Madeira,  having  the  chin  and  throat 
ochre-ycUow.  Tiiis  form  he  regarded  ns  the  northern  representative  of  the 
S.  asluans  of  Southern  Brazil.  In  18G3,  Peters  gave  the  varietal  name 
giiianensis  to  specimens  from  British  Guiana,  also  immature,  though  much 
larger  than  the  S.  pusillus  of  Gcoffroy.  Two  of  the  numerous  nominal  species 
<loscribe(l  by  Dr.  Gray,  namely,  8.  Jlaviventer  and  S.  kuhl'd  from  "Brazil", 
arc  also  undoubtedly  referable  to  var.  asluans,  as  is  also  his  M.  leucogaster 
from  Eastern  Bolivia. 

The  first  name  applicable  to  the  northern  form  of  Sciurus  asluans  seems 
to  be  the  rufoniger  of  Pucheran,  given  in  1845  to  specimens  from  Santa  Fc  do 
Bogoti'i.  In  the  same  article,  the  name  chrysurus  was  given  to  other  speci- 
mens from  the  same  locality.  The  first  name  was  applied  to  examples  having 
the  middle  of  tlie  body  dark,  the  sides  reddish,  the  chin  and  throat  gray,  and 
the  tail  ringed  with  red  and  black;  the  second  to  specimens  with  the  dorsal 
surface  uniformly  colored,  the  throat  yellow,  and  the  tail  washed  with  golden. 
To  the  extreme  phase  of  this  species,  as  developed  in  Costa  Rica,  Peters,  in 
1864,  applied  the  varietal  name  hojfmanni  (Sciurus  lesluans  var.  hoffmanni), 
in  which  the  size  is  rather  larger  and  the  colors  stronger,  especially  the  rufous, 
than  in  the  New  Granada  specimens.  Gray's  Sciurus  hyporrhodus,  described 
in  1867,  was  based  also  on  specimens  from  Santa  Fd  de  Bogotd,  apparently  in 
full  winter  pelage,  which  are  unquestionably  referable  to  the  form  previously 
named  by  Pucheran.  His  description  applies  in  every  detail  to  numerous 
specimens  before  me  from  Costa  Rica.  Gray's  Macroxus  irroratm,  from  the 
Upper  Ucayali,  Eastern  Peru,  also  belongs  here,  showing  that  this  rufous 
form  of  Sciurus  asluans  ranges  quite  far  southward  along  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Andes.  I  also  refer  to  this  form  the  same  author's  M.  griseogena  from 
Mexico,  Honduras,  Costa  Rica,  Panama,  and  Santa  Fd  de  Bogotd. 

Geoobapiiical  distbiuution. — Sciurus  asluans,  including  its  two  varie- 

*  Bufruii's  (IcBcriptiiin  of  Le  Petit  Guerlinguct  would  lead  one  to  sappose  it  to  liavo  been  baaed  ou  an 
odiilt  individual.  Ho  nays  ....  "  los  testiculcs  de  ce  petit  gaorlingnet  <StoioDt  beaacoap  plna  grog 'que 
ceiLt  dii  grand  gncrliugnut,  &  proportion  du  corps,  qnoiqiie  ce»  partes  prdsent  dans  le  grand  gnerlinguet 
de  111  nifliuo  groaseiir  qne  dons  nos  6cureniU."— (/Tijl.  Kat.  Siippl.  torn,  vii,  p.  204.)  It  seems  curtain  tbat  a 
spccios  uf  Sipiirrcl  so  runiarkublo  as  this  could  not  su  long  remain  unknown  in  a  region  whoso  zoology 
is  now  so  well  known  as  tbat  of  Cayenne  and  Eastern  Uiazil. 


i!ir^ii 


i:  iS^.ti 


SClURIDiE— 8CIU11US  ^STUANS. 


7G1 


ties,  ranges  from  Southern  Brazil  northward  to  Costa  Rica,  and  from  the 
Atlantic  coast  westward  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  great  Andean  cliain.  Yar. 
astuans  ranges  throughout  Brazil,  extending  westward  to  Eastern  Bolivia  and 
northward  to  Guiana,  but  it  seems  to  bo  nowhere  common.  Var.  ritfonlgcr 
cvtcnds  over  the  northern  states  of  South  America,  including  Venczucda,  New 
Granada,  and  probably  portions  of  Ecuador,  and  thence  southward  to  Eastern 
Peru.     In  Costa  Rica,  it  seems  to  be  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  the  Sciurl. 

Taolk  LII. — MocuaremeniB  qf  eighken  ^ecimtr:i  0/ Svituva  jBSiVAna  var.  s^siVASB. 


4mi 

4039 

40<n 

3(00 
410i 
:iotiO 
3xa 
um 
tin 
luo 

433S 

«m 

1X18 
1833 
•0048 


LooaUly. 


Conta  Gallo,  Knull . 


.do. 
..do. 
..do. 


Rio  do  JitDoiro,  Bnsll. . 
8an  Maltaeoa,  Brull ... 
Kio  do  Janeiro,  Broxll . 

Obydoo,  Brail) 

Rio  do  Janeiro 


From  tip  of  nose  to 


H 


.do. 


do. 

Braill... 

do. 

do. 

do. 


Santa  Rita,  Braiil.. 
Braali 


0.07 
DOS 
0.90 
0.9S 
0.73 
a  79 
0,93 

aoo 

0.87 
0.80 
1.03 
6.83 

aoa 

0.08 

a87 

0.80 
0.03 
0.90 


L70 
1.77 
1.00 
1.70 
1.35 
1.3S 
1.70 
1.85 
1.60 
1.67 
1.65 
1.60 
1.53 
1.77 
1.68 
1.50 
1.50 
1.70 


2.13 
ISO 
1.05 
3.15 
1.50 
1.79 
3.13 
3.33 
3.00 
3.00 
3.13 
1.83 
3.00 
3.03 
3.07 
1.03 
l.OS 
1.95 


7.75 
7.65 

6.eo 

7.50 
3.50 
5.85 
7.80 
7.00 
7.05 
7.30 
7.75 

g.30 

7.05 

a  10 

7.00 
6.50 
7.50 

aso 


Tall  to  end 
of— 


7.00 
7.S5 
6.80 
7.35 
S.35 
&'I5 
7.50 
7.50 


0.75 
7.00 
5.75 
7.00 
7.50 
6.80 
7.80 
7.30 
7.33 


9.00 
10.55 
0.15 
0.00 
6.75 

aso 


0.10 
a  75 

ao5 


9.80 
9.30 


Length  of- 


1.35 
I.  S3 
1.35 
I. S3 
l.CO 
1.35 
1.S5 
1.37 
1.13 
l.SO 
1.15 
1.17 
1.35 
1.34 
1.33 
1.30 
1.35 
1.37 


1.00 
1.88 
l.»3 
I. 'JO 
1.90 
1.  H5 
).!I3 
3.05 

i.eo 

1.75 
l.M 
1.90 
3.05 
3.00 
1.08 
3.10 
1.83 
1.00 


0.60 
0.58 
o.i:0 
0.C4 
0.53 
0.07 
0.70 
0.08 
0.57 
a  03 
0.00 
a  57 
0.70 
0.67 
0.65 
0.73 


Alcotiolio. 
....da 

...do. 
...do. 
....do. 
— da 

..da 
— da 
....da 
....da 

da 

....da 
...  da 
—  da 

...da 

...da 

Sliin. 
— da 


*  In  National  Mukdu,  Washington,  D.  0.  i  all  the  others  in  Musetnn  of  Comparative  Zo61ogy,  Cambridge,  Uaae. 


VM 


;  I 


J,i\]( 


i ! 


7152  MONOGRAPna  up  NOBTH  AMBUICAN  llODENriA. 

Taiilk  hni.—ilcanurcmenls  »/  »ix(<!«n  tpedmenB  cf  SciURUa  JEarv^nB  var.  nui-ONlOKR. 


a 

I 

1 

a 

a 

a 

1 
'a 

s 

Lootllt;. 

i 

From  tip  of  noM  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

Loofftbof— 

3 

•s 

1 

nt 

■7, 
1 

1 

1 

«1 

3.30 
a  18 
3.10 

t 

1 

i 

1 
1 

i 

B 

S 

IJOK 
13053 
I!I0J8 
Iit030 
I1KM0 

fxat 
iturio 
laosg 

IMJl 
9307 
11363 

ii3n 

II3(I'J 

moo 

11733 

33 

fJoatA  niom        

1. 00 
0.95 
0.9J 

1. 00 

1.68 
1.87 

9.35 
10.00 
9.00 
7.50 

ass 

8.75 
8.75 
8.35 
8.75 
S.SO 
&75 

7.75 

9.75 

1.35 

3.05 
9.05 
3.10 
3.00 
1.90 
3.05 
8.00 
l.O'J 
1.85 
a  00 
3.05 
3.00 
3.03 
J.  00 
3.07 

i.eo 

1.78 

0.90 
0.43 

Skin. 
..d'l 
..do. 
..do. 

do              

rf 

Bd 

do 

do          

6.35 

aoo 

1.17 
1.10 

80 
M 
34 

89 

do 

J 
« 

1.05 
0.92 
1.00 

1. 00 
1.80 
1.80 

3.13 
3.07 
3.13 

dow 

..do. 

do 

...do          

5.75 
6.0O 
&3S 
7.00 

7.00 
S.00 

9.35 

1.35 
I.3S 
1.30 
1.30 

1.35 
1.30 
1.35 
1.15 
1.10 

0.97 
0.50 

..do. 
..do. 
..do. 

....do             

9 

0  97 
0.85 
1.00 
1.03 
0.07 
0.85 
a  05 

1.83 
1.83 
1.85 
1.85 
1  8.^ 
1.70 
1.83 

3.15 
»03 
3.15 
3.17 

3.80 

do             ..                 

do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 

do -• 

9 
9 
rf 

9 

9 

IS 
IS 

....do        

8.0O 
9.CH 
9.50 
8.  SO 
8.75 

7.00 
6.75 
7.50 
6.75 
7.50 

8.90 
8.35 
9.  CO 
8.60 
9.00 

..do. 

do 

da 

..do. 

do 

0.80 

1.65 

do. 

Table  LIV. — Litt  of  «|)c(jim«»»  examined  of  SoiURUS  .sstuans  var.  iESTUANg. 


1 

a 

p 

1 

i 
1 

M 

Locality. 

From  whom  received. 

Collocted  by- 

1 

1833 

im 

4061 
496) 
40.TO 
4063 
4103 
.1960 
1340 
1J47 
1349 
1349 
1350 
3933 
4933 
4338 
4337 
4938 
•DOM 

J 
<f 

9 
<f 

09 
9 
9 
J 
9 

Skin. 

Aleohollo. 

....da 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....da 

do 

do 

do 

...da 

....do'     

do 

do 

....da 

do 

Bartt  and  Copetond 

J.A.  Alleii 

...da 
....da 

do 

do r. 

do 

do 

....da 

do   

do 

...da 

do     

do 

do 

...da 

do 

do 

do 

....da 

09 
J 
9 
9 
9 
<f 

do                      

do        

do   

...  da 

do 

N.  Dexter 

....da 

Braill 

do 

....da 

do 

do 

do 

....Ac. 

.  ,  do                  

do   

....do   

...  da 

do 

...'..do 

do 

....da 

...  do                 .    ... 

Skin. 

*  III  National  Musenni,  Wosbiugtoa,  D.  C. ;  nil  tho  otbers  in  Museum  ur  Oorapnratlve  Z  >dlogj',  Cflmbridge,  Mau. 


i}\< 


8CIUKID.I3— SOIUBUS  TEPUUOG ASTER. 


7G3 


Tarlr  LV, — Lilt  of  ipecimeHt  eiamined  of  SciURUs  f^TCANS  var.  uufoniger, 


1 

•f-3 
1' 

i 
i 

t 

J 

Looolliy. 

From  whom  raoelyed. 

C'olleotod  by— 

1 

I 

9 

i 
1 

0307 

11:10.1 

iine^ 

11360 
II30T 
II3(» 
11370 
11703 
11113 
11110 
1J0I5 
12030 
18031 
l;05-3 
1.-033 
13033 
15030 
1X37 
lC03a 
19030 
13000 
0X13 
11733 

San  J<w«,  Coaunioa 

Wm.M.Oabb 

do   

J.  C.  Zuledou 

SklD. 

14 

ai 

17 

16 
13 

17 

17 
31 
34 

89 
4S 
08 

80 

CoatalUoa      

....    do 

do      

do 

do      .         .  . 

do. 

9 

do   

do 

do   .  .    .... 

flA. 

do    

do 

do   

da 

do     

do 

do 

do 

do     

do 

do 

do. 

, do   

do 

do 

.do. 

do     

do 

do 

do 

do 

do   

Talmaoca  Expedtlton 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

.do 

do. 

do 

do 

do 

da 

9 
9 

do 

do 

do 

da 

do 

do 

do 

..da 

do 

do 

do 

.da 
rta 
da 

.da 
da 

do               .,          

do 

do   

do        

do   

do    

do 

do 

do 

do      .  .       . 

do   . 

do 

do. 

9 

9 

09 
09 

WilllamB   Coll.    Ljro.  Nat. 

nut. 

da 

do     

da 
..da 

3i99 
3303 

.... 

Traando  River,  Now  Oranada 

do   

LlBnt,  Miohler 

A.Bcbott 

do 

do 

..da 

SCIURUS  TEPHROGASTER  (Gray)  Allen. 

OrlMba  Squirrel. 

T  ifaaroxiti  frantri  Oiur,  Ann.  and  Hag.  Nat.  Hint.  3il  ser.  zx,  18C7,  430. 
Macnxut  U-phngtuter  Okay,  ib.  431 ;  ib.  4tb  aer.  z,  1872,  408. 
jVmiroxiu  ttBHiurua  GBAr,  lb.  3d  ser.  xz,  1867,  4:11. 
ilacroxut  middellinentii  OlUT,  ib.  4tb  ser.  z,  1972,  408  (Now  Orannda). 

Specikic  chahs. — She  o{  Sciums  astuans  var.  rufoniger;  length  of  body 
8.75  (ranging  from  8.50  to  9.25);  of  tail-vertcbroc  7100  to  7.50;  of  tail  to 
end  of  hairs  9.00  to  9.G0.  Color  above,  dark  olivaceous-brown,  minutely  varied 
with  yellow  or  rufous,  with  the  middle  of  the  back  darker  than  the  sides, 
and  witti  less  rufous.  Beneath,  whitish-gray  or  fulvous,  varying  in  diiTcrcnt 
specimens  from  nearly  pure  white  to  orange,  with  the  basal  portion  of  the  hairs 
dusky ;  generally  grayish  below,  washed  with  reddish-fulvous.  Tail  above, 
black,  washed  with  white ;  below,  reddish-brown,  ringed  with  black  centrally, 
with  a  broad  subtcrminal  bar  of  black,  succeeded  by  whitish  tips.  The 
small  ear-patch  varies  from  white  to   gray,  fulvous,  and  even  rufous. 


1, 1 1 


[  M 


II!; 


t' 


7G4 


MONOGUAl'US  OV  ;5fOUrU  AMEUICAN  KODENTIA. 


This  species,  in  size,  proportuins,  and  in  the  color  of  the  dorsal  surface, 
is  almost  inseparable  from  var.  rufonigcr  of  S.  astuans;  it  is,  however,  readily 
distiugiiisliablc  from  that  species  by  the  generally  almost  wlioll"  gray  color  of 
the  ventral  surface,  over  which  the  hairs  arc  conspicuously  dusky  at  the  base, 
and  by  the  white  instead  of  red  edging  of  the  tail.  It  furthernr.orc  has  two 
l)remolars,  the  first  quite  large  for  a  Sclurus,  while  in  the  large  number  of 
specimens  of  both  varieties  of  S.  astuans  I  have  examined  I  have  found  uni- 
formly only  one.  It  is  so  wiiolly  distinct  from  all  the  other  Sniuri  as  to  require 
no  detailed  comparison  with  any  of  them. 

The  seven  specimens  of  this  species  before  me  vary  in  respect  to  color- 
ation as  follows: — One  (No.  7840,  Orizaba,  Mexico)  is  pure  gray  below  through- 
out, the  hairs  being  tipped  with  white  ond  dusky  at  ba.se;  above,  olivaceous- 
dusky,  minutely  punctulatcd  with  yellowish-rufous ;  middle  of  the  back 
blackish;  car-patch  whitish.  No.  7206,  also  from  Orizaba,  is  similar,  except 
that  the  sides  are  rather  more  strongly  varied  with  yellowish-rufous,  and  the 
pectoral  region  is  distinctly  washed  with  fulvous.  No.  8491,  from  near  Cor- 
dova, is  almost  exactly  like  tlio  last,  being  perhaps  rather  more  fulvous  below 
and  a  little  redder  on  the  flanks.  Another  (of  which  the  label  is  lost)  is  still 
more  rufous  above  and  more  fulvous  below.  No.  8490  (Cordova)  is  like  the 
last,  with,  however,  distinctly  white  oar-patches.  No.  3922  (Mexico)  is  more 
rufous  above,  and  is  washed  strongly  with  reddish-fulvous  below.  No.  3261 
(Mexico)  is  bright  orange  below,  but  above  is  wholly  like  the  gray-bellied 
specimens  from  Orizaba.  No.  8620,  from  Central  Guatemala,  is  fulvous- 
washed  below,  but  is  strongly  ferrugineous  above,  with  reddish-yellow  ear- 
patches,  the  prevailing  color  dorsally  being  ferrugineous,  slightly  varied  with 
black.  In  this  specimen,  the  hairs  of  the  dorsal  surface  arc  double-ringed 
with  fulvous,  plumbeous  at  base,  then  a  narrow  ring  of  fulvous,  followed  by 
another  of  black,  and  tipped  with  rusty.  In  all  the  other  specimens,  the 
hairs  are  wholly  blackish,  except  the  tip,  which  is  yellowish,  varying  more  or 
less  in  different  specimens  to  rufous. 

or  the  eight  specimens  of  this  species  before  me,  seven  are  from 
Southern  Mexico  and  the  other  from  Guatemala.  Dr.  Gray  refers  to  his 
M.  trphrogaster  specimens  from  "Mexico  (Salld),  Guatemala  (Salvin),  Hon- 
duras (Dyson),  and  Bogota  (11.  E.  Strickland)";  I  also  refer  to  the  same 
species  his  M.  teeniwrus  from  Guatemala,  his  M.  middellinensis  from  Antio- 
giiia.  New  Granada,  and  less  confidently  his  M.  fraseri  from  Ecuador.  The 
first  three  of  these  namos  I  think  arc  unquestionably  referable  to  this  species. 


SOIURID^-SCIURUS  TRPnUOQASTER. 


705 


I  hove  met  wifli  no  dcscriptiuri  published  earlier  than  18G7  that  seems 
at  all  applicable  to  this  species.  So  far  as  external  characters  arc  concerned, 
it  migiit  bo  regarded  as  a  subspecies  of  S.  ast'mns,  the  dilTerenccs  being  far 
,  less  than  between  either  of  the  subspecies  of  S.  huilsoniun,  and  ratlier  less,  or 
certaiidy  not  greater,  than  obtain  between  S.  teduans  cBuluani  and  S.  (pstu- 
ans  lu/oniger.  It  was  only  the  discovery  of  the  presence  of  two  upper  pre- 
molars (the  first  also  large  for  a  Sciurus)  that  led  me  to  recognize  it  as 
specifically  distinct  from  S.  astuans.  Five  of  the  eight  skins  of  S.  tephro- 
gasler  contain  the  skulls,  and  in  each  are  two  upper  premolars.  On  the  other 
liand,  in  examining  the  dentition  of  some  twenty  or  more  specimens  of  S. 
astuans,  embracing  about  an  equal  number  of  each  variety,  I  have  mc<  with 
none  having  more  than  a  single  upper  premolar.  .  , 

The  habitat  of  S.  tephrogaster  moy  be  considered  as  embracing  Southern 
Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  as  extending  southward  over  the  northern 
states  of  South  America  to  Central  New  Granada,  and  probably  to  Ecuador. 

Taolk  LVI. — itauuremcult  of  $cven  ipKinuni  of  Sciunus  TKruiiooAHTER. 


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PoUirn,  near  Cordora,  Mexico 

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do   

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...do. 

iii  Liiii'  i 


in 


Mm' 


7G6  MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMBRICAN  RODENTIA. 


SCIURUS  GERRARDI  Gray.  .  ^  ^^ 

(ierrard'g  Squirrel. 

Seiurua  gerrurdi  Giiay,  Troc.  Zofil.  Soc.  Lond.  1861,  99,  pi.  xlv  (New  Granada). 

ifacroiax  gitrrardi  OiuY,  Ami.  mid  Mug.  Nut.  Hist.  'M  aer.  xx,  1H(17,  4110. 

Macrotttt  brunnfo-nigtr  Cahtei.n.vu,  MS.— Giiay,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nnt.  Ilist.  3il  aer.  xx,  18G7,  429  (Brazil). 

MairoxuK  lanlholut  Okay,  Ann.  and  Mug.  Nat.  Hi«t.  3<l  tier,  xx,  18(!7,  429  (Cmta  Rica). 

t  ilacroxus  igHitiu  Gray,  Ann.  and  Ma^.  Nat.  Illat.  3d  aer.  xx,  1H67,  4i29  (Bolivia). 

Specific  chars. — Intermediate  in  size  between  Sciurus  variabilis  and 
Sciurus  testuans  var.  rvfoniger.  Length  of  body  from  end  of  nose  to  base  of  tail 
ai)out  9.50  ;  of  lail-vertebraj  about  8  00 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  hairs  about  10.00  to 
10.50;  of  iiindfoot  about  2.25.  Top  of  the  head  and  middle  region  of  dorsal 
siirfiice  black  or  dusky;  rest  of  dorsal  surface  varied  with  yellowish-rufous  and 
black;  below,  deep  reddish-brown  or  brigiit  reddish-orange;  outer  side  of  the 
limbs  sometimes  like  the  ventral  surface,  sometimes  like  the  dorsal  surface; 
in  some  specimens,  dark  fiery  red-brown,  darker  than  the  ventral  surface.  Tail 
rather  full  and  bushy,  the  base  of  the  hairs  yellowish-brown,  with  narrow 
rings  of  black ;  a  broad  subterminal  black  bar,  broadly  tipped  with  reddish- 
golden,  varying  to  dark  fiery-red.     Pelage  short  and  sparse,  especially  below. 

To  this  species  I  refer  three  badly  prepared  skins  from  Nercua,  New 
Granada,  and  four  specimens  in  alcohol  from  near  Obisjx),  Panama,  two  of 
which  are  evidently  not  of  adult  size.  The  three  Nercua  specimens  vary  in 
color  below  from  dark  reddish-orange  to  dark  reddish-brown.  In  two,  the 
middle  of  the  back  is  black,  the  rest  of  the  dorsal  surface  being  varied  with 
yellowish-rufous  and  black,  the  former  color  prevailing.  The  hairs  individu- 
ally are  dusky  at  the  base,  with  a  broad  subterminal  yellowish-rufous  bar, 
and  tipped  with  black.  In  one  of  the  specimens,  the  black  band  along  the 
middle  of  the  back  is  narrow  and  not  well  defined.  In  one,  the  whole  upper 
surface  of  the  head,  including  the  sides  of  'lie  nose,  is  nearly  as  dark  as  the 
middle  of  the  back;  in  the  others,  the  head  is  varied  with  yellow-  and  black. 
In  one,  the  surface  of  the  tail  is  reddish-golden;  in  another,  red;  and  in  the  third, 
dark  cherry-red.  Of  the  Panama  specimens,  one  (No.  3224,  adult  male)  is 
deep  red  above,  blackish  on  the  occiput  and  rump,  and  pale  red  below,  witii 
the  tail  black  at  the  base  and  tip,  and  the  middle  half  red.  Another  (No. 
3fi44,  a  young  female)  is  dusky  above,  varied  with  reddish-yellow,  and 
bright  ferrugineous  below,  with  the  tail  black,  the  middle  half  broadly  edged 
with  red.     No.  3216  (also  an  immature  female)  is  similar  to  the  last,  but  is 


SCIURID^-SCIUKUS  GERRARDI. 


707 


rather  darker  above  and  less  varied  with  yellow.  The  otlier  (No.  3G47,  a 
breeding  female)  is  more  varied  above  with  reddish-yellow  than  either  of  the 
others,  and  rather  paler  below.  The  tail,  as  in  the  others,  is  partly  black 
and  partly  red. 

This  species  has  es.sentially  the  same  style  of  coloration  as  Sciurus  vari- 
abilis, but  differs  from  it  in  its  smaller  size  and  much  smaller  ears.  Like 
that  species,  it  probably  runs  into  phases  in  which  the  ventral  surface  is 
white.  It  differs  from  Sciurus  cestuans  in  being  much  larger  and  in  colora- 
tion, it  much  exceeding  in  size  even  its  larger  northern  variety,  and  being 
much  redder.  The  Nercua  specimens,  however,  much  resemble  it  in 
coloration. 

Dr.  Gray's  description  and  figure  of  his  Macroxus  gerrardi  from  New 
Granada  agree  very  well  witli  the  specimens  above  described,  differing  only 
in  his  S.  gerrardi  being  white  below.  As,  however,  one  of  the  Panama 
specimens  is  very  pale  below  (nearly  white),  and  the  allied  species  all  present 
white-bellied  phases,  I  adopt  the  name  gerrardi  for  this  species.  Gray's  later 
description  of  his  M.  xanthotus  from  Veragua  agrees  well  with  the  speci- 
mens from  Nercua ;  and  I  also  refer  more  doubtfully  to  this  species  his  M. 
bruneo-niger  from  Brazil  and  his  M.  ignitus  from  Bolivia,  not  feeling  sure, 
however,  that  both  the  latter  may  not  be  referable  to  S.  cestuans  var.  rufo- 
niger.  Assuming,  however,  that  these  supposed  species  are  referable  to  the 
species  here  called  S.  gerrardi,  we  should  have  the  habitat  of  the  latter 
extending  from  Costa  Rica  to  Bolivia. 


Table  LVUL— Jtf«i»ttrCT»«ii(»  of 

icrcn  tptdmrnt  of  SciuRUS 

OEIIRARDI. 

1 

1 

u 
x»« 

3301 

33no 

•am 

fAI 
•3MB 

•36« 

1' 

i 

■ 

'3 
934 

LooaUtj.. 

1 
1 

M 

» 

9 

9 

o9 
09 

From  tipof  noM  to- 

Toil  to  end 
of- 

Longthur— 

o 
if 

n 

s 

h 

a 

g. 
1 

10.90 
B.SO 
B.TS 
a.  73 
0.10 
8.03 
8.70 

> 

7.93 
7.95 

8.00 
8.73 
8.00 
7.  .10 

I 

0.93 
0.93 

10. 9.1 

10  go 

«.VS 
8.00 

i 

1 

a 
n 

1.40 
1.40 
1.30 
1..13 
1.30 
1.41 
1.63 

9.90 
9  93 
9.40 
195 
9.10 
9.00 
9.93 

o."oi' 

0  60 
0.00 
0  65 

Skin. 

do. 

..do. 

Alcoliulio. 
...do. 
-.  do. 
..  do. 

do 

do 

1.03 
l.CO 
1.00 
1.  10 

3.0.1 

a  00 

1.9S 

1.83 

a.  4.1 
a.  4.1 

9.3< 
9.40 

do 

do 

•  In  MnMUDi  of  Compantln  ZotUoRy,  Cambridge,  Mum. 


."   !  •'  ^ 


'It; 


fii. 


I    ..  ! 


la*!!  I 


7G8 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  LIX. — Lift  of  tpecimem  txamtHed  of  Scii'Ri'8  okrbardi. 


•i 

s 

3 
O 

■s 

1 

a 

1 

s 

9 

a 
1 

■a 
6 

S 

Locality. 

From  whom  rocc!ve*I. 

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1 

3300 
3301 
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9 

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...da 

du 

do 

do   

do 

do 

do 

...da 

Dp.G.  a.  Uaask 

Alcabultc 
...da 

do 

do 

do 

...da 

do 

do 

do 

...da 

*  In  Maaeum  of  CompuritlTe  Zoology,  Cambridge, 

SCIURUS  VARIABILIS  Geoffroy.      . 
FeroTian  Squirrel* 

Sciuriu  variabilii  I.  Okoffrot,  fitnd.  Zool.  (Gudrin's  Mag.  de  Zool.),  1832,  i,  pi.  iv.— TscnuDi,  Fauna 

ruriiaiia,  1844-4fi,  105,  pi.  x.— ScHlsE,  8yn.  Maai.  ii,  1*»5, 20. 
Sciurut  langtdorffi  Bra.ndt,  Mdm.  Acad.  des.  Scl.  de  St.  PtStenb.  6o  s6r.  Matb.  Pbyn.  et  Nat.  lii,  9d  pt.  183r>, 

i-a,  pi.  xi.— Waonkr,  Snppl.  Scbreber'g  Siinget.  iii,  1843, 184 ;  Abband.  d.  K.-B.  Akad.  d. 

Wisecnscb.  v,  1650, 273.— ScuiNZ,  Syn.  Mam.  ii,  1845,-16.— OlEBEL,  Saugct.  1855,  653. 
Macrotttt  langadorffl  Gray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  xx,  18S7,  421^. 
Sdarua  ignirenlris  N.VTTERE11,  M.SS.— Wao.vf.r,  Wiegm.  Ar,  b,  f.  Natiirgescb.  1842,  i,  SfiO ;  Abband.  d. 

K.-n.  Akad.  d.  Wiiwenscb.  v,  1850,  275.— SciliNZ,  Synop.  Mam.  ii,  1645,  22  (rroni  Wagner).— 

D'OiiuiGNY  &,  Gervais,  Voy.  dans  TAmiSr.  ni^rid.  iv,  2d  pt.  1847,  24  (Uolivia). — Gikuel, 

Siinget.  1855,  054. 
Sciurut pyrrhonolut  Nattkrkr,  MSS.- Waoneb,  Wiegm.  Areb.  f.  NaturgcRch.  1848,  i,  360 ;  Abband.  d.  K.-B. 

Akad.  d.  Wissensch.  v,  1850,  277.— SciiiNZ,  Synop.  Mam.  il,  1845,  22  (from  Wagner). 
Sciurut  ilramiiieu»  Eydoux,  ZmoI.  Voy.  Bonite,  1844,  37,  pi.  ix.— TscilUDi,  Faana  Pernnna,  1844-46,  159. 
Sciurut  tricolor  PoKPria,  MSS. — Tsciiudi,  Funnn  Peruana,  1844-46,  156,  pi.  xi.— Waqnkr,  Abband.  d. 

K.-B.  Akad.  d.  Wisseuscb.  v,  1850,  279. 
Macroxui  fumigatut  Gray,  Adu.  and  Ma^;.  Nut.  Hist.  3d  aer.  xx,  1867,  428. 

Specific  chars. — Size  largo ;  length  of  body  about  11.00;  of  tail-vertebrJB 
10.00 ;  to  end  of  hairs  13.2.1.  Pelage  short,  harsh,  sparse,  the  ventral  surface 
very  tliinly  haired.  Ears  long  and  narrow  ;  tail  very  full  and  bushy.  Above, 
more  or  less  varied  with  black  and  fulvous  or  red ;  red  often,  but  sometimes 
black,  being  the  prevalent  tint;  beneath,  abruptly  paler,  yellowish-white, 
varying  from  nearly  white  to  rufous;  top  of  the  head  often  darker.  Basal  por- 
tion of  the  tail  usually  black,  or  black  sliglitly  mixed  with  fulvous  or  rufous; 
apical  and  middle  portions  generally  washed  witli  golden  or  rutbus,  the  tail 
being  often  wholly  of  this  tint  toward  the  tip.  Tiie  hairs  "re  generally  ful- 
vous at  the  extreme  base,  with  the  greater  po.t  ot  incir  length  black,  and 
tipped  with  golden  or  red,  the  black  extending  basally  on  the  ajMcal  portion 
of  the  tail,  but   narrowing   in   extent   till   it   is  wholly  concealed   by  the 


SCIUUID.^— SCIUUUS  VARIABILIS. 


709 


gulden  or  red  extremities.  The  hairs  of  the  dorsal  surface  are  black  at  the 
base,  broadly  tipped  with  fulvous,  rufous,  or  bright  red,  the  posterior  half  of 
the  dorsal  surface  of  the  body  generally  much  redder  than  the  anterior  half 
Runs  oecasionally  into  melanistic  phases,  in  which  the  whole  animal  is  black. 

This  species  is  most  obviously  distinguished  among  the  South  American 
Sciuri  by  its  large  size  and  very  long,  narrow  ears,  generally  nearly  or  quite 
an  inch  in  length,  or  even  more.  Its  variability  in  color  has  given  rise  to 
numerous  synonyms),  oilen  originating  in  the  MS.  names  of  collectors.  It 
appears  to  vary  in  length  of  body  from  about  10.00  to  I'i.OO  inches,  the  tail- 
vertebrae  being  about  one  inch  shorter,  and  the  tail  with  the  hairs  about  two 
inches  longer  than  the  length  of  head  and  body. 

This  species  was  first  described  by  GeoflTroy,  in  1832,  as  Sciurus  vari- 
abilis, from  Colombian  specimens,  in  which  the  ventral  surface  was  red. 
Brandt's  £>.  langsdorffi,  described  from  a  Brazilian  specimen  in  1835,  is  evi- 
dently the  same  animal.  Wagner,*  in  1843,  pointed  out  the  great  variability 
in  color  to  which  he  then  supposed  the  S.  langsdorffi,  of  Brandt  was  subject, 
describing  in  detail  four  Brazilian  specimens  which  varied  greatly  from  each 
other  iu  coloration.  The  ventral  surface  in  one  was  light  rust-yellow,  in 
another  white,  in  another  rusty-brown,  and  in  the  other  ferrugineous,  dark- 
ening posteriorly  to  chestnut.  The  upper  surface  in  the  first  was  wholly 
fox-red,  in  the  second  black  varied  with  brownish-yellow,  passing  into  fox- 
red  posteriorly,  the  third  chiefly  black  above  varied  with  yellow,  the  fourth 
mainly  rufous.  He  failed,  however,  to  identify  Geoffroy's  S.  variaM'.^'i  with 
this  species.  Tschudi  redescribed  and  figured  Geofl^roy's  8.  vartabilvi  from 
Peruvian  specimens,  in  which  the  dorsal  surface  was  light  reddish-brown 
sprinkled  with  black,  the  ventral  surface  generally  white,  but  sometimes  red. 
Wagner,  in  1842,  published  short  diagnoses  of  Sciurus  igniventrit  and  S. 
pyrrhonotus  Natterer,  MS.  These  species  he  redescribed  in  detail  in  1850, 
with  fuller  accounts  also  o(  S.  langsdorffi,  and  a  notice  of  the  S.  tricolor 
(Poeppig  MS.)  Tschudi.  He  refers  to  nine  examples  of  8.  langsdorffi,  seven 
of  8.  igniventris,  and  nine  also  of  S.  pyrrhonotus,  all,  with  one  exception, 
from  Natterer's  collection.  Under  8.  langsdorffi,  Wagner  states  that  the 
additional  material  received  since  the  publication  of  his  former  notice  of  that 
species  had  led  him  to  retract  the  opinions  there  expressed  respecting  the 
variability  of  8.  langsdorffi,  and  that  he  considered  as  erroneous  the  reference 


48X 


'Bnppl.  Schtober'i  Siiaget.  Hi,  183. 


770 


MOXOORAF'na  OF  NORTH  AMRRICAN  RODENTIA. 


il       i| 


'!  '>'  ii 


Itvii 


to  S.  langsdorffi.  of  three  of  the  specimens  there  mentioned.  He  says  fur- 
thermore that  he  believed  the  large  Squirrels  of  Brazil  were  referable  to 
several  species,*  which  he  in  this  paper  attempts  to  characterize.  The  dif- 
ferences he  mentions,  however,  either  in  size  or  color,  are  by  no  means  im- 
portant, in  view  of  the  usual  range  of  variation  presented  by  the  American 
Sciiiri.  He  restricts,  however,  the  S.  langsdorffi  to  specimens  strictly  rei'er- 
ahle  to  Brandt's  original  description,  or  those  having  the  dorsal  surface  varied 
with  ochre-yellow  and  black,  and  the  lower  parts  ochry-rust-yellow,  with  a 
small  spot  of  white  on  the  throat;  the  fore  limbs  pale  yellow,  sprinkled  witli 
black;  the  hind  limbs  similarly  colored,  but  more  reddish;  the  (ail  black  at 
the  base,  mixed  with  pale  yellow,  passing  toward  the  end  into  orange-red. 
The  nine  examples  he  refers  to  this  species  he  says  are  all  of  the  same  color, 
and  all  come,  according  to  Natterer,  from  Cuyaba,  in  the  province  of  Matto 
Grosso,  Brazil.  According  to  his  measurements,  this  species  is  the  smallest 
of  the  four  he  here  recognizes. 

The  seven  specimens  he  refers  to  S.  igniventris  are  hL  from  Marabita- 
Tias,"on  the  Upper  Rio  Negro.  Four  of  them  are  red,  the  remaining  three 
black.  Two  of  the  red  specimens  have  the  hairs  of  the  back  black,  with 
light  points,  which  in  one  are  reddish-yellow,  in  the  other  grayish-yellow; 
so  that  in  one  the  dorsal  surface  is  rust-red  sprinkled  with  black,  in  tlie  other 
rust-yellow  sprinkled  with  black.  The  under  side  of  the  body  is  beaufilul 
rust-red.  The  tail  is  black  at  the  base,  but  mostly  red  at  the  surface,  with 
the  hairs  black  basally,  somewhat  mixed  with  yellow.  The  size  is  given  as 
a  little  larger  than  that  of  S.  langsdorffi.  This  species  he  says  differs  from 
both  ,S^.  langsdorffi  and  S.  pyrrhonotus  through  its  color  and  its  habitat,  an<l 
from  (he  former  also  in  size. 

The  nine  specimens  of  aS^.  pyrrhonotus  were  (except  one)  all  collected 
by  Natterer  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Madeira.  The  color  above  is  lively 
rust-red,  nclining  anteriorly  more  to  orange-re<l  and  posteriorly  l>ecoming 
fiery-red  ;  below,  whitish-yellow  or  ochre-yellow,  lightest  anteriorly.  The 
tail  is,  as  in  tiie  other  species,  black  at  the  biise,  passing  into  rust-red  or  rust- 
yellow,  with  the  hairs  broadly  black  at  the  base.  The  eight  8|>ccimens  col- 
lected by  Natterer  are  said  to  be  all  of  the  same  color;  the  ninth,  from  Spix's 

*  ''  S<iit(U-ui  buliH  icti  mill  diu  )(aiize  Siiinnilnng  von  Natterer  vcrijleirlien  kujneii  iiud  bio  iloilnrcb 
mit  iliiii  7MV  Uol)t>rz»  iignng  gelaiigt,  diMH  niirbt  ntir  iiieine  'A  vorbin  genanDleo  Kxeiuplan^  gar  nicht  dHiii 
Sciarut  lan<iiii!j)rffii  angubureii,  Bouderii  daati  unter  den  gronen  bnailiMbea  Eicbborncben  mebrrro  Arton 
III  iinterHcbuiileo  Heyen,  wie  icb  dies  nan  aiuemandei  aetxeii  will." — {AUtandl.  der  math.-ph^ik  Claim 
Bayrr.  Aiad.  der  WimenHh.  v,  274.) 


SCIURID^E— SCIITRUS  VARIABILIS. 


771 


collection,  also  similar,  is  the  first  of  the  four  specimens  previously  referred 
by  him  to  S.  langsdorffi.  lly  single  specimen  from  Manaos  (mouth  of  the 
Rio  Negro)  agrees  most  nearly  with  this  species. 

The  Sciurus  tricolor,  first  described  by  Tschudi,  Wagner  here  discusses 
at  some  length,  recognizing  ii,  as  specifically  distinct  from  the  others.  De- 
scriptions of  two  specimens  of  this  species  are  given  from  Tschudi,  both 
from  Northeastern  Peru,  and  of  two  others  collected  by  Spix,  wi.ich  he  had 
previously  referred  to  8.  langsdorffi.  One  of  Tschudi's  specimens  has  the 
upper  surface  black,  with  eacii  hair  tipped  with  light  ochre-yellow ;  the  ven- 
tral surface  soiled  yellowish-white.  The  tail  is  black  at  the  base,  mixed 
with  hairs  ringed  with  brown  or  yellow-brown;  the  rest  of  the  tail  with 
the  hairs  broadly  tipped  with  light  fox-red.  The  other  has  the  dorsal  surface 
black,  with  the  hairs  broadly  ringed  with  reddish-yellow  {mit  breitem  roth- 
gclben  Ringe);  the  ventral  surface,  sfdes  of  the  head,  and  whole  inner  sur- 
face of  the  limiis  rust-yellow.  As  already  stated,  Wagner  refers  to  this 
species  two  specimens  mentioned  in  bis  first  account  of  S.  langsdorffi  (the 
second  and  third).  One  of  them  is  black  above,  sprinkled  with  brownish- 
yellow,  passing  pnthe  hind  limbs  into  rust-red  ;  below,  grayish-white.  The 
other  is  similar,  but  the  black  more  predominates  over  the  yellow,  and  the 
under  surface  is  rusty-brownish,  and  the  tail  is  also  somewhat  darker. 

The  S.  stramineus,  described  by  Eydoux*  in  1844,  from  specimens  taken 
in  Northern  Peru,  is  scarcely  different  from  the  so-called  8.  igniventris,  and 
belongs  to  the  same  group.  It  has  essentially  the  same  size,  the  same  large 
ears,  and,  judged  by  the  description,  the  same  coloration.  The  Macroxus 
fumigatus  of  Gray  from  the  Upper  Amazons  is  evidently  based  on  a  mela- 
nistic  example,  which  is  probably  identical  with  the  melanistic  specimens 
from  the  Rio  Negro  referred  by  Wagner  to  liis  S.  igniventris. 

*"Le  corps  de  cut  £oareuil  eat  oouvert  de  polls  assez  courts,  uoir&tres,  termlD^  de  jaaae  paiUe 
Mti.  La  teinte  sar  glacis  fauve  est  pins  vIve  am  lunibes  et  i^  la  face  externe  des  membres  post^rienrs. 
La  queue  a  de  long  polls  nolrs  terminus  de  Jnnne-blancli&tre,  et  elle  paralt  comme  lav^  de  oette  deml^re 

coaleor ;  elle  est  plotAt  en  paoaobe  que  distique Les  Joues  et  le  mentoc  sont  de  cooleur 

faave  clalr,  et  la  face  iofdrlcnre  des  membres,  ainsi  que  le  doasous  dn  corps  sont  figalement  pAles. 

"  Longener  du  corps  et  de  t£te,  10  poucus  lfi.'J7).  Longeuor  de  la  queue  en  oomprement  ses  poilei 
t^rmineanz,  11  ponces  (0,30). 

"  Cet  £cnrenil  a  6ti  trouvtf  li  Oinatope  an  P<Srou."— (  Toy.  de  la  Bonilt,  Zool.  i,  pp.  38,  39.) 

The  plate  sbows  large  ears,  but  the  color  is  quite  nnlike  tbat  given  in  the  description,  aud  better 
agrees  with  that  of  the  Sduriu  iieboKxi  of  Oeoffroy  than  with  any  of  the  nboTe-deaoribed  forms  of  S, 
variaMllt. 


772 


MONOGKAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMEKHCAN  KODENTIA. 


r  : !, 


"■"[;'< 


Pi.!  :p' 


\m 


■.•i 


The  measurements  of  these  species,  as  given  by  authors  (mainly  hy 
Wagner),  are  as  follows : — 


Soluraa  varinbilia  — 
Sciarua  langadurfll  . . . 

Do , 

SciuruB  Ifcniventrja . . 
Sciurus  pyrrhonotna . . 
Sciurus  tricolor 

Do 

Sciuraa  atramiueus . . 


Looallty. 


Eastern  Peru 

Ooyubn,  Uatto  Oroaao,  Bnuil.. 

Dniall 

Klo  ?1egro,  Brull 

Moutb  of  Rio  Uwlcira,  Brniil.. 

Nortlieru  Peru 

do 

Omntopo,  Peru 


h 


10.00 

iae4 

0.83 
11.  7S 
II.  85 
13.^4 

i£n 

10.00 


10.  w 


S 
S 

1 


10.16 
11.00 


II.  S5 
11.90 
19.00 
13.00 
13.10 
13.  SO 


1.90 
1.00 
1.03 
1.00 
1.00 

i.oe 


Qioted  froni' 


Tachaili. 

Wagnor. 

Bnndt. 

Wigoer. 

..  d& 

...da 

TaekBdI. 

Cydonx. 


My  single  specimen  (a  mounted  example)  from  Manaos,  Brazil,  exceeds 
the  largest  of  these  measurements  by  nearly  an  inch  (English  scale),  but 
agrees  in  coloration  with  Wagner's  S.  pyrrhonotus.  As,  however,  the  meas- 
urements given  in  the  table  are  in  the  larger  German  inches,  'he  difference 
is  more  apparent  than  real.  The  whole  range  of  variation  in  size  and  color 
is  not  greater  than  usually  occurs  among  the  Sciuri,  and  is  eten  iar  less 
than  is  often  met  with.  There  is  the  same  style  of  coloration  in  all ;  the 
same  short,  thin,  stiff  pelage  and  long,  pointed  ears.  The  coloration  of  the 
lower  parts  in  all  is  sharply  separated  from  that  of  the  upper  surfa^'e  of  the 
body,  reference  to  which  is  made  by  almost  every  author  in  describing  these 
several  supposed  species.  The  lower  surface  varies  only  in  the  amount  of 
rufous,  being,  in  some  specimens,  only  jHtle  soiled  oi  yellowish-wliite,  in 
others  bright  rust,  with  numerous  intermediate  stages  in  others.  Tht  dorsa 
surface  varies  in  respect  to  the  greater  or  less  prevalence  of  black  or  red,  and 
in  the  tint  of  the  red,  which  is  sometimes  yellowish-red,  sometimes  dark  rust- 
red.  The  anterior  half  of  the  body  is  generoUy  lighter  than  the  post*  rior 
half,  the  color  generally  increasing  in  intensity  posteriorly.  All  have  the  'ail 
more  or  less  red  at  the  base,  passing  into  yellowish-red  or  deeper  nd 
posteriorly. 

According  to  Tschudi,  only  /S.  'Kitramineus"  occurs  west  of  the  Andes 
Ihis  species  having  been  obtained  by  the  naturalists  of  the  ^^Bonite"  at 
Omatope,  in  Northwestern  Peru,  near  Pnyta.    S.  variabilis  he  gives  as  ranging 
chiefly  in  the  upper  forest  region,  east  of  the  main  Andean  chain,  and  as  not 
often  occurring  below  2,000  feet.     Between  9°  and  12°  south  latitude,  it  is 


SCICKID^— 8CIUEU8  NEBOUXI. 


778 


frequently  to  be  met  with*  D'Orbigiiy  and  Gervais  report  the  occurrence 
of  S.  igniventrus  from  Cliiquetos,  Bolivia,  and  Wagner  from  the  Rio  Negro. 
The  same  author  gives  L.  lang$dorffi  from  Cuyaba,  Matio  Grosso,  and  8.  pyr- 
rhonolus  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Madeira.  This  would  give  a  habitat 
extending  from  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Andes  to  or  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Madeira,  and  from  Southeastern  Bolivia  and  Southern  Malto  Grosso 
northward  to  New  Granada,  nearly  reaching  (he  coast  in  Northwestern  Peru 
III. — Notice  of  doubtful  species. 
1. — SciuHus  NEBOUXI  Is.  GeoflV.  j  {:> 

Sciunu  nebOHZil  Is.  GEorFROv,  Voy.  de  la  V^dus,  ZooI.  1855, 165,  pi.  xii. 

The  specimen  from  which  this  species  was  described  and  figured  is 
said  to  have  been  obtained  by  Dr.  N(3boux  at  Payta,  Peru.  It  came  doubt- 
less not  from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Payta,  but  from  the  neighboring 
forest-region  of  the  interior.  Geoffrey  gives  a  colored  figure  of  the  animal, 
two-thirds  the  natural  size,  with  two  views  of  the  skull  (natural  size),  and  a 
figure  of  the  upper  molar  teelh,  as  seen  from  above.  Geoffrey  states  that 
there  is  no  trace  of  the  small  anterior  upper  premolar  so  often  present  among 
the  true  Squirrels. 

According  to  Geoffroy,  this  specimen  measured  10.60  (270°"")  from  the 
end  of  the  nose  to  the  base  of  the  tail. 

"La  couleur  gdn^rale  du  pelage  est  le  gris.  Cette  cpuleur,  plus  ou 
inoins  modifi^e,  est  en  effet  celle  de  I'animal  entier,  moins  les  oreilles,  les 
moustaches  et  les  quatre  pattes  qui  sont  noires,  et  une  tache  blanche,  com- 
poB^e  de  poils  beaucoup  plus  longs  que  les  autres,  et  situ^e  sur  le  col,  k  peu 
de  distance  de  la  base  des  oreilles. 

"Le  gris  est  d'une  nuance  pure  et  qui  rappelle  la  couleur  du  Capistrate 
[Sciurus  niger  var.  7iiger'],  sur  la  plus  grande  partie  du  dos  et  sur  la  face 
ext«rne  des  membres  antdrienrs ;  mais  11  passe  au  noir  tiquetd  sur  la  tete,  et 
au  fauve  sur  la  partie  post^rieure  du  dos,  la  croupe  et  les  faces  ext^rieure  et 
postdrieure  des  membres,  ainsi  que  sur  la  base  de  la  queue.  Dans  la  portion 
qui  est  d'un  gris  pur,  les  poils  sont  noirs  avec  leur  extrdmit^  [gris  ?]  ;  dans  la 
portion  rousstltre,  ils  sont  de  nieme  noirs,  mais  avec  I'extr^mit^  fauve. 

*  "  Zaerat  enobelnt  daaelbst  8c.  variabHU  Bchon  an  der  untern  Giiiusso  dei  Ccynregion  bei  5000'  U.  M. ; 
Id  der  obern  Waldregion  1st  Min  Iluiiptverbreitiingsbeziik;  wir  bab«n  ibn  srwiBcfacn  9-12^  >-.  B.  sehr 
h&aflg  KStrofluD.  Es  scheint,  doss  er  tiefer  nls  3000'  nicfat  mebr  getrofien,  sondern  daaelbst  dnrch  So.  tri- 
color and  So.  tutnatu  vertraton  wild.  Enleren  fand  Hr.  Prof.  Povppig  uur  hi  den  feiichten  Urwiildern 
des  tiefer  gelegenen  Theiles  von  Hnynas,  niao  ganz  im  nordnstlichen  Pern.  Sein  weiterer  Verbreitnngs- 
beiirk  is  noch  ganz  unbekannt,  docb  bat  er  uacb  SUdvn  viellcicbt  aucb  c:  t  bei  14-16°  S.  B.  auine 
OrSnze."— (fsHaa  PerHaiia,  Theroloj,'!^  y.  ICO.) 


i 


. 


!!l' 


SiJ 


II    ' 


774  MON'OUUAPUS  OV  NORTU  AMBBIOAN  RODBNTIA. 

"Les  parties  infdrieures  dii  corps  et  les  parties  internes  des  membres, 
ainsi  que  le  tour  de  la  bouche,  sont  d'un  gris  clair  It^gferemcnt  teintd  de  jaune. 
Les  poils  des  cotes  du  ventre  ont  les  deirx  uiemes  couleurs  que  les  poils  du 
dos,  mais  sont  beaucoup  plus  courts.  Les  poils  plus  courts  qui  couvrent  le 
milieu  du  ventre  et  de  la  poitrine,  prdsentent  aussi  les  deux  m6mes  couleurs; 
mais  avec  cette  difftirence  que  le  bianc  ou  le  fuuve  occupe  la  plus  grande  partie 
de  leur  4tendus. 

"La  queue,  ronde  et  non  distique,  est,  sauf  sa  base  dont  la  couleurli  ^t^ 
plus  haut  indiqude,  d'un  gris  blanch^tre,  les  poils  dtant  noirs  dans  leur  pre- 
miere portion,  puis  blanc  vers  leur  extrt^mitd  De  plus,  parmi  eux,  sont 
entrem^lds  quelques  poils  enti^rement  Wanes." 

In  comparing  this  species  with  his  8.  " aureogaster"  (:  leucops,  nee  aureo- 
gaster  F.  Cuv.),  described  and  figured  in  the  same  work,  he  dwells  particularly 
upon  the  differences  in  dentition  that  exist  between  them,  not  only  in  respect 
to  the  form  of  the  teeth,  but  in  respect  to  the  presence  in  S.  nebouxi  of  only 
a  single  upper  premolar  instead  of  two. 

This  species,  here  given  provisionally,  seems  quite  different  from  any 
other  hitherto  described ;  it  may,  however,  be  merely  a  gray  phase  of  some 
other  well-known  species,  possibly  of  Sciurus  hypopyrrhus. 

2. — Sciurus  dimidiatus  Waterh. 

BeiuTut  dmi'liatut  Waterhousb,  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  lf^40,  21. 

Macroxua  dimidiatus  Okay,  Aun.  nud  Mag.  Nat.  HiHt.  3d  ser.  xx,  1S67,  434. 

This  species,  described  originally  by  Wuterhouse  as  probably  South 
American,  I  am  unable  to  identify  with  any  American  species.  It  is  thus  fiir 
known  only  from  Waterhouse's  original  specimen  from  an  unknown  locality. 
As  Dr.  Gray  has  suggested,  it  is  more  likely  of  African  origin.  Mr.  Water- 
house's  description  is  as  follows:  — 

"Sciurus  ditnidiatus.  Sci.  supri  griseus  fulvo  lavatus,  subtus  flavus; 
capite,  corpore  ad  latera  pedibusque  rufuscentibus ;  cauda  fer^  corporis  longi- 
tudinem  sequante,  indutil  pilis  nigris,  flavis  at<}ue  fulvis  commixtis. 

nno.    Ha. 

"Longitndo  ab  apioe  ro8tri  ad  caudie  biuin 10      0 

" caudae,  feik 7      6 

" abapice  rostriBd  basin  anris 1    11 

" tani  digitonmque 2      3 

" Burin 0      8 

,1,       *^Hab.     South  America! 

'  ''     "Th.b  curiously-colored  species  of  Squirrel  was  purchased  at  a  sale,  and 


SOIURID-ai— SCIURD8  BOIT^. 


775 


in  the  same  lot  were  specimens  of  Sciuru,<  eesluam  and  Sc  ia.igsdoiffi,  well- 
known  South  American  pecies ;  it  is  probable,  therefore,  it  may  be  an  inhab- 
itant of  the  same  country  Its  fur  is  very  short  for  a  Squirrel,  lather  harsh, 
and  less  loose  than  in  the  generality  of  Squirrels:  the  back  is  gray,  or  what 
might  be  termed  an  iron-gray,  having  a  rusty  hue;  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
head  the  rust-like  tint  prevails,  and  the  muzzle  is  almost  entirely  of  a  rich 
rust  color;  the  sides  of  the  head  and  neck  are  of  a  golden-yellow  tint,  and 
the  under  parts  of  the  body  are  yellow :  a  bright  rust-colored  line  rrns  along 
each  side  of  the  body,  and  separates  the  yellow  coloring  of  the  under  parts 
from  the  iron-gray  of  the  upper;  on  the  outer  sides  of  the  limbs,  and  on  the 
feet,  a  rich  deep  golden-yellow  hue  prevails  The  tail  is  apparently  cylindri- 
cal, and  not  bushy ;  the  prevailing  hue  of  the  hiiirs  is  deep  rust  color,  but 
they  are  for  the  most  part  more  or  less  broadly  annulated  with  black  in  the 
middle.  The  ears  are  slightly  pointed,  and  well  clothed  with  golden-yellow 
hairs;  those  on  the  outer  side  are  of  a  bright  rust  color;  they  have  no  pencil 
of  hairs  at  the  tip.  The  hairs  of  the  moustaches  are  numerous,  long,  and  of 
a  black  color.     The  incisors  of  both  upper  and  under  jaws  are  deep  orange." 

Gray's  description  of  Waterhouse's  original  specimen  is  as  follows: — • 
"Fur  rather  harsh,  abnndant,  reddish  iron-gray;  hairs  short,  close,  black  at 
the  base,  with  a  broad  pale-brown  ring,  a  dark-brown  subterminal  ring,  and  a 
white  ;  upper  part  of  head,  shoulders,  legs,  thighs,  and  feet,  and  a  streak 
along  each  side  of  the  body  rufous ;  sides  of  the  head,  chin,  and  beneath  yel- 
low: tail  reddish,  black-varied;  hairs  reddish-brown,  with  a  broad  black  sub- 
terminal  ring  and  reddish  end,  and  gray  base." 

Dr.  Gray  adds, — "  This  specimen  was  purchased  at  a  sale  with  some  South 
American  Squirrels;  but  it  has  much  more  the  appearance  of  an  AfHcan 
Squirrel.  No  other  specimen  of  this  Squirrel  has  occurred  to  me;  so  the 
true  habitat  is  still  doubtful." 

3. — SciDRUS  BOTT.*!  Less. 

Sciunit  botim  Lessor,  Cent.  Zool.  1832,  221,  pi.  Ixxvi ;  "Dcsc.  dc»  Manim.  ol  Ois.  1847, 140".— Wagneu 
Suppl.  Schreber'ii  SSiiget.  iii,  lSt.1, 1843, 172  (from  LnBwn). — SCHIKZ,  Syonp.  Hamui.  ii,  1840 
10  (from  Ltisson).    See  also  Baikd,  Malum.  N.  Amer.  1S57,  ilSl. 

The  Sciurus  botta,  described  by  Lesson  from  a  specimen  said  to  have 
come  from  California,  agrees  well  with  nothing  I  have  as  yet  met  with, 
and  is  certainly  in  some  respects  unlike  any  animal  at  present  known  from 
either  the  California  of  to-day  or  the  California  of  fifty  years  ago.     It  is  evi- 


776 


MONOGUAPH8  OP  NOKTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Ml      li 


E:  1 


mm 


dcntly  a  true  Sciunis,  nnd  in  many  points  recalls  S.  hudsontus  vnr.  douglasn, 
as  in  the  proportional  length  of  the  tail  to  the  hotly,  the  form  and  color  of  . 
the  ears,  the  color  of  the  ventral  surface,  and  somewhat  in  the  color  of  the 
dorsal  surface.  It  diiTers,  however,  in  heing  larger,  in  the  pelage  being  rather 
harsh,  in  the  tail  being  rounJcd  (though  somewhat  distichous),  and  somewhat 
in  coloration.  The  length  of  the  body,  being  ten  inches,  is  fully  an  inch 
greater  than  in  large  specimens  of  var.  douglassi.  The  hairs  of  the  latter  are 
not,  however,  colored,  "par  portions  presque  dgales,  de  blanc,  de  brun,  de 
blanc  fauve  et  de  roux",  although  the  general  tint  of  the  dorsal  surface — 
"d'un  roux-fauve  clair,  varid  de  noir" — is  occasionally  not  great',  ilifferent 
If  the  locality  is  correctly  indicated,  it  can,  however,  scarcely  be  anything  else. 
According  to  Professor  Baird,  Dr.  J.  E.  Gray  believed  it  referable  ioSpermo- 
philus  heechfiji,  but  this,  as  suggested  by  Professor  Baird,  is  highly  improbable. 
Lesson's  description  in  full  is  as  follows:  — 

"L'ficUREUIL   DE   BOTTA. 

'' Sciurus  bottce  Less. 

"Get  ^cureuil,  rapports  de  la  Californie  par  le  docteur  Botta,  nous  a  Hi 
communique  par  M.  Florent  Provost  11  a  de  longueur  totale  seize  pouces,  et 
dans  ces  dimensions  la  tete  entre  pour  deux  pouces  et  la  queue  pour  six 
pouces  six  lignes  Les  membres  ante'rieurs  ont  deux  pouces  et  demi  de 
hauteur,  et  les  post^rieurs  trois  et  demi. 

"Cette  esp^ce  a  la  queue  arrondie,  t\  polls  m^diocrement  distiques,  et  sa 
forme  est  l^g^rement  pointue  k  I'extr^mit^  par  I'amincissement  successifj 
depuis  la  naissance  des  vert^bres  coccygiennes  jusqu'k  leur  terminaison. 

"  Les  moustaches  sont  compose'es  de  poils  fins,  grfiles,  assez  nombreux 
et  noirs.  Les  oreilles  sont  pointues,  garnies  en  dedans  de  poils  trfes-courts, 
qui  s'alongent  au  sommet  en  un  petit  pinceau  gr^le  et  mince.  Tous  les  doigts 
sont  rcvetus  jusqu'aux  ongles,  en  dessus  et  sur  les  cGt^s,  de  poils  ras  et  serr^s. 
Le  dedans  des  mains  et  des  pieds  est  nu,  h,  partir  des  surfaces  palmaires  et 
plantaires.  Le  pouce  de  la  main  est  compl^tement  rudimentaire;  eelui  du  pied 
est  assez  robuste,  bien  que  plus  court  que  le  doigt  externe.  Les  trois  doigts 
moyens  sont  au  pied  h,  peu  pr^s  de  mSme  longueur. 

"Le  pelage  de  cet  dcureuil  est  partout  mediocre,  serr^  assez  dense  et 
peu  rude.  Les  poils  s'alongent  sur  les  lombes  et  sur  les  fesses,  et  principale- 
ment  sur  la  queue.     Chaque  poil  est  colore*,  par  poi-tions  presque  ^gtiles,  de 


nm 


;it*fl    'J.^:. 


I. .« 


SCIUUID^— 8CIUKU8  CLARKEI. 


777 


blanc,  de  brun,  de  blnnc  fuuve  et  de  roux.  II  en  r(^sulte  une  teinte  g6nira\c 
fauve,  ondue  de  roux  et  surtout  de  noir  sur  toutes  lea  parties  siipdrieurcs  et 
externcs.  Le  dessous  du  corps,  au  contraire,  est  en  ontier,  k  partir  dii  men- 
ton  jusqu'Jl  I'anus,  d'nn  fauve  clair,  tirant  au  blanohfttre.  Ainsi  le  sommet  de 
le  tfite  pard.it  roux,  les  joues  et  les  c6t^8  du  cou  sont  gris,  le  milieu  du  dos  et 
les  flancs,  le  haut  des  membres  en  dehors,  sont  d'un  roux-fauvc  clair,  varid  de 
noir.  La  queue  est  de  la  nuance  fauve  et  brune,  chaque  poil  se  trouvant  ter- 
mini de  fauve  tr^s-clair.  Les  pieds  et  les  mains  en  dessus  sont  fauve  clair. 
Les  ongles  sont  cornds,  petits,  peu  robustes  et  assez  aigus.  Les  parties  nucs 
sont  couleurde  chair. 

"Les  oreilles  de  cet  dcureuil  sont  remarquables  en  dessus  par  le  noir 
qui  les  colore,  et  qui  s'affaiblit  sur  le  bord  postdrieur,  en  prenant  de  I'intensitd 
au  sommet. 

"L'dcureuil  de  Botta  rappellera  les  voyages  d'un  jeune  mddecin  qui  a 
enrichi  les  sciences  natu  relies  et  provient  de  la  Californie,  contrde  neuve  et 
curieuse,  encore  trfes-mal  connue.  On  ignore  quelles  sont  ses  habitudes." — 
{Centurk  zoologique,  par  R.  P.  Lesson,  Paris,  1832,  pp.  221,  222.) 

4. — SciUKUS  CLARKLi  Ham.-Smith. 

&.'iiiriM  clarkli  Hamilton-Smith,  Oriffltb'8  CiiTier's  Ad.  King,  iii,  1827, 189  (with  a  plate) ;  ib.  ▼,  1827. 
Sdurui  olarkii  *ad  Spermopkiliu  clarkii  of  nuffleroas  compilers ;  see  also  Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amer.  1857,  279. 

This  species,  figured  by  Major  Hamilton-Smith  from  a  specimen  in  the 
old  Peale's  Museum  of  Philadelphia,  said  to  have  been  "brought  there  by 
the  American  Missouri  travellers,  Messrs.  Lewis  and  Clarke",  agrees  strictly 
with  no  known  American  species  of  Sciurus,  No  indication  is  given  of  the 
size  of  the  animal,  but,  judging  by  the  colored  figure,  the  proportions  recall 
more  strongly  Sciurus  carolinensis  than  any  other  North  American  Squirrel. 
Professor  Baird  thought  it  reasonable  to  suppose  that  there  "is  some  error  in 
the  locality  given,  since  Lewis  and  Clarke  make  no  mention  of  such  an  animal 
in  their  very  full  notices  of  the  zoology  of  the  regions  explored  by  them". 
He  adds, — "Thi.s  animal  has,  by  some,  been  referred  to  as  a  Spermophile,  but 
with  no  definite  reason.  I  know  of  no  permanent  variety  of  Squirrel  resem- 
bling this  description  at  all.  It  has  much  the  characters,  in  part,  of  an  albino. 
At  any  rate,  there  is  little  doubt  that  no  such  animal  inhabits  western  North 
America  as  a  distinct  and  true  species.''*  The  "slight  ochery  tint"  of  the 
belly,  it  seems  to  me,  is  the  only  discrepancy  of  importance  between  the 
described  characters  of  "Sciurus  c/arki"  and  the  light  whitisk-gray  phase  of 

'  *  Ham.  M.  Amer.  pp.  S79,im 


llll 


M 


mm 


778 


MONOOKArUS  OF  NORTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Sciurui^  carolinensis.     If  tlio  specimen  camo  roally  from  North  Americn,  It  is 
far  morn  likely  rc('oral)lf!  to  this  s|)ocics  than  to  any  other. 

Ilamilton-Sniith's  iloscripfion  in  lull  is  as  follows : — "C/arfrr's  Sguhrel 
lias  the  hack,  npper  part  of  the  iiead  and  neck,  cheeks  and  tail,  of  n  delicate 
silver-gray  colour ;  the  shoulders,  flanks,  belly,  and  posterior  extremities,  both 
within  and  without,  are  white,  with  a  slight  ochery  tint;  on  the  sides  of  the 
nose  anil  fore  arms  this  tint  deepens  in  intensity;  the  bend  is  rather  flattened 
and  thick,  the  cars  small  and  round;  the  eyes  black,  and  situate  on  the  sides 
of  the  bend  very  far  distant  from  each  other,  leaving  a  wide  expanse  of  fore- 
head ;  the  nostrils  are  semilunar  in  shape ;  the  upper  lip  is  cleft,  and  there  is 
a  black  spot  on  the  chin ;  the  tail,  which  is  flat  and  spreading,  is  very  beau- 
tiful, not  so  full  near  its  insertion  as  toward  the  middle,  and  again  diminishing 
in  breadth  till  it  terminates  in  a  point." — {Griffith's  Cuoiet's  Animal  King- 
dom, vol.  ii!;  pp.  189,  190.) 

5. — ScicHUs  80CIALI8  Wagner. 

Sciuriu  locialh  Wagnkr,  Abh.  tier  malh.-pbyit.  KlaHXo  ilnr  K.  Bayer.  Akad.  d,  WiHttensch.  ii,  1837,  504,  pi. 
V  ;  8up;>l.  Sobreber's  Sanget.  hi,  1843, 171. 

In  1837,  Wagner  described  two  species  of  Mexican  Squirrels  under  the 
names  S.  alhipes  (subsequently  changed  to  S.  varius)  and  S.  socialis,  neither 
of  which  I  can  satisfactorily  determine.  The  first  I  have  doubtfidly  referred 
to  Sciurus  boothite  (see  anted,  p.  741),  to  some  phases  of  which  it  seems  to 
have  a  close  resemblance.  The  S.  socialis,  in  its  small  size  (length  S.M)  and 
short  tail  (somewhat  shorter  than  the  head  and  body),  differs  from  anytiiing 
as  yet  known  to  me.  It  is  perhaps  based  on  an  immature  specimen,  in  which 
case  its  small  size  would  be  readily  accounted  for.  I  have  met  with  no 
description  of  a  species  of  this  size  from  Mexico  or  Central  America,  except 
S.  iephrogaster  and  S.  etstuans  var.  rufoniger,  from  which  it  differs  widely  in 
coloration.  Its  short  tail  and  small  size  suggest  Sciurus  carolinensis,  but  its 
rusti/ -yellow  lower  surface  and  tail  rusty-red  below,  bordered  with  black  and 
edged  with  white,  render  its  proper  reference  here  wholly  improbable.  Pos- 
sibly it  may  have  been  described  from  an  immature  example  of  5.  aureigaster 
(F.  Gny. zzS.  ferruginiventris  Aud.  and  Bach.),  to  which  I  have  been  strongly 
inclined  to  refer  it.     Its  short  tail  is  here  the  chief  point  of  discrepancy. 

Wagner's  later  description  is  as  follows:  — 

"Sc.  sociAua  Wagn.     Das  gesellige  Eickkorn. 
"  Sc.  supra  ex  albo,  cinereo  et  flavescente  mixtus,  subtus  pallide  flavus, 
aurieulus  fulvis,  pedibiis  a'niJis,  vellere  molli "  .... 


aCIUBID^— TAMIA8. 


779 


"Von  mir  nncli  eiiiem  Exemplnre,  <lns  Ilerr  von  Karwinnki  aim  Mexiko 
mitbrachtc,  auCgcstellt.  Kleiner  aU  Sc.  variux,  dtsr  Pola  unnlcicli  feiner, 
weiclicr  iind  milder  akbei  diesem,  sonst  ihm  in  Form  iind  zurn  Tlicil  in  dr-r 
Fiirlxing  iilinlich.  Die  Haaro  sind  ebenfalls  mcistenthciU  nus  drci  Furhcn 
geringelt,  niiinlicii  hell  ockergclb,  Bchwiirzlicli  und  weiss,  wochirtli  eine  ge- 
sprcnkelte  Zeichnung  entsteht,  und  zwar  in  dcr  Weisc,  dass  auf  der  Schnaiitzc 
die  schwarz  und  lichtgelbe  Farbe  erscheint,  welche  letzterc  auf  dem  Ilin- 
terkopf,  Nacken  und  Oliren  Icbhail  rostgelb  wird  und  iiber  das  Scliwarz 
vorherrscht.  Auf  deni  Riicken  hat  die  weisse  und  schwarzc  Sprcnkelung  die 
OI)crhand,  zwiflciien  der  hie  und  da  das  Licfatgelb  durchschimmert,  das  auf 
dem  Kreuz  und  der  Schwanzwurzel  starker  hervortritt.  Auf  dom  iibrigen 
Schweifriicken  erscheint  fast  bios  die  schwarze  und  weisse  Far')e,  wiihrend 
auf  der  Unterseite  das  Rorttroth  zurn  Vurschein  kommt,  das  beiderseits 
schwarz  und  dann  weiss  eingefasst  ist.  Am  Hintergrunde  der  Ohren  steht  ein 
Biischul  schneeweisser  Haare;  die  Angeu  sind  von  einem  hellern  Ringe 
umgeben ;  die  Schneidezahne  licht  gelblich  angeflogen,  die  untern  und  seit- 
lichen  Theile  des  Kopfes  weisslich,  die  Schnurren  schwarz.  Der  ganze 
Unterleib  licht  und  zart  rostgelb,  ebenso  die  Innenseite  der  Gligdmasscn, 
wiihrend  ihre  Aussenseite  weiss  und  aschgrau  gesprenkelt  ist;  die  4  Pfoten 
sind  oben  ganz  weisslich,  die  Krallcn  dunkel  hornfarben. — Lange  8i'',  des 
Schwanzes  etwas  weniger.  Die  Heimath  des  Tliieres  sind,  nach  Herrn  von 
Karwinski,  die  heissen  Striche  von  Tehuantepec  an  der  Siidseekiiste  im  Staato 
von  Oaxaca,  wo  es  in  grossen  Truppen  gesellig  sich  zusammenhiiit  und  nicht 
aus  der  Tierra  caliente  ins  Gebirg  iibergeht." — {Suppl.  Schreber's  Sauget.  iii, 
pp.  170.  171.) 

Genus  TAMIAS  111. 

Soiurm,  in  part,  of  most  early  anthora. 

TamUu  Iluobr,  Syiit.  Mam.  ot  Avinm,  tSlI,  83  (type  "Sciurat  tlrialm  Lin.") 

T(moU$  Rafinksqub,  Amer.  Month.  Mng.  i,  1817,  363. 

Genkbic  chars. — Skull  narrowed  anteriorly ;  postorbital  processes  long, 
very  slender,  directed  downward  and  backward ;  plane  of  malar  bone  more 
oblique  and  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  maxillary  more  expanded  and 
depressed  than  in  Sciurus,  but  rather  less  so  than  in  Sperntophuu-s ;  anteor- 
bital  foramen  oval,  situated  in  the  base  of  the  zygomatic  process  of  the 
maxillary;  upper  premolars  two  or  one;  when  two  are  present,  the  first  is 
generally  minute;  ears  of  medium  size  or  small,  well  clothed,  but  never 
tuiled ;  cheek-pouches  large ;  poUex  with  a  well-developed  nail ;  tail  shorter 
than  the  body,  flattened  and  rather  broad,  shorter  and  much  narrower  than 


lii  m\\' 


I  ! 


ya\i. 


n 


780 


MOXOGRAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


in  Sciurus;  pelage  generally  full  and  soft ;  dorsal  surface  generally  with  two 
(sometimes  four)  longitudinal  wiiitish  stripes,  bordered  on  each  side  with  a 
stripe  of  black,  and  with  (except  in  one  species)  a  central  dorsal  stripe  of  black. 

As  already  stated  {anted.,  p.  63f»),  Tamias  l)ears  a  strong  resemblance  to 
?,r;M!e  of  the  smaller  species  of  Spermophilus,  the  two  groups  being  in  fact 
not  sharply  separable.  The  more  important  differences  are  the  following:  — 
In  Tamias,  there  is  sometimes  but  a  single  upper  premolar,  and  when  two 
are  present  the  first  is  very  minute,  scarcely  larger  than  in  Sciurus  hudsonius; 
in  Spennophilas,  two  are  always  present,  and  the  first  is  functionally  devel- 
oped, being  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  the  size  of  the  second.  In  TamioK, 
the  whole  dentition  is  weaker  and  the  teeth  relatively  smaller ;  the  ante- 
orbital  foramen  is  oval  (sometimes  quite  narrow),  and  the  outer  and  lower 
border  is  not  generally  developed  into  a  projecting  bony  rim,  culminating  in 
a  tubercle,  as  in  Spermophilus.  The  notch  in  the  posterior  border  of  the  zygo- 
matic maxillary  process  is  situated  more  anteriorly  than  in  Spermophilus. 
The  skull  is  much  more  delicate  and  papery  than  in  Spermophili  of  corre- 
sponding size,  and  showd  no  traces  of  the  muscular  ridges  often  seen  in  old 
skulls  in  the  genus  Spermophilus.  The  tail  is  usually  also  more  flattened,  and 
the  general  form  of  the  animal  is  more  Sciurine. 

Tamias  differs  from  Sciurus  in  the  form  and  position  of  the  anteorbital 
foramen ;  in  the  greater  obliquity  of  the  plane  of  the  zygoma  and  its  more 
gentle  downward  deflection ;  in  the  more  regularly  oval,  flattened,  and 
depressed  form  of  the  skull,  and  especially  in  the  skull  being  more  narrowed 
anteriorly  and  in  the  nasal  portion  being  more  produced;  in  the  molar  series 
being  divergent  anteriorly  instead  of  parallc^I;  in  the  form  of  the  lower  jaw, 
which  is  slenderer, with  the  coronoid  process  longer, narrower, and  more  curved; 
in  the  possession  of  capacious  cheek-pouches,  and  shorter  and  narrower  tail. 

As  above  diagnosed,  Tami'is  includes  two  species  referred  by  Professor 
Baird  to  Spermophilus,  and  hence  members  of  the  two  commonly  recognized 
"subfamilies"  of  the  Sciuridce!  These  species  are  Spermophilus  harrisi  and 
Spermophilus  lateralis.  The  latter  makes  a  considerably  nearer  approach  to 
the  Spermophiles  than  does  the  former,  but  in  all  essential  features  they  both 
much  m-^re  nearly  agree  with  the  species  usually  referred  to  Tamias  than 
with  any  of  the  Spermophiles.  In  respect  to  the  skull,  T.  harrisi  scarcely 
diflicrs  in  any  feature  from  T.  asiaticm  (^iquadrivittatus  et  paUasi  auct.)  var. 
towiisendi,  and  could  scarcely  with  certainty  be  distinguished  from  it  except 
that  the  skull  of  T.  luirrisi  is  rather  the  larger.     The  first  premolar  is  us 


Ft      :' 


SClUniDiE— TAMIAS. 


781 


small  ns  it  is  in  T.  asiatkux,  and  is  sometimes  wholly  wanting,  as  in  skull  No. 
4239,  from  Cape  Saint  Lucas.  In  T.  lateralis,  the  first  of  (he  two  upper 
premolars  is  as  large  as  in  some  of  the  Spermftphill,  the  dentition  is  iieaviesr 
than  in  the  other  Tamia,  and  in  other  cranial  features  this  species  is  about 
as  well  referable  to  the  one  grou])  as  to  the  other.  7'.  asiaticug  has,  as  already 
intimated,  two  upper  premolars,  but  the  first  is  very  small  and  slender.  T. 
striatus  has  but  a  single  upper  premolar,  and  the  muzzle  is  narrower  and  more 
pointed  thiin  in  either  of  the  other  species.  ,  :!: 

The  coloration  of  T.  lateralis  is  quite  similar  in  pattern  to  that  nf  T. 
striatus  and  T.  asiaticvs,  namely,  an  alternation  of  dark  and  light  longi- 
tudinal stripes  on  the  dorsal  surface.  T.  harrisi,  however,  has  only  the  white 
stripes.  In  respect  to  pattern  of  coloration,  we  have  the  following  transiticm 
from  T.  harrisi  to  T.  asiaticus: — T.  harrisi  has  simply  a  single  longitudinal 
white  stripe  on  each  side  of  the  median  line  of  the  back ;  T.  lateralis  lias 
the  same  stripes  in  the  same  position,  but  they  are  bordered  on  each  side  by 
a  stripe  of  black,  that  on  the  outer  side  being  usually  mucli  the  broader ; 
T.  striatus  has  the  two  white  stripes,  bordered  on  each  side  by  a  broad  line 
of  black,  the  outer  of  which  is  the  wider,  with,  in  addition,  a  narrow  median 
line  of  black.  There  are  thus  five  black  stripes  and  two  white  ones,  the 
spaces  between  the  inner  black  lines  being  gray.  In  T.  asiaticus,  these  spaces 
are  white  or  whitish,  thus  making  in  this  species  yowr  white  stripes,  instead 
of  two,  which  alternate  with  black  ones  of  about  the  same  width.  The 
number  of  stripes  thus  increases  from  simply  two  white  ones  in  T.  harrisi 
to  four  white  ones  and  five  black  (mes  in  T.  asiaticus.  None  of  the  true 
Sjtermophili  are  thus  marked,  although  some  have  interrupted  lines  of  white, 
as  8.  tridecemlineafus  and  S.  mexicanus.  In  all  the  species  of  Tamias,  the 
general  color  of  the  dorsal  surface  is  gray,  with  the  sides  and  sometimes  the 
rump  washed  with  rufous. 

In  both  T.  harrisi  and  T.  lateralis,  the  tail  is  much  shorter  than  in  ti.e 
other  forms  of  Tamias,  while  T.  harrisi  diflers  from  all  the  others  in  its  much 
smaller  ears.  Externally,  however,  there  is  not  only  a  general  similarity  in 
the  pattern  of  coloration,  but  also  in  general  form,  while  in  cranial  charac- 
ters there  is  also  a  strong  degree  of  similarity,  these  species  agreeing  in  cer- 
tain common  cranial  features,  by  which  they  are  distinguished  from  the 
restricted  Spermophili* 

*  TamUu  laUmUlt  i»,  however,  almost  au  ezoeptioo,  ita  oranlal  cbaraoters  perbapa  ratber  better 
ogreeing  with  one  of  the  Motioni  of  Spermopkilut  than  with  Tamku. 


tl  ■ 


lil' 

W' 


■!!■■ 


■MPM 


I: 
it 

:     i 

: 

I 


782 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  llODRNTIA. 


SYNOPSIS   OF   THE   SPECIES   AND   VAKIETIE8   OF   TAMIA8. 

I.  Premolars  \ : 

1.  Doreal  surface  with  two  white  stripes  and  fire  black  ones;  mmp  rnfons;  tail  (with  the  hairs)  three- 

fourths  of  the  leugth  of  the  head  and  liody stiiiatii8, 

II.  Premolars  f : 

2.  Dorsal  surface  witli  four  white  (or  grayish-white)  stripes  and  five  black  ones;  rump  grayish;  tail 

(with  the  hairs)  eijual  to  the  head  and  body asuticun. 

a.  Sides  of  body  fulvous;  dorsal  stripes  distinct,  the  white  ones  more  or  less  mixed  with  grayish, 

the  dark  ones  black var.  borcalu. 

b.  Sides  of  body  bright  rusty  or  golden ;  white  of  the  dorsal  stripes  purer;  the  dark  stripes  strong, 

varying  from  dark  chestnut  to  black var.  quadrivittaiua. 

c.  Merely  a  faint  wash  of  fulvous  on  the  sides  of  the  body ;  the  dark  stripes  of  the  dorsal  surface 

very  pale  chestnut  or  dark  brown  rather  than  black ;  rump  and  nai>e  pale  whitish-gray ; 
size  small var.  jjal/idNs. 

d.  Colors  everywhere  nalo ;  the  dorsal  stripes  obsolete,  or  nearly  so,  the  medial  only  being  very 

prominent var.  iforsalis. 

e.  General  color  above  dull  yellowish-brown ;  the  light  stripes  scarcely  lighter  than  the  general 

color  of  the  dorsal  surface;  the  dark  stripes  black  and  strong;  size  large var.  (oivsMsdi. 

3.  Above  gray,  with  two  broad  stripes  of  white;  sides  reddish-gray;  tail  (with  the  hairs)  rather  more 

than  half  the  length  of  the  head  and  body,  with  the  central  portion  white  bene«th ;  eaia 
small HARRIBI. 

4.  Above  gray,  with  two  white  stripes,  each  bordered  on  both  sides  with  black,  the  outer  black  stripe 

much  broader  than  the  inner;  tail  (with  the  hdirs)  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  head 
and  body latkiialih. 

Tamuis  as  above  defined  includes  four  species,  one  of  which  runs  into 
several  localized  races,  or  subspecies.  All  are  represented  in  North  America; 
three  of  the  species  (7.  striatus,  T.  harrisi,  and  T.  lateralis)  are  not  found 
elsewhere,  while  the  fourth  (1'^.  tmaticus),  in  some  of  its  forms,  ranges  over 
not  only  the  western  half  of  North  America,  but  over  a  large  portion  of 
Northern  Asia  and  Eastern  Europe. 

TAMIAS  STRIATUS  (Linn.)  Baird. 
Striped  Squirrel ;  Common  Cblpmunk. 

Sciurut  itrialut  Catemby,  Carol,  il,  I7:tl,  75,  pi.  Ixxv. — LINN.EU8,  Mus.  Adqlph.  Frid.  Regis,  i,  1754,  8 
(based  wholly  on  an  American  specimen;  cites  only  Cutesby  and  Edwards);  Syst.  Nat.  i, 
1758,  64  (same  as  the  piecedlng) ;  ib.  1706,  87  (almost  wholly,  bat  includes  references  to  tbe 
Siberian  animal). — Sciikkukii,  Siinget.  iv,  1791,791  (in  part;  "  U.  I'm  amerikanitcke"  and  its 
synonyms  only).— Kbxlkukn,  Syst.  Keg.  Anim.  1777,  42fi  (refers  almost  exclu.ively  to  the 
American  "  Ground  "  Squirrel  of  the  Eastern  United  States).— Desmahest,  Mara.  1»*K,  331) 
(In  part).— Ha'  ••■,  I'auii.  Amer.  IttS,  183  (in  part).— Oodman,  11,  ISiiti,  U'2. — E.mm<)nb, 
Quod.  Mass,  1« '  , .  .—Thompson,  Hist.  Veruiont,  1848, 46.— De  Kay,  New  York  ZrOI.  1, 184*, 
O-i,  pi.  xvl,    „  4. 

Myoxui  itriatiit  Bodvmkt,  Elenchus  Animal,  i,  1784,  133. 

iScinnn  tlrialut,  ft  ummcanus  Gmklin,  Syst  Nat.  i,  178H,  1.10,— FlscincR,  Synop.  Mam.  1889,  348. 

Jasiuu  amfricana  Kliil,  Ueitriige  rnr  Zoologie,  18!M,  68.— Okay,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  UisU  3d  aer.  xz, 
l«i7,  4;)r.  (=  T.  mrialui  BaIrd). 

Sciurut  ameri'anui  Finciikii,  Synop.  1839,  349  (=  T.  americana  Kubl). 

Ictinias  itriatuf  Uaimd,  lllh  Ann.  Kep.  Smiths.  Inst.  1857,  55,  foot-note ;  Ham.  N.  Amer.  1857, 399,  pi.  zlv', 
tig.  3.- Kennicott,  Rep.  U.  8.  Pot.  Off.  Agric.  for  1856  (1857),  7(1,  pi.  viii.— Thomas,  Trans 
III.  State  Agr.  Soc.  iv,  186(),  6.'>7.— O11.PI.N,  Trans.  Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  8cl.  ii,  pt.  3,  1H70, 15 
(Nova  Scotia}.— Ali.en,  Hull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zolil.  i,  1869,  335;  Pmc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi, 
1874,  189. 


.  I ''••'•■, 


SCIURIDiE— TAMIA8  STRIATT'S. 


783 


Sdurui  ( 7'o«iia«)  ttriaUit  Hall,  Canad.  I.'at.  and  Geol.  1861, 290.— Adams,  Field  and  Forest  Baniblea,  1873, 

100  (New  Brunswick). 
Sdunii  carolinertit  BniBSON,  Qnad.  I'rC,  I'W. 
Sclum  (Tamiaa)  hjatiri  Gicuaiidsom,  Fann.  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1829, 181,  pi.  xv.— DorCHTv's  Cab.  Nat. Hist. i, 

1S;0,  169,  pi.  XV. 
TaPtiai  tyileri  Waqnfr,  Snppl.  Scbreber's  Siinget.  iii,  IMS,  232,  pis.  rcxiv,  ccxix.— ScniNZ,  Synop.  Mam. 

ii,  1845, 47.— AtDUBOK  &  Bacdman,  Qnad.  N.  Amer.  i.  If 49, 65,  pl.  viil.— Gikbel,  Piinget.  1855, 

6S9.— Maximilian,  Archiv  f.  Nnturgesch.  1861,  79. 
Ground  Sqvirrel,  Lawsuit,  Nat.  Hist.  Carol.  1718,  124.— Biiickkll,  North  Carol.  1737,  li;9.— Catesby, 

Carol,  ii,  1743,  75,  pl.  Isxv.— Euwaiids,  Birds,  iii,  1751,  181,  pl.  clxxxi. — Pennant,  Synop, 

Qoad.  1771,  288  (in  part).— Kalm,  Travels  (Forster's  transl.),  i,  1770,  322,  pi.  i. 
£ciirmil  <SiiiM«,  Saoard-'I'b^odat,  Hist,  du  Canada,  1636,  v,  746.— Dknys,  Descrip.  de  I'Aiu^r.  Sept.  ii, 

1672,  3:11.— La  Hostan,  Voy.  dans  I'Ani^r.  ii,  1709,  43. 
i«  Suittt,  Charlevuix,  Jonm.  (Pun  Voy.  dans  TAni^-.  Sept.  v,  174-4, 198.— Du  Pbatz,  Hist.  Lonis.  ii,  1758, 

98.— BiiKKON,  Hist,  Nat  x,  1763, 126,  pl.  xxviii. 
Erdeiehhorn  and  ESiKlwiuttxr,  Kajm,  Reisen  (German  edit.),  ii,  1757,  462. 
Jmtrican  Ground  Sgulrrfl,  Gilpin,  Trans.  Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  8ci.  ii,  pt.  3,  1870, 15. 
Slriptd  Squirrel,  Chipping  t'guirrtl,  Ground  Squirrel,  CUpaunk,  Le  SuiMt,  Uaekee,  VuLOO. 

Specific  chars. —  Length  (head  aud  body)  5,75;  tail  to  end  of  verte- 
brse  3,65 ;  to  end  of  hairs  4,25.  Middle  of  the  dorsal  region  gray,  passing  into 
rufous  posteriorly,  with  five  longitudinal  narrow  stripes  of  black,  the  two  outer 
on  either  side  separated  by  a  line  of  white ;  sides  washed  with  yellowish ; 
head  above  brownish ;  whole  lower  surface  of  the  body  white ;  tail  blackish 
above,  edged  with  while,  centrally  below  yellowish-rufous,  bordei-  d  with  black 
and  edged  with  white.  A  light  superciliary  lint:  extends  from  the  nose  nearly 
to  the  ear,  which  immediately  above  the  eye  is  nearly  pure  white;  a  less 
distinct  light  line  below  the  eye,  which  on  the  lower  eyelid  is  nearly  white; 
below  this  a  faint  stripe  of  reddish-brown,  and  another  somewhat  darker 
behind  the  eye.     Nose  whitish  ;  feet  like  the  sides  of  the  body. 

The  color  varies  somewhat  in  different  specimens  from  the  same  locality, 
especially  in  lespoct  to  the  brightness  of  the  yellowish  wash  on  the  sides  of 
the  body,  and  of  the  rufous  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  back,  and  also  in 
the  color  and  size  of  the  dorsal  stripes.  The  light  stripes  are  generally  yel- 
lowisli-  or  creamy-white,  but  are  sometimes  nearly  pure  white.  The  black 
stripes  are  generally  distinctly  bordered  with  dark  rufous  or  chestnut,  and 
vary  in  respect  to  width  and  longitudinal  extension.  The  middle  one  begins 
at  the  occiput  as  a  narrow,  often  indistinct  line  of  dark  rufous,  generally 
mixed  more  or  loss  with  black.  At  the  shoulders,  it  expands,  and  passes 
thence  posteriorly  as  a  narrow  black  stripe  bordered  with  rufous  to  within 
u  short  distance  of  the  base  of  the  tail.  The  two  lateral  black  stripes  are 
rather  broader,  but  much  shorter  than  the  middle  one,  extending  only  from 
the  posterior  edge  of  the  shoulder  to  the  hip.     The  outer  on  eith<!r  side  is 


M 


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i:!' 


784 


MONOOItAPna  OF  NOUTH  AMEKICAN  IU3I)EXTIA. 


rather  broader  and  shorter  than  the  inner.  The  inner  is  narrowlj  edged  on 
the  inner  side  with  chestnut,  as  is  the  outer  on  the  outer  side.  They  are 
separated  by  a  rather  broad  stripe  of  yellowish-white,  which  e.xtends  rather 
further  both  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  than  its  enclosing  stripes  of  black. 
The  light  stripes  begin  at  a  point  directly  above  the  shoulder,  and  are  often 
faintly  traceable  to  within  half  an  inch  of  the  base  of  the  tail.  The  space 
between  the  dorsal  line  and  the  first  lateral  line  on  either  side  is  gray,  as  is 
the  region  over  the  shoulders.  The  top  of  the  head  is  more  brownish ;  the 
sides  of  the  head,  neck,  and  body  are  yellowish,  brightest  on  the  sides  of 
the  neck.  The  extreme  basal  portion  of  the  tail  and  the  posterior  fifth  of 
the  dorsal  region  and  sides  are  dark  rci  ish-brown  or  chestnut,  generally 
wilh  no  indication  of  stripes.  The  hairs  of  the  tail  above  are  yellowish- 
white  at  the  base,  with  a  broad  subterminal  bar  of  black,  and  tipped  with 
white.  The  middle  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  tail  is  generally  fulvous  or 
even  bright  golden.  The  ears,  which  are  well  developed  and  pointed,  are 
clothed  internally  and  on  the  anterior  surface  with  short  yellowish-  or  reddish- 
brown  hairs ;  the  posterior  border  is  narrowly  edged  with  whitish,  and  there 
is  a  white  spot  at  the  base  of  the  ear  postero-internally. 

The  very  large  number  of  specimens  before  me  indicate  that  the  present 
species  preserves  great  constancy  of  coloration.  The  variation  exhibited  by 
nearly  a  hundred  New  England  skins  consists  merely  in  the  more  or  less 
grayer  cast  of  the  upper  surface  in  some  than  in  others,  in  the  sides  being 
more  strongly  yellowish,  and  the  rump  of  a  darker  or  lighter  shade  of  chest- 
nut; the  stripes  vary  somewhat  in  breadth  and  in  the  purity  of  their  color. 
In  a  few  specimens,  the  light  st  ipes  on  the  sides  are  nearly  pure  white  (some- 
times quite  so  anteriorly);  in  others,  they  are  strongly  yellowish  or  deep 
cream-color.  The  dark  stripes  are,  in  some  specimens,  twice  as  broad  as 
in  others.  In  No.  1668  (Coll.  M.  C.  Z.),  from  Maine,  the  stripes  are  all 
very  obscure,  almost  as  pale  as  in  the  T.  "dorsalis"  of  authors,  and  presents 
an  exactly  parallel  phase  of  coloration.  Melanistic  examples  are  rare  in  this 
species.  No.  1592  (Coll.  M.  C.  Z.),  however,  from  Norway,  Me.,  is  intensely 
black  throughout,  excepting  a  narrow  white  streak  on  the  breast.  Dr.  Adams,* 
however,  states  that  he  h^s  met  with  several  instances  of  melanism  in  this 
animal  in  New  Brunswick. 

Specimens   from  southern  localities  are  considerably  brighter-colored 

*  Field  nnd  Forest  Rsniblea,  p.  100. 


SCIURIDiE— TAMIAS  8TRIATUS, 


785 


than  those  from  more  northern  sections,  and  average  a  little  smaller.  The 
difference,  however,  in  either  respect,  is  not  very  great. 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  its  congeners  by  its  coloration, 
as  well  as  by  other  characters.  Its  nearest  ally  is  the  T.  asiaticus;  from  the 
others  {T.  Jiarrisi  and  T.  lateralis),  it  is  too  distinct  to  require  a  comparison 
with  them.  The  northern  and  eastern  varieties  of  T.  asiatictis  (vars.  borealis, 
pallidus,  and  quadrivUtatris)  differ  from  T.  striatus  in  their  considerably 
smaller  size,  in  having  the  tail  relatively  longer  (with  the  hairs  as  long  as  the 
head  and  body,  instead  of  one-fourth  shorter),  and  in  having  the  markings  on 
the  sides  of  the  head  much  stronger,  and  the  black  stripe  of  the  dorsal  sur- 
face broader  (nearly  or  quite  equalling  the  interspaces,  instead  of  very  much 
narrower),  and  continued  much  further,  both  anteriorly  and  posteriorly,  the 
three  middle  ones  reaching  the  base  of  the  tail  instead  of  terminating  con- 
siderably in  front  of  it.  The  inner  light  stripes  are  also  not  only  much  nar- 
rower but  much  lighter-colored  than  in  T.  striatus.  The  Columbia  River 
variety  of  T.  asiaticus  (var.  toumsendi)  is  about  equal  in  size  to  T.  striatus, 
but  differs  from  it  in  proportions  in  the  same  way  as  do  the  other  varieties 
of  T.  asiaticus.  The  coloration,  however,  is  still  more  widely  different 
through  the  much  browner  coloration  of  var.  tovmsendi.  T.  striatus  differs 
from  all  tiie  other  members  of  the  genus  in  possessing  only  one  upper  pre- 
molar instead  of  two,  and  in  its  more  elongated  and  narrower  muzzle. 

Synontmy  and  nomenclatore. — This  species  was  first  described  and 
figured  by  Catesby  (though  previously  mentioned  by  Sagard-Th^odat  and 
other  early  writers*),  in  1743,t   under  the  name  Sciurus  striatus.     This 

*  TheHe  early  acconuta  are  of  eapucial  interest  from  their  giving  the  origin  of  the  name  Suiaie,  so 
generally  applied  to  this  and  the  following  species  by  the  French  settlers  of  Canada  and  their  descend- 
ants, even  o  the  present  time.  In  describing  the  Squirrels  of  Canada,  8agard-Tb<Sodat  says : — "  La  se- 
ooDde  espece  qu'Us  appclent  Ohihoin,  &  nous  Suisse,  &  cause  de  leur  begamre,  sent  ceux  qui  sent  rayez  & 
banez  uDiversoUeaient  par  tout  le  corps,  d'uue  raye  blanche,  puis  d'une  ronsse,  grize  &  noiraste,  qui  les 
rendent  tres-beanz  &,  ogrcables,  mais  qui  mordent  comnio  perdus,  s'ils  ne  sont  apprivoisez,  on  que  I'on 
tie  s'en  donne  de  garde." — (Iluioin  du  Canada,  tome  v,  p.  746.)  Denya,  in  his  "  Oescrintion  do  I'Amdrlqiro 
Beptentrionale"  (tume  ii,  pp.  331),  published  iu  IfTi,  says  of  the  some  species: — "  .  .  .  .  il  y  en  a  uno 
eapeee  un  pne  plus  petite  qui  se  nouiuio  Suiue  parce  qn'ils  scut  tons  rayez  de  la  teste  &  la  quenii  par  nyes 
blanobe,  roosae  &  noire  toutes  d'une  mosme  larguer  d'onviron  la  nioititf  d'nn  travers  de  doigt." 

La  Hontan  also  says :— "  Les  l^curcuiis  Sulsscs,  sont  de  petits  animaux  commc  de  petits  rats.  Ou 
lea  appellent  Suiitet  parce  qu'ils  ont  sur  le  corps  un  poll  ray6  de  noir  &  de  blauo,  qui  reesemble  i\  un  pour- 
point  de  Suisse,  &  que  ces  ni6ines  rayes  faisant  nn  rond  sur  chaqne  cnisse  ont  beanconp  de  rai>ort  &  la 
calote  d'un  Suisse."— (AToue.  Fay.  dam  l'Am&.  tome  il,  p.  43.)  Charlevoix,  writing  somewhat  later,  says, 
in  his  account  of  the  Squirrels  of  Canada :— "  On  en  distingue  de  trois  espeoee ;  les  rouges,  qni  ne  diffe- 
rent point  des  nAtres ;  les  Suiases,  qui  sont  nu  pen  plus  petits,  &  qn'on  a  ainsi  nommtfs.  parce  quo  lenr  poll 
est  rayi  on  longueur  de  rouge,  do  blanc  &.  de  noir,  &  pen  prte  comme  lea  Suissea  do  la  Oarde  dn  Pape." — 
{Jomm.  BUL  d'lta  Toy.  de  VAwUr.  Sept.  p.  lOH.) 

tThe  description  and  figure  given  by  Heba,  in  1734,  of  his  "Sclunu,  Oetului,  ex  Aavd  HhpatM" 
(Tfaeaan.  i,  76,  pi.  xlvii,  fig.  3),  is  doubtless  to  be  referred  to  one  of  the  species  of  Tamiai,  bat  whether  to 
&0M 


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786 


MONOOHAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMEBICAK  KODENTIA. 


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1^  .::!. 


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name  was  adopted  by  Linnaeus  in  1754,  who  describes  the  species  and 
cites  the  descriptions  and  figures  of  both  Catesby  and  Edwards,  and  refers 
to  no  others.*  In  the  tenth  edition  of  the  Systema  Naturae  (1768),  Linnaeus 
again  describes  his  Sciurus  striatus,  of  which  he  suys,  "  Habitat  in  America 
scptcntrionali  sub  terra",  and  cites  only  Catesby,  Edwards,  and  Kalm. 
His  diagnosis  is  changed  to  read  "  ^.Jlavus  striis",  etc.,  instead  of  "  Sciurus 
pallUlm  striis",  etc.  In  the  twelfth  edition  of  the  same  work,  he  gives  its 
range  as  including  Siberia,  but  his  first  reference  is  to  his  original  descrip- 
tion of  Sciurus  striatus  (now  further  emended  to  read  "  S.  Jiavus  striis 
quinque  fuscis  longitudinalibus"),  already  cited  ;  his  second  is  to  G.  Gmelin's 
Sciurus  minor  virgatm,\  which  refers  to  a  Siberian  animal,  Gmelin  under 
this  head  giving  the  first  description  of  the  Europeo-Asiatic  form  of  T. 
asiaticus.  His  other  references  are  to  Catesby,  Edwards,  and  Kalm, 
whose  descriptions  refer  exclusively  to  the  Striped  or  Ground  Squirrel 
of  the  Atlantic  States.  Pallas,  in  1778,  described  the  Siberian  animal  under 
the  same  name  {Sciurus  striatus).  Although  his  description  is  based  wholly 
on  Siberian  specimens,  he  also  refers  to  S.  striatus  the  American  species, 
which  he  states  he  had  not  seen  and  knew  only  from  authors,  but  from  their 
accounts  of  it  he  considered  it  as  evidently  the  same  animal.  Thus  two  dis- 
tinct species  became  thoroughly  confounded  under  the  same  name.  Gmelin, 
in  1788,  made  ti)e  first  division  of  the  group,  separating  the  Asiatic  and 
American  animals  as  varieties.  The  former  is  his  Sciurus  striatus,  a.  asiati- 
cusz=  Sciurus  striatus  Pallas,  exclusive  of  his  synonyms;  the  latter  is  his 
Sciurus  striatus,  /3.  americanus=:  Sciurus  striatus  of  Cutesby  and  Linnaeus 
(Mus.  Ad.  Frid.  and  10th  ed.  Syst.  Nnt.).  In  respect  to  the  distribution  of 
these  tbrms,  he  says: — "Habitat  a)  in  omni  Asia  boreaii  ad  fluvio.9  europaeos 
Dwiiia  et  Kama  usque, /?)  in  America  septentrionali  magis  orientali  minusque 
frigida  ad  novam  Ilispaniam  usque.''  The  references  to  the  Siberian  animal 
are  properly  brought  together  under  the  head  of  asiaticus,  and  the  references 

S.  ttjialiu  or  to  S.  <uiaHo»i  via.  quairivittatut  cannot  weU  be  determinetl.    From  the  len^tk  of  the  tail,  it 
would  Beem  more  lllcely  to  be  tbe  latter. 

*  Tbe  account  in  full  is  aa  fullows : — 

"8CIDHC8  8TIUATD8. 
"  SciURua  pallidtu  tlriii  quatuor  fiuoi*  lonyitudinalibut. 

"  Sciitnu  ttrinhu  Oateab.  Car.  i.  p.  75.  (.  79.    Rdw.  Ornith.  181.  t  181. 
"Habitat  io  Amrrica  septentrionall. 

"MAGNiTUDn  Maris.    Color  pallidus,  capite  nigrioanti,  exennte  in  foacias  a.  strias  quataor  loa< 
gitudinales,  distaotos,  ad  candam  eztensaa,  quaraui  intermedin  laliorea.    Pjcdks  paluiii,  tetradaotjiia, 
piantis  pentodactylis.'— ('Vm.  Adolpki  fVidorM  £<v<f,1754,  p.  8.) 
lAot.  Petrop.  V,  17G0,  344,  pi.  ix,  lig.  1. 


.^^■^- 


SCIURID^— TAMIAS  STRIATDS. 


787 


to  the  American  animal  under  americanus.     In   1820,  Kuhl  described  an 
American  specimen  contained  in   Bullock's  Museum  as  Tamias  americana, 
stating  that  it  differed  from  the  Sciurus  striatus  of  Pallas  preserved  in  the 
Berlin  Museum.     He,  however,  makes  no  other  reference  to  previous  authors, 
and  does  not  inform  us  whether  he  considered  his  "  T.  americana"  to  be  a 
previously  unknown  species,  or  whether  he  intended  merely  to  separate  the 
American  from  the  Siberian  animal ;  but  that  he  regarded  it  as  a  species  previ- 
ously unnoticed  is  the  natural  and  usual  inference.     Fischer,  in  1829,  follow- 
ing Gmelin,  makes  the  American  animal  a  variety  of  the  Asiatic,  for  which 
he  adopts  the  name  americanus  {Sciurus  striatus  (Linn.)  var.  americanus), 
and  says  of  its  distribution  : — "  Communis  in  America  septentr.  nee  non  in 
Asia  boreali."     He  quotes  Linnseus's  original  diagnosis  ("  pallidus,  striis  4 
fuscis",  etc.)  in  Mus.  Ad.  Frid.,  and  cites  Catesby,  Lawson,  Brickell,  and  Du 
Pratz.     Fischer  also  gives  as  an  additional  species  the  "  Tamias  americana^ 
of  Kuhl.     In  the  same  year  (1829),  Richardson  applied  the  name  lysteri  to 
the  American  animal,  wrongly  crediting  the  name  to  Klein,  as  had  Desmarest 
before  him.     This  name  is  based  on  Ray's  **  Sciurus  a  Cla.  D.  Lyster  obser- 
vatus",  etc.     The  earliest  use  of  the  name  Sciurus  lysteri  was  doubtless  made 
by  Pallas  in  1778,  who  cites  '^Sciurus  Listeri  Raj.  Syn.  p.  216  ".     Desmarest, 
in  1822,  in  his  synonymy  of  Sciurus  striatus,  also  cites  "Sciurus  Lysteri, 
Rai,  Syn.  quad.  pag.  216".     The  name  lysteri  was  subsequently  adopted  for 
the  American  species  by  Wagner,  Schinz,  Audubon  and  Bachman,  Giebel, 
Gray,  and  others,  and  almost  uniformly  accredited  to  Ray;  while  the  name 
striatus  was  applied  by  the  same  writers  exclusively  to  the  Asiatic  animal. 
Professor  Baird,  in  1857,  claimed  the  name  striatus  for  the  Ground 
Squirrel  of  Eastern  North  America,  on  the  ground  (as  fully  set  forth  in  the 
preceding  remarks)  that  the  name  was   originally  applied  exclusively  to 
American  specimens.     Finding,  as  he  believed,  the  Asiatic  species  thus  left 
without  a  name,  he  called  it  "  Tamias  jiallasii,  after  the  eminent  naturalist 
who  was  the  first  to  give  an  account  of  it  to  the  world''.*    The  name  striatus 
has  since  been  currently  adopted  among  American  writers  for  the  Striped 
or  Ground  Squirrel  of  Eastern  North  America,  while  Dr.  Gray  adopts  for  it 
Kuhl's  name  americana,  and  retains  striatus  for  the  Asiatic  form.     The  use 
of  striatus  by  Linnaeus,  in  his  tenth  edition  of  the  Systema  Naturae,  strictly 
ami  solely  for  the  American  species,  is  sufficient  to  fully  establish  it  as 

*  Mam.  N.  Amer.  p.  S96. 


788 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1!'  /;■ 


I  \-"' 


w 


belonging  exclusively  here,  even  if  its  earlier  exclusive  use  in  this  sense  be 
ignored  on  the  ground  that  it  antedates  the  introduction  of  the  binomial  sys- 
tem of  nomenclature. 

G'    'IRAPUICAL  DISTRIBUTION. — As  will  be  sccn  by  a  reference  to  the 
subj'  list  of  specimens,  the  present  species  has  quite  an  extensive  geo- 

grapiiical  range,  being  found  from  Pembina,  Minn.,  eastward  to  the  Atlantic 
coast,  and  from  the  Red  River  Settlement  and  Canada  to  Georgia  and  West- 
ern Missouri.  It  is  said  to  be  common  in  the  mountains  of  the  Carolinas, 
and  Audubon  and  Bachman  state  that  "it  is  found  in  Tennessee  and  through- 
out Louisiana".  It  is  not,  however,  found  in  the  "alluvial  districts  of  Carolina 
and  Georgia",  nor  in  Florida,  and  is  presumably  absent  from  all  the  low- 
lands of  the  Gulf  coast,  and  probably  not  to  be  met  with  "  throughout  Lou- 
isiana", but  only  in  the  higher  and  more  northerly  portions.  The  authors 
above  cited  state  that  in  South  Carolina  it  is  not  found  nearer  the  seaboard 
than  Columbia.  It  is  not  enumerated  by  Roemerns  an  animal  of  Texas,  nor 
is  it  mentioned  as  occurring  in  the  Southwest  beyond  Western  Missouri. 
Richardson  gives  it  as  common  on  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Superior  and 
Huron,  but  states  it  as  his  belief  that  it  does  not  range  northward  beyond  the 
fiftieth  parallel.  Hall  enumerates  it  among  the  animals  of  Canada,  and  Gil- 
pin among  those  of  Nova  Scotia.*  Adams  gives  it  as  very  common  in  New 
Brunswick,  as  it  likewise  is  in  Maine  and  throughout  the  Northern  States. 

Tadle  LX. — Meaaurementa  of  te»  tkalU  of  Tahias  striatus. 


i 

2 

•3 

1 

S 

&     . 
S  2 

if 

^ 

i 
5S 

g 

M 

s 

1 

a 

0 

a 

Locality. 

t 
3 

5 

s 

a 

1 

s 

1 

* 

5 

rs 
% 

i 

1 

ll 

IS 

ll 

1 

h 

! 

i 

a 

>! 

1 

;!! 

1 

\ 

1 

La     q 

^i 

1 

n 

I 

1 

•o 

at 

H 

O 

n 

!B 

» 

» 

u 

0 

0.78 

aao 

b 

b 

0183 

Greensburg,  Pa 

1.J9 

0.83 

0.41 

0.90 

0.1S 

aae 

0.40 

0.10 

0.95 

0.84 

a38 

0184 

do 

do 

.... 

1.45 

l.U 

aT7 

o.no 

0.40 
0.43 

O.U 
0.55 

0.49 

a  71 
a  79 

a  10 

0.9(1 

a  14 

0.14 

0.95 
0.93 

afo 

0.110 

a  37 

0.40 

0.15 

0.30 

aies 

do 

do 

V 

l.M 

I.M 

ae5 

0.87 

a  44 

a  41 

a55 
0.55 

a  5a 

0.5S 

0.80 

o.t» 

0.80 

a  15 
a  10 

0.  S4 
0.9.') 

0.88 
0.90 

0.40 
0.43 

.... 

0187 
0141 

do.... 

AUi'f^luinv,  Pa 

l.M 
1.9) 

a87 

0.45 
0.4il 

0.51 
a50 

0.5S 
0.90 

0.77 
0.80 

0.31 

aai 

a  15 
a  15 

0.i5 
0.91 

0.(0 

a87 

0.41 
0.38 

4H41 

Chrator  County,  P* 

1..'.7 

0.93 

0.43 

0.55 

0.53 

0.fO 

0  33 

0  16 

0.95 

0.99 

0.44 

3843 

do 

I.S6 
1.45 

0.M 
0.77 

0.41 
a  41 

a. VI 

0.90 

0  51 
0.47 

0.M 
0.7S 

aas 
a  94 

0.88 
0.80 

0.41 
0.4* 

0.18 

a  13 

*  Mr.  R.  K.  McLeod,  of  Houltou,  Me.,  also  writes  mu  tbut  it  is  Tory  numoioDs  tn  Sbolbourno, 
Kind's,  uiid  Queen's  Countieo  iu  Nova  Scotia. 


M: 


iiJx,lidkid.vi^s)iiM- 


••^ •..,-,.-.  .j'^:  .,:i.„,i{siM.lsfet..%s^. 


'      SCIDRIDJ?— TAMIAS  STRIATDS 

TAiir.K  hXi.—Weaturemtnlii  of  Uemtf-teren  tpcctinent  of  Tamias  srniATUd. 


789 


•1693 
•1090 
•1691 
•1609 
•1693 


•9319 
•1099 
•110 
•1101 
•1109 
•2590 
'1104 
•1105 
19418 
t94iO 
)94l>0 
13481 
19483 
19483 
19481 
19485 
19486 
19481 
19488 
11155 


Loollty. 


Ipswiob,  Mosa  . 
NowUm,  Mam  . 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
..do. 
..do. 


do   

do 

Oneida  Gonnty.  N.  T 

Nichols,  Tioga  Connty,  N.  T. 

do 

do 


.do. 
..do. 


.do. 


do 

do 

do 

Raolne,  WU. 


From  tip  of  noM  to— 


0  61 

a65 

a  14 

0.65 
0.01 
0  65 
0.10 
0.10 
O'O 
0.66 
0.19 
0.10 
0.19 
0.11 
0.15 
0.16 
0.16 
0  64 
C.15 

a  14 

0.13 
0.19 
0.68 
0.66 
0.80 
0.60 
0.10 


1.39 
1.96 
1.35 
l.3.-> 
1.39 
1.45 
1.40 
1.33 
1.37 
1.39 
1.40 
1.97 
1.40 
1.49 
1.35 
1.40 
1.40 
1.97 
1.35 
1.40 
1.38 
1.40 
1.98 
1.95 
1.50 
1.90 
1.30 


1.65 
1.60 
1.(0 
1.15 
1.79 
1.19 
1.66 
1.60 
1.13 
1.63 
1.15 
1.10 
1.10 
1.15 
L73 
1.80 
l.^'0 
1.35 


1.73 
1.57 
1.60 
1.78 
1.50 
1.60 


5.  CO 
3.55 
(i.91 
3.C« 
5.7J 
5.93 

aou 

6.10 
6.00 
3.50 
3.40 
3.37 
5.70 
5.60 
3.80 
6.08 
5.60 
4.70 
3.90 
5.30 
5.10 
«.60 
5.10 
5.10 
3.63 
4.80 
0.00 


rail  to  end 
of- 


3.83 

a  44 

3.04 

a40 

3.31 
3.36 
3.60 
a  15 

aoo 

3.49 
3.65 
3.86 

ai3 

3.40 

a  15 
ass 
a  98 
a  10 
a  40 
a88 
aao 
a  18 
a  00 
a36 
a34 
a35 
a3o 


4.19 

a  114 

4.84 
4.00 
4.04 
4.96 
4.38 
4.40 


4.41 

a80 
a85 

4.30 

a  84 
a  13 
a  93 

4.39 


4.93 
a  75 
110 


aeo 
auo 


Length  of- 


0.85 
0.73 

o.n 

013 
Oil 
0.80 
0.13 

0.H 

0.19 
0.19 
0.19 

an 

0.70 
0.13 
0.80 
0.18 
0.88 
0.10 
0.83 
0.80 
0.15 
0.18 
0.15 
0.80 
0.14 
0.68 
0.80 


1.40 
1.31 
1.30 
1.30 
1.36 
1.37 
1.30 
1.43 
1.35 
1.90 
1.30 

1.93 
1.40 
1.36 
1.40 
1.40 
1.39 
1.41 
1.40 
1.40 
1.40 
1..35 
1.35 
1.38 
1.33 
1.38 


^  a 

s  ^ 

A. 


FrsBh. 
...do. 
...du 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..do, 
...do. 
...do. 
...da 
Alcoholio. 
...do. 


'  In  MoMuni  a(  Comi^ratiTe  Zoiilogy,  Uambridge,  Kau. 


1  From  Balrd,  Mam.  M,  Amer.  p.  3116. 


Table  LXII. — U»t  of  tptdnm*  eramincd  of  Tamias  striatus.* 


"S 
a 

o  * 

B 

a 
a 

5- '8 

1* 

1 

i 

a 

1 
1 
1 

LooaUty. 

When  collected. 

From  whom  ro. 
ooived. 

Collected  by- 

•3 

1 

111340 
111.143 
111344 
111541 
t.SM 

m 

17193 

t;no3 

1644 
lOTO 
1017 



3175 
3177 
9099 
.1170 

Pembina,  Dak.  Tor 

do 

4nne9«,;.n3 
Juno  96, 1873 
Juno  14, 1873 
Jnne9e,1873 

A.  Campbell 

....do 

Dr.K.Coneg 

..  do 

Skin. 
...do. 

do 

...do 

.  do   

..  do. 

do 

....do 

....do    

..  do. 

Ked  River  SotUemont.. 

Or.EraM 

Dr.  Rvann 

. .  .do. 

...do. 

Malamagamlnqas,  Can 

T.Kiohards 

O.E.OarTiaon 

Prot8.F.Balrd... 

H.MAnn,Jr 

...do 

T.Kiohards 

...do. 

...do. 

17W 

Pn)f.S.F.Baird... 

H.Mann,Jr 

....do 

Skin  and  skoU 
Aloobolic 
...do. 

MlnneapoUi,  Minn 

do 

•  CuDAiilcrablo  addttioDal  material  betoDKlug  to  the  Mummtn  of  Comparative  Zoology,  not  here  nientioDe<i,  boa  also 
been  uBe<l. 

t  In  the  National  UuMtim,  WMhington,  D.  C. ;  all  the  otbers  In  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Maw. 


m  A 


790 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  LXII, — lAtf  of  ipecimeiu  cxamintd  of  Tamus  striatus — ContioDod. 


IVn  l:^ 


m 


•o 

1 
1 

a 

a 
a 

■a 

■3 

1 

o 
a 

1 
g 

t 

s 

1 

Locality. 

1 

1 

From  whom  re* 
calved. 

Collected  by- 

1 

i 

1410 
1411 

873 

gae 

1593 
CIO 
1508 

isgs 

1570 
1571 
3740 
006 
979 
373« 
3737 
373S 
3739 
37M 
1003 
960 
9C1 
1102 
1103 
984 
4917 
3745 
3746 
3717 
3748 
75« 
3758 
153 
154 
3759 
753 
754 
755 
956 
990 
3557 
37!n 
3788 
3559 
3500 
3561 
1040 
149S 
1500 
1501 
1578 
1573 
1574 

Uptoo.MB 

do 

J.  0.  Rich 

...do 

J.O.RIeh 

Skin. 
...do. 
AlcohoUe. 
..do. 
Skin. 
AlcohoUa. 
Bkln. 
...do. 

..do 

Norw>y,M« 

A.K.Vermi 

Ora;Fund 

...do 

A.B.Verrlll 

B.  D.Verrlll 

...do 

do 

do 

do 

...do 

....do 

Uaino  

t-Anaaala 

...do 

L.Agaaaia 

...do 

do 

...    do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

do 

....do 

...do 

...do. 

Milan,  N.H 

J.B.Fnlaoiiie.... 
MlsaA.M.Edmana 
....do 

J.  B.  Fulaonw 

MJraA.M.Xdmana 
...do 

Alcoholle. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

A.H.MeUdDd7... 
....do   

A.n.Mellondy.... 
do   

...do. 
do. 

do        

do      

....do   

do   

do. 

.    do   

....do   

do   

do. 

do      

...do 

do 

do 

do   

...  do 

.  do   

do. 

,,    do 

....do 

do 

..do. 

...do. 

..do. 

do. 

do   

...do 

do 



.  do   *. 

do 

...do 

..do 

.     do  

....do 

DamiDor,  K.  H 

John  Veaey 

F.W.Putnam 

L.Agaaala 

...do 

do. 

Warwick,  Maaa 

Haflaachuaetta 

F.  W.Fabinu 

UARaaaia 

...do 

..do. 

...do. 

do. 



do 

do 

...  do 

...do 

...da 
do. 

do 

....do 

....do   

do 

....do 

...do 

...do. 
do. 

H.  Moon,  Jr.; 

...do   

ILUann,  Jr 

do 

...do 

Bkln. 
do. 

do 

....do 

...do 

do 

...do 

...do 

AlcohoUe. 
...do. 
...do. 
do. 

C.Clark  

GCIark 

F.W.Polnam... 
J.O.Sbute 

Eaaex  Connty,  Maaa  . . . . 

Wobam,  Maaa 

Yellow  SprlDgs,  Ohio 

F.W.  Putnam.... 

J.O.Bhate 

H.Mann,  Jr 

L.AKaHla 

F.W.  Pntuam  ... 
....do 

U.Manu,Jr 

I-AgawU 

F.W.l'ntnam... 
....do 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

Weatem  New  York 

Baleoi,  Maaa 

do 

do 

....do 

...do 

SprioKaeld,  Maaa 

do 

J.A.  Allen 

....do 

J.A.  Allen 

...do. 

...do 

...do. 

do 

....do 

...do 

...do. 

do 

...do 

....do 

...do. 

■• 

Maaaaohuaetta 

UAgaaala 

...  do 

I-Agaaato 

...do 

Skia. 
...do. 

do 

do 

do 

do        

do. 

do 

.    do   . 

do   

do. 

do 

..  do   .. 

.do  

.    do. 

do 

..  do   

.do 

do. 

SOIUEID^-TAMIAS  8TRIATUS. 


791 


Tablk  LXII. — Lilt  of  ipecimmt  czaminrd  of  Tamils  btkiatus— Continacd. 


•s 
1 

1 

1^ 

i 

i 

a 

u 

m 

1 

H 

Looftllly. 

1 

a 

From  whom  to* 
cuivud. 

C'olleotcd  by- 

o 

£ 

o 

1 

l.'ilS 
I.M6 
1S77 
l.MH 

inoo 

1881 
IC»1 
1003 
lOM 

I-Oi* 

iep5 

1696 
1697 
I69A 
1690 
1700 
1701 
170-1 
1703 
1704 
17a> 
1706 
1707 
1700 
8909 
SSIO 
9S1I 
9SI3 
SSI3 

mu 
mi 
wt 
an 

mio 
suo 

USl 

van 

3M3 
!.»94 
SjQS 
MO* 
9610 
9611 
9619 
9613 

037 
4016 

963 
1007 
1008 

no4 

MauftchaMtta       

L.Affanl< 

...  do    

L.  Ago  Mil 

..do 

.i.JillBon 

...do 

Skin, 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..do. 
do 

ilo                    

Uudaon  Uaaa       

H.  JillMD  

..  do 

...  do    

.... 

19 
16 
17 
10 
90 
60 
50 
91 
94 
3S 
34 
3S 
38 
39 
43 
.11 
99 
60 
68 
70 
It 
75 

rf 

C.J.Maynanl 

...do 

C.J.Maynard... 
do 

do 

do 

...do 

.  do 

do 

....do 

.    do 

...do. 
do 

do     

...do 

..  do 

do 

....do 

...do 

..do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..  do. 

do    

...do.... 

..  do 

9 
? 
? 
? 

? 
9 
9 
9 
9 
<f 
rf 
<f 

....do    

..  do 

....do 

do 

...do 

....do 

do 

...do 

do 

.do. 
...do. 

.  do. 
..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

..do. 

..do. 
...do. 
...do. 

..do. 
...do, 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..  do. 

do      .          

...do 

...do 

....do 

do 

.ilo      

...do 

...do 

do 

do    

...do 

do 

do 

do  

...do 

...do     ... 

...do 

...  do     ... 

do   

...do 

....do     .... 

do 

...do 

..do   

do 

do 

do 

....do 

...do -.... 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

do 

do 

do 



...  do    

...do 

...do 

11 
67 
66 

64 
74 
63 
64 
41 
40 
33 
110 
119 
187 

9 
9 
rf 
rf 
9 
d 
d 
9 
(f 
9 

cf 

9 

do 

do 

.     do    

..  do    

do     

...do 

.  do 

...do 

.  do       

do 

■  ....do   

...do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

do   

....do 

do 

...do 

....do 

...do. 
...do.  , 
. .  .do. 

do   

....do 

...do 

do 

....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do, 
...do, 
...do. 
...do. 

....do 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

nio 

311 
319 
313 
314 

9 
9 
rf 
9 
9 

do 

....do 

..  do 

do     

..do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do   . 

.  do   

do     

...do   '. 

.  do     

do 

do     

....do 

do   

....do 

do     

...do. 
Aloohollo. 
...do. 

Hadley.Ku* 

Wan),  Hms  

T.  W.  Hantlngtou. 

A.P.Chuto 

....do 

T.  W.  nnntinnton. 
A.P.Cbate 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

U>MeD,Mau 

D.  HlKKlua 

...Ilo. 

..ilii 

D.  Biggins 

..  do   

...do. 
..  do. 

do 

do 

...do 

...do. 

1 

1 

fWW — p 

!■ 

r 

j  . 

; 

792 


M0N00RAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  HODENTIA. 


Taiile  LXII.— £i«<  of  ipecimmt  examintd  of  Tamiab  dtriatus— Continned. 


I  i 


;     .li 


■3 
I 

i 

a 


llOS 

3114 

3119 

3116 

3111 

3118 

959 

•MM 

•ISM 

•1900 

•MO 

•Ml 

•MS 

•869 

11113 

19H 

-1S38 


•IIHO 
•7046 

•ioa< 

•901. 


•3850 
•3131 
•3161 
•3164 
•341 
•509 


9491 
9303 

1808 


6141 

6182 
'6110 
'6184 
6185 
'6186 
'6187 
•14 
'4844 
'4848 


3001 
•3843 


1998 
1644 


iMSlMtJ. 


UaldoD,  Man 

8t  Lawranoe  Co.,  N.  ¥. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Uonnt  CUToll,  III 

EtMX  County,  N.Y.... 

do 

Bllubethtoini,M.T... 

do 

do 

do 


.do. 


Allegheo;  Comity,  P*. 

do 

GrMubarg,  Pa 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Carlialo.F* 

Chester  Coooty,  P» . . . 

do 

WaablDgton,  D.C 

do 

, do 


.do. 


Ooorgia 

Wajne  Coanty,  Ind. . . 
Independence.  Ho .... 

do 

do 

HlMoori: 

Saint  Louie,  Mo 


When 
collected. 


Aug.  14, 18SS 
Aug.  14, 1899 
Aug.  14, 1899 
Sept. -,1899 


Feb.  — .  1899 


May  90, 1891 
Usy  99, 1897 


From  whom  re. 
ceked. 


D.HIgglnt 

J.aFoley 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Dr.  E.  Shiner 

Dr.  8.  B.  Hale 

....do 

Pro{B.F.Balid.. 

....do 

....do 

D.Welab 

PrDf.8.F.Batrd... 

..do 

a  L.  Walker 

...do 

F,  Cowan 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

Prar.S.F.Baird... 

Dr.E.  MIcbner.... 
....do 

Dr.E.Conee 

...do 

C.Drezler 

Pror.&F.Baird... 

A.OerbanIt 

B.  Menilonball . .  ■ 

J.Q. Cooper 

...  do 

....do , 

Dr.P.R.  Hoy 

Dr.  O.  Engelmann 


CoUeoted  by-.- 


DBIgglna 

J.aFoley 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Dr.U.BIiloer.... 
Dr.?,  KEale.... 

...do 

PntB.F.Baird.. 

...do 

...do 

D.Welab , 

Froi:B.F.Balid.. 

...do , 

B.L.Wi<lker 

...do , 

F.Cowan 

...do... 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

Fro£&F.Balrd., 
DrLMtcbner.. 

...do 

Dr.E.Conee.... 

...do 

C.  Drexler 

Prof.aF.Balrd. 

A.Qcrbardt 

RMendenball.. 
J.O.  Cooper 


..^.«o 

Dr.P.R.  Hoy.... 
Dr.  O.  EDgelmann 


Aloobollc 

Skin. 

..do. 

..do. 

..da 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

Skin  and  akuU. 

.do. 

..do. 

..do. 

Skin. 

...do, 

...do. 

..do. 

..do. 

Sknll. 

...do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


..do. 
Rkln. 
..do. 
..do. 
Skin  and  aknlL 
Sknll. 
Skin. 
...do. 
...do. 
.  do. 
Skin  and  akuIL 
...do. 


*  Id  National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C.  i  all  tbe  others  In  Unseun  of  CompantlTe  Zoology,  Cambrldgo,  Uai 


■n- 


i:.,.' 


BOIUHIDiB— TAMIAS  A8IATICUS  AND  VAUIETIE8. 


793 


TAMIAS  ASIATICUS  (Gmelin)  Allen. 
,  Var.  noBEALis. 

Northern  Chlpnank. 

Soiiinu  minor  virgaliu  0.  Omcun,  Act.  Putrop.  v,  176P,  344,  pi.  iz,  6k.  1  (Siberia). 

8ci»rtu  $lriatu4  Paixab,  Nov.  Qlirti,  1778,  378  (uot  8.  itriatu*  of  CaUwby  and  Linnmus) ;  Zoog.  Kouo- 

Aaiat.  I,  1831, 187.— 8CIIKBBKR,  Siinf{ct.  iv,  1701,  700  (inaiuly).— Dksmarkst,  Diet,  d'lllst. 

Mat.  X,  1817, 131  (in  part) ;  Ham.  1822,  330  (in  part).— FiscnRR,  Bynop.  Ham.  181!0,  348  (In 

part). 
Mum  itriatui,  a  atUtticMt  Qhklin,  Syat.  Nat.  i,  1768, 150. 
aeiunu  {Tamiiu)  quadritiltolu*  Ricuahdson,  Zool.  Jonro.  iii,  1828,  570;  Fano.  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1829,  184,  pi. 

xvl  (mainly). 
2liM<a>  quadrivitlatiu  Waoncr,  Audubon  4e.  Bachman,  Baird,  Oray,  and  of  other  antliora,  in  part.— 

Boss,  Edinb.  Naw  Phil.  Joorn.  xiii,  18G1, 162;  Nat.  HiHt.  Rev.  1862,  274  (to  67°  north). 
Tamiat  pallati  Baikd,  Ann  Bep.  Smiths.  Inat.  for  1806,  May,  1857,  55;  Mam.  N.  Amer.  1857,  205— Lilljk- 

DORO,  Fann.  Sfver  Sver.  ooh  Nor.  Byggr.  1871, 407. 
Tamiat  q»adrMtlal»$  vu.pallati  Alun,  Proc.  Boat.  See.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1H74,  200. 
Itamios  tiriatu*   Rkysbruno   &   Blabiub,  Wirbelt.  Eoropas,  1840,  4:1.- Waoner,  Snppl.  Schrelier's 

Siiugel.  iii,  1843,  231.— SCHINZ,  Syn.  Ham.  ii,  1845,  47.— OiKBEL,  Siluget.  1655,  630.— HlD- 

DENDORPr,  Bibiriscbe  Belie,  ii,  pt.  2,  1853, 83,  pi.  ii,  fig.  10  (embryo).— Schrenck,  Amnr- 

Lande,  i,  1850, 124.— Oray,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.    z,  1867,  434. 
Mania  uthauit  Pallas,  Zoog.  Bosso-Asiat.  i,  1831, 180  (melanlstio).   See  also  Waoner,  Snppl.  Sohreber's 

Silnget.  HI,  1843,  232.— HiDDENDOBrr,  Sibirisobo  Seiso,  ii,  pt.  2,  1853,  83.— ScuiuCNCK, 

Aninr-Lande,  i,  1850, 125. 

Var.  QUADBIVITTATC8. 
lockr  Monnlain  Chlpmank. 

BeUwiu  quadriviUaliu  Say,  Long's  Ezped.  to  Booky  Uts.  ii.  1823,  45.— Harlan.  Fann.  Amer.  1625, 180.— 
GoOMAN,  Amer.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1826, 137 — Hamilton-Smith,  Griffith's  Cuvier's  An.  King,  v, 
1827,  2S5.— FiscnRR,  Synop.  Ham.  1839,  300.— Waoner,  Schrober'a  Siiaget.  pi.  ccxiv,  A 
{Tamiat  qaadriiiUabu  In  tat). 

"  Spermopkilui  guadritillaitii  F.  Cuvikr,  Snppl.  Baffon,  i.  Ham.  1831,  340." 

Tamiai  q»airitHtat»i  Waoker,  SnppL  Sohreber's  Siinget.  iii,  1843,  234  (in  port).— ScniNZ,  Synop.  Mam. 
1845,  ii,  46.— Audubon  &■  Bachman,  Quod.  N.  Amer.  i,  1840, 105,  pi.  xxiv.— Cabot,  Agos- 
siz's  Lake  Snperior,  1850,  52  (northern  shore  of  Lake  Saperior;  common).— Baiho,  Mam.  N. 
Amer.  1857, 297,  pi.  xz,  flg.  9,  head  and  feet  (in  part).— Sucklev,  Nat.  Hist.  Wash.  Ter.  pt. 
iii,  1850,  07.— Maximilian,  Arohiv  f.  Natnrgesoh,  1861  81  (in  part).— Hayden,  Trans.  Amer. 
Phil.  Boo.  Philo.  zii,  1863, 145  (in  part ;  mainly  var.  patHdus).—GnAV,  Ann.  &  Hag.  Nat.  Hist. 
3d  ser.  xz,  1867, 14S  (in  part).— Stevenson,  Hayden's  Bep.  U.  S.  Gieol.  Sarv.  Wyoming,  1871, 
462.- Mbrrum,  U.  8.  Oeol.  Sorvey  Terr.  6th  Ann.  Bep.  1873,  663.— Allkn,  Bull.  Essex  lust, 
vi,  1H74,  57,  CO.— CouES  A  Yarkow,  Wheelei')  Ezpl.  and  Snrv.  West  of  lOOlh  Merld.  v, 
ZoSI.  1876, 117.— Orinnell,  Lndlow's  Black  Hilli  of  Dakota,  1876, 82.— Hensuaw,  Ann.  Rep. 
Chief  Engin.  ifor  1876,  App.  JJ,  1876,  311  (Sonthem  California). 

Ikmiai  qtudritiUtttu  var.  qwairivUlatut  Allen,  Froo.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  zvi,  1874,  389. 

Tamiai  miniUtu  Bachman,  Jonm.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  viii,  1839,  77  (yonng) ;  Towusond's  Narrative, 
1839,  323.— Waoner,  Arohiv  f.  Naturgesch.  1643,  pt.  ii,  44  (same).— Schinz,  Synop.  Ham.  ii, 
1845,48. 

Var.  FALLIDU8. 

Pale  Cblpmnk. 

IbMia*  qiuirivHlaliu  ArovBON  A  Bachman,  Baird,  Gray,  ind  others,  In  part.- Hayden,  Trans.  Amer. 

Phil.  Soo.  Phiht.  xll,  186.1, 145.— Grinnell,  Lndlow's  Rec.  Black  Hills,  1875,  81. 
Tamiat  quadrieittotut  var.  ptMidiu  Allen,  Proc.  Boet.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  zvi,  1674,  289.— CouBS  &  Yarrow, 

Wheeler's  Ezpl.  and  Snrv.  West  of  lOOth  Herid.  v,  Zool.  18;6, 117. 


794 


MONOGUAl'US  OF  NORTU  AMKUICAN  RODBNTIA. 


im'w 


!l    n 


Vlir.  TOWNSENDI. 

Townsend's  Chipmunk, 

Ta.miat  loumiievdi  Baciiman,  Journ.  Acad.  Niit.  8oi.  Phila.  viii,  1«19, 68 ;  TownsendV  NirroUve,  ia39, 321.— 
Waonkr,  WieKinanii's  Arcliiv,  184:1,  pt.  ii,  44.— Audubon  &  Baciiman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  i,  1849, 
l.W,  pi.  XX.— Baihd,  Mam.  N.  Am.  1857,  ;«X),  pi.  xlv,  fig.  4  (skull) ;  pi.  v,  tig.  2  ("  var.  cooperi"; 
animal).— CooPRR,  Nat.  Hist.  \Va«li.  Territory,  pt.  iii,  1859,  80.— Sucklky,  ib.  97,  122.— 
Gkay,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  'M  sur.  xx,  18()7,  435, 

Tamiat  loifimendi  var.  moiwri  Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.  lH.'i7,  pi.  v  (nsino  on  plate), 

Tamiat  hindtii  Ora v,  Ann.  .ind  Ma;;.  Nat.  Hist,  x,  1H42,  2(i4  ;  ZoSI.  Voy,  of  Sulphnr,  1844, 34,  pi.  xii,  fig.  1 ; 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ger,  xx,  18fi7,  4 15. 

;:,'Vimin<  cooperi  Bairi>,  I'roc.  Acud.  Nut.  8c.'.  Pliila.  vii,  1855,  :)34;  Mara.  N.  Am.  18.57,  301,  foot-note. 

lamiaa  qaadrintactilaliu  Okay,  Aud.  and  Mug.  Nat,  Hist,  3d  sur,  xx,  1867,  435, 


Var.  DOK8ALI8. 


IIIU  Chipmank, 


ic'i  ,'«??.  ,(i;!  i-  i.,',i! 


Tamiat  dorialis  Baird,  Proo,  Acad,  Nat.  8oi.  Phila,  vii,  1855, 332;  Mam,  N,  Am.  1857, 300,  pi.  xlvi,  animal ; 
U.  8.  and  Mex.  Bonnd.  8arvey,  ii,  pt.  ii,  1859,  37. — Okay,  Add.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser, 
XX,  1867, 436.— CoUES,  Amer.  Nat.  i,  1867, 358 ;  Froc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Pbila,  1867, 134  (Arizona). 

Timiai  quadrivitlaiut  var.  dormlii  Aij,en,  Proo.  Host.  8nc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  290,- CouKS  &.  Yii..  J.OW, 
Wheeler's  ExpL  and  Sarv.  West  of  lOOtb  Murid.  v,  Zodl.  1876,  119. 

.    .  ;  ■  .  ...  ■    ...    ,"     'i,,;4r.    ■       .)l-.,vv.:-^.       :■    . 

Var.  borealis.  ■' 

Northern  C     ^^utik. 

Varietal  charo, — Size  of  var,  townsendi  or  smaller.  Length  of  head 
and  body  5,50 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  vertebrae  3.92  ;  to  end  of  hairs  5.00  {Pallas). 
Above,  pale  yellowish-gray,  with  a  faint  wash  of  brownish-fulvous  on  the 
sides ;  back  with  five  lines  of  bl»ck,  alternating  with  four  lines  of  yellowish- 
gray,  all  of  nearly  equal  breadth  and  rather  sharply  defined  ;  beneath,  gray- 
ish-white ;  sides  of  the  head  with  rvo  narrow  lines  of  grayish- white  extending 
from  the  nose  to  the  ear,  separated  by  a  brownish-black  stripe ;  a  narrow 
blackish-brown  stripe  above  the  light  ones,  and  another  below  them.  The 
middle  black  stripe  of  the  back  extends  from  the  occiput  to  the  base  of  the 
tail.  The  next  on  either  side  begins  nt  the  front  edge  of  the  shoulder  and 
extends  also  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base  of  the  tail;  the  outer  on  eitiier  side 
extends  only  from  the  posterior  edge  of  the  shoulder  to  the  hip.  The  black 
stripes  are  eulier  not  at  all  or  only  very  faintly  edged  with  pale  rufous.  The 
tail  above  is  blackish,  with  the  hairs  pale  yellowish  at  b;  crossed  bv  .;  sub- 
terminal  bar  of  black  and  tipped  with  white.  The  lower  surface  of  the  tail 
is  pale  yellowish  centrally,  with  a  subterminal  border  of  black  edged  with 
ycllowisi. -white. 

Habitat. — Northeastern  Europe,  Northern  Asia,  aud  Northwestern  North 


SGIUKID^— TAMIAS  ASIAT10U8  AND  VA111ET1B8. 


705 


America  southward  nearly  to  the  United  States,  decreasing  in  size  and 
becoming  brighter  in  color  southward,  in  the  interior,  and  thus  passing  grad- 
ually into  var.  quadrivittatus. 

Var.   QUADRIVITTATUS. 

Rocky  Movntain  Chipmunk. 

Varietal  chars. — Length  of  head  and  body  4.50  1o  5.00;  of  tail  to  end 
of  vertebrae  about  3.50;  to  end  of  hairs  about  4.50.  Pattern  of  coloration 
strictly  the  same  as  in  var.  borealis,  but  the  colors  brighter,  with  much  more 
rufous,  and  the  size  smaller.  Under  parts  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  fulvous. 
The  black  dorsal  stripes  are  edged  and  more  or  less  mixed  with  rufous;  the 
light  stripes,  particularly  the  outer,  are  whiter,  varying  from  grayish-white  to 
pure  white ;  the  sides  of  the  body,  especially  anteriorly,  are  bright  reddish- 
ferrugineous ;  the  tail  yellowish-rusty,  with  a  subterminal  border  of  black 
edged  with  yellowish. 

Habitat. — Middle  and  southern  portions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from 
near  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States  to  New  Mexico.  Also  in 
the  mountain-ranges,  thence  westward  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  in  the  Black 
Hills.  Most  specialized  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado.  Passes  insensibly,  at 
the  northward,  into  var.  borealis ;  at  the  eastward  and  in  the  Great  Basin, 
into  var.  pnllidus;  in  Northern  California  and  Oregon  and  in  the  Bitter  Eoot 
and  Cascade  Ranges,  into  var. /ojcwicnrfi.  ....        ;  ... 

Var.  PALLious.      •  '       •     '\ 

Pale  Chipmunk.  .„.>,„,. ...._,, 

Varietal  chars. — Smaller  and  paler  than  var.  quadrivittatuf.  Length 
of  head  and  body  4.25 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  vertebrae  3.25 ;  to  end  of  hairs  4.00 
to  4.25.  General  color  above  pale  whitish-gray,  the  sides  slightly  washed 
with  pale  fulvous.  The  dark  dorsal  stripes  are  A\  \y,  faded  reddish-brown  ; 
oute.'  pair  of  light  stripes  nearly  white,  inner  g.  h-white;  generally  only 
the  middle  dark  stripe  decidedly  blackish.  Yellow  i  the  tail  very  pale 
clay-color.  '  •    '^  ' 

Habitat. — The  dry  plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Yellowstone  and 
tiie  desert  plains  of  the  Great  Basin.  Everywhere  passing  into  var.  quadri- 
vittatus at  the  edges  of  the  wooded  mountain-ranges,  of  which  it  is  merely  a 
depauperate  pallid  fo  m.     The  prevalent  form  over  the  plains  of  the  Yel'ow- 


■:i: ' 


,,  !!!•' 


,  ■■»■>' 


■u. 


796 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOKTU  AMERICAN  RODESTIA. 


stono  and  adjoining  region,  and  of  the  arid  districts  of  Wyoming,  Soutliern 
Idalio,  Utati,  Nevada,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico.  Reaches  an  extreme  phase 
of  specialization  in  the  Yellowstone  region  in  respect  to  both  pallor  and 
smallness  of  size. 

Var.   T0WN8ENDI. 

Townsend's  Chipmunk. 

Variktal  chars. — Size  large,  equalling  that  of  Siberian  specimens  of 
var.  horealis.  Length  of  head  and  body  5.30 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  vertebrae  4.25 ; 
to  end  of  hairs  about  5.00.  General  color  above  nearly  uniform  dull  rusty- 
brown,  with  usually  five  (sometimes  only  three)  distinct  longitudinal  stripes 
of  black.  Intervals  between  the  dark  stripes  generally,  but  not  always,  some- 
what lighter  than  the  general  color;  sometimes  much  lighter  (yeliowisa  jray); 
occasiondly  the  outer  light  stripes  are  clear  grayish-white.  Markings  on  the 
head  the  same  in  number,  size,  and  position  as  in  the  preceding,  but  the  light 
ones  are  more  rufous  and  the  dark  ones- blacker.  The  tail-hairs  are  deep 
rust-red  at  base,  with  a  subterminal  bar  of  black  and  clear  grayish-white  tips. 

Habitat. — Pacific  coast,  from  Northern  California  to  British  Columbia ; 
at  the  southward  and  eastward'  passing  into  /ar.  quadrivittatus  and  at  the 
northward  into  var.  borealis.  Most  specialized  near  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia River,  where  it  attains  the  largest  size  Und  darkest  tints. 

Var.   DOR8ALI8. 

Gila  Chipmunk. 

Varietal  chabs. — Of  medium  size  for  the  species,  being  intermediate  in 
this  respect  between  the  extreme  phases  of  vars.  townaendi  and  quadrivittatus. 
General  color  above  ashen-gray,  varied  slightly  with  yellowish-brown  ;  sides 
pale  dull  yellowish.  Dorsal  surface  with  a  single  blackish  stripe  along  the 
middle  of  the  back,  extending  from  the  occiput  to  the  base  of  tlie  tail.  The 
other  dorsal  stripes  are  nearly  or  quite  obsolete,  though  generally  traceable; 
the  outer  white  stripes  generally  more  distinct  than  the  others.  Hairs  of  the 
tail  pale  rust  (sometimes  bright  rusty-red)  at  the  base,  with  a  subterminal 
border  of  black  edged  with  whitish.  Markings  of  the  head  as  in  the  other 
forms ;  the  light  stripes  rather  whiter  (sometimes  nearly  pure  white)  than 
usual  in  the  others. 

■^^  >»'t  phase  of  var.  townsendi,  holding  the  same  relation  to  that  form 


SCIURID.?-:— TAMIAS  ASIATICUS  AND  VAltlKTIHS. 


707 


that  vfif.  paliidus  docs  to  vur.  quadrivitlatus — a  liglit  gray  form,  in  which  all 
the  dorsal  stripes,  except  the  central  one,  are  nearly  obsol'.-te.  I  have  yet  to 
see  a  specimen  in  which  there  are  not  faint  indications  of  the  others.  The 
specimens  thus  far  known  are  nearly  all  from  the  desert  region  adjoining 
the  Gila  River. 

Habitat. — Southwestern  New  Mexico  and  adjoining  portions  of  Arizona 
and  Nevada. 


GENERAL    REMARKS   ON    TAMIA8   ASIATICUS   AND    ITS   VARIETIES. 

Differential  characters. — As  already  noticed  under  thd  head  of  T. 
striatus,  the  present  species  finds  its  nearest  ally  in  T.  striatus.  In  size,  there 
is  little  difference  between  the  larger  varieties  of  T.  miaticus  and  2\  str'uUm, 
the  latter  averaging  rather  the  larger  than  any  form  of  tlie  former.  The 
longer  tail,  different  coloration,  and  presence  of  two  upper  premolars  in  T. 
asiaticus,  as  compared  with  T.  striatus,  serve  at  once  to  distinguish  the  two 
species.  T.  asiaticus  diffiers  too  widely  from  either  T.  lateralis  or  T.  harrisi 
to  render  a  comparison  with  them  necessary. 

While  the  five  varieties  of  T.  asiaticus  above  characterized  so  thoroughly 
intergrade  that  they  are  not  to  be  trenchantly  defined,  the  extreme  phases  of 
differentiation  are  often  quite  widely  diverse,  and  would  require  recognition 
as  distinct  species  were  they  not  found  to  be  so  inseparably  connected.  The 
extremes  of  the  series  in  size  as  in  color  aro  vars.  pallidus  and  townsendi,  and 
are  developed  where  the  conditions  of  environment  are  the  most  diverse. 
Specimens  from  the  same  locality,  of  either  variety,  differ  very  considerably 
in  color,  and  sometimes  agree  quite  closely  in  this  respect  with  the  average 
type  from  a  quite  distant  region.  Thus,  occasionally,  specimens  are  met  with 
in  the  wooded  mountainous  districts  of  Colorado  that  closely  approach  the 
pale  form  of  the  open  arid  plains.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  subjoined  lists 
of  specimens,  a  considerable  portion  of  the  specimens  I  have  had  before  me 
are  as  well  referable  to  one  variety  as  to  another.  These,  as  a  rule,  come 
from  regio.18  intermediate  to  the  localities  where  the  several  forms  above 
rccogiii/ed  reach  respectively  their  greatest  degree  of  diflferentiation. 

Specimens  from  the  northern  portions  of  the  continent  are  almost 
indistinguishable  from  others  irom  Siberia.  Tiie  two  examples  of  the  Sibe- 
rian animal  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  correspond  in  cry 
detail  with  examples  from  the  Mackenzie  River  district  and  other  northern 


m 

m 


'm 


.If 

Hi'. 


4i\ 


i 


vf 


'M 


798 


MONOORAPITS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


localitios,  as  well  as  with  the  detailed  descriptions  giren  by  authors  of  the 
Old  World  form.     P'iXamples  from  Fort  Resolution,  Fort  Rae,  Fort  Liard. 
Fort  Simpson,  and  Nelson's  and   Mackenzie   Rivers  are  much   paler  than 
those  from  the  region  more  to  the  southward,  with  less  rufous  edging  to  the 
black  stripes  of  the  back  (many  of  them  being  quite  without  such  edging, 
just  us  in  Siberian  examples)  and  less  rufous  on  the  sides  of  the  body. 
Specimens  taken  along  the  forty-ninth  parallel  are  intermediate  between 
tliose  from  the  far  north  and  the  bright  richly-colored  phase  commonly  met 
with  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado.     Many  of  the  specimens  from  the  Black 
Hills  of  Montana  are  equally  rich  in  color  with  those  from  Colorado,  being, 
in  most  cases,  absolutely  indistinguishable.     Others  of  like  tint  come  from 
the  Uintah  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains     In  the  Coloradan  or  quadrivittatus 
form,  the  rufons  of  the  sides  assumes  a  peculiarly  rich,  lively  tint  of  rust,  the 
light  dorsal  stripes  pre  whiter,  and  the  dark  ones  are  more  intensely  black 
and  more  narrowly  edged  with  rufous.     A  much  paler  form  is  met  with  on 
the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  wherever  the  species  is  represented, 
becoming  palest  in  the  Mauvaises  Terres  region,  where  it  also  decreases  very 
much  in  size.     The  form  met  with  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  ranges  north  of 
the  South  Pass  is  larger,  and  has  the  rufous  parts  of  a  duller  brown  than  is 
seen  in  the  form  which  prevails  in  the  mountains  more  to  the  southward. 
In  the  Bitter  Root  and  Cascade  ranges,  the  size  still  further  increases,  and 
the  colors  become  still  duller  and  heavier,  jmssing  here  into  the  very  '  .rge 
anu  peculiarly  dark  form  of  the  coast  region  of  Washington  Territory  and 
British  Columbia.     In  this  phase,  the  rufous  tint  of  the  sides  no  longer 
brightly  contrasts  with  the  general  color  of  the  dorsal  surface,  which  has 
become  of  a  nearly  uniform  shade  of  dull  yellowish-rusty-brown,  varied  with 
three  or  five  (generally  five)  more  or  less  strongly  defined  longitudical  stripes 
of  black ;  in  many  instances,  the  spaces  between  the  stripes  are  not  different  in 
tint  from  the  general  color.     In  some  cases,  the  general  color  is  so  dark  that 
the  outer  black  lines  are  effectually  obscured,  and  the  others  are  only  dimly 
defined.    In  other  examples,  from  the  same  rogion,  the  intervals  between  the 
dark  lines  are  decidedly  lighter  than  the  general  surface,  varying  in  some 
specimens  (especially  the  outer  stripes)  to  grayish-white.     The  hairs  of  the 
tail  become  deep  reddish-brown  at  the  base,  and  tipped  with  white  instead 
of  yellowish-white.     In  passing  southward,  the  jize  decreases,  the  general 
color  lightens,  especially  on  the  sides,  and  the  'i^ht  and  dark  stripes  become 


'■•4;'« 


S*;- 


SCKJRIDiE-TAMIAS  AS1ATICD8  AND  VAUIETIKS. 


ry9 


more  stroiigl)'  difTerentinted.  Specimens  from  Nortln'rn  Caliroriiia  sliow  u 
strong  resemblance  to  specimens  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  near  the  forty- 
ninth  parallel,  and  from  the  Bitter  Root  region ;  in  some  cases  the  white 
edging  of  the  tail  in  the  Californian  form  being  the  only  really  distinctive 
feature.  Further  southward  still,  in  Southern  California,  the  general  colors 
become  still  paler  and  the  dorr.al  surface  grayer.  The  tail,  however,  retains 
the  greater  blackness  and  whiter  edging  which  characterize  the  townaentli 
type.  The  desert  region  of  the  Gila  River  presents  also  a  quite  peculiar  type, 
in  which  the  general  color  of  the  dorsal  surface  becomes  of  a  nearly  uniform 
ashen-gray,  with  all  the  stripes  obsolete  except  the  middle  one.  Very  few 
specimens  of  this  form  have  as  yet  been  received,  and  from  finding  occa- 
sionally specimens  from  other  regions,  and  even  also  in  another  species 
(7'.  striatui),  with  the  stripes  but  faintly  developed,  it  seems  possible  that 
this  form  may  be  scarcely  entitled  to  varietal  recognition.  I  have  seen  speci- 
mens from  the  Great  Salt  Lake  Valley  and  from  Colorado  with  all  the  stripes 
except  the  central  obsolete.  Field  observers,  however,  refer  to  it  as  a  com- 
mon form  in  Arizona  and  neighboring  regions.  In  its  rather  full,  bushy, 
white-edged  tail  and  rather  large  size,  it  evidently  finds  its  nearest  ally  in 
the  Pacific-coast  type,  of  which  it  is  probably  the  desert  representative. 
No.  3385,  from  Fort  Defiance,  New  Mexico,  however,  agrees  with  var.  gua- 
drivittatm,  except  in  the  obsolescence  of  the  stripes,  the  sides  being  strongly 
fulvous. 

According  to  von  Schrenck,  the  Asiatic  animal  presents  everywhere  great 
constancy  of  coloration.  Even  those  of  the  partly  open  prairie-country  of 
the  Ussuri,  he  affirms,  difier  not  in  the  slightest  degree  {zeigen  jedoch  nicht 
die  geringste  Verschicdenheit)  from  those  of  the  poniferous  forests  about  the 
mouth  of  the  Amur  River.  He  further  adds  that  a  specimen  brought  by 
Temminck  from  Japan  was  not  in  any  way  diflTerent  from  those  from  the 
Asiatic  continent.*  So  far  as  can  be  at  present  determined,  the  Siberian 
animal  differs  far  less  from  'hat  found  in  boreal  America  than  does  the  latter 
from  the  form  found  in  the  Upper  Missouri  Bad  Lands,  the  mountains  of 
Colorado,  or  the  region  around  Puget's  Sound,  or  than  these  several  strongly 
marked  but  demonstrably  intergrading  forms  do  from  each  other.    •  *  '    ' 

From  the  subjoined  tables  of  measurements,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  vari- 
ation in  size  among  American  specimens  ranges  from  an  average  length  of 

•  Amur  LaDde,  pp.  124,  125. 


-4    -v  i 


if 

F—           -^ 

;^/           '   \  ,    -  , 

ii-  ^ 

;    ;  i   ■     ■ 

Ii,  :'    ■  ' 

800 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMRRIGAN  RODENTIA. 


4.00  to  4.20  ill  the  typical  pallidas  (from  tlie  Yellowstone  Plains)  to  r).25  in 
the  towtuiendi  type  of  tlie  northwest  coast;  that  the  latter  fully  ecjuals,  and 
probably  cxc(!<!fls,  in  size  the  Siberian  type;  and  that  those  from  the  Pacific 
coast  are  considerably  larger  than  tiiose  from  the  interior,  from  localities  hav- 
ing the  same  latitude;  also,  that  in  the  interior  there  is  a  well-marked 
decline  in  size  southward.*  The  difference  in  dimensions  between  the 
smallest  and  largest  form  is  about  one-fourth  of  the  average  size  of  the  whole 
series.  The  skull  in  var.  townsendi  has  an  average  length  of  about  1.55, 
against  1.25  for  the  same  measurement  in  \&t.  pallidus. 

Specimens  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  latitude 
49°,  and  from  the  Uintah  Mountains  and  the  region  north  of  Fort  Bridget, 
present  a  peculiar  dull  brownish  phase  of  coloration,  with  the  stripes  very 
distinct  and  the  sides  pale.  These  are  about  equally  well  referable  to  either 
of  three  varieties,  namely,  barealLs,  pallidus,  and  quadrivitiatus,  though  per- 
haps they  most  resemble  horealvs.  They  also  show  an  approacli  to  the  dull, 
heavy  tints  of  var.  ^ow««e«rft;  particularly  is  this  true  of  those  from  the 
Uintah  Mountains. 

The  striking  amount  of  variation  with  locality  among  the  American 
forms  of  Tamias  asiaticus,  and  its  exact  correlation  with  differences  in  the 
conditions  of  environment,  make  this  one  of  the  most  instructive  and  interest- 
ing groups  among  North  American  Mammals.  These  correlations  seem  to 
have  been  first  noticed  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,t  who,  as  early  as  1869,  in 
speaking  of  the  pale  form  of  Tamias  "quadrivitiatus"  of  the  Upper  Missouri 
Bad  Lands,  called  attention  to  the  difference  in  color  seen  between  specimens 
inhabiting  the  open  plains  and  the  forests,  and  expressed  his  belief  that  the 
pale  form  of  the  Plains  owed  its  paler  tints  and  smaller  size  "to  the  influence 
of  more  sunlight  and  heat,  combined  with  inferior  food".  He  adds: — "  Varia- 
tions in  color  connected  with  exposure  to  the  sun  and  heat,  are  noticed  in 
T.  townsendi  and  T.  striatus,  as  well  as  in  other  animals,  so  that  allowance 
must  be  made  for  such  influences  in  the  determination  of  species.  The 
variety  found  by  me  in  1863,  at  the  Clickatat  Pass,  Cascade  Mountains,  4,500 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  at  first  named  T.  cooperi  by  Professor  Baird,  is  so 
nearly  intermediate  between  the  form  found  on  the  west  (  T.  townsendi)  and 

*  Unfortunately,  I  inadvertently  oniittpil  to  take  moaaurenients  of  (be  northern  specimens  at  the 
time  (three  yean*  since)  I  bad  the  whole  material  before  me,  which  has  since  been  widely  dis^rsrd.  , / ,. 
t  Amer.  Nat.  vol.  ii,  pp.  DSO,  531. 


r.. 

1 

1 

!  f  t 

1 

1    ■■ 

He 
iff 

f 

iJ 

1 

S01UKIDJ3— TAMIAS  ASIATICUS  AND  VAHIKTIES. 


HOI 


that  on  the  east  of  those  mounlains  (T*.  quadrivittatui)  as  to  suggest  a  (h)ul)t 
of  their  (listinclness,  and  at  least  a  suspicion  of  a  liyhrid  race.'' 

Synonymy  and  nomenclature. — As  already  shown  (see  anted.,  under 
Tatnias  stria(us),  the  Old  World  form  of  Tamias  was  formerly  confounded 
with  the  species  of  Eastern  North  America  under  the  name  Tamias  striatus, 
which  is  still  by  many  writers  retained  for  the  Old  World  type,  though  orig- 
inally based  exclusively  upon  the  Striped  Ground  Squirrel  of  Eastern  North 
America.  The  use  of  the  name  striatus,  in  this  restricted  sense,  by  Linnseus, 
in  the  tenth  edition  of  the  Systema  Naturae,  renders  it  unequivocally  pertinent 
to  the  latter  species,  and  to  that  alone.  The  name  striatus  was  first  applied  to 
the  Siberian  animal  by  Pallas  twenty  years  after  the  publication  of  this  edition 
of  Linnaeus's  work,  Pallas  supposing  it  identical  with  the  striatus  of  Linnaeus. 
The  first  name  distinctively  applied  to  the  Europco-Asiatic  form  was  asiati- 
cus,  given  by  Gmclin,  in  a  varietal  sense,  in  1788,  who  properly  discrimi- 
nated the  two  forms,  and  correctly  assigned  their  habitats  and  their  synonymy. 
Professor  Baird,  apparently  overlooking  this  fact,  supposed,  as  late  as  1857, 
that  the  Old  World  Tamias  was  without  a  name,  and  bestowed  upon  it  that 
of  pallasi.  The  only  objection  to  asiaticus  is  its  unfortunate  geographical 
significance,  since  the  Old  World  forms  prove  to  be  specifically  the  same  as 
several  of  the  forms  of  Tamias  of  Western  North  America,  subsequently 
named  quruirivittatus,  totonsendi,  dorsalis,  f  tc.  Rigid  adherence  to  the  rule  of 
priority  renders  it  necessary  to  adopt  asiaticus  as  the  specific  designation  also 
of  the  American  forms  of  this  group,  which  will  stand  as  above,  namely, 
Tamias  asiaticus  vars.  quadrivittatus,  toicnsendi,  etc. 

The  Sciurus  uthensis  Pallas,  known  only  from  Pallas's  description,  is 
commonly  believed  to  have  been  based  on  a  melanistic  example  of  the  com- 
mon form.  The  species  was  originally  described  by  Pallas,  in  1831,  from 
skins  brought  from  the  river  Uth.  The  examples  were  wholly  black,  with 
^ve  white  dorsal  stripes  and  a  wliite  streak  on  the  throat  and  breast* 
Middeudortr,  von  Schrenck,  and  other  explorers  have  since  diligently  searched 
the  same  general  region  without  meeting  with  other  examples,  and  incline  to 
the  opinion  that  it  is  merely  a  melanistic  form  of  the  common  species.     The 

*  Pallas  states,  in  bis  diaf{<i<>sis,  "  S.  anriculis  imberbig,  corpora  atro  striKis  ilorsnlibas  qainis  albis  ". 
It  is  further  described  as  smaller  tban  Soiunu  atriatua,  with  smaller  ears  and  relatively  shorter  tail,  but 
with  the  dorsal  stri,ies  similar  ("strif^ie  dorsi  item  similes"),  nud  with  a  longitudinal  band  of  white  oa 
the  throat,  extending  from  the  lower  lip  to  tUo  breast. 

CI   B^  ■      .        • 


'I^ 


.1"  ■<! 


■nun 


m 
III 


802 


MONO(JllAIMI8  OF  NOUTH  AMKUICAN  KODEXTIA. 


siii},'l<!  black  HpocliiiPH  of  T.  siriatus  I  luivc  seen  was  also  markod  on  (he 
throat,  will)  a  l()n>,'itu(liiial  Mtripe  of  white,  but  was  clsewlicre  wholly  black. 

GKoaRAi'JiiCAL  DisTKinuTioN. — Tlic  inost  easterly  points  from  which  I 
have  seen  specimens  of  this  species  arc  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
and  Nelson's  River,  Hudson's  Bay  Territory.  To  the  northward  it  ranges 
nearly  to  the  Barren  Grounds.*  In  the  United  States,  it  is  met  with  all  along 
the  I'orty-ninth  parallel;  it  is  common  in  the  Bad  Lands  of  the  Upper  Mis- 
souri and  Yellowstone  Rivers,  in  the  Black  Ilills  of  Dakota,  and  in  the  eastern 
foot-hrils  of  (he  Rocky  Mountains  southward  to  New  Mexico.  It  is  repre- 
sented by  sonic  one  of  its  forms  thence  westward  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and 
as  (iir  southward  as  Ariz(ma.  In  respect  to  the  distribution  of  the  several 
varieties,  little  need  be  said  in  addition  to  the  remarks  respecting  their  habi- 
tats already  given.  The  ranges  of  vars.  pallidus  and  quadrivittalus  curiously 
interblend,  the  latter  occupying  the  wooded  mountain-ranges  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  plateau,  while  the  former  occurs  generally  over  the  sterile  plains 
and  desert  areas  from  the  Great  Plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 
Great  Basin.  East  of  the  Missouri,  the  species  appears  to  o;cur  only  in 
Northern  Minnesota  and  Northern  Dakota,  its  range  gradually  extending 
southward  west  of  the  Missouri.  In  the  Upper  Missouri  country,  Dr.  Cooperf 
found  them  in  the  Bad  Lands  fifty  miles  west  of  Fort  Union,  and  at  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  I  found  them  also  common  in  the 
Bad  Lands  of  the  Yellowstone  River,  J  and  even  as  far  eastward  as  the  Little 
Missouri,  and  they  occur  doubtless  thence  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
wherever  there  is  shrubbery. 

In  the  Old  World,  this  species  ranges  from  the  shores  of  the  Okotsk 
Sea  westward  over  the  whole  of  Northern  Asia,  and  to  the  Dwina  River  in 
European  Siberia.  According  to  von  Schrenck,  it  occurs  on  Saghalien  Island, 
as  far  southward  on  the  mainland  as  Hadshi  Bay,  in  lat.  49°,  and  in  the  inte- 
rior along  the  whole  course  of  the  Amur  River  and  its  tributaries.  The 
same  writer  states  that  Temminck  obtained  it  in  Japan. 

"  Rpsiwctiiig  its  rongo  in  the  Fur  Countries,  Mr.  DuiiaUl  Giimi  oliservia: — "  1  have  not  seen  »ny  of 
thorn  in  llie  .Suvcrn  Itivcr  District;  but  tlioy  are  at  Oxford  House  -inil  Nelson  River.  They  may  Inhabit 
other  loculiiies  to  tlio  nortlioast  of  Lake  Winnipeg." — {MS.  Xotm  in  ike  Smilheonian  Imlitution.) 

Mr.  15.  K.  Ross  gives  its  range  as  extending  to  Fort  Good  Hope,  but  as  bring  "  rare  at  Fort  Simp- 
son and  north  of  Liurd's  River.  At  Forts  Resolution  and  Liari),  theF«  nnlmals  aro  very  dMtrnctive  to 
sucli  giirden  produce  as  is  raised  there."— (AfS.  Nolo  <»  Smitlumnian  IiuHtution.) 

tArner.  Nat.  vol.  ii,  p.  5:10. 

t  I'roc.  Uost.  Soc.  Nit.  Hist,  xvii,  1874,  43.  .  , ' 


BCICRID^— TAMIA8  A8IATI0U8  AND  VARIKTIK8.  803 

Tablk  LXIII ilcatureineiitii  of  four  tprelment  «/ Tamiab  abiaticuh  var.  luiREAMit. 


1 

f 

c 

LooAllty. 

Prom  tip  of  Dose 
U>- 

Tail  toond 

ur— 

Ungtbof- 

t 
B 

I 

•s 

£ 

fi 

.  Remuki. 

1 

i 
1 

t 

> 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

n 

1463 

mi 

81borl» 

...do 

0.09 

1.87 

MM 
S.R3 
6.75 
S.U) 

:130 

9.00 
4.33 
4.15 

a  79 

1.33 

Skin 
..dn 
..do  . 

Vnm  Palla^  Nov.  8p«o.  OUron,  p.  383. 

From  Wngner,  SuppL  Scbreber's  HAanot.  iil,  S33. 

...do 

Eastern  Hibsrla. 

i.es 

0.89 

1.40 
1.40 

Tablk  LXIV. — UeauHKmoHtt  of  thirli/  tpecimeni  of  Tamiab  abiatioub  rar.  quadiuvittatv)). 


I 


/.' 


•3733 

*-J734 
•3735 
•2736 
•3737 
•27.18 
•27:10 
•2740 
•2741 
•274S 
•«743 
11:44 


111004 

tuooo 

tll0«6 
111988 
111092 
111909 
111980 
111093 
H1991 
111087 


110 
4918 
4S10 
4983 
4365 
4613 
4613 
4983 
4966 
4906 
4517 


LoOAllty. 


P»rk  County,  Colo 

do 

do 

Fulrplsy,  Park  County.  Colo  . . . 
Mon  tgomory,  Park  County,  Colo 

, do 

do , 

do 

do 

Peroy,  Carbon  County,  Wya  Ter 
Fort  Garland,  Colo 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


South  Park,  Colo , 

Twin  Lakes 

Chief  Uounkiln  Lake  . 

do 

do , 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


From  lip  of  nom  to— 


0.70 
0.70 
0.79 
0.70 
0.73 
0.70 
0.60 
0.07 
0.56 
0.60 
0.70 
0.65 
0.63 
0.55 
0.55 
0.50 
0.50 
0.60 
0.90 
0.53 
0.55 
0.55 
0.50 


0.59 
0.59 
0.59 
0.55 
0.60 
0.53 


1.33 
1.30 
1.37 
l.SO 
1.33 
1.13 
1.10 
1.10 
1.03 

1.15 
1.30 
1.10 
1.10 
1.13 
1.10 
1. 10 
1.13 
1.10 
1.08 
1.30 

i.ao 

1.30 


1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
l.X 
1.30 


1.64 
1.45 
1.45 
1.40 
1.43 
1.30 
1.35 
1.40 
1.37 

1.35 
1.40 
1.87 
1.39 
l.SO 
1.39 
1.38 
1.30 
1.37 
1.39 
1.90 
1.90 
1.90 


1.50 
1.50 
1.50 
l.SO 
1.50 
1.50 


5.40 
4.  CO 
5.00 
4.85 
4.85 
4.43 
3.85 
4.38 
3.  43 
3.35 
4.13 
4.90 
4.00 
4.50 
4.70 
4.30 
4.M 
4.50 
4.55 
4.85 
4.30 
4.10 
4.73 
4.00 
4.10 
4.40 
4.40 
4.85 
4.00 
4.30 


Tall  to  end 
of- 


3.63 
3.15 
2.  M 
3.35 
3.40 
.1.00 
3.10 

xn 

3.69 
3.09 
3.45 
3.60 
2.50 
3.33 
3.50 
3.10 
3.90 
3.90 
3.00 
3.40 

4. 3:> 

3.70 


4.30 
4.10 
3.30 
3.79 
3.60 
4.00 


4.73 
4.00 
3.R0 
4.35 
4.30 
4.40 
4.00 
4.32 
4.33 
4.90 
4.00 
4.50 
3.40 
4.89 
4.40 
4.00 
4.50 
4.30 
4.09 
4.53 
4.80 
4.00 
4.00 
4.75 
5.10 
5.00 
4.70 
4.75 
4.60 
4.80 


L«nKthnf— 


0.73 
0.75 
0.73 
O70 
0  70 
0  70 
0  57 
009 
0.96 
0  63 
0.70 
0.70 
0  57 
0  65 
0  63 


0.93 
0.93 
0.62 
0.69 
0.70 


OCO 
0.60 
a66 
0.65 
0.70 
0  62 


1.40 
1.83 
1.33 
1.17 
1.20 
1.13 
1.13 
1.87 
l.Ori 
1.03 
1.13 
1.30 
1.10 
1.80 
1.88 


1.80 
1.30 
1.20 
1.20 
1.30 


1.30 
1.80 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.80 


0  49 
0  44 
0.46 


0  37 
0  35 


B 

I 


'A 


Frpili. 

...do. 

...do. 

..  do. 

..  do. 

...do. 

..  do. 

...do. 

...do. 
....do. 

...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
Alcoholic. 
....da 
....do. 
...do. 
...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

Freali. 
— do. 

...do. 
...do. 

...da 
....do. 
— da 
....da 
....do. 

...da 


•  Spocimens  In  Uusenm  of  Comparative  Zodlogy,  Cambridge,  Maas. 

t  The  apeoimena  ftom  Chief  Mountain  Lake,  40th  pamllel,  were  meoanred  freab  byDr.Gouea;  tbeyabowconaidorabib 
approach  ir  coloration  to  rar.  borealU.  \ 


-/- 


m 


'i  m 


804 


>U)NO(iKAJMI8  OF  NOKTII  AMEUIOAN  UODENTIA. 


Taoi.k  LXV.— A/cwiKrfMoii/i  of  iltrm 

tpeoiiHtHt 

of  TAMIA8  AHIATICUS  VOr. 

PAI.U0V8.' 

i 

Locality. 

1 

From  Up  of  noM  l»- 

Tall  to  cud 
of- 

Length  of— 

f 

1 

i 

M 
0.M 

au) 

O.M 
0.SO 
0.30 
0  50 
0.U 

1 

•J 

1 

k 

E 
8 
H 

i 
1 

i 
1 

m 

9471 

mn 

9473 

1149 

947.1 

9470 

irae 
iixn 

1910 
1919 

1.07 
1.10 
1.00 
1.10 

1.10 
1.10 

1.33 
l.'JO 
1.9< 
1.39 
1.33 
1.34 
1.35 
1..10 

4.03 
4.10 
4.90 

4.00 
4.90 
4.30 
5.00 
5.3« 
5.00 

9.95 

a  10 

3.00 
3.10 
350 
3.35 
359 
393 
9.00 
335 
3.93 

4.10 
4.00 
4.  SO 

4.30 

4.40 
130 
3.95 
4.93 
4.00 

0.81 
0.35 
0.60 

aso 

0.00 
0.53 
0,30 

i.ia 

1  90 
1.91 
1.90 
1.17 
1.90 
1.S9 
l.CO 
1.13 
1.13 

Alcobollo. 

...da 
...da 
....da 

Skin. 

Alcobolla 
...da 

Skin. 

...da 

...da 

da 

do 

do 

do 

Port  Bnrpy,  Yoltowstono  Klver 

Mouth  of  Judith  Klvor 

BlMk  Hllla 

<f 

PoleCroek 

North  PliUlo 

1.93 

do 

*CompUod  from  Bnlrd's  Mitu.  N.  Amer.  p.  990. 


Tahi.k  VS.V\.—il(aimremeHti  of  tieelve  tptoiment  of  Tamias  AsiAlicua  var 

.   TOWNSENDI.' 

1 
i 

a 

• 

Looolity. 

^ 

From  tip  of  nose  to— 

Tall  toond 
of- 

Length  Of— 

•s 

s 

1 

1 

i 

i 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1X09 
9414 
9413 
9416 
2417 
9418 
9410 
9490 
9451 
9493 
l.WJ 
94n 

Cape  Flmttery,  Wnsh.  Ter 

9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
d 
d 

0.63 
0.70 
0.70 
0.70 

0.G3 
0  03 
0.70 
0.65 
0.00 

1.33 
1.30 
1.30 
1.33 
1.33 
1.35 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 

l.CO 
1.60 
1.60 
1.60 
l.CO 
1.60 
1.50 
1.35 
l.CO 
I.  SO 
1.80 
1.W 

3.30 
3.30 
3.90 
3.40 
5.  CO 
5.30 
5.10 
5.10 
5  90 
4.  SO 
3.9.-) 
.\60 

4.70 
4.00 
4.11 
4.30 
4.90 

4.90 

3.30 

4.00 
3.00 
4.00 

4.70 

0.80 
0.70 
0.70 
0.00 
0.80 
0.80 
0.80 

aso 

0.30 
0.H) 

1.45 

l..-iO 
1.30 
1.40 
1.3.5 
1.35 
1.40 
1.40 
1.40 
1.30 

Aloobolla 
...da 

...do. 

...da 

...  da 

...da 

...da 

...da 

...da 

...da 

Skin. 

Alcobollc. 

Stolloroom,  Wiuh.  Ter 

do 

do 

do 

....  do    

do 

•'" 

do 

do 

4.90 
3.85 
4.08 
4.60 

3.00 
4.70 
3.16 
3.40 

do 

0.73 

1.39 

0.89 

1.50 

'  Compiled  frum  Balrd'a  Mnm.  N.  Amor.  p.  303. 


Table  LXVII.- 

-McaturemmU  of  three  shulh  of  Tamiah 

A8IATICCT8 

var. 

PAI.MnUS. 

a 

Loaillly. 

i 

-a 

1 

1 

1 

% 
% 

i 

1 

s 

E 

S 

i  = 

If 

1 

i 

11 

%  s 

i 

1 

4) 

.a 
* 

sf 

ti 

1 

! 

s 

2 
1 

I 
1 

1 

•s  1 

ll 

II 

.a 
1 

ll 

If 

I 

3 

o 

Ji 

H 

o 

a 

^ 

s« 

!« 

& 

Ci 

p 

0 

p 

l.-OO 
9605 
9380 

d 

1.95 
1.96 
1.99 

0.75 
0.73 
0.06 

0.31 
0..11 
(1.30 

0.38 
0.38 
0  39 

0.11 

0  90 

0.40 
0.38 
0.37 

0.C0 

0.16 

0.19 

0.90 

0.71 

0.33 

Polo  Creek.  Wyo.  Ter  .. 

.... 

0 

0.57 

0.19 

0.66 

0.31 

■M 


SClUKIDiE— TAMIAB  A8IATI(!Ua  AND  VAUIKTIKH. 


805 


Taoi.k  LXVUI.— .Wm»iir«iiirtiM  o/  Ihrre  nlulli  of  Tumiah  akUtici's  rar.  townhkmu. 


a 

o 

tMDtl 


Localhy. 


Ilrilwooil,  Cnl 

Wnahinfttoii  Territory' 

Cape  Pla(t4<r]:,  Wwh.  Ter  . 


I 
H 

I.  nu 

I.HI 
I.M 


s 

8 

I 
ti 

O.WI 
0.83 
0.80 


o.m 

0.34 


C'lO 
0.  4rt 
0.4(1 


(I.  tA 

0  i:i 

0.10 


o.tw 

0.IO 


■I 

^1 


tl.it 

O.U) 
0.44 


0.94 
0.10 


11 
I] 

S3 

II 


0.10 

0.  i:i 


II 


0.86 

Ota 


s" 

t 

0.  HI 

0. 8.^ 
a8i 


0.44 
0.3H 
0,40 


TaBLR  LXIX.— £<•(  o/  «pec{>ii«ii«  atamiHod  of  Tamiab  asiaticus  var.  uorbaus. 


3 

« 
u 

1403 
1071 
303S 
3031 
4S«4 
413a 
6309 
7006 
7007 
7008 
3637 
KOt 
6308 
11343 
M567 
•1573 
11983 
11987 
11993 
11988 
11900 
11994 
11991 
111193 
11986 
11989 


1307 
630 


1086 
1084 
3843 


4367 
4317 
4S«6 
4563 
4610 
4318 
4396 
4613 
4383 
4582 
4013 


LocitUty. 


Siberia 

Eaatem  Siberia 

NeltonBlTer.n.ax 

do 

Fort  Simpson 

Oi«|{od1 

Fort  Beaolntion 

do 

, do 

FortBae 

Maokenzle  River 

Fort  I.Urd 

Salt  RWer,  H.  B.  T 

Pembina,  Dnk,  Ter 

Lake  Superior 

do 

Bear'a  Paw  Uoantaina,  Moot  Ter. . 
Chief  HonnUIn  Lake,  R  Mta.,  49°. 
do 


t: 


■When 
ooUucUmI. 


From  wbom  raeelved. 


May    8, 


Sept.  SO,  IW! 
Sept.  30, 1863 
Sept.  30,  IMS 


Jono  — ,  i87J 


..do. 
..do. 
,.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


July  35, 1874 
AOR.  19, 1874 
Ang.93,1874 
AOR.  ;i3, 1874 
Aog  33, 1874 
Aag.  19, 1874 
AofC.  34, 1814 
AuB.  36, 1B74 
Aag.  33, 1874 
Anp.  3 :,  1874 
Aug.  an,  1874 


Dr.  O.  Harllanb.. 
Imp.Mns.  St.Petersb 

Doonld.OaoD 

...do 

BBBuu 

Llent.  John  MuDan 

A.  McKeDcIo 

J.  Lookhnrt 

...do 

I.e.  Clark 

B.  McFarlane 

W.  L.  IlardlDly  .... 

B.B.B0U 

A.  CainpboU 

L.  Agaaats 

....do 

A.  Campbell 

...do 

...do 

....do , 

....do , 

...do 

...do , 

...do 

...  do 

...do 

...do 


Collected  by- 


Donald  Onnn 

...do 

BBRom 

Llent.  John  If  ullan 

A.  HcKeoile 

J.LookhArt 

...do 

L.  C.Clark 

BMoFarlane 

W.L.H«rdl»ty  .... 

BRRoia 

Dr.E.Coue« 

L.  AgaaalB 

....do 

Dr.E.Conea 

....do 

....do 

....do 


.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.  do. 


*  In  Mnaeum  of  Comparative  ZoSlogy,  Cambridge,  Haaa. 


e 

§ 

'A 

Skin. 
..dn. 

.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..dn. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do, 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
do. 

.do. 


*.i1<» 


v 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


lU  lii    12.2 

■u  ».    ■■■ 
u    tili 

Z  1:°  12.0 


^1^ 


—    6" 


J^ 
^^/        ^ 

V/.^  ''^ 


^' 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Co'poration 


"^V^^" 
^.V^ 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRKT 

wnSTIR.N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  •72-4501 


'^ 


if  4^ 


^ 


806 


MONOORAPnB  OF  NOBTn  AMEBIOAN  BODBMTIA. 


Taiiuc  LXX.— £M  of  ipa*mau  uamimtl  of  Tauus  asuticus  nor.  QUADRtvrrTATVS. 


'M 


:ii}^ 


i!i 


i'^ 


!  I  !  ;!' 


ill' 


i^^ 


!ii:    *; 


'i 


"8 

|d 

11 
II48S 
IIM3 
IIWI 

ntti 

3763 

3109 
3«3« 
3137 
333B 

mn 

3037 

30M 

3070 
3073 
33M 

3341 
■SMI 
3341 
33  M 
334.-I 
3340 
IIIM 

mil 
lino 

0887 

0814 
0819 

aeio 

0804 
11330 

11398 
II33I 
1130 
III90 

i4<8 
4130 
4131 
41» 
•«733 

•0734 
•«739 
■»I3R 
•0737 

I* 

a 

0 

a 

1 

1 

1 

LoeoUty. 

Wbon 

Fnm  whom  i» 
ooiTod. 

OoUoeledby- 

1 
1 

RMnorko. 

Coiomdo 

,1813 

,1873 

,1873 

,1813 

Dr.r.T.Ibydao. 
....do 

J.H.Batiy 

....do 

Bkla. 
..do. 

Balkw     atftngly 
eolorod. 

ApprauhlBg  T«r 

polluiat. 
....da 
....da 
...do. 
...dp. 
...da 
...da 
Tory  bright. 

...da 
...dn. 
ElMrdlDflyiSraat' 

iyeokifad. 
...da 

...da 
■xtrrfaoly  ttroag. 

lyaokirod. 
....da 
Very  otrongly  ool 

ond. 
...da 
....da 

...da 

Pde,batlb«bU<k 

■Irlpomiy  iltoag. 

.,  |)o        

.... 

„  do      

....do 

....do  

..do. 

7 

9 

...  do 

....do 

....do 

..do. 
..do. 

Dr.F.y.Hoydo* 
....do 

Dr.F.T.Haydoa 
....do 

..do. 
..do  . 

....do     

....do  

....do 

...  do 

..do. 

...do 

....do  

..do  . 

....do     

...do 

....do 

..do. 



I34S8 
1»M7 

iia 

308 
341 

m 

170 
970 
<33 

m 

171 

149 
40 
30 
W 

9 

« 
d 

"i»x<i  Rin* 

Aug.  10, 1897 

Aog.  10, 1897 
July  10, 1897 
Jaly  17, 1897 
Apr.  11,1898 

Apr.  II,  1898 
May  31, 1898 
Not.  18, 1898 
Jam  4,1898 
Apr.  II,  1898 
Apr.  8,1898 
Oct.  9,1871 
Oct  9,1878 
■opt  17, 1879 

Dr.  W.  A.  Hu. 

Dond. 

....do 

...do 

LLF.  T.Bryan.. 
W.  M.    F.  Mo. 

grow. 
...do 

■:::1 ::::::::::. 

Dr.  W.  A.  nam 

moad. 

....do 

...  do 

W.|lWood 

CDroxlar 

..do. 

..do 
in. 

.  .\ 
..do 

...do 

...do 

ModiclmBowlIt*... 
FurtBridgar 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do.            

....do 

....do 

....do 

..do. 
..do. 
.do 

....do 

....do 

do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

.do. 
.do 

....do     

Dr.F.T.Haydea 
....do  

C.  U.  ManiMB 
....do  

..do. 
.do 

....do  

....do 

....do 

do 

MoatoBA  Torrltorr  ... 

....do 

F.J.Baoo 

....do 

....do  

..do. 

..do. 
..do 



8 
18 
(7 

ID 

.... 

PInHulVoUeyllU.. 
TlrgtalaClty  Mu 

....do 

Jam  10, 1871 
Jaly  8,1871 
Jaly   8,1871 

Jaly   8,1871 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do  

..do  . 

...  do  

....do 

..do. 

.... 

ntah  

Lt-O.M.Whookr 
....do  

aW.HoMhaw 
...do     

..do. 

do 

...do 

...do            .     . 

...  do  

....do  .  . 

do 

....do 

" 

....do  

....do  

..do . 

188 
190 
180 
9W 

8«7 
098 
710 
798 

CboTwIor 

....do  

r.  Biiohotr 

..do . 

Baagnd'.<iCriMoPMt 
Bitter  Id.  AlionlalH 
....do  

JohB  Xaatao... 
LLJohnMaUiui. 
....do 

John  Zoo taa... 
JohaPoatoaU... 
....do  

..do. 
..do. 
..do 

....to.  .  

....do 

....do  

.do 

? 
9 

RMil'aMUIaPwkGa, 

Coa 
....do 

Jaly   7,1071 

July  8,1871 
July  8,1871 
Jnl>  11,1871 
Jol.v   If,  1871 

Rocky  MoaatalB 

BipodltloB. 
..  do 

Alloa,    BouMtt, 

aadBllM. 
....do 

..do 
.do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

..do 

...do 

...  do 

....do 

..do . 

rRlrplay,l>*rkCount.T, 
Colo. 

...do 

....da 

..do . 

*  In  MoMuoi  of  (.'ompariUTA  Zottlogy,  Cimbrldgr  ifuo. 


SOIUBIDiB— TAMIA8  A8IATICUH  AND  VAHIBT1B8. 


807 


Tauli  LXX.— £i<(  o/  tpecimnt  eiamiiud  of  Tauias  a8Iaticu8  nir,  qiiADHiviTTATUH — Continned. 


•mso 

•8740 
•9741 
♦874!! 
•9743 

•in4i 
oaoo 
oaoi 


i 


Umdlty. 


UaDtcoia«ry,l*M'kCo , 
Colo. 

....do 

...dp 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Iilabo  City,  Cola  Tor.. 


Ilada  AprlDg*,  Colo.  T«r 
Doa  CAlioo,  Colo^  Tor 


Wlion 
oollKled. 


Jidy  so,  1871 


July 
July 
Joly 
July 
Jl'ly 
July 
July 
July 
Au(. 
Ann 


90,1871 
90,1871 
90, 1871 
90.1871 
90,1871 
90, 1X71 
10,1800 
10,1800 
10,1800 
IC,  IMD 


From  whom  ro. 
edrcd. 


Kooky  Moantain 
Bi|wdilioo. 

...do 

.  ..do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do    

Ur.F.V.Uaydon. 

....do 

....do 

....do 


ConocUdby— 


Allen,  BcanotI, 
nod  BIlH. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


...do 

...  do  

J.  StoTonwm  . 
....do 


...do 


Skin 


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
..do 
-do 


Bcmarkc 


•  ■■  Miuoum  of  CompMBtlTo  Zofiloxy.  Cun bridge.  Mum, 


TaBLB  IJCXI. — LM  of  tprdment  czaminti  af  tiiiiiK6  A8lATl(n:8  tar.  PAUJUua. 


J 

8 

un4 

039* 
93M 
0089 

oon 

0084 

DWt 
9080 
0087 
0088 
0*80 
0000 
9*01 
0«09 

oon 

0004 

00*3 
3773 

n74 
iioa* 

iim 

i 

a 

•"s 

1 
u 

1 

1 

t 

1 
1 

1 

Lowllly. 

Wlini 
collwlsd. 

Prom  wbom.n>. 
oelvcd. 

• 

Collected  by- 

• 

■s 

Ibiuwki. 

ITtah 

Oaiit    J.    H. 

BiuiMon. 
ClannceKlDg 
....io   

C.8.UcC*rth} 

R.KIdgw*y.. 
....do 

Skin 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

....do.... 
....do 

EiUcmely  |i«le. 

Medlnm  ndor. 
Very  polo, 
yery  pole,  but 

imM  of  the  point 

typo. 

do. 

do. 



934 
133 
000 

(00 

710 
70* 
7*8 
7*9 
7«C 
794 
709 
803 
800 
810 
890 
8*8 

900 

189 
183 
10 

<f 

nnnboldtMto 

do 

Iloory'o    FVirk     of 
Omn  BlTcr. 

Qnoi  Blm,  Wjo. 
do 

Oct    0,1874 

Oct  10,1874 
Ort   13,1874 
Oct    13,1874 
Oot   13,1874 
Oct   14,1874 
Oct   10,1874 
Oot    10,1874 
Oct    18,1874 
Oct   10,1874 
Oct   10,1874 
Oct  90,1874 
Oot  99,1874 
Oot  99;  1874 
An|!.30,l8S8 
A«g.  30,1338 
July  I8,l8n 

July  18, 1873 
July  18, 1873 
July  98,1873 

Dr.  P.  V.  U»y. 
doa. 

....do 

....do 

n.D.  Schmidt 

...do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do..  .. 

.Mo. 

do 

...do 

....do 

...do... 

...do 

....do 

do. 

... 

do 

....do 

do. 

■tUmCnak.Wyo.. 
do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

do. 

....do 

....do 

do 

..it     

...d*  

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

Copl.BlmiKoa 

...  do 

0*o.D.A.8Un. 
ley. 

...do    

..  do 

...do 

do. 

do. 

do. 

8alpharSprln(>,Wyo 
do   

...do 

....do 

....do.... 
....do 

North  PUtta  RItot 
do    

...do 

....do     ... 

do. 

..  do 

...do 

da 

do   ' 

....do 

...do 

da 

9 

OrMoKlTrr,  Wjro.. 
do 

C.B.lloC*rtby 

-"• 

J.A.AI!lHl... 

...  do 

...do.... 

-■do 

...do 

do   . 

do. 

Verypola 

.ia. 

Cunp  ThofiM,  Ta|. 
low>tomR.,M.T. 
...  4«     

do   

...do    

...do 

....do   . 

da 

da 

Powder  RlT«r,M.T 

C.pt    W.    F. 
Raynoldi. 

Dr.  P.  V.  n»y 
den. 

...do 

';!■  I  : 


I  r  \,n 


,'i' 


■  l 


808      MONOQBAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMUBIOAN  BOOEKTIA. 

Tabijc  LXXI.— £4(1  qf  (pwiiiitiM  emmined  <4  Tamias  A8IATICU6  Mr.  PAlxiou*— Continned. 


gan 

gm 

gees 
g«ee 

gee? 

gees 

geeg 
g«?o 
geri 
gnt 
13a 

1138 
3SW 
ITI3 

m« 


4981 
M18 


Mil 
tgOT 


gsM 


teoo 


4713 


345 


v» 


Lorallty. 


Powder  Uwr,  M.  T 


MIi|»bCrMk 

do 

North  PUtto,  Wjo. 


do 

do 

PaolOo  Bpriii(i 

do 

UUIe  8udy,  Wjo. 


Graen  RItot,  Wyo . 
Big  Sudy,  Wyo ... 
OiMB  KlTtr,  Wyo . 


..do. 


Tellowttone  BlTor. 

do 

do 


WlndRlnr.. 


Nabraik*. 


Xrortli  FUUo.. 
PoloCnak.... 


nnnboUtUti.NoT. 


Traokm  VaUay,  Kiif 


Whan 
oolkolod. 


July  W^  1873 


Ang.  94, 1870 

Aag.  'M,  1870 
Aug.  94, 1810 
Sopt  4,1810 
S«pt  4,1870 
Sept   e,1870 


Sept.  8,1870 
Sept.  7,1870 
Sept.  10, 1870 
Sept  II,  1810 
Sept  II,  1810 


Sopt.  3, 

Aug.  10, 183e 


M.y3ei- 


Joly  9e^  1831 


From  wboB  n- 
eel  Ted. 


Copt   w.  r. 
Kaynoldo. 

....do 

...do 

Dr.  P.  v.  Hoy- 
den. 

...do 

...do 

....do 


....do... 

...do.... 
....do... 
....Jo.... 
....do... 
....do.... 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 

..do. 
..do'. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


CUmooKiag 
....do 


Collroted  by— 


Dr.F.T.IUy- 
deo. 

...ilo 

...do 

H.D.8ahiBidt 


,.do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 
..do.. 


do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Dr.P.V.  Hoy- 
den. 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
,.do. 
..do. 


W.S.W001.. 


Kob'tUdgwoy 


Skta. 


...do. 
..do. 
...do. 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


...do.. 
...do.. 
...do.. 
...do  . 
...do.. 
...do.. 


....do... 
....do... 
....do... 
...do... 
Skia  OB 

•kuU. 
SklB  .... 


...do... 

...do... 

flkia  «a 

ikiilL 


Sklo   oad 


.do. 
..do. 


Vary  pole. 


..do. 
..do. 


do. 

do. 

Darker. 

do. 

Leiadork, 
lynf  the 
typ^ 
..do. 
..do 


Tarypdk 
Median. 
Quite  bright 


\  if 

ii 
I- 1 
i 


SOinBIDJS— TAMIAS  ASIATICnS  AKD  TABIETIES. 


809 


Tadlr  IXXU.—tAit  of  tptiimtni  aamdmti  qf  Tamias  asuticub  our.  TOWHBKNDt. 


1301 
M 

1»S4 
l»5l 

\«a 

SM 

6ST 

tn 

13M 
l»f 
Ml 
111 
MM 

inei 
an 
esis 

3171 
1981 


9» 


iin 

1183 


«M1 

Mie 


LomUUt- 


C*p«  ruttorjr,  Waih.  T. 

Colanbla  Rlrar 

Foit8MI<wa«,  WMh.  T 

do 

do 

do 


.do. 
.do. 
..do. 


Shoolwoter  Bojr.Wooh.  T 

do 

Aolorto 

PogatBooBd 

do 

Kodwood,  8oaonCo..Cal 

do 

FMBoodlBg 

|loirtCraoli,Ool  


Whoii 


Tntt  whoa  ncolnd. 


Apr.  II,  M« 

Yjt.  — ,  1M6 
llor.-,l«M 
Juo-,ieS4 


Jae-,iaSS 
JODO— ,UH 


Ai(«.>(H 


LLW.  P.Tmwbtldgc 
PkUa.A<iod.N*L(M. 
Or.  0«o.  Bookloj. . . . 

4a 

do 


do 

do 

OOT.LtaiOTMO.. 

do 

do 


J.O.amD 

Dr.C.a&KauMrij 


Dr.J.F.BoBUDoad. 
.1  Cop*.JotaNiMr. 


CoUwiladby- 


r.tW.P.Trowbridn* 
J.  K.  Townoood . . 
Dr.  Gm.  Baaklojr . 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Dr.J.O.Cooptr.... 

do 

do 

....  do 

do 

do 

do 

J.O.Swu 

Dr.  C.  &  B,  Koanorly 
E.8oaaoh 


8Ub  ud  ikulL 

8kl& 

..do. 

..do. 


I  AM. 


..do. 

..do. 

Sklnoi 

Skin. 

..do. 

8kln  ud  •koll 


Skin. 


Dr.  J.  F.  HommoDd . 
OoplJoknlMlMT. 


..do, 

..do. 

Skin  ud  tknll. 

..do. 

Sknll. 

Skin. 


Tablb  LXXUL— £4<(  of  tptcimau  CMaiaol  tf  Tamias  asiaticds  vtr.  dorsalis. 


I 


Locality. 


Wkoa 


non  whom  rcoolTod. 


CoUoetadbjr- 


1113* 
IK 


Fort  WUppla,  Aril. 


Sopk  aUM 
Aoc.«T,ieM 


Dr.B.OoMO. 


Dr.B.C«««a. 


Fiirtl>«tHMO,ir.Ifoi.... 

Otdoa,Trtak 

CoppamlM%  OUn  Km.. 


n  Mans  H.  Mas. 


Jno  *,vm 
Jatymisn 


Dr.J.B.lleKaa... 
Dr.F.T.HoTdaa. 
OaLJ.nOrokoa. 


Or.J.  ItUoKaa,. 
aKUarrlaa.... 
J.acivk 


UaaiO.ll.Wliaelat 


B.W.HanabMr.. 


sua. 


.do. 


Mnutod. 
Skin. 


1,1 


1. '  I 


Hill!'!!" 

iiti: 


m 


810 


MONOOUAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMBBIGAN  BODENTIAia 


TaDLK  LXXIV.— '£<•(  of  ipeoinunt  txamtnei  of  Tamias  ahiatious  tariotuljf  MermaUate  Mwcm  tart. 

BOIIKAU8,  (lUAI>MIVlTTATt'8,  and  TUWN8KNDI. 


oiin 

Ufi74 

ano 

WI70 

iwn 
imii 
inrrn 

OOM 
4li» 

in 

i»3 

DM 

ma 


SI3 

.-ii; 

SIri 
SID 
M!i 

set 

964 


LoukUtjr. 


UlnUh  MonnUins  .  ■ . 


..do 

..do 

..do , 

..do 

...do 

...do 

BiUwRootMoniittlDO 

Columbia  Rlrer 

WuhlDgton  Ton  Itory 
Blao  UountaiDo,  Ureg 

Fort  Crook,  Col 

...do 


MTbon 
ooUccUmL 


Sopl.  90, 
Sept  SO, 
Sopt.aO, 
H»pl.«, 
SeptM, 
Bopt..-, 
gepl.— , 
8opl , 


ino 

1010 

itm 

l«70 

ino 
ino 


July  90, 
Oot.  0, 
Sept.  97, 
B«pl.«7, 


1103 
I8M 

isao 

IMO 


Krom  wboa  rocelTod. 


Pr.rv.lfayd.o.  . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do , 

...do 

...do 

Lieal.  Jobs  Mulbn . . 
PbtbLAead.Nikt.8fll 
Oot.  I,  I.  Stereu... 
Dr.  Oeo.  gockloj  . . . 

D.  F.  FarkinMa 

...  do 


nollMted  by- 


H.U.Sobnblt.. 

....do , 

....do 


....do 

....do 

Jobn  Pntnall 

J.  K.  Townaend  . . 
Or.  J.  O.  Cooper . . 
Dr.  Ota.  Hucktoy  . 
D.F.FarkiBHn.. 
...do 


.do. 
.do. 
.ilo. 

do. 
.do. 

do. 


Bemarka. 


Spoclnvaiof  largu 
alio  ami  dark 
oolor,  witb  tlw 
black  Btrtpca 
very  bread,  ate. 


Taulk  LXXV. — LUI  <j/'  »ptcime»i  nramtHed  o/Tamiar  ahiaticus  inltrmtHtlt  belmtm  vtr$,  guAURiviTTATl'8 

];  and  VAhUDVS. 


36<U 

amr 

38.10 
XIIO 

3jm 
ami 

3709 
3liM 


I 


Looaliiy 


Canon  LaaUra^Cal 

FortTpJoB 

do 

Fort  Crook,  N.Cal 

'Jant  Bnrgwyii,N.  Hoi. ..... 

Fort  llaMaohnwtta,  K  IIox  . 
do 


Ftwa  wbcm  rMeirad. 


JoboXantna ... 

do 

do 

Capt.  Joba  Follaer... 
Dr.  W.  W.  AndonMMi . 
Capt.E.C.  Bowman.. 

do 

do 

Ur.D.CPeteta 


CoUeetedby- 


JobnXaaloa., 
do 


CaptJoba  Fellaer... 
Dr.W.W.Anderaoa. 
CapiKCDowmaa  . 


do 

Dr.D.C.Fotera. 


TAMIAS  IIARRISI  (Au.1.  &  Bach.)  Allen 
Harrli'i  Chlpmank. 

<SjHniui|pAi{iM  kanM  Aiidudon  &.  Daciiman,  QubA.  M.  Am.  ill,  1854,  987,  pi.  oxilv,  flg.  1,— Baird,  Hmd.  N. 
Aoi.  1H57,  U13,  III.  xlviii,  flg.  3  (skull).— CouK8,  Amer.  Nst  i,  1867,  SOS  (Woatvni  Arizona).— 
AiJJCN,  Pnio,  Boat.  Boo.  Nat  Hist,  zvi,  1874,  891.— CoUEs  &  Yarkow,  Wbeeler**  Ezpl.  and 
Siirr.  W.  lOOth  Merid.  v,  Zo8l.  1876, 130  (Lav*  Boda,  Soulhera  Utah).- Uknsuaw,  Anu.  Bep. 
Chief  EDRineers  for  1876,  App,  JJ,  1876,  311  (Southern  CaHfomia). 

Specific  chars, — Length  of  head  and  body  5.00 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  ver- 
tebra3  2.G5 ;    to  end  of  huirs  3.50.     Above,  finely  grizzled  grayish-brown, 


SCIUBID^— TAMIA8  HARRISI. 


<}<*nf. 


811 


lighter  anteriorly  and  more  vinaceous  posteriorly,  with  n  narrow  white  line  on 
each  side  extending  from  the  Hhouhler  to  the  hip.  Ring  surrounding  the  ey*i 
and  lower  parts  pale  yellowish-wiiite,  varying  to  clear  white.  Sides  of  the 
body  below  the  white  line,  especially  on  the  limbs  externally,  washed  willi 
a  pale  shade  of  chestnut  Tail  flat ;  above,  black,  varied  and  edgc<l  with 
white;  lower  surface  white  centrally  and  at  the  edges,  with  a  subterniinal  bar 
of  black.  The  hairs  of  the  sides  of  the  tail  and  some  of  those  of  the  upprr 
surface  are  black  ut  the  extreme  base  as  well  us  subterminally.  Ears  small, 
pointed,  clothed  with  short  hairs.  Soles  partly  naked  in  summer,  well  clothed 
in  winter.  The  winter  pelage  (especially  at  the  northward)  is  full,  soil,  and 
silky ;  Uiat  of  the  back  mostly  white  beneath  the  surface.  In  summer,  par- 
ticularly in  Cape  Saint  Lucas  specimens,  the  pelage  is  very  short,  stitf,  and 
harsh. 

In  this  species,  the  variations  in  color  are  very  slight.  The  light  mark- 
ings range  from  nearly  pure  white  to  soiled  yellowish-white;  the  sides  vary 
slightly  in  the  amount  of  chestnut  they  present,  and  the  prevailing  tint  of  the 
dorsal  surface  varies  from  grey  to  pale  vinoceous.  The  hairs  are  black  at  the 
base ;  those  of  the  dorsal  surface,  in  winter,  are  mainly  white  below  the  sur- 
iaco,  with  narrow  basal  and  subterminal  bars  of  black  and  yeliowish-gniv 
tips.  In  summer  specimens,  the  pelage  is  very  short  and  stiiT,  with  no  under 
fur;  in  winter,  long,  very  soft,  with  an  abundance  of  silky  under  fur. 

The  present  (.pccies  diflfers  from  the  other  members  of  the  group  mainly 
in  having  much  smaller  ears,  a  shorter  tail  than  either  T.  asiaticus  or  T.  ilri- 
atui,  and  in  wholly  lacking  the  black  dorsal  stripes  present  in  all  the  others. 
The  absence  of  ^,hese,  as  well  as  its  short  ears,  serves  at  once  to  distinguish 
it  among  its  congeners.  It  is,  in  the  average,  rather  smaller  than  T.  striatus, 
but  rather  exceeds  in  size  the  smaller  varieties  of  T.  asiaticus.  It  also  dif- 
fers somewhat  in  habits  and  in  the  form  of  the  angle  of  the  lower  jaw.  It 
might,  in  fact,  perhaps  stand  as  the  type  of  a  new  subgenus,  coming  nearer 
to  Tamieu  than  to  SjiermophUut.  Its  chief  points  of  ditfcrence  from  the  typ- 
ical Ground  Squirrels  consist  in  its  smaller  ears  and  in  the  very  much  greater 
development  of  the  angle  of  the  mandibular  ramus,  which  gives  rise  to  a 
more  strongly  marked  ascending  square  process  at  the  posterior  upper  Imrdcr 

Tamias  harrisi  was  first  described  by  Audubon  and  Bachman  in  1854, 
from  a  single  specimen  obtained  by  Mr.  J.  K.  Townsend  on  his  journey  to 
Oregon,  but  the  precise  locality  was  unknown.     Its  habitat  was  first  accu- 


812 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOBTO  AMBBIOAK  BODENTIA. 


111- 


I'! 


'  It' 


,!i  ,      f 


1    I 


ij    1^ 


rntcly  ascertained  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Hecrmann  in  1853,  who  at  that  time  trans* 
mitted  specimens  to  tlic  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  species  was  rcdescribed 
by  Professor  Baird  in  1859,  from  Dr.  Heermann's  specimen,  and  From  a  skin 
in  alcohol  received  from  Mr.  J.  G.  Bell,  who  erroneously  supposed  it  camo 
from  Wisconsin.  Soon  after  this  date,  a  large  suite  of  more  than  twenty 
specimens  was  received  at  the  Smith.sonian  Institution  from  Mr.  John  Xuntus, 
who  collected  them  about  San  Jos^  and  Capo  Saint  Lucas,  nt  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California.  It  has  lieen  since  obtained 
by  Dr.  D.  C.  Peters,  at  Fort  Massachusetts,  N.  Mex.;  by  Dr.  Palmer,  at  Camp 
Grant,  Ariz.;  by  Mr.  F.  Bischoff,  in  Nevada;*  and  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw, 
at  Cove  Creek,  Utah,  and  in  Southern  California.  Its  known  range  hence 
extends  from  Northwestern  New  Mexico  westward  across  Southern  Utah  and 
Southern  Nevada  to  California,  and  southward  along  the  coast  to  the  southern 
point  of  Lower  California.  It  probably  extends  in  the  interior  far  southward 
into  Western  Mexico.  It  is,  however,  essentially  a  species  of  the  deserts. 
Mr.  Henshawf  speaks  of  it  as  living  in  communities,  on  dry  sandy  plains, 
where  there  is  very  little  vegetation.  It  thus  dificrs  in  habits  from  the  other 
species  of  Tamiaa,  whici.  arc  all  woodland  species,  and  in  its  preference  for 
open  plains  quite  resembles  the  Spcrmophiles. 

Tablb  LXXVI.— Ifeanimiwiih  <tf/lvt  ihtilU  of  Tamiab  nARRiBI. 


u  I 


m 


4HT 
4IM 


Lwwiitr- 


Ci«w8I.I.iiaM,L.C*l.. 
, 4o 


do 

8aBj(a«,L.Cal.. 


l.«7 
I.M 
LM 
1.99 
I.M 


aw 
an 

CM 


«.« 
aw 
am 
aa 
aM 


a  48 
a4i 
a« 
a  47 
a4s 


ait 
a  IS 


an 
aM 


11 


aa 
a4e 
aae 
ato 


u 

I"* 

I 


aas 
ats 
a«i 
aM 
an 


an 
an 
an 


i 

ll 

if 


a  14 
ai« 
ait 


! 


an 
aM 
aso 
an 
an 


an 
an 
a* 
an 
am 


a47 
a4T 
a4s 
a  46 


'  Or.  Cones  Informa  me  that  he  has  inspected  •  drawing  of  •  speeimen  laciired  at  Pjnmid  Lake, 
Nevada. 

t  Ann.  Bep.  Chief  Engineen  lot  1876,  App.  JJ,  p.  311. 


Hi:  I 


BCIDRID^— TAMIA8  IIARRISI.         k    V.  813 

Tablr  LXXVII.— JffiuiiniMiiM  of  rii  ijNvimfKi  0/  Tamus  uahmisi. 


vtx 


ami 

til 


Ma 

m 


LnaUljr. 


Tr«ekOT  If  «a4oira,  Ker. . 

Cunp  Ormat,  Aril 

Dm  Jo*«,Ot) 

Cipe  St.  Loom 

do 

IlolUT*  DMWt 


Frvm  tip  of  noM  to- 


ft 10 
Oitl 


1.36 
LIS 


I.W 


S.M 

a.  CO 


Tall  to  eDd 
of- 


1.75 
!.<• 
t.«» 

3.10 
8.30 


«l3S 
S.M 
Xti 

3.10 

an 
«.«i 


L«iigth  iif— 


0;it 

aw 

aw 
an 


1.M 
1.33 
1.40 
l.M 
I.M 
1.33 


aw 
aw 
aw 
a«i 


RUo. 

...do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..  do. 
..dm 


Taiilk  LXXVIII.— £(•<  of  tpeoimfiii  emaiiiieii  o/  Tamiab  UARiiigi. 


I 


IIIM 
11333 
1133:1 
3183 
SMI 
MM 

aM3 

WIO 


ant 
gas 
an4 
aam 


aw? 


wn 

4I« 


a 

I 


370 

nt 

37R 
008 
310 
313 
381 
308 

aoo 

t»4« 


«M 

1118 
4S« 

aat 

3*r 


3«« 

471 


LooaUlty. 


CampOrut,  n  nil<«« 
ciut  uf  TnoKio. 

00  dillM  mat  of  Uw 
Colonido. 

Xavada 

CoTaCraak,  Utah.. 

do 

yioit  If  aaaochaaatta 

Ca|wBt.I.ucaa,L.Cal 

do 

do 

do 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 
..do. 
,.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 


BaaJuai,L.Cal. 

do 

CapaSt..'iiMaa,L.Cal 


do 

do 

do 

aaaJoat,  t..Cal 

Hobaro  Uaaart,  Cal 


Whm 

flolloetod. 


From  whom  ruoolvod. 


JomM,IIIN 


AOR. — ,  1819 
No*.  I.%  ign 
Not.  17, 1811 


Apr.  — ,  I8S0 
JoaolS,liM 
Uaj  — ,  i8W 
Apr.  — ,  1890 
Apr.  — ,  18S0 


JdiM— ,I89V 

Aug.  le,  laao 


JniMis,ies» 

JOM  ta,  1890 


Vofc.  — ,iew 


May  -,  1890 
Maj  — ,  1890 
May  -,  1890 
May  -,  1890 
May  — ,  1890 
Dao.    I,18W 


Dr.X.Paln»r.. 

LtJ.O.  ITM.. 


UO.  M.WIi<ioler. 


Dr.D.C.  Patora., 

JohoXaotoa 

do 

do 

do 

do 


.do. 
.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 
do. 
.do. 
.do. 
..do. 
.do. 


, do 

do 

U.B.8.Wimanaon 


OoHMtod  by— 


Dr.  X.  Palmer.. 


J.MWhauea. 


F.UtMboff. 

2amiwaad  DeaaliBw 

do 

Dr.D.0.  Patan 

John  XaatiM 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

da 


.do. 
..do. 
.do. 
.do. 


do 

do 

do 

do...„ 

do 

do 

Or.  A.I>HMt<Baan. 


8kla. 
..do. 


...do. 

..do. 

..  do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

...do. 

..do. 

...do. 

...do. 

..do. 

...do. 

BkiD  and  aknll 

..do. 

...do. 

...do. 

8Ub. 

...do. 

...do. 

Skin  and  aknll. 

Skin. 

...do. 


..do. 

..da 
da 


814 


MOMOOItAPnS  OF  NUltTIi  AMERICAN  kODISNTIA. 


rm 


'  i 


,  I 


¥ 


''       TAMIAS  LATERALIS  (Say)  Allen. 
Bai'i  Cblpmonk. 

Boiunu  lattralli  Bay,  Lodr*!  Eiped.  li,  ISSS,  40.— Harmn,  Fann.Amer.  1833, 161.— Oooman,  Am.  Nai 

nut.  ii,  IHSW,  144.— H.  Smith,  OriflBtb'ii  Cuvior**  An.  King,  v,  ie97,«!>G.— Waunkh,  eehnbor*! 

HJiugnt.  Iv,  p).  ooxlv,  U.— FiaCHMt,  Bynop.  Mam.  1889,  360. 
Arekmf  (SptmopliUut)  lattratlt  RiciiAKuaos,  ZuOI.  Joorn.  ill,  1888,  CIS;  Fouua  Bor.-Am.  i,  1880,  174, 

pi.  xiil. 
SpemofkUtt  lakraU*  "F.  CuviRK'a  Sappl.  ilaffon,  I,  Uam.  I,  1831,  335 ".— Waonkh,  Bnppl.  Bohrelier'i 

8«ag«t.  Ill,  1843,  SUL- BnANlxr,  Bnli.  CUmmi  Phyaloo-inatb.  Acad.  St.  I*<tenb.  II,  1844, 38U.— 
■;.     '  f       AuDvmuf  A.  Bacuman,  Quail.  N.  Am.  Ill,  18G3,  OS,  czW.— Oibbkl,  Siloget.  16&6, 63a— Baiiio, 

Mam.  M.  Am,  18r>7,  U18,  pi.  xx,  flg.  3  (bead  and  feot) ;  pi.  xlv,  IIk.  l>(tkull).-CooPEH,  Froo. 

Cal.  Acad.  W,  1800,  4.— Mirmam,  U.  8.  Oeol.  8nrv.  Torr.  0th  Ann.  Rvp.  1873,  «ie4. 
IbiriM  iafcraU*  Au.kh,  Pnio.  BtMt.  Soo.  Nat.  Iliit.  xvl,  1874,  ttOO.- CoUiU  &  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Eipl. 

and  Burv.  Weat  of  lOOtb  Herld.  v,  ZoOI.  119  (Apaobe,  Arixona).— HK.<rtiiAW,  Ann.  Rep.  Chief 

Engineers  for  1870,  App.  JJ,  1870,  311  (Soutbern  California). 

Spkcific  cuarb  — Largest  of  the  genus.  Length  of  head  and  body  7.25  to 
8«00;  of  tail  to  end  of  vertebrae  about  3.25;  to  end  of  hairs  4.35.  Above,  yellow- 
ish-gray, with  two  broad  stripes  of  white  and  four  of  black,  which  extend  from 
the  shoulders  to  the  hips.  No  central  dorsal  line.  Sides  of  neck  and  shoulders, 
and  oilen  the  whole  upper  surface  of  the  head,  dark  rufous  or  chestnut,  varying 
greatly  in  intensity  in  diflerent  specimens ;  posterior  edge  of  thighs  and  sides 
of  rump  also  rufous,  but  paler  than  the  sides  of  the  neck  and  shouhlcrs. 
Beneath,  yellowish-white,  the  yellowish  tint  strongest  on  the  breast.  Eye- 
lids white,  with  an  indistinct  pule  ocular  stripe.  Tail  above,  blackish,  varied 
with  whitish  and  edged  with  pale  yellowish ;  middle  of  the  tail  below,  pale 
yellowish  })rown,  varying  to  reddish-cinnamon  and  chestnut,  with  a  subtcr- 
minal  bar  of  black  and  yellowish-white  edging. 

The  present  species  varies  greatly  in  color,  even  among  specimens  from 
the  same  locality.  The  light  stripes  on  the  sides  of  the  back  range  from 
nearly  pure  white  to  {mle  yellow;  the  bLick  stripes  by  which  they  are  enclosed, 
from  pale  brownish-black  to  intense  black.  Of  the  dark  stripes,  the  outer  is 
gcnei-aliy  considerably  broader  than  the  inner;  sometimes  they  are  equal  in 
wi('.(,^  j  the  inner  is  occasionally  entirely  obsolete,  and  in  about  one-third  of 
the  specimens  before  me  is  less  than  one-fourth  the  width  of  the  outer  and 
much  shorter,  while  in  rare  instances  it  is  considerably  wider  than  the  outer. 
Occasionally  the  stripes  are  all  only  indistinctly  indicated.  The  general  color 
of  the  upper  surface  varies  from  whitish-gray  to  reddish-gray.  In  some  speci- 
mens, the  head  and  neck  are  scarcely  more  rufous  than  the  back ;  in  others, 
the  upper  surface  of  the  head  is  much  more  strongly  rufous  than  any  other 
portion  of  the  animal.     To  describe  these  variations  more  in  detail: — 'So. 


>l 


BCIUItlDJi!— TAMIAB  LATRKAMS. 


815 


9820,  from  Yellowstono  Luke  (taken  in  July),  is  very  strongly  coltired  tiirimgli- 
out.  The  whole  upper  surface  nnd  sides  of  the  hcnd  and  neck  urn  hright 
reddish-brown,  passing  into  hrownish-ycilow  on  the  tlirunt  and  brcnst.  The 
light  stripe  on  either  side  of  the  back  is  yellowish-white,  the  dark  ones  intense 
black,  and  of  about  the  same  width  as  the  light  stripe  by  which  they  are 
separated.  The  middle  of  the  back  is  yellowish-gray  ;  the  sides  of  the  body 
dull  brownifth-yellow ;  the  lower  parts  are  strongly  yellowish,  and  the  tail  is 
edged  with  the  same  color.  Another  8|)ecimen  (No.  2748,  Coll.  M.  C.  Z.), 
from  Montgomery,  Park  County,  Colo.,  is  nearly  an  strongly  rufous  as  the 
last,  but  the  back  of  the  neck  is  gray,  like  the  back.  The  inner  black  dorsal 
striiies  are  obsolete;  the  outer  is  short  and  broad,  and  dull  blackish  insteatl 
of  inte.ise  block,  as  in  No.  9820.  Several  others,  from  the  same  locality,  are 
very  much  paler;  they  show  very  little  brownish  on  the  sides  of  the  nock 
and  head ;  the  light  stripes  are  well  defined  and  extend  from  the  ears  to 
the  hips,  but  the  Idack  stripes  nre  wholly  toanting  in  one  specimen  (which  lias 
hence  exactly  the  pktura  of  T.  harriii),  and  in  others  only  the  outer  arc  pres- 
ent, and  nre  reduced  to  n  short  dusky  band.  Generally,  when  the  inner  black 
stripe  is  wanting,  the  outer  is  double  the  width  it  usually  has  when  both  are 
present.  Some  specimens  show  no  more  rufous  on  the  head  than  elsewhere, 
except  over  a  small  urea  on  the  forehead. 

In  this  species,  there  seems  to  be  very  little  variation  in  color  with  age, 
and  I  am  unable  to  correlate  any  variations  with  differences  of  locality.  Some 
of  the  most  diverse  examples  were  obtained  at  Montgomery,  Colo.,  the  seri&s 
obtained  there  by  myself  in  1871  representing  nearly  the  whole  range  of 
variation  in  the  whole  series. 

Tamias  lateralis  is  the  largest  species  of  the  genus,  and  is  easily  distin- 
guished by  its  coloration,  especially  by  the  absence  of  a  black  dorsal  line. 
With  this  exception,  it  has  essentially  the  pattern  of  coloration  seen  in  T. 
striaius  and  T.  asiaticus.  The  white  stripes  begin  at  the  ears  and  terminate 
at  the  hips,  but  anterior  to  the  shoulders  they  arc  oflen  much  obscured  by  a 
strong  suffusion  of  rufous.  In  voice,  habits,  mode  of  life,  pattern  of  colora- 
tion, and  external  features  generally,  T.  lateralis  is  a  true  Tmnias,  differing 
from  the  other  species  mainly  in  the  larger  size  of  the  first  upper  premolar. 
This  tooth,  however,  is  still  much  smaller  than  in  the  SpermophiU.  The 
•kull,  however,  is  rather  broader  and  deeper  than  in  the  other  TamuB. 

This  epecies  was  first  described  by  Say,  in  1823,  from  specimens  ob- 


-:t^^ 


810 


MONOORAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


tiiincd  ncnr  llio  sourcca  of  tho  Arkansas  River.  Mr.  Say  properly  regnnle<l 
it  118  a  Ground  Squirrel,  though  describing  it  ns  a  Sciurut.  lie  says : — "It  is 
allied  to  the  Sc.  ttruifut,  and  belongs  to  the  same  subgenus  (Tamias,  Illig), 
but  it  is  of  larger  Rize,"  et«.,  etc.  Dr.  Richardson,  in  his  excellent  account 
of  the  8|)ecies,  transferred  it  to  Spermophilut  (regarded  by  him  as  a  subgenus 
of  Arctomyi),  to  which  genus  it  was  afterward  uniformly  referred  Mil  1874, 
when  I  again  placed  it  in  Tamias, 

Up  to  a  comparatively  recent  date,  this  has  been  a  rare  species  in  col- 
lections. Professor  Bainl,  in  1857,  was  able  to  refer  to  but  two  examples, 
and  few  others  had  been  seen  by  other  naturalists.  In  the  preparation  of  the 
present  article,  I  have  had  access  to  upward  of  seventy  specimens,  nearly 
ail  of  which  have  been  collected  since  1868,  and  most  of  them  under  tho 
auspices  of  the  present  Survey. 

Its  known  range  extends  from  Apache,  Ariz.  {Coue*  and  Yarrow),  north- 
ward in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  latitude  57°,  where,  according  to  Richard- 
son, it  was  obtained  fifty  years  ago  by  Mr.  Drummond.  As  shown  by  tho 
subjoined  list  of  specimens,  it  has  been  met  with  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues  in 
Northern  Montana ;  by  Dr.  Hayden  and  Mr.  W.  S.  Woo<l,  in  the  Black  Hills ; 
by  Mr.  F.  J.  Huse,  at  Yellowstone  Lake,  Montana  Territory;  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Mer- 
riani,  at  Henry's  Lake,  Idaho;  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry  and  Capt.  Charles 
Bendire,  in  Oregon  ;  by  Mr.  J.  Stevenson  and  others,  in  various  parts  of  Col- 
orado ;  by  Messrs.  Ridgway  and  Bischoff,  in  Nevada ;  and  by  Capt.  J.  H. 
Simpson's  party,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper  al8o 
refers  to  it  as  "common"  near  the  summits  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains 
in  latitude  36°,  and  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw  reports  it  as  frequent  in  the  mount- 
ains of  Southern  California.  Dr.  Coues  has  lately  found  it  "very  common" 
in  the  pine-belt  of  the  mountains  of  Northern  Colorado.  It  hence  may  be 
supposed  to  occur  throughout  the  mountainous  districts  of  the  interior,  from 
the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  luinges. 
It  lives  among  rocks  in  wooded  districts,  and  appears  to  be  chiefly  alpii:')  \a. 
its  distribution.  Its  habits  closely  resemble  those  of  the  Chipmunk  (TT 
striatus)  of  the  Eastern  States,  as  was  noticed  by  Mr.  Say,  and  later  by 
Dr.  Newberry  and  other  writers  who  have  had  the  opportunity  of  observing 
it  in  life. 


r  • 


I,  ■. 


w 


BOIUItlDif:— TAMIAB  LATRRALIH. 


Hf 


Tadlb  LXXIX.— <V«ui(r«M«N(<(^  Ihnt  tkulUqf  tkuiAH  latkralm. 


isaM 
laMT 

I3*H 


LoeiUllj. 


Colorada. 
do.. 


i.ra 
i.n 
I.  a 


0.M 


} 


0.M 

ass 


0.17 

•lit 

0.1) 


•.M 
•lW 


0.M 


11 
11 


•lM 

0.«B 


«.S9 
•.M 
0.U 


0.W 
O.IS 

a  18 


f 


&33 
0.33 


! 


1.07 
0.01 
1.00 


0.47 
CM 
0.47 


Tabuc  LXXX.— itf«uiiraiii«ii(t  of  tUrleen  iptoimtmi  of  Tamia*  iJkTKliAUN. 


i 

i 

J 

4Slf 
09* 

CM 

m 

198 

Loaattlr 

i 

Fraa  Up  or  Boot  to- 

Toll  lo  Mid 
of- 

LeDgtbof- 

i 

3 

•s 

1 

& 

A 

i 

t 

!>• 

1.90 
3.00 
3.0] 
3.(9 
3.00 

1 

1 
1 

1 

I 

lion 

1741 
;  1740 
1  (747 

t74d 

CkM  Moutaln  Lain,  #• 

OlM 
0.U 

ai7 

0.M 
(.13 

0l73 
0i7» 
A78 
Oil* 
0.79 

LOO 
I.8S 
1.70 

i.g« 

L4S 
L7S 
LS5 

1.00 
LSO 
1.90 
1.N 
LOO 

too 

I.7S 
l.»7 
I.M 
LOS 

aoo 
Loa 

L7S 
LOS 
LOO 
LOO 
LOO 

noo 

0.00 
B.0O 
7.00 
ftOS 
•lOO 
&00 
7.M 
7.40 
7.79 
&80 
7.09 

xaa 

4.M 
90 

3.  as 

4.09 
iSS 

LOO 
1.00 
LOS 
LOS 

ao3 

1.17 
1.03 
1.00 
LOS 
L09 
L07 
L03 
L4« 

LOO 
LSO 
LOS 
LOO 
1.99 
L79 
LOO 
LOS 
L«8 
LAS 
LOS 
LOO 
L<3 

rmh. 

...do. 

Park  CiMlllv.  Colo 

o 

do   

...do. 

do 

do 

...do. 

...do. 

4o 

...da 

Its 

3.39 

3.09 
3lW 

tos 

3.  IS 
3.00 

4.30 
4.99 

4.79 
4.79 
iOO 
i49 
409 

O.BS 

a4H 

0.93 
O.SI 

as3 

AloohoUo. 
..do. 
...do. 
..do. 
...do. 
...do. 

Bkla. 

Twin  Lok«%  Colo  

do  

1 

do 

do 

do   

1 

Tablb  hX\Xl.~Utt  of  ftdmatt  «nm<a«l  t^  Tamia*  lateraus. 


LoMllty. 


Whoa 
eollootod. 


Fnm  wliom  noalTod. 


CUIoctodliy- 


» 


31t7 

vm 
sin 

KM 
UC78 

iim 
lion 

IMOS 


Hayakwitooa  Dopot,  W.  T. . 

Madlkftoa.W.T 

TTpparDoaOkatoa,  Ong.  Ttr 
fut%  KiOMdnaoUa,  K.  If  ox 

OwmbCUjiHot 

rwtOadaad.Oolo 

Aaftaa.Oolo 

do 

TwtaLakoo,Colo 

Him  NoToda  Itouatalao. . . 


7al7  S,UO0 


SoptHUH 

lUr.— ,UN 
Judo  — ,1073 
Aog.  — ,  ins 
Ang.  — ,  1873 
Ang.  — >  1873 
JoaaUiiagO 


A.Camplioll 

,...«o 

U.R&WIIU*Moa. 

Dr.  D.  0.  Petan 

ClanaooIUDg 

Lt.0.1I.Wh«alor.. 

...do 

...do 

...  do 

Copk  xaUapaoa 


Dr.  C  B.  R,  KesBorl  J 

...do .... 

Dr.J.&Nowborry 
Dr.  D.  C.  Poter* . . . 

B.KIdgw«j 

H.  W.  Htnaluiw  .. 
Dr.  J.  T.  RoUiniok 

...do 

...do 

C.8.1toCit]Uiy.... 


Skin. 
..d& 
da 
..da 
.da 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..da 


fi2  K 


■'^K. 


'mr^ssf^- 


818 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA, 


Tablk  liXXXl.—IAtI  of  tpteimeim  examinei  of  Tauiab  utkralis— Continoed 


liP'l 


1 

e 

a 

I. 

0 

s 

S  a 

i 
i 

a 

1 

i 
1 

Locality. 

Whon 
oollootad. 

From  whom  recelMd. 

Colleotad  by- 

"S 

9319 
11149 
11083 
3065 
1011 
11486 
11487 

114»8 

um 

11489 

tan 

08*5 
08tM 
0890 
11103 
0571 
9579 
0573 
9574 
0575 
0576 
0577 
0570 
0S80 
0581 
0589 
9583 
9584 
0S7B 
9S8S 
9586 
0387 
0388 
0980 
OSSO 
0501 
0599 
0993 
0505 
9506 
0C07 
0399 

oeoe 

931 

J 

Humboldt  Ifonntolni,  Not.  . 

NoTKta 

Gbler  Mt  Litke,  Hont  Tor. . 

BlaokRIII«,Di>k.Tor 

MmUoIuo  Bow  Crook 

Colomdo 

Sept -,1869 
Jnno  90, 1879 
An«.10,1874 
July  91, 1899 
An*.   7,1836 

GlarenooKlng 

I.t.O.H.Wbe»lor... 
A.C»nipboll 

KRidgway 

Skin. 
..do. 

F.BiMhoff 

4516 
304 
891 

..do. 

W.S.Wood 

..  do 

..do. 
do. 

Dr.F.V.Haydoo... 
....do   

J.  H.  Batty 

..do. 

13986 

13967 
13968 

..do 

....do 

akin  and 
■knil. 
do. 

do         

....do 

...do 

do 

....do 

...do 

..da 

do 

....do 

...do 

Skin. 
..da 
..da 

44 

96 
98 
93 
95 

Black  mill 

Jnno  1,1807 
Jnly  — ,  1871 
Jnly  -,  1871 
July  — ,  1871 
Aug.  10, 1879 
July  17, 1869 
Jnly  16, 1869 
Jnly  16,1869 

1/t.O.K.  Warren... 
Dr.P.V.Hayden  .. 
....do 

Dr.F.V.HaydMl... 
F.J.Bnwi 

do 

....do 

..da 

do 

Henry'!  Uike,  Idabo 

Idaho  City.  Colo 

....do 

...do 

da 

....do 

...do 

....do 

C.H.Herriam 

J.StoTeuoa 

..da 
..da 

do 

...do 

..do. 

do 

...do 

....do 

..da 

do         

....do   

...do   

da 



do 

Jnly  16,18(9 
Jnly  16, 1869 
July  97, 1869 
Jnly  97, 1860 
Jnly  97,1869 
July  97, 1869 
July  97, 1869 
Jnly  (7, 1869 
Jnly  17,1869 
July  17,1869 
Jnly  17, 1869 
Jnly  16,1869 
Jnly  16, 1869 
Jnly  16, 1869 
Jnly  16,1869 
Jnly  17, 1L69 
Jnly  16,1869 
Jnly  16, 1869 
July  17, 1869 
Jnly  17, 1869 
July  16,18(9 
July  16, 18(9 
Jnly  16,1869 
Jnly  16,1861 
Jnly  93, 1873 
An«.  -,  1873 
Jnly  18, 1873 
Jnly  18,1873 
Jnly  18, 1873 
Jnly   8,1871 

July    6,1871 

..  do   

....do.... 

da 

do 

....do 

....do.... 

da 

Near  Bortbond'o  Piw,  Colo. . 
do 

....do 

....do 

..da 

....do   

....do   

da 

do 

do 

....do 

....do 

..da 

....do     

....do  ... 

da 

do 

do 

...do ,.. 

....do ......'.. 

...do... 

....do 

..da 
..da 

Idaho  City,  Colo 

...do 

....do  

...do 

....do 

..da 
..da 

do 

do 

....do   

....do 

da 

do 

....do    

....do 

.  da 

do 

....do 

.do. 

do 

....do 

....do 

.  da 

do 

...do 

....do 

..da 
da 

do 

....do   

....do 

do 

....do   

....do   

da 

do 

....do   

....do 

.  da 

do 

...  do 

....do 

da 

do 

..  do 

....do 

da 

do....::....:::....::: 

..  do   

....do 

da 

do 

...do 

....do   

da 

do .» 

...do   

....do   

da 

do 

...do   

...do   .... 

.'da 

9 

3 
S 
6 
7 
690 

630 

Twin  TjtkM  Coin  , j 

LtO.U.Whedar... 
...do 

Dr.J.T.Bothroek  .. 
....do  

AleohoUe 
..da 

do 

do 

..  do    

....do 

..da 

do 

...  do 

....do  

..da 

do 

....do 

....do 

..da 
Skin. 

..da 

•9745 
•3746 

Park  County,  Colo 

Rooky  Honntain  Ex 

pedillon. 
....do 

Allen,  Bennett,  and 

Bllei. 
...do 

do 

*  In  llnioum  of  CoBparative  ZoUlogy,  CanibrMge,  llaia. 


^#* 


aOIUBID^— SPBRMOPHILUS. 


Tablr  LXXXI. — £<•(  o/»pecimeii$  eiamincd  of  Tamia8  i^TEnAUS — Continnal. 


•«7M 
•no 

•9T50 

•*r5i 

•5317 


031 

838 
MS 

looe 


IrtCOlltj. 


Puk  Oamity,  Odo . 


do 

do 

do 

11  Pwo  CoDDty,  Colo  . 
B«u  Creek,  Ong 


When 
oolleatod. 


July   8,1871 

July  90, 1871 
Jn>y  M,1871 
Jaly  90, 1871 
Jaly  »,  1871 
Aug.  11,1876 


From  whom  re- 
oeived. 


Boeky  Hocntaln  Kx- 
pediUoB. 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do , 

Cipt.  Chu.  Bendlre. 


Colleoted  by- 


Allen,  Bennett,  ud 
Bll**. 

,...da 

...do 

....do 

...do 

C>pt  Chaa.  Bendlre. 


•8 
in 


Skla. 


..da 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..do. 


'  ta  Jfuenm  of  OonptnttlTe  ZoHegy,  Cunbridgo,  Mmi. 


Genus  SPERMOPHILUS  F.  Cuv. 

Spermopkaiu  F.  Cdtikb,  H^m.  da  Hob.  ix,  lte3,  893;  Denta  dea  Hamm.  18SS,  161, 3&S,  pi.  It  (type  "Jfni 

cUiUut,  Linn.")- 
SpermopMa  Biciiaddson,  Parry'a  8«oond  VoyaKe,  App.  1835,  313  (=  Spermofltatu  F.  Cnv.). 
SpermatopkUw  Waolkr,  Sysk  Aviam,  1830,  32  (accredited  to  F.  Cuvier). 
CMltiu  LiOHTKNSTBiN,  Dttcst.  Dcuer  ':der  wenig  Iieliannt.  Silaget.  18i27-34  [1830f],  pi.  xzxi,  fig.  2  (not 

paged). 
CoIototM  Bbamdt,  Ball.  Claaae  Pbyaico-matb.  de  I'Acad.  Imp.  dea  Soi.  de  St.  P<Stonb.  ii,  1844,  360. 
OloeoMmi  Brandt,  Ball.  CUaae  Fhyaico-math.  de  I'Aoad.  Imp.  des  Sci.  do  St.  Pdtenb.  ii,  1844,  368  (= 

ColcioUi). 
OtoipermopkUiu  Brandt,  Ball.  Claaae  Phyaioo-matb.  de  I'Acad.  Imp.  doa  Soi.  de  St.  P^terab.  ii,  1844, 379. 

Q-ENEBio  CHAB8. — Skull  very  variable  in  form,  being  either  narrow  and 
elongate  or  short  and  broad,  with  the  dorsal  outline  moderately  or  strongly 
convex,  and  the  zygomatic  arches  greatly  or  only  moderately  expanded ;  post- 
orbital  processes  generally  triangular,  strong,  and  directed  downward ;  zygo- 
matic processes  of  the  maxillary  greatly  depressed  and  expanded ;  plane  of 
the  malar  turned  outward,  sometimes  anteriorly  nearly  horizontally  flattened; 
zygomatic  arches  spreading ;  position  of  the  anteorbital  foramina  more  for- 
ward than  in  Tamias,  subtriangular,  with  a  strongly  developed  tubercle  at 
the  outer  lower  corner ;  upper  premolars  always  two,  the,first  variable  in 
size,  generally  much  larger  than  in  Sciurus  or  Tamias,  and  sometimes  nearly 
as  large  as  in  Cynomys;  grinding-teeth  variable  in  strength  and  size ;  cheek- 
pouches  well  developed ;  body  slender  or  thick-set ;  tail  long,  moderate,  or 
short,  cylindrical  or  flattened;  ears  large,  of  medium  size,  or  rudimentary, 
never  tufled ;  nail  of  pollex  generally  undeveloped  ;  character  of  the  pelage 
and  pattern  of  coloration  variable. 

As  previously  stated,  the  genus  Spermophilus,  as  commonly  recognized, 


V  I 


I-      I 


i  J 


k-  , , 


'M      1 


w 


820 


MONOORAPHS  OF  NOKTH  AMKRICAN  RODBNTIA. 


is  a  lietcrogcncous  group,  cmhracing  quite  diverse  species,  some  of  which 
strongly  approach  Scivrus,  while  others  foreshadow  Cynomys,  and  others 
still  grade  by  almost  insensible  stages  into  Tnmias.  The  group  was  Rrst  dis- 
membered* by  Brandt  in  1844,  who  divided  it  into  two  "subgenera'',  namely, 
Colobolis  (also  written  later  in  the  same  paper  " Olocolobus")  and  Otoxpcrmo- 
philus.  To  the  first  he  referred  all  the  Old  World  species  known  to  him,  and 
also  three  of  the  North  American  species;  the  latter  is  exclusively  American. 
These  two  groups  are  based  ou  slight  peculiarities  of  dentition  (particularly 
in  respect  to  the  size  and  form  of  the  first  upper  premolar),  the  size  of  the 
ear,  and  the  length  of  the  tail.  The  Old  World  species  of  Colobotit  are  all 
short-tailed,  with  small  or  rudimentary  ears,  the  tail  with  the  hairs  exceeding 
a  length  of  two  inches  in  only  one  species  {S.  eversmanni),  being  generally 
considerably  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  length  of  the  head  and  body.  Only 
one  (5.  richartboni)  of  the  three  American  species  referred  by  Brandt  to  this 
group  really  belongs  here,  the  others  {8,  "hoodi"  z=  tridecemlineatus,  and  S. 
franklini)  having  few  characters  in  common  with  the  others.  Otosj)ermophi- 
lus  is  a  much  more  natural  division,  but  was  made  to  include  8.  mexicanux, 
which,  as  will  be  shown  later,  belongs  to  a  wholly  different  division.  The 
other  species  referred  to  Otonpermopkilua  were  S.  grammurus  (with  its  varie- 
ties and  synonyms)  and  iS?.  lateralis;  the  affinities  of  the  last  named  are 
divided  between  this  group  and  Tamias,  with  a  preponderance  toward  the 
latter.  Brandt  divided  the  Old  World  representatives  of  Colobotis  into  three 
sections  ("A",  "B",  and  "C"),  based  wholly  on  the  seasonal  and  valueless 
character  of  the  pilosity  of  the  soles,  which  he  appears  to  have  supposed  to 
be  a  constant  character  in  adults.  His  section  "B"  (consisting  of  S.  evers- 
manni and  8.  parryi)  he  says  resembles  Otospermophilas  in  the  length  and 
structure  of  the  tail.  This  is  also  true  of  other  characters ;  it  hence  forms 
a  natural  and  well-marked  subdivision  of  his  subgenus  Colobotis. 

In  1855,  Brandt's  divisions  and  subdivisions  were  adopted  by  Giebel. 
Baird,  in  1857,  while  pointing  out  the  worthlessness  of  any  distinctions  based 
on  the  pilosity  of  the-  soles,  thought  Brandt's  subgenus  OtospermophUus  enti- 
tled to  permanent  recognition,  and  adopted  it  with  merely  the  removal  there- 
from of  S.  mexicanvs  to  Colobotis,  under  which  latter  group  Professor  Baird 

*  Lichtenatoin,  however,  nbont  1830,  propoMd  the  nsme  CHtilltii  for  oertain  ■pcolea,  but  witbont 
giving  for  the  gronp  any  tangible  diagnosis.  The  flnt  specie*  deioril)ed  under  this  Dome  tm  S.  maci- 
caniu,  bnt  he  also  dfscril)e<l  two  Old  World  species  (C.fultui  and  C.  nugovtrictu)  that  differ  widely  from 
S.  mnieaKM,  lielonging  in  fact  to  an  entirely  different  section  of  the  genns.  Brandt  makes,  and  qnita 
properly,  as  it  seems  to  me,  CitUl»u  merely  a  synonym  of  SpermopHliu. 


SCIUUID^-aPEKMOPni  LUS. 


arranged  all  the  other  American  Sptrmophili.  He  also  recognized  Uic  highly 
Sciurine  character  of  the  OlospermophUi,  which  he  regarded  as  "only  distin- 
guishable externally  by  the  cheek-pouches"  from  the  true  Squirrels.  Colo- 
botis,  however,  as  thus  left,  embraced  very  diverse  types. 

While,  as  already  stated,  it  is  impossible  to  subdivide  the  American 
Spermophili  into  sharply  definable  groups,  they  admit  of  arrangement  in 
three  sections,  of  which  the  extreme  phases  of  differentiation  are  as  wide 
asunder  as  are  most  allied  modern  genera,  but  which  still  thoroughly  inoscu- 
late through  variously  intermediate  specific  forms.  If  their  most  differentiated 
specific  representatives  stood  alone,  even  the  generic  distinctness  of  these 
groups  would  be  unquestioned.  An  already  intimated,  one  of  these  deviating 
lines  is  in  the  direction  of  Cynomys,  another  in  the  direction  of  Tamias,  and 
the  third  tends  strongly  toward  Sciurux.  Provisionally  recognizing  these 
sections  vs  subgenera,  they  may  be  characterized  as  follows: — 

Sabgenos  Otosfbrmofiiilus  Brandt  (emend.)- 

Eara  larKo,  high,  pointed  (larger  and  more  pointed  thnn  in  aome  apeciea  i>f  SctHma) ;  tail  long, 
full,  anil  broad,  with  the  haira  tno-thirda  to  three-fonrths  the  length  of  the  head  and  body;  general 
form  of  the  akuU,  and  the  dentition,  atronglj  Boinrine.    Species,  8.  grammmnu,  8.  aanuIalMf. 

Subgenus  Coix>boti8  Brandt  (emend.). 

• 

Eara  aoiall,  aometimea  marglniform  ;  tail  abort,  flattened,  with  the  haira  one-third  to  one-half  the 
length  of  the  body ;  aknll  abort  and  broad,  the  zygomatic  orchea  broad,  generally  greatly  widened  poa- 
teriorly ;  dentition  haary,  and  the  first  upper  premolar  generally  large.  Speeiea,  8.  rickafd$oni,  8.  empttra, 
8.  melUi,  8.  ipUonma,  8.  obtoletut. 

Subgenna  Ictioomtb*  nob. 

Eara  generally  amall,  aometimea  rudimentary;  tail  long,  cylindrical,  or  narrow  and  flattened,  or 
quite  broad,  with  the  hairs  one-half  to  three-fonrtha  the  length  of  the  \yoAj ',  aknll  very  long  and  narrow ; 
flnt  npper  premolar  uanally  rather  amall,  and  the  dentition  nr.t  heavy.  Species,  S.  tenttoautbu,  8.  moci- 
oa«M,  S.  MdeoemliKeatiu,  8.fmikHHi. 

In  Olospermophiltts,  the  first  upper  premol-.'  is  scarcely  larger  than  in 
some  species  of  Sciurus ;  the  skull  is  similarly  nr  r.hed  and  expanded  ;  the 
anteorbital  foramina  are  narrower,  and  their  outer  walls  are  thinner  than  in 
the  other  Spermophiles.  The  cranial  differences  relate  mainly  to  the  greater 
obliquity  of  the  malar  bone  and  the  greater  lateral  expansion  of  the  zygo- 
matic processes  of  the  maxillaries.  S.  empetra  (=parryi  of  authors)  is  but  a 
little  way  removed  from  the  group,  and  forms  an  easy  passage  to  Colobotis. 

In  Colobotis,  the  skull  is  shorter  and  broader,  generally  much  arched, 
the  zygomatic  arches  more  spreading,  and  the  dentition  he&vier;  in  all  these 
characters,  as  well  as  in  the  short  flat  tail  and  the  thick-set  form,  the  group 


•  Ettm.— lurir  ! 
the  species. 


:  weasel,  and  /ivt  »  moose ;  in  allusion  to  the  slender  Moateline  form  of  most  of 


■i : 


I  igfilS;!:      -.    -ilMl';    ■;■., 


822 


MONOORArnS  OF  NOUTH  AMERICAN  EODENTIA. 


approaches  Cynomys.  While  S.  empetra  deviates  toward  Otospermophilus,  S. 
richardsoni  strongly  approaches  Cynomys,  as  do  8.  spilosoma  and  8.  obsoletus 
to  Jctidomys,  especially  in  the  general  contour  of  the  skull.  In  IcHdomys, 
there  is  an  approach,  through  S.  mexicanus,  toward  Tamias,  while  S.  Jrank- 
lini,  in  its  full,  broad,  and  rather  long  tail  and  prominent  ears,  and  sonaewhat 
in  the  general  shape  of  the  skull  and  rather  small  first  upper  premolar,  rather 
inclines  toward  Otospermophiuu. 

As  is  evident  from  the  foregoing  remarks,  the  complex  inosculations  of 
Sciurus,  Tamias,  Cynomys,  and  the  several  divisions  of  Spermophilus,  render 
it  impossible  to  arrange  them  serially  in  a  single  line.  The  following  dia- 
grammatic disposition  to  some  extent  expresses  their  mutual  aflSnities,  as  well 
as  their  relationship  to  Arctomys. 


SCIURDS. 


\ 


OTOaPBRMOFHILUS. 


Tamias. 


Cynohtb. 


ICnDOMYS. 


Akctohts. 


The  absence  of  any  broad  gaps  among  the  many  species  composing  the 
above-named  groups  leads  to  the  inference  of  their  comparatively  recent  diverg- 
ence from  some  common  ancestral  type,  which  may  or  may  not  have  been 
something  nearer  Arctomys  than  Sciurus,  or  something  quite  diflferent  from 
either.  The  extinct  species  of  the  Tertiary  formations,*  of  which  there  are 
indications  of  a  large  number,  none  of  which,  unfortunately,  are  as  yet  well 
known,  were  mainly  of  large  size,  most  of  them  exceeding  the  existing 
species  of  Cynomys,  while  some  equalled  and  even  exceeded  the  largest  species 

'  For  BU  ocGoant  of  theM,  boo  the  ooDolnding  portion!  of  tbli  memoir. 


SCIURID^— SPEBMOPniLUS. 


823 


of  Arctomys.  As  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  characters  afforded  by  the  few 
mandibular  rami,  from  which  as  yet  they  are  in  the  main  only  known,  they 
more  resembled,  at  least  in  dentition,  the  existing  species  of  Arctomys  and 
Sciurus  ihan  those  of  Cynomys,  or  the  heavier-toothed  forms  of  Spcrmophilus. 

As  regards  their  present  distribution,  the  Spermophili  are  confined  mainly 
to  the  colder  portions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  are  numerously  and 
about  equally  represented  in  North  America  and  the  colder  parts  of  the  Old 
World.  All  the  Old  World  forms,  with  one  exception  (jS.  everamami  of  North- 
eastern Asia),  are  short-tailed  forms,  while  the  American  species,  with  two 
or  three  exceptions,  are  long-tailed,  and  approach  more  nearly  to  Sciurus  and 
Tamias  than  do  those  of  the  Old  World.  Several  of  the  species  range  as  far 
westward  as  Central  Europe,  and  are  more  or  less  numerous  thence  eastward 
to  the  eastern  shores  of  Northern  Asia.  In  North  America,  none  occur  east 
of  tlie  plains  and  prairies  of  the  central  portion  of  the  continent,  ranging 
thence  westward  to  the  Pacific  coast.  The  genus  has  representatives  from 
the  shores  - ''  the  Arctic  coaBt  southward  to  the  plains  of  Northern  Mexico. 
All  of  the  known  species,  except  one,  have  representatives  within  ihe  United 
States,  this  being  the  S.  annulatus,  known  as  yet  from  a  single  specimen  (of 
which  the  locality  is  authentic)  from  Colima,  Western  Mexico.  Another, 
however  (S.  empetra),  only  just  reaches  our  northwestern  border,  while  no 
less  ^):xn  three  (S.  mexicantu,  S.  spihsoma,  and  S.  grammurus)  are  known  to 
occur  onsiderably  beyond  the  noi-thern  boundary  of  Mexico.  Only  about 
onc-fouith  of  the  whole  number  of  species  are  found  nt  any  one  locality. 

It  may  be  further  noted  that  the  ^^elage  of  all  of  the  southern  species 
consists  of  rather  coarse,  harsh,  stiff  hairs,  generally  flattened  and  grooved  on 
the  outer  surface,  with  very  little  or  no  under  fur,  especially  in  summer ; 
while  all  the  northern  and  alpine  species,  with  one  exception  (S.  franklini), 
have  a  soft,  thick,  furry  pelage,  with  abundant  under  fur.  In  respect  to 
geographical  variation,  there  is,  as  a  rule,  a  decided  decline  in  size  southward 
in  individuals  of  the  same  speciex,  with  quite  often  an  appreciable  increase 
in  the  size  of  the  ears.  In  respect  to  seasonal  variations,  the  pelage  is  every- 
where softer  and  heavier  toward  winter,  with  the  soles  quite  fully  clothed, 
while  in  summer  they  are  generally  more  or  less  naked.  All  the  northern 
species  are  known  to  pass  the  colder  portion  of  the  year  in  a  stat«  of  hiberna- 
tion. Southward,  the  period  of  hibernation  is  of  course  much  shorter,  while 
the  most  southern  forms  continue  more  or  less  active  throughout  tiie  winter. 


w 


Is  '  ,  I 


iin 

j 

Wi 

1 

^  If '''!'" 

Iff 

w  ^  [ 

'  §  '■■1       li 

il' 

1 

'iii 


MiC 


;i! 


"'V:' 


li     .' 


I  pit 
ill. . 


824 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA., 


Several  of  the  species  nre  remnrkablc  among  our  North  American 
Rodentin  for  their  carnivorous  propensities.  This  has  been  especially  noted 
by  Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy  in  the  case  of  S.  tridecemlin^atm,  who  has  made  the  habits 
of  this  animal  the  subject  of  careful  study.*  He  has  not  only  observed  the 
destruction  of  mice  and  small  squirrels  by  them  while  in  a  state  of  confine- 
ment, but  has  convinced  himself  that  they  are  a  useful  check  upon  the  increase 
of  the  ditferent  species  of  Arvicola  and  other  field-mice,  and  says  that  Ground 
Squirrels  cannot  inhabit  the  same  locality.  He  soys,' — "When  a  Squirrel  or 
other  small  animal  is  put  into  a  cage  with  one  of  these  [Spermophiles],  it 
will,  in  a  moment,  be  all  animation  and  activity,  darting  at  the  intruder, 
inflicting  a  wound  and  flying  ba«k  with  such  rapidity  as  to  leave  but  little 
chance  for  defence.  As  soon  as  it  has  disabled  its  antagonist,  it  seizes  it  Ly 
the  back  of  the  neck  and  instantly  kills  it.  During  these  combats,  the 
Gopher  utters  a  low  snarling  growl,  and  emits  n  Musteline  odor.  Afler  kill- 
ing, they  remove  the  upper  part  of  the  skull,  suck  the  blood,  and  eat  out  the 
brains.  The  carcass  is  then  devoured  as  occasion  requires ;  but  if  an  abun- 
dant supply  is  at  hand,  they  only  eat  the  brains,  resembling  in  this  respect 
the  Weasel.''  He  adds, — "I  am  satisfied  that  when  the  case  of  'Benefits 
versus  Injuries'  is  properly  investigated,  the  agricultural  interests  will  promptly 
decide  that  the  'Striped  Spermophile'  is  an  advantage  to  the  country,  and  is 
deserving  of  protection  rather  than  destruction  from  the  hands  of  the  farmer. 
They  keep  in  check  the  Meadow  Mice  (Arvicola)  and  other  small  quadru- 
peds." He  further  suggests  that  it  might  possibly  prove  useful  in  extermi- 
nating the  Pouched  Gopher  {Geomys  bursarius).  Mr.  Kennicott  adds  that 
Dr.  Hoy  had  informed  him  that  he  had  found  the  skins  of  Meadow  Mice  in 
the  burrows  of  this  animal. 

Mr.  Kennicott  states  further,  that  the  Gray  Spermophile  {S.  franklini)  is 
aliio  to  some  extent  carnivorous,  and  that  he  had  heard  farmers  complain  of 
their  destroying  young  chickens.f  I  have  also  been  informed  byMr.  S.  Jill- 
son,  of  Tuckerton,  N.  J.,  that  the  small  colony  of  these  animals  that  have 
recently  become,  by  accident,  established  in  that  neighborhood,  destroy  young 
chickens  and  turkeys.  Dr.  Couesl  has  recorded  that  8.  richardsoni  feeds 
largely  upon  the  carcasses  of  buifalo.     Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw  also  states  that 

*  See  U.  8.  Patent  Oillce  Report,  AKricultural,  for  1653,  pp.  «8-70. 
t  U.  8.  Patent  Office  Beport,  Agriooltanl,  for  1866>  p.  80. 
.IV  t  American  Natunlist,  ix,  Mar.  1876,  p.  173. 


m 


BOIUBIDiE— SPEUMOPUILUS. 


825 


S.  grammurus  is  well  known  to  the  residents  about  Camp  Bowie,  Ariz.,  "for 
its  depredations  on  the  hen-coops,  its  aim  being  the  eggs,  which  it  was  often 
successful  in  carrying  off".*  .     , 


SYNOPSIS   OF  THE   SUBOEMERA,  8PE0IK8,  AND   VARIETIES   OF   8PERH0PHILUS. 

I.  Form  Sclnrine ;  skull  broid  inter-  and  snteorbitally ;  fint  npper  premolar  imall,  leu  or  not  mora 

than  one-fonrth  the  site  of  ths  aecond ;  molan  relatively  email ;  edge  of  enter  vail  of  tba 
anteorbital  foramina  not  thickened;  ooronoid  prooeaeea  of  lower  Jaw  long  and  slen- 
der; eara  very  large;  toil  long,  full,  and  bnsby  (two-tbirds  of  the  length  of  head  and 
body) OT08PERMOPHILU8. 

1.  Body  finely  mottled  above  with  yellowish-brown  and  black  ;  beneath  pale  yellowish-brown ;  tail 

below  yellowish-brown,  with  three  loogitndioal  bands  of  black,  lesa  distinct  above.  Runs 
oooasionally  into  melanistio  phases oiuHHunus. 

a.  General  color  above  mixed  black  and  white,  rather  lighter  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  dorsal 

snrface,  and  more  brownish  posteriorly ;  not  d'  tinetly  whiter  on  the  sides  of  the  shoulders, 
nor  darker  medially  on  thu  nape  and  anterior  portion  of  the  back.  Habitat,  Colorado, 
southward  into  Mexico,  and  westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains var.  grammvniH. 

6.  An  indistinct  broad  hoary  or  grayish-white  band  on  the  sides,  extending  from  the  bead  to 
beyond  the  shonldeia,  and  sometimes  reaching  the  hips,  narrowing  posteriorly,  broad 
anteriorly,  and  sometimes  nearly  meeting  above  on  the  nape.  Habitat,  Sontbem  Cali- 
ibmla var.  heeckegi. 

c  Similar  to  the  last,  bnt  with  the  hoary  patches  separated  on  the  nape  and  over  the  shonlders 
by  a  band  of  dork  brown,  varying  to  nearly  black.  Habitat,  Northern  California  and 
Western  Oregon var.  doii^IaMi. 

II.  Ska  J  abruptly  narrowed  interorbitolly ;  lygomatio  arches  heavy  and  spreading,  transversely  flat- 

tened ;  mnzile  narrow ;  first  prsniolar  large,  about  one-third  to  one-half  the  size  of  the  sec- 
ond ;  tail  generally  narrow  and  short,  with  the  hairs  one-fonrth  to  one^third  the  length  of 
the  head  aod  boily ;  form  rather  thick  and  stont;  ears  small,  often  a  mere  rim,  nearly  con- 
cealed by  the  pelage C0L0B0TI8. 

2.  Size  large ;  abovemixed  black,  white,  and  yellowish-brown,  the  white  chiefly  in  crowded  snbqnad- 

rate  spots;  npper  surface  of  the  head  obestnnt ;  beneath  jnsty-white ;  tail  rather  short,  but 

fhll  and  bnsby ;  ears  quite  small smpbtRa. 

0.  Strongly  mfons  below  and  on  the  sides ;  back  varied  with  black,  brown,  and  white.  Hab- 
itat, Barren  Oronnds  of  Arctic  America var.  empelra, 

b.  Above  grayer ;  sides  and  beneath  gray,  generally  with  very  little  or  no  fnlvons ;  tail  shorter 

and  more  bushy.    Habitat,  Kodiak  Island  (and  Peninsula  of  Aliaskaf) var.  kodiaceiuii. 

«.  Bmaller  und  darker,  the  light  spots  more  fulvous,  and  the  tail  and  ears  relatively  longer. 
Habitat,  British  Colnmbii,  southward  into  Washington  Territory var.  erflhngltUoHi. 

3.  Smaller ;  above  pale  yellowish-brown,  varying  to  pale  rufous,  mixed  mote  or  less  with  black, 

with  generally  an  indistinct  mottling  of  yellowish-gray niCHABDSONi. 

a.  Above  light  yellowish-browD,  varied  with  dusky,  and  generally  faintly  mottled  with  very 
small  indistinct  light  spots ;  tail  gray  above,  varied  with  black,  brownish-yellow  below, 
with  a  partly  concealed  bar  of  black  near  the  end,  and  edged  both  above  and  below 
with- yellowish-white.  Habitat,  Plains  of  the  Saskatchewan,  southward  to  Northern 
Dakota var.  rickardMai, 

t.  Bmaller  than  the  lost,  with  larger  ears,  and  much  darker  coloration  ;  tail  mostly  black  above, 
edged  with  white;  below  with  a  broad  snbterminal  bar.of  black,  and  another  narrower 
basal  one.  Habitat,  northern  portion  of  the  United  States,  from  Dakota  westward  to  the 
Plains  of  the  Columbia,  southward  to  the  Laramie  Plains,  northward  Into  British  Co- 
lumbia  vor.  tmcnimdU 

4.  Sice  small ;  ears  obsolete ;  tail  very  short ;  above  finely  and  uniformly  variegated  pale  yellowish- 

brown  and  dusky,  without  spots;  below  gray,  faintly  washed  with  creamy-yellow.  Hab- 
itat, Northern  Utah  and  westward molus. 

*  Rep.  Wheehr's  Expl.  and  Snrv.  West  of  th«  lOtHh  Merid.  vol.  v,  Zo5l.  p.  ISN. 


■.    I 


I    ' 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NOltTfl  AMBItlOAN  KODENTIA 


;il  .^!l 


3i!,:5:; 


lli 


Hi  :'; 


6.  Sizo  smnll ;  above  Htronfjly  rcdiUnb-brown,  with  indistinot  snbqnailrote  spoU  of  reddlsb-whito, 

not  arrauKed  in  rows ;  tail  very  narrow,  about  half  the  leoRth  of  the  bead  and  body ; 

• ,       ,  :.     below  reddisb-brown,  witb  an  indintinct  narrow  line  of  blauk ;  oars  very  email,  almoat  obao- 

Ilabitat,  Soutborn  Now  Mexico,  Sonthweatern  Tezaa,  and  Eaatem  Mexico. .  bviumomh. 

G.  In  size  und  general  form  eimilar  to  the  last;  above  dull  yellowisb-browu,  indiatlnotly  spotted 

witb  lighter.    Habitat,  from  the  Black  IlilU  and  Fort  Kearney  westward  to  the  Great 

Basin oBSOLBTUs, 

III.  Skull  very  long  and  narrow,  the  nasal  portion  relatively  broad  and  very  long;  zygomatic  arches 
rather  weak,  not  widely  spreading ;  first  opper  premolar  of  medinni  size,  about  one-third  as 
large  as  the  second ;  tail  qnite  long,  the  vertebtie  alone  nearly  two-thirds  to  more  than  two- 
tbirds  the  length  of  the  head  and  body  ;  ears  small ;  general  form  of  the  body  long  and 
Blender ICTIDOMY8. 

7.  Above  yellowish-brown,  finely  varied  with  gray;  below  yellowish-white ;  tail  oylindrioal,  ooncolor 

with  the  body;  ears  nearly  obsolete.  Habitat,  vieinity  of  Fort  Ynma,  Bootbem  Cali- 
fornia   TBRBTICAUDUS. 

8.  Above  dark  reddish-brown,  inclining  to  olivaoeons,  with  snbqnadrate  apots  of  white  rather  tt/u- 

larlf  arranged  in  nine  to  eleven  nxte;  tail  about  two-tbirds  the  length  of  the  body ;  beneath 
dull  brownish-yellow,  with  a  band  of  black.    Habitat,  Southern  New  Mexico,  Southwestern 

Texas,  and  southward  into  Mexico  (to  Vera  Cms  T) mkxioanus. 

0.  Larger ;  above  dark  brown,  mixed  with  reddish,  varying  to  pale  brown  and  blackish-brown,  with 
six  to  eight  light  continuous  lines,  alternating  witb  five  to  seven  rows  of  light  spots;  tail 
generally  about  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  bead  and  body,  rather  nanvw ;  below  yellow- 
ish-brown centrally  and  edged  with  yellowish,  between  whiob  is  •  very  broad  band  of 

black TBIDKCBMUNBATU8. 

a.  Darker  above;  the  light  lines  rather  narrow.  Habitat,  the  prairies  of  the  United  States 
northward  to  the  Saskatchewan var.  <rid«»aiUKea(iM. 

h.  General  color  mnch  paler,  with  the  light  lines  and  spots  broader.  Habitat,  the  dry  plains 
and  deserts  westward  to  the  Great  Basin ,.var.^(MM. 

10.  Largo;  above  yellowish-brown,  varied  with  black,  the  light  and  dark  markings  forming  indis- 

tinct Bobqoadrate  spots ;  head  grayer ;  tail  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  head  and  body, 
rather  full  and  bushy,  whitish,  with  three  bands  of  black ;  ears  smalt,  bat  distinet.  Hab- 
itat, Northern  Illinois  and  Missouri,  northward  to  latitude  64° vrakkuni. 

Incerta  ledie. 

11.  (Cranial  characters  unknown.)    Size  medium ;  ears  large ;  toil  with  hairs  nearly  as  long  as  tho 

body;  form  highly  Scinrine;  above  varied  yellowish-brown  and  black;  sides  of  neck  and 
shoulders  and  outer  side  of  limbs  strongly  reddish-brown  ;  beneath  yellowish,  the  color  of 
the  dorsal  surface  nearly  meeting  on  the  middle  of  the  ventral  surface ;  toil  above  marked 
'~  with   broad    transverse    bars  of  black,  alternating   witb  narrower   bars  of  brownish- 

yellow;  lower   surface    strongly  reddish -yellow.     Habitat,  Plains   of  Collma,  Western 

Mexico AMMULATtW. 


Ml 


SPERMOPHILUS  GRAMMURUS  (Say)  Bachman. 
IiIned-taiM  SperHopkUe. 

Var.  OBAHMUBUS. 

Bockf  Mointaln  Ilned-UIIetl  Spermophlle. 

Sctnrtit  grammuriu  Say,  Long's  Exped.  to  the  Bocky  Mts.  ii,  1H33, 73.— Hahlan,  Faun.  Amer,  18SS,  ISit.— 

GoDMAN,  Amer.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  18£0, 136.— H.  Smith,  Griffith's  Cnvier's  An.  King,  v,  1637, 8S5.— 

FJ8UIIBR,  Synop.  Mam.  1839,  350. 
S^mopMltu  grammurut  Bachman,  Charloswortli's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  ill,  1839, 390.— Waomrr,  Snppl.  Sehre- 

ber's  Siiuget.  iii,  1843,  353— Brandt,  Bull.  Classe  Physico-math.  Acad.  Imp.  Sci,  8t.Ptftersb. 

ii,  1644,  380.— SciiiNZ,  Syn.  Mam.  ii,  1846,  74.— Baird,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1865, 334 ; 

Ham.  N.  Amer.  1857,  310,  pi.  iv,  animal ;  U.  8.  and  Mez.  Bound.  Snrv.  ii,  pt  ii,  1660,  38.— 

Codes,  Amer.  Nat.  i,  1807,  360 ;  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1867, 135.— Mkhriam,  U.  8.  Geol. 

Burv.  Torr.  Ctb  Ann.  Rop.  1873,  663.— Allkn,  Bull.  Essex  lust,  vi,  1674,  C6.— Couae  it.  Yar. 

ROW,  Rep.  Expl.  and  Burv.  West  of  100th  Merid.  v,  Zoiil.  1675,  131. 


i-Si^mmmimm 


SOIDBIDiE— SPEBMOPniLUS  OBAMMDUDS  AND  VAltlETIliS.      827 


SptrmopMlut  framrnvnu  \u.  grammunt$  Aujcn,  Proo.  Dost.  Boo.  Nat  HUt.  xvi,  1874, 803. 

SpermopkUm  eouchU  Baihd,  Proo.  Aoad.  N»t  8ci.  Phlla.  leOb,  XO;  Hmd.  M.Amer.  1K>7,  311,  pi.  Ixxzi, 

0%.  3,  ikuU  (meUo'itio  form). 
BjftrmopkUni  buckleti  Black,  Proc.  Aood.  Nat.  Soi.  Pbila.  1801, 314  (mulanUtio  furm). 

,,1    ^'-..V.i 

Var.   BEECHEYI. 

Calltoraln  Llie4-taUed  Bperaoplillet  Callforalu  MflroudSqilrrel". 

ArcUmiit  [SptrmophUiu)  bttduyi  Richardson,  Faona  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1889, 170,  pi.  zii,  B ;  ZoSl.  Bueohey'i 
Voyage,  Maiu.  1H39,  8. 

Arclomgt  bttekefi  Waunbk,  Suppl.  Sohreber'ii  SUagel.  pi.  ocz,  E. 

SpertDophUui  ieecJUyi "  F.  Cuvibr,  Sappl.  Baffon,  i.  Ham.  1831, 331  ".—Brandt,  Bull.  Clawe  PhyBloo-math. 
Aoad.  Imp.  Sol.  8t.  P«tenU.  ii,  1844, 380.— ScniNZ,  Syn.  Haiu.  ii,  1845,  67.— Bairo,  Proo.  Aoad. 
Nat.  Set.  Pblla.  18GG,  3;<4;  Mam.  N.  Amar.  1857,  307,  pi.  ill,  fig.  8,  animal;  pi.  xlvl,  fig.  3, 
■kuU.-CooPKR,  Nat.  Hist.  Wash.  Ter.  pt.  Hi,  1859,  81.— Cooper,  Amer.  Nat.  Hi,  1860, 183.— 
BUCKLBY  &,  aiBDS,  Nat.  Ilist  Wash.  Ter.  pt.  Hi,  1850, 133  (Northern  California).— CoUES, 
Amor.  Nat.  i,  1867, 3&9  (bahlU) ;  Proo.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sol.  Pbila.  1867, 134.— IIbmsuaw,  Ann.  Bep. 
Chf.  Engineers  for  1876,  App.  JJ,  1876, 311. 

BptrmophUiu  gramwmm  var.  beeokeyl  Allkn,  Proo.  Bast.  Boo.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  393. 

BtemopkUui  smctiu-m  Bennktt,  Proo.  ZoOI.  Boo.  Lond.  1, 1633,  41  (melauistic  phase).— Waomer,  BuppI, 
Bobreber's  Siiugot.  HI,  1843, 845  (oomplled).— Brahdt,  Bnll.  Classe  Pbysioo-matb.  Aoad.  Imp. 
Sol.  St  Ptftersb.  U,  1844,  380  (oomplled).— SoHlNZ,  Byn.  Ham.  Ii,  1845,  67  (oompiled).— 
AVDUBON  &,  Bacdman,  Quad.  N.  Amer.  Ill,  1863, 181,  pi.  oxxxix  (oompiled). 

Sohtru  {Uacrtxiu)  ooIt/brstaM  Lesson,  Deaor.  de  Ham.  et  d'Ois.  Noav.  1847, 143.— (Bee  also  Bairo,  Ham. 
N.  Amer.  1857,  880.) 

Var.  DOUQLABBL 

Boaglau'i  LlDcd-Ulled  SperMophlle;  Oregon  "firond  Bqairrcl". 

Jrelomjiff  (SpermopliUtut)  doaylosri  RionABDSON,  Fann.  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1839,  173;  ZoSI.  Boeobey's  Voy. 
Mam.  1839,  8. 

eftrmopkiba  dougUmi  "  F.  Cuvier,  Sappl.  Buffou,  I,  Mam.  1831,  333 ".— Waoner,  Bnppl.  Bobreber's 
BBuget.  iU,  1843, 347.— Brandt,  Boll.  Classe  Pbysioo-matb.  Aoad.  Imp.  Boi.  St.  P6torBb.  ii, 
1844,  380.— ScHiMZ,  Byn.  Ham.  ii,  1845,  68.— AuDunoN  &  Bacuhan,  Quad.  N.  Amer.  i,  1846, 
373,  pi.  xlix,— Baird,  Ham.  N.  Amer.  1857, 309,  pi.  xIt,  fig.  1,  skull.— Buckley,  Nat.  Hist. 
Wash.  Ter.  pt.  Hi,  1859, 98.- Buckley  &,  Oibds,  Nat.  Hist.  Wash.  Terr.  pt.  iU,  1859, 138. 

BpirmopUttu  grarnmunu  tot.  iougUuti  Allbn,  Proo.  Bost.  Boo.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874, 393. 

Var.  GBAHUUBUB.  ^ 

Rocky  Mountain  Lined-tailed  Spermophile. 

Vabietal  cuabs. — Length  of  head  and  body  about  12.00 ;  of  tail  to  end 
of  vertebroe  about  8.00 ;  to  end  of  hairs  9.00.  Above,  coarsely  mottled  with 
white  or  brownish-white  and  black,  giving  the  general  effect  of  gray ;  gener- 
ally, the  gray  is  purest  anteriorly,  where  the  light  and  dark  tints  are  in  strong 
contrast;  the  posterior  half  of  the  dorsal  surface  generally  more  or  less 
strongly  washed  with  brown,  where  the  white  is  partly  or  wholly  replaced  by 
yellowish-brown  ond  the  block  by  dark  brown.  The  hairs  are  black  at  the 
base  and  tip,  with  a  broad  subterminal  zone  of  whitish,  which,  in  different 
specimens,  varies  from  pure  white  to  reddish-brown.  Feet  gray.  The  gmy 
is  also  purer  on  the  sides  of  the  body  and  neck.     Below,  pale  yellowish- 


828 


HONOOKArnB  OF  NOKTU  AMBBIOAN  UODEMTIA. 


i;tl  ■        V 


i  ■(■ 


"■A. 


IWH 


white,  becoming  browni8h-white  on  the  inaide  of  the  limbs;  hairs  all  dark 
basnlly.  Eyelids  white,  forming  n  conspicuous  light  eye-ring.  Ears  inter- 
nally and  posteriorly  brownish-yellow ;  anteriorly  dark  brown,  varying  to 
black.  Tail  white  and  black  in  alternating  longitudinal  bands  of  nearly  equal 
widtii — two  black  and  three  white.  The  hairs  individually  are  white  at  the 
tips,  with  two  broad  bands  of  black  separated  by  white;  the  extreme  base  is 
often  also  black,  but  usually  white.  Occasionally  presents  melanistic  phases 
of  coloration. 

Habitat. — Colorado  and  Western  Texas,  southward  into  Mexico,  and 
westward  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

General  form  much  as  in  the  true  Squirrels  (Sciurus).  Ears  high  and 
broad,  as  large  as  in  most  species  of  Sciurui.  Tail  full  and  bushy,  distich- 
ous; the  hairs  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  giving  a  breadth  to  the  tail, 
when  the  hairs  are  outstretched,  of  four  to  five  inches.  Palms  and  soles 
(generally)  wholly  naked.  Claws  rather  short  for  a  Spermophilc,  yet  decid- 
edly fossorial  rather  than  Sciurine.  Pelage  coarse  but  not  rigid ;  under  fur 
sparse,  especially  in  summer.  The  hairs,  when  magnified,  are  seen  to  bo 
flattened,  with  the  outer  surface  grooved. 

Diiferent  individuals  vary  greatly  in  coloration,  the  color  of  the  upper 
surface  ranging  from  nearly  pure  gray  (especially  anteriorly)  to  strong  reddish- 
brown,  while  that  of  the  lower  surface  varies  from  pale  yellowish-white  to 
reddish-brown.  The  gray  is  generally  purest  over  the  shoulders,  but  is  fre- 
quently developed  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  and  shoulders,  with  the  inter- 
vening dorsal  space  either  darker  or  more  suffused  with  rufous.  There  is 
thus  an  approach  to  the  distinct  gray  longitudir<il  bands  seen  in  ywn.  beecheyi 
and  douglam.  In  several  specimens  from  Soda  Springs,  Colo,  (as  in  Nos. 
9565,  9562,  and  956J),  and  in  others  from  Ogden  and  Provo,  Utah  (as  in 
Nos.  11133,  11135,  and  11147),  the  gray  forms  a  continuous  mantle,  cover- 
ing the  whole  anterior  half  of  the  dorsal  surface,  sharply  bounded  behind 
by  the  reddish-brown  of  the  posterior  half  of  the  back.  In  others,  the  gray 
blends  gradually  into  the  brownish.  In  some  of  the  Soda  Springs  and  Ogden 
8|)ecimens,  the  white  so  predominates  over  the  black  as  to  form  a  white 
ground-cok)r  minutely  grizzled  with  black.  In  some,  the  gray  mantle  is  more 
or  less  distinctly  divided  by  a  mesial  space  of  brownish,  thus  showing  a  com- 
plete resemblance  to  var.  beecheyi.  Occasionally,  as  especially  in  several 
H|)ccimeH8  collected  by  Mr.  Uenshaw  in  Arizona,  the  surface  of  the  i>elage 


M^'  -IB 


^vm 


S(nuuii>j*:-8PKRMOPniLiia  orammuu[ts  and  vakirtiks.    829 

becomcfl  worn  off  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  back,  leaving  cxpogetl  tlio 
dull  brownish  under  fur.  In  consequence  of  the  weanng-off  of  the  ends  of 
the  hairs,  the  natural  surface-markings  wholly  disappear,  and  give  place,  to  a 
uniform  tint  of  faded  dingy-brown. 

As  shown  by  the  appended  measurements  of  the  skulls  of  this  variety, 
tlic  largest  specimens  come  from  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico. 

Var.  iiEECiiEYi. 

Beeclietja  Sjiermophile;  Californian  "Ground  Squirrel". 

Varietal  chabs. — Rather  smaller  than  var.  gramtnurua;  similar  in  form 
and  general  details  of  structure,  differing  mainly  in  coloration,  the  gray  man- 
tle being  divided  mesiolly  by  a  rather  wedge-shaped,  broad  area  of  brownish. 
The  gray  is  thus  limited  to  two  broad  bands  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  and 
shoulders,  extending  from  the  occ'put  to  the  posterior  edge  of  the  scapulip, 
or  even  beyond  the  middle  of  the  body.  The  dark  area  by  which  tiiey  are 
separated  is  narrow  at  the  nape  and  slowly  widens  posteriorly.  These  lateral 
bands  of  gray  are  sometimes  quite  narrow,  sometimes  very  wide,  nearly  meet- 
ing along  the  dorsal  line  over  the  scapular  region.  Through  such  specimens, 
a  complete  intergradation  may  be  traced  into  the  mantled  form  of  var.  gram- 
murus.  No.  3621,  from  Fort  Tejon,  has  the  gray  of  the  raantle  strongest 
on  the  nape,  with  no  indication,  of  a  division,  and  is,  in  this  respect,  precisely 
like  No.  9568  from  Soda  Springs,  Colo.  Except  in  respect  to  the  quite  con- 
stant feature  of  the  more  intense  gray  of  the  sides  of  the  shoulders,  separated 
mesially  by  brown,  the  coloration  of  var.  heecheyi  is  like  that  of  var.  gram- 
tnurui,  with  parallel  variations  in  respect  to  the  depth  and  relative  proportions 
of  the  prevailing  tints. 

Habitat. — West  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  from  Northern  Cali- 
fornia southward  into  Mexico. 

In  respect  to  size,  fifteen  skulls  of  var.  beecheyi  give  an  average  length 
of  2.20  against  an  average  length  of  2.40  in  nine  skulls  of  var.  grammurus. 
The  largest  skulls  of  var.  beecheyi  overlap  the  smaller  of  var.  grammurut.  In 
all  the  details  of  structure,  the  skulls  of  the  two  forms  are  indistinguishable. 

Var.   DOUOLA89I.     ' 

Douglasses  Sptrmopkile. 

Varietal  chars. — Intermediate  in  size  between  vars.  grammurus  and 
beecheyi.     Differs  from  heecheyi^  in  color,  in  the  mesial  space  between  the 


i  i 


14') 


il      I 


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M'-  i 


hi  t 


1 1 


fiif 


U/  ^ 

iii' '  H 

siji 

^ 

8ie 


MONOORAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


gray  shouldcr-patclicH  being  darker, — black  instead  of  brown.  This  spaco 
varies  from  dark  brown  to  black,  and  is  either  concolor  or  mixed  more  or  less 
with  touches  of  white.  It  extends  generally  from  the  nape  to  the  middle  of 
the  back,  but  is  variable  in  respect  to  both  length  and  width.  The  passage 
into  vur.  heecheyi  is  by  almost  imperceptible  steps. 

The  specimen  (No.  1180)  representing  the  most  extreme  phase  of  dif- 
ferentiation from  the  beecheyi  form  is  from  Klamath  Lake,  Oreg.  Another 
quite  similar  (No.  5897)  is  marked  as  probably  from  Fort  Crook,  Cal. ;  it  is, 
however,  somewhat  browner.  No.  536,  from  Fort  Crook,  is  much  like  tbe 
last;  though  marked  "beecheyi",  it  seems  to  belong  to  the  dl^ug^im  scries. 
Anotber  specimen  (No.  3616),  from  Fort  Tejon,  is  but  a  step  removed  from 
the  typical  (loHglasai  phase.  Some  of  the  numerous  Fort  Tejon  specimens 
(var.  beecheyi)  have  the  middle  of  the  back  uniformly  dark  brown,  with  a 
very  few  touches  of  white;  while  the  pattern  of  markings  is  typically  like 
that  of  beecheyi,  the  mesial  band,  though  brown  rather  than  black,  is  darker 
than  any  other  portion  of  the  dorsal  region.  In  both  vars.  beecheyi  and  doug- 
lassi,  the  scapular  mantle  ia  oflen  divided  by  merely  a  very  narrow  line,  and 
at  other  times  by  a  broad  band.  The  shoulder-patches  also  vary  from  very 
broad  silvery-white  areas,  with  slight  touches  of  black,  to  those  that  are  much 
narrower,  and  with  a  much  greater  admixture  of  black.  No.  9318,  from  Vir- 
ginia City,  Nev.,  has  the  shoulder-patches  nearly  obsolete,  as  in  vor.  gram- 
viurus,  to  which  this  specimen  should  perhaps  be  referred.  It  is,  however, 
very  like  No.  3618  from  Fort  Tejon.  The  intergradation  between  vars. 
beecheyi  and  douglassi  is  most  thorough. 

Habitat. — Northern  California,  northward  to  Washington  Territory. 
•     Three  skulls  of  var.  douglassi  give  an  average  length  of  about  2.30,  being 
somewhat  larger  than  var.  beecheyi  and  rather  smaller  than  var.  grammurus. 
The  skulls  of  douglassi  afford  no  characters  by  which  they  can  be  separated 
from  those  of  the  other  varieties. 

GENERAL  REMARKS  RESPECTING  SPERMOPHILnS  GRAHHURUS  AND  ITS  VARIETIES. 

Distinctive  characters  and  affinities. — Spermophilus  grammurus  is 
widely  distinct  from  all  other  members  of  the  genus.  It  is  at  once  recognizable 
by  its  long,  full,  bushy  tail,  large  pointed  ears,  and  its  general  Sciurine  form. 
It  also  differs  greatly  from  all  the  others  in  color  and  size,  except  8.  empetra, 


SClDRIDiE-SPERMOPniLUS  GRAMMURUS  AND  VARIETIES.     831 


which  is,  in  fact,  its  nonrcHt  offinc,  though  diflering  greatly  from  it  in  color 
and  ill  tliu  hIzc  of  the  ears  uiul  the  cimrncter  of  the  tail.        '  • 

The  varieties  of  grammurus  dilFer  from  eaeh  other  somewhat  in  size, 
but  mainly  in  coloration.  Tiie  diflcrcnco  in  size  between  vars.  grammvrua 
and  beechei/i,  as  indicated  by  the  measurements  of  t'e  skulls  of  the  two  forms, 
is  perhaps  in  pail  due  to  locality ;  all  the  grammurus  specimens  being  from 
the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  while  the  beecheiji  speci- 
mens come  almost  wholly  from  Fort  Tejon,  Lower  California.  Tlie  difference 
in  size  between  vars.  beecheyi  and  douglaaai  seems  susceptible  of  a  similar 
explanation,  the  larger  (douglasd)  being  northern.  Between  beecheiji  and 
douglnssi,  the  intergradation  is  most  thorough,  while  beec/ieyi  passes  gradually 
into  grammurus.  Specimens  from  the  most  distant  localities  are  sometimes 
quite  indistinguishable,  as  in  the  cose  of  No.  9568,  from  Golden  City,  Colo., 
and  No.  3618,  from  Fort  Tejon,  Cal.,  between  which  there  ia  no  essential 
difference  in  coloration.  In  var.  beecheyi,  the  ear  appears  to  be  genen  'ly  a 
little  higher,  narrower,  and  more  pointed  than  in  var.  grammurua. 

SvNONYMY  AND  NOHEMOLATUBE. — Var.  grammuTus  was  first  described  by 
Mr.  Say  in  1823,  from  specimens  obtained  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Arkan- 
sas, now  within  the  State  of  Colorado.  Its  first  synonym  is  the  Spermophilus 
couchi,  described  by  Professor  Baird,  in  1855,  from  black  specimens  collected 
by  Lieut  D.  N.  Couch  in  the  provinces  of  New  Leon  and  Tamaulipas,  near 
the  United  States  and  Mexican  boundary-line.  It  is  distinguishable  only  by 
iti  color  from  var,  grammurus,  of  which  it  is  merely  a  melanistic  phase.  Its 
next  and  only  other  synonym  is  the  Spermophilus  buckieyi,  described  by  Dr. 
Slack  in  1861,  from  a  specimen  from  the  Pecos  River,  also  based  on  speci- 
mens in  melanistic  condition,  in  which  the  anterior  half  of  the  dorsal  surface 
is  black,  and  the  hairs  elsewhere  have  much  more  black  than  usual  at  the 
tips.  Another  specimen,  from  near  the  same  locality,  also  shows  a  melanistic 
tendency.  There  are  also  in  the  collection  melanistic  spec'  mens  of  van  beecheyi 
from  Fort  Tejon.  As  stated  by  Professor  Baird,  the  Sci  >s  grammurus  of 
Say  was  wholly  lof^t  sight  of  for  many  years,  until  it  was  rediscovered  by  the 
Government  expeditions  sent  out  about  1853-56 ;  it  is  not  alluded  to  by 
Audubon  and  Bachman  in  their  general  work  on  the  Quadrupeds  of  North 
America;  and  it  is  referred  to  by  Dr.  Giebel  as  late  as  1855  as  a  doubtful  or 
indeterminable  species. 

Vars.  beecheyi  and  douglassi  were  both  described  by  Dr.  Richardson  in 


ii 

1! 

1     ■    , 

.  Jl 

i 

Ji 

H'llllH  '^1. 

m 

1 

i  'U 

tiBH 

1   '  ■•'' 

' 

■4 

i 

H 

1*. 

i^  ( ■  m 

ifm' 

i; 

,1  -  till  ; 

P 

f  ^ 

■;.' 

m.,\. 

*■'   ._.,2 

832 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMIJRIOAN  RODBNTIA. 


1829,  and  ueither  of  them  have  any  serious  complicatious  of  synonymy.  The 
Spermophilus  macrurus,  described  by  Mr.  Bennett  in  1833,  "from  that  part 
of  California  which  adjoins  Mexico",  is  undoubtedly  referable  to  var.  beecheyi, 
if  the  locality  is  correctly  given ;  the  only  question  that  can  be  raised  is  as  to 
whether  it  should  be  referred  to  this  form  rather  than  to  var.  douglassi.  This, 
however,  is  a  point  of  minor  importance.  The  size,  form,  and  coloration 
accord  well  with  var.  beecheyi;  the  only  point  of  discrepancy  is  the  "black 
head,  on  which  i  very  few  white  hairs  exist".  This  indicates  a  slight  ten- 
dency  to  melanism,  such  as  quite  a  number  of  specimens  present,  in  which 
tile  head  is  unusually  blackish.  Several  specimens  of  this  type  of  coloration 
are  among  those  received  from  Southern  California.  I  have  hence  not  the 
slightest  hesitation  in  referring  8.  macrurus  to  one  of  the  Pacific-coast  forms 
of  grammurus,  or,  more  definitely,  to  var.  beecheyi,  with  whose  habitat  the 
alleged  locality  accords. 

The  Sciurus  ailifornicus  of  Lesson,  described  in  1847  as  from  California, 
seems  also  undoubtedly  referable  to  var.  beecheyi,  as  already  suggested  by 
Professor  Baird.  It  is,  in  fact,  with  one  or  two  slight  exceptions,  an  excellent 
and  detailed  description  of  this  animal.  The  white  bands  on  the  sides  are 
represented  as  extending  rather  farther  back  than  usual,  but  not  farther 
than  frequently  happens.  The  color  of  the  tail  is  alone  erroneously  described, 
the  description  implying  that  there  is  but  a  single  band  of  black  instead  of 
three.* 

*  I  here  snbjoin  a  traneoript  of  Lemon's  entire  notice  of  hia  Sciurat  (Maerozut)  californietu,  kindly 
fiirniabed  by  Dr.  E.  J.  Nolan,  seoretury  of  the  Academyof  Natarol  Boience*  of  PbiladelpUia,  from  the  oopy 
of  Leason's  "  Descriptiou  de  Manimif^rea  et  d'Oineanx  ",  etc.,  contained  in  the  library  of  the  Academy. 

"  L'£cURKUIL  DB  LA  CaUFORNIK. 

"(Sciurut  (Maeroxut)  Californiciu,  Lesson.) 

"La  Califoruie  nonrrit  plnsieurs  espices  d'^cnreuils  fort  voisines  les  nnee  des  antres,  et  qni 
appartiennent  an  gronpe  des  Guorllnguets  on  dee  Tamias :  ce  sont  les  8.  hoUae,  Less.  (Cent.  Zool.  pi.  76) ; 
Macrox»»  nigntcmt  (Benn.  Proc.  183.1,  p.  41) ;  ilfacrozvi  anreogaaltr,  F.  Cut.  (Hamm.  pi.  —  et  Bonite,  pi. 
lU  et  11) ;  S.  nebouxii,  Isid.  Oeoff.  (Bonite,  pi.  13),  et  7amui(  kindei,  Gray  (Ann.  t.  z,  p.  Si64). 

"  Le  petit  mammif%re  qui  fait  I'ottjet  de  oette  description  est  de  la  taille  do  I'fenreoil  d'Eorope ; 
■es  formes  sont  nnai  colles  de  notre  ^onreuil,  mais  see  oreiUes  sont  sans  pinoeaux  de  polls,  et  sa  qnene, 
garnie  do  polls  serr^,  mais  pen  longs,  est  aplatie. 

"Cet  animal  que  nous  nommuns  oalifomien,  parce  qu'il  vit  dans  oette  partie  de  I'Ainiriqne,  •  la 
museau  ossez  att6nu£  et  Idgirement  comprim^;  see  dents  inctsives  sont  de  I'orang^  le  pins  vif ;  les  yens 
sont  enoadr^  d'un  cerole  blancb&tre,  taodis  qne.les  poils  dn  deasns  de  la  tite  sont  tiqoet^s  de  bmn  snr 
un  fond  vineux  p&le ;  les  jones  et  le  goeicr  sont  gris-olair ;  les  oreilica  sont  Kgirement  obovalea,  oonvcrtes 
de  trte-petits  polls,  mais  sans  pinceaux ;  le  pelage  sur  lo  corps  est  g^ntSralement  gris  vinenz  tiqnetd  de 
gria-clair  et  do  noir ;  le  fond  de  cette  coloration  est  pins  i.  anohemeut  gris  snr  la  nuqne  et  lar  U  eon,  pint 
ronas&tre  snr  la  oron|)e,  ot  franshement  rose  vinenx  snr  lea  membres  anterienrs  on  poat^rienrs;  le  gris 
tiquettf  da  dos  est  couptf  par  uoe  ^trolte  bonde  blanche,  qni  s'ttend  de  ehaqne  o6t^  depais  le  bant  do 


SCr    HID^— SPERMOPHILDS  GRAMMURUS  AND  VARIETIES.     833 

Geographical  distribution. — The  habitat,  of  Spertiiophilus  grammurus 
van  grammurus  extends  from  the  parks  of  Central  Colorado  soutliward  into 
Mexico,  probably  to  a  considerable  distance  beyond  the  boundary  of  the  United 
States.  In  some  portions  of  Colorado,  as  in  the  vicinity  of  Boulder,  whence 
many  specimens  have  been  brought,  it  appears  to  be  a  common  and  character- 
istic species.  It  occurs  in  Western  Texas,  but  further  north  does  not  appear 
to  occur  much  to  the  eastward  of  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
It  ranges  thence  westward  to,  and  probably  throughout,  the  Great  Basin,  at  all 
favorable  localities.  There  are  specimens  in  the  collection  frOm  Ogden  and 
Prove,  Utah,  and  Virginia  City,  Nev.  Var.  douglassi  ranges  from  Nortliern 
California  to  Fort  Dalles  and  Klamath  Lake,  Oreg.  In  Northern  California, 
it  gradually  passes  into  var.  beecheyi,  which  ranges  thence  southward  through- 
out Southern  California,  and  probably  further  southward.  The  most  southern 
points  represented  in  the  collection  arc  Fort  Tejon  and  San  Diego.  Speci- 
mens referable  t  j  beecheyi  have  been  collected  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw  on  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas.  The  species  grammurus  hence  ranges 
from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  from 
beyond  the  Mexican  boundary  northward  to  Central  Colorado,  Northern  Utah, 
and  Oregon.* 

IMpaule  jusqn'i^  la  obnte  des  reins,  avant  la  naiwance  de  la  queue;  leR  parlies  infdrieares,  lea  llancs,  le 
dedans  des  uiembres  sont  blauoh&trcs,  mais  tons  lea  polls  de  ces  parties  sunt  h  moititS  noirs  ot  terniiues 
de  blanc  senleuient. 

"Lessoiesde  oetdcnreuil  sont  Hues,  peu  abondantes  et  noires;  le  uu  dcs  tarses  est  uoir&tre;  lea 
ougles  faibles  et  ac<Sr<Ss  goDtbruns;  laqneuo  parfaitement  aplatio  et  &  polls  distiqnes,  est  oolor^  eu 
dessUH  de  noir  et.do  blauo  m£lanK6  an  milieu,  ot  blanc  snr  les  bords;  ou  dessous  ello  est  blanobe,  botdlJo 
et  tenui':6  <  do  aolr,  pais  traug<Se  de  polls  blancs,  Cettu  coloration  est  due  i>  ce  quo  chaquo  poll  est  blano 
iV  la  bas'<,  noir  an  milieu,  ot  blanc  au  sommet. 

"  Co  petit  &!nreuil  doit,  ii  la  faiblesse  do  ses  onglea,  vlvre  nniquemont  sur  lee  nrbres.  Nous  n'avons 
pa  verifier  son  systinie  dentaire  paroe  que  le  svul  indivldu  soamis  i^  notro  titnde  apparteuait  ii  nn  ninstSe, 
et  provouiiit  do  la  Californie,  mais  saus  indication  do  locality  pr&siee." — ("  Daoription  de  MammifireB  et 
SOiteaux  rioemrnmt  itixntverti,  prioidie  i'»»  Tableau  ntr  la  Sacet  Bumalnet,  par  M.  LK880N,  Paris,  1847", 
pp.  143-145.) 

"  This  species  is  apparently  more  or  less  active  at  soutbern  localities  (brongbout  tbo  wiuter. 
Mr.  T.  O.  Gary,  wbo  formerly  resided  many  years  in  California,  and  knows  (be  spccivs  well,  assures  mo 
that  about  San  Mateo  tbey  were  to  be  net  with  abuudantly  at  all  seasons,  apparently  spending  no  por- 
tion of  the  year  in  a  state  of  hlbernaticr<.  This  is  confirmed  by  the  observations  of  Dr.  Coues,  wbo 
enjoyed  ezcellont  opportunities  of  stadying  its  uubits  in  Soutbern  Californiu,  and  wbo  found  it  as  active 
as  ever  during  the  latter  part  of  November,  1865,  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Pedro.  Dr.  J.  O.  Cooper  also 
states  that  on  the  Los  Angeles  Plains,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  they  "  dn  not  hibernato ", 
but  may  bo  sen.i  there  in  winter  actively  ranning  about  or  littlng  erect  near  their  barrows.— (.imerioan 
Ifatmralttt,  vol.  lit,  p.  183.) 

63  U 


in- ' I ! 


'W  l 


834 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


•II 
■|1 


* 


Taolk  LXXXII. — ileaturenienls  of  eleven  ekulU  of  SrKRMOPiiiLUS  giiammuhus  var.  giummvrus. 


1 

a 

Locality. 

^ 

% 

■J 

1 

i 
1 

■6 
1 

■3 
1 

i 

1 

•5 

s 

It 
It 

•a 
1 
e 
s 

i 

II 

S  2 

s 

t 

1 
1. 

i 

a 
S 

1 

1 

i 

■3 
t 

1 

. 

i 

1 

1 

11 

|| 

1 

ii 

2s 

II 

■s. 
is 

3 

u 

S 

H 

a 

0 

X. 

iQ 

in 

0.40 

0.75 

P 

► 

t^ 

0.45 

13t!o4 

Sola  Springs,  Colo 

3.40 

1.53 

0.67 

0.85 

0.33 

1.30 

1.45 

0.68 

txiia 

do 

0.03 

0.78 

0.30 

0.43 

0.70 

1.33 

0.41 

1.31 

0.83 

13253 
13363 

Oo 

OBden.ntah 

9 

3.35 

l.'iO 

0.00 
0  65 

0.U3 
0  78 

0.30 
0.35 

0.43 
0.43 

0.77 
0.73 

1.2C 
1.3! 

0.43 
0.40 

1.35 
1.43 

0.C3 
0.64 

nil 

Copper  Mlues,  N.  Mez 

3.50 

1.53 

o.(n 

0.90 

0.38 

0.48 

0.80 

1.35 

0.3S 

0.50 

1.45 

0  70 

1113 

do 

3.50 

I.II5 

0.69 

0.M 

0.93 

0.48 

0.83 

1.34 

0.43 

0.35 

0.48 

1.5] 

0.10 

4803 

8ant»  F6,  S.  Mox 

3.35 

0.;.8 

0.84 

0.18 

0.40 

0.75 

1.36 

0.33 

0.37 

0.48 

HS3 

Tiunaullpas,  Mex 

3.40 

om 

0.83 

0.35 

0.48 

0.75 

1. 33 

0.50 

1.50 

0.70 

S31S 

Victoria,  ilex 

3.47 

I.S5 

0.65 

0.88 

0  34 

0.46 

0.77 

1.33 

0.3« 

0  38 

0.50 

I.Sl 

0.71 

•1432 

Now  Leon,  Mox 

3.35 

1.4B 

0.57 

0.84 

0  30 

0.40 

0.75 

1.35 

0.40 

0.30 

0.50 

1.40 

0.70 

1355 

Vlotorla,Hex 

3.33 

1.40 

ass 

0.78 

0  30 

0.40 

0.73 

1.35 

0.30 

0  58 

1.40 

0  63 

'  B.  eouekii." 


Table  tiXXXllL—MeoMuremenU  of  ff teen  akuUti  of  Spkrmophilus  ORiMMURUS  var.  bbechbyi. 


1 

■5 

a 
1 

» 

8 

e 

t 

i 
II 

s 

5 

1 

*  c 

J 

1 

Locality. 

1 

i 

.a 
3 

i 

t 
0 

1.50 

a 

1 

1 

i 

0.75 

} 

0.30 

1 
1 

1 

0  40 

S 
1 

1 

ft 

0.70 

C  s 

11 

b 
l.to 

1 

1 

^1 
1 ' 

a 
0.35 

i 

u   e 

I 

3 

030     I 

■ort  Tfjon.  Cal 

3.30 

0  63 

0.40 

0,47 

1.45 

^60 

3586 

160    .. 

....do 

135 

1.40 

0.57 

019 

0.31 

0  40 

0.70 

I.SO 

0.37 

0.36 

0  46 

1.35 

0.60 

3^03 

086     . 

....do 

3.  to 

1.43 

0.53 

0.75 

0.17 

O40 

0.70 

1.17 

0.36 

0.33 

0.47 

1.33 

0  60 

3584 

130    .. 

....do 

1139 

1.45 

0.17 

0.80 

a33 

0.44 

aoo 

1.18 

0.36 

0  37 

0.45 

1.47 

0  67 

3r«i 

191    .. 

....do 

9.25 

1.43 

0.57 

0.80 

0.17 

0.40 

0.70 

1.17 

0.33 

0.93 

0.46 

1.35 

ac5 

3500 

133      . 

....do 

2.37 

1.50 

0.53 

0  83 

0  91 

0.44 

0.76 

1.85 

0.45 

0,83 

0  47 

1.48 

065 

3591 

Ill      . 

....do 

3.30 

1.38 

0.55 

0.84 

O20 

O40 

0.70 

1.17 

0.35 

0.34 

0  48 

1,33 

056 

3585 

703      . 

....do 

3.35 

1.40 

0.  .M 

0  76 

0  18 

0  38 

0.68 

1.19 

0.38 

0.34 

0.47 

1.43 

0  63 

3565 

1011    .. 

....do 

2.05 

1.85 

0.48 

0  71 

0.S0 

0  38 

0  63 

1.10 

0.38 

U.33 

0  45 

1.33 

0  53 

3560 

581      . 

....do  



2.05 

1.33 

0  45 

0  74 

0.18 

0.36 

0.65 

1.13 

0  37 

0.33 

0.  45 

1.33 

0  57 

3554 

013     . 

....do 

8.15 

1.35 

0.53 

0.73 

O.SO 

0.38 

0.68 

I.SO 

0.38 

0.23 

0.45 

1.34 

0  65 

3.163 

331    .. 

....do 

.... 

8.10 

1.27 

0.58 

0,73 

0.18 

0  40 

O.CO 

1.13 

0.38 

0.93 

0  46 

1.30 

0  50 

3558 

543    .. 

....do 

2.07 

1.35 

n.48 

0.73 

0.30 

0  36 

0.63 

1.10 

0  33 

0.33 

0  45 

1.30 

0  57 

3555 

163     . 

....do 

8.30 

1.35 

0.5.1 

0.73 

a  10 

0.40 

0.68 

1.15 

0.37 

0.94 

0  45 

1.34 

0.69 

3357 

170    .. 

....do 

803 

1.16 

0.48 

0.70 

0.20 

0.36 

0.60 

1.05 

0.30 

0.85 

0.43 

1.18 

a  93 

SOIUKIDiE— SPEKMOPH ILU8  GBAMM UltUS  AND  VARIETIES.      835 
Tabue  LXXXIV. — ifeantremenUi  tff  three  tkiilh  of  SPVAMuPHiiim  aiiAMMumm  rnr.  douot.aboi. 


1 

1 

1 

0 

it 

i 

^1 

a 
1 

J3 

1 

^ 

1 

^ 

M 
5 

a 
1 

^•5 

Is 

?;« 

g 

.a 

■a 

s 

hooaUUf. 

f 

It 

1 

II 

• 
It' 

* 

1 

1 
1 

S 

a 

1 

1 

ll 

5  g 

if 

II 

1.39 

i 

0.05 

o 

H 

o 

5 

» 

!« 

•a 

0.49 

O.BO 

1.35 

ti 

b 

O.SO 

1831 

S.40 

i.rio 

0.«i 

oej 

a35 

0.36 

0.27 

410) 

Fort  Crook,  Cal 

8.31 

1.4S 

0.60 

0.76 

0.93 

0.40 

0.80 

1.93 

0  37 

0.9S 

0.49 

1.44 

0.69 

4804 

a.  19 

1.30 

O.SO 

0.7) 

0.S3 

0.39 

0.70 

1.90 

0.34 

0.95 

0,45 

1.39 

0.55 

Table  LXXXV, — iteiuuremmU  of  tuc  apedmeni  of  Spekmopiiilus  ORAMMUitus  rar.  craumuhub. 


1 

D 

5 

1 

a 
a 

looaUty. 

M 

From  tip  of  noM  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

LoDgtb  of— 

s 

•3 

1 

■s 

£ 
1 

i 

i 

1 

I 

^ 

1 

1 

•i 
a 

•9638 
"195 
196 

11377 

593 
706 
656 

FortStiMton  N  Uex 

13.  CO 
10.50 
19.75 
19.50 
11.00 
11.50 

7.87 
&00 
8.50 
8.10 
7.00 
7.50 

8.71 

9.30 

Skin. 
...do. 

Fort  Webiter,  N.  Mex 

CoDDer  Mlues.  N"  Mez     

i 
9 

MO 

9.90 

9.70 

10.30 
11.80 
9.00 
9.10 

1.40 
1.45 
1.49 

1.37 

9.35 
9.30 
9.15 
.17 

0.65 
0.60 

...do. 
...do. 
..  do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

1 

•  From  Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amrr.  p.  311. 


Tadle  LXXXVI.— JlfeMiirf»eii/«  0/  rij7*<  «iwciiiieit»  of  SPEiiMoriiiLUS  ORAMMunus  i-or,  bekcheyi. 


i 

u 

Locality. 

i 

From  Up  of  noaa  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

Length  of— 

i 

■s 

1 

•s 

1 

Remarka, 

k 

1 

•J 
g. 

1 

E 

1 
1 

i 

n 

1,'S»7 
1380 
470 
1181 
•384 
•947 
•583 
•948 

Ban  Diego  Cal   ... 

11.99 
11.90 
10.75 
10.00 
10.30 
11.90 
ia95 
9.90 

7.90 
8.19 

9.79 
8.50 
6.95 
0.03 

8.00 

9.10 

Skin...., 
...do  .... 

Frim  Batrd,  Mam. 
N,Amer,  |>,308. 

..  do    

Ti^lon  Valley,  Cal. 
Santa  Clara.  Cal  .. 

9.79 
7.00 
7.79 
8.05 
470 
7.30 

1.35 
1.39 
1.40 
1.30 

9.30 
9.10 
9.90 
9.30 
2.09 
9.09 

...do 

..do  .... 

Sanlbteo,Cal.... 

...do 

do        

$ 

1.08 
1.19 
1.00 
L07 

9.15 
9.90 
9.05 
9.03 

a.  90 

9.40 
9. 35 
9.49 

0.79 
0.83 
0.77 
0.79 

Aloohollo  . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

*  Speclmeni  in  UaBeam  of  GompAratlTO  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


16 


fU 


'  tu 


SI 


Ta 


MONOGKAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


XXXVII.— iV«Muremo»(«  of  Uco  tpedmmii  of  8perhophix,u8  orammurus  var.  sodolassi. 


1009 
999 


Locality, 


Fort  Dalloe,  Oreg.  Tor.. 
do 


From  tip  of 

> 

1 

1 

uoae  to— 

o 

1 

^ 

J 

s  t 

A 

£ 

, 

■i" 

ri 

=  s 

& 

B 

£ 

5 

» 

t!" 

;!i 

•n 

a 

18.00 

e.iu 

9.50 

3.00 

Bliin) 
..do  .  5 

? 

10.50 

7.  S3 

9.85 

From  Baird,  Mam. 
N.  Amer.  p.  309. 


Table  I.iXXXVIII.—J^<<(o/«pectmcn<  examined  o/ Spermopuilus  orammurus  var.  orammurus. 


•s 

1 

a 
! 

t-9 
o 

a 

a 

l"5 
o 

% 

I 

a 

1 

I 

i 

•a 

s 

H 

9, 

Locality. 

When 
coUcoted. 

From  whomrecsiTod. 

Collected  by— 

1 

9318 

11138 

11139 

11133 

U131 

9969 

9508 

9968 

9564 

0563 

9506 

9567 

9368 

UH7 

406 

1046 

89 

497 

493 

4985 
186 
185 

519 
8638 
•3696 
•4001 

iisn 

Virginia  City,  Nev 

Clarence  King 

Dr.  F.V.Hayden.... 
...do     

B.  Ridgway 

C.  H.  Merriman 

do 

Skin. 

Skin  and  skull. 

Skin. 

....do. 

13863 

3 

9 

Ogdeo,  Utah 

Juno  15, 1878 
Juuo   8, 1673 
Juno  17, 1873 
Juno  19, 1678 
Aug.  10, 1669 
Aug.  10,  leoii 
Aug.  10, 1869 
Aug  10, 1869 
Aug.  10,1669 
Aug.  10, 1869 
Aug.  1(1, 1869 

do 

4 

8 

do 

do 

do 

.     ..do     

W.B.PIotl 

C.  H.  Uerriam 

....do. 

Soda  Springs,  Colo 

do 

do 

do  ,..: 

..do      

J.  Stevaoson 

....do. 

ia 

do 

....do. 
....do. 

do 

13894 
13893 
13838 

do 

do 

do        ..  . 

do 

Skin  and  akull. 
do. 

...do         .  ..    . 

do 

do   

do 

do   

...  do. 

do 

do 

do     

Skin. 
...do. 

do 

do 

Lt.O.  M. Wheeler.. 

Dr.  T.C.Henry 

Mn).W.H.F.inory  .. 
Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol. 

Dr.J.n.Webb 

Dr. T.C.  Henry 

W.  J.Uoward 

CoL  J.  D.  Orabam . . . 
..do       

H.W.Henshaw 

Dr.  T.  C.  Henrj- 

Dr.C.aR.Ki!nnerly 

J.K.TawnseDd 

Dr.J.  H.  Webb 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
....do. 

Uimbrea  and  Rio  Grande 
IXM  Angole»,Sooora  .  .. 

Mimbi  sa  and  BioOraodo, 

N.Mex. 
Santa  FA,  N.  Mox 

pr.T.C.Heni; 

W.J.Howard 

J.H.Clark 

....do. 

Skin  and  skull. 

Skin. 

Skin  and  iikull. 

Skull. 

Skin  and  skull 

Skin. 

...do. 

4803 

1111 
1113 
1633 

do   

do 

do   

.  ..do       

do 

Weatem  Texas 

Dr.  T.  C.  Henry 

....do 

Dr.  T.C.  Henry 

do 

do 

Fort  Mason,  Tox 

do   ■ 

J.H.  Thomas 

..do 

.  ..  do  

...  .do. 

706 
933 
096 

.... 

<S 
? 

Srpt.  0,1873 
Aug.  -.  1873 

LtO.M.  Wheeler... 
...do 

H.W.Henshaw 

.  do   

...do. 
....do. 

do     

do        .  . 

..do 

.  .do   

...  .do. 

338 

1423 
1438 
1893 

LtD.N.Coooh 

do 

Lt.D.N.Coaoh 

do 

SknIL 
...do. 
Skin  and  skuU. 

Now  Leon,  Mox 

Victoria,  Mei  

do 

Dr.  L.  BerbiDdler. . . . 

•TypssofAttutfayi. 


BCIURID^— 8PERMOPHILUS  GRAMMURUS  VAR.  BEEOHEYl-      837 


Tablk  LXXX. — £«4(«/apeciiii«n<rTamtncdo/ SFKnMOPHiLVH  ouammurus  var.  beechkyi. 


•3 

1  = 
1^ 

i 

a 

m 

■■3 

1 

a 

s 

t 

i 

1 
1 

Tjorality. 

When 
collected. 

From  vbom  recelvod. 

Collected  by- 

g 

a 

1 

•s 

i 

>5 

583 
S84 
947 
048 
5819 

Goa 

606 
404 
403 
9334 
1181 
3802 

3891 
3993 

409 
4(n 
408 
470 
38m 
3637 
364B 
3639 
3040 
3640 
3597 
3588 
3619 
3598 
3590 
3606 
3594 
35f5 
36.18 
3616 
3607 
•3647 
3589 
3600 
3018 
3509 
MW 
3691 
3601 
3001 
360  !l 

8iuiM»teo,C»l 

do  . 

T.O.Cary 

..  do    

T.  G.  Cary 

Alcoholic, 
do. 

...do    

to. 

...do 

...do 

CaptJohn  Fellncr.. 
ILD.CnttB 

..  do 

do. 

do...      . 

do 

do. 

9 

Fort  Crook,  Cat 

Sad  FraDcisco  Cal 

Capt.  John  Fcilncr.. 

ILDCntls 

...do ■ 

Skin. 
...do. 
...do. 

do   

.    do    

Monterey,  CaI 

Dr.  A.  L.  llttcrmHDn. 

A.  Cassiday 

Dr. J. O. Cooper  ... 
...  do    

Dr.  A.  L.  HeerxnaUD 

A.  C.iaaiday 

Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper. . . . 
...do 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

San  Diego  C^ 

SontA  Clan,  Cal 

do    

.... 

Sierra  Nevada  Mte.,  near 

Genoa. 
do 

June  17, 1859 
June  14, 1850 

Capt.  J.  n.  Sinipaon 

...do 

...do 

C.  8.  McCarthy 

...do 

...do. 
...do. 

191B 
3184 

do 

...do 

...do. 

Dr.J.  F.  Hniumond.. 

Dr.ADtiat'll 

Dr.  A.L.  neermann 
do     

Dr.  J.  F,  Hammond. . 
Dr.  Antiafll    .     .  . 

Skull. 
...do. 

GIU  Klver,  Aria 

T<4an  Valley, Cal 

do 

do  .         . 

Dr.  A.  L.  neermann 
....do 

Skin. 
..do. 

do       

....do    

...do. 
..  do. 

do.              

do     

....do    



1658 

1859 

9517 

1804 

1806 

9956 

31 

159 

578 

183 

191 

533 

154 

158 

168 

Od 
09 
09 
Otf 

09 

OJ 

Fort  Tejon,  Cal 

do           

John  Xantna 

do       

JohnXantoB 

....do    

..  do. 
...do. 

,.  do         .-            

do    

...do    

...do. 

.do               

..  do    

..do 

...do. 

do           

do 

.  .do 

...do. 

do         

.  do    

...do    

...do. 

..  .  do         

..do    

...do 

...do. 

....  do        

do    

...do 

...do. 

...d.     

do 

...do 

..  do. 

£ 

do 

.  ..do 

..  do 

...  do 

...do. 

...do    

....do 

...do. 

ds   

...do   

...do 

...do. 

....do    

...do 

do 

...do. 

..  do   

...do 

...do. 

do   

..  do    

...do 

...do. 

do   

...do   

...  do 

...do. 

3586 
3554 
3J5j 

578 

647 

3 

too 

777 
731 
449 

084 
534 
ino 
013 
109 

do 

...do 

..do 

...do. 

Orf 

do   

..  do    

....do 

...do. 

do 

...do    

....do 

...do. 

do 

...do   

....do   

...do. 

do   

...do   

...do 

...do. 

Ocf 

do 

...do   

...do 

. .  .do. 

do 

...do   

....do 

...do. 

do 

..do   

....do 

...do. 

OJ 

do 

..  do   

...do 

..  do. 

«o 

do 

..  do 

...do 

...do. 

..  do    

...do 

...do. 

do 

...do   

...do 

...do. 

do   

...do    

...do 

Skull. 
...do. 

dj 

....do 

...do 

•  B'ack. 


m 


M^.i'K 


\:  '  ■■! 


H 


■I 


:?! 


888 


MONOORAPHS  OP  NOKTO  AMBRFCAK  IJODKNTIA. 


T.\ni.K  LXXXIX. — li»t  of  npechitna  examined  of  Spkiimopiiimts  GRAMMimtm  var.  kkkciikyi— Continned. 


Ji 

s 

o 
i 
= 

Ms 

i 

6' 

1 

a 

1 

•SI 

1 
1 

Locality. 

Wh»n 
oolleoted. 

From  whom  raoelred. 

ColleoU^  by— 

• 
"5 

£ 

a 

i« 

Skull. 
...do. 
...do. 
..  do. 

.   ...!  3556 

John  Xantua 

...do 

Jobn  Xantua 

...do 

...  do 

...do 

160 
Mi 

do 

do 

...do 

:io59 
3.VS0 
3.101 

xm 
3.va 

3584 
3,185 
3589 
3583 
MA4 

dn 



...do 

581 

do 

...do 

...do 

.  do. 

....do 

...do 

..do. 

3']1 

do 

...do 

...do    

..  do. 

do 

...    do    

...do 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

..  do. 
..  do. 

169 
101 

139 
-03 



133 
111 

986 

930 

....  do   



...do 

...do 

do. 

do   

...do 

...do 

do 

do 

..  do 

....do 

do 

do      

..  do 

do 

do 

. . .      3M.1 

do 

.    do     

.  do   

do 

3586 
3087 
3588 
3589 
3500 
3591 
3503 
1.W8 
1599 

do                 .  . 

do 

..  do   

do 

do 

...do 

..  do 

.    dn. 

do 

....do 

....do 

...do. 

do 

...do 

...  do 

...do. 

do 

...do 

....do 

...do. 

do   

....do 

...do 

..  do. 

do 

...do 

....do  

...  do. 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

do    

....do 

....do  

...do. 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

Table  \C.—Litt  of  fpecimetit  examined  of  Bpermophilcb  orammdrits  rar.  doOolassi. 


'1 

(S 

Ja 
U 

1180 
5897 
4168 
3853 
3854 
3855 
365 
1005 

7SS 

a 

a 
a 

II" 
1' 

•1 
1 

1 

1 

LnoaUty. 

When 
oolleoted. 

Froio  whom  reoelrod. 

CoUootod  by- 

LLR.  a  Williamson 
Capt.  John  Fellncr.. 
do    

Dr.  J.  8.  Newberry.. 
Capt  Jobn  Fellncr.. 
do   

Skin. 
...do. 

Skinand  skull. 
Skin, 
do. 

Fort  Craok,  Cal 

4180 

cf 

0 
0 

do 

Apr.  13, 1880 

do 

do   

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do    

do   

do. 

aoo9 

4743 
1881 
4804 

.... 
99 

Fort  ReodiuK,  Cat 

Fort  Dalles,  Oreg.  Tor. . 

Dr.  J.  F.  Hammond 
Dr.  Oeorge  Suckley 
do 

Dr.  J.  F.  Hammond 
Dr.  Oeorge  Buckley 
do 

do. 
Sklnnndskull. 
Skull. 
Skluwidakun. 

do. 

do 

Dr.J.Eriaa 

Dr.K.P.Vollnm... 

Dr.J.Brans... 

Dr  K  P  Tollum 

5947 

Fort  Umpquft,  Oreg.  Tor . 

;M;,'ii 


'       SCIUlUDiB— SPEBMOPniLUS  EMPETUA.  839 

i      :  SPERMOPHILUS  EMPETRA  (Pall.)  Allen. 

Parrf '8  Bpermoplille. 

Var.  EMPETRA. 

Gilt  canadimilt  Erxlkbsn,  Syst.  Anim.  1777,  .163  (in  part  oDljr ;  =  Qnebeo  Marmot  of  Pennant  +  Quebec 

Marmot  of  Forat«r). 
lint  tmpetra  Pau.a8,  Nov.  Spec.  Glires,  1778,  74  (except  the  reference  to  Penuaut'ii  Quebec  Marmot). — 

"  BODD.EBT,  Eleuch.  Anim.  i,  1784,  105." 
Arclomys  empetra  Sciiiiebeii,  Siiuget.  iv  (1784  f ),  743,  pi.  ccx  (=  Mui  empeira  Pullas,  the  plivtu  from  I'lilliui's 

type). — Omelin,  Syat.  Nat.  i,  1788,14,1  (=  empetra  of  PallUH  and  ScUreber).— Shaw,  Geu. 

Zoiil.  ii,  1801  (Bsmu  iih  preceding).~OEtiMAUEgT,Mani.  18:22,  329;  and  of  varlonn  HubHcquont 

compileiH. — Sabink,  Trnns.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii,  1822,  ■'i84  (tlie  synonymy,  excluding  references 

lo  Penniint's  Quebec  Marmot ;  not  tbe  description). — Kiciiauimo.n,  Fauna  Bor.-Ani.  I,  i82!>, 

147  (in  small  part  only  j  not  the  Ugnre  nor  the  description), 
irclomj*  parryi  Kichardson,  Parry's  Second  Voyago,  App.  182.">,  'M6. — Harlan,  Fauna  Amor.  1825, 170. — 

GoDMAN,  Am.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  182G,  120.— H.  Smith,  Orifflth's  Cuvior's  An.  King,  v,  1827,  247.— 

Fischer,  Synop.  Mam.  1821),  344  —J.  C.  Hoas,  Boss's  2<1  Voy.  1835,  App.  xv  (Repulse  Day).- 

Waoneii,  Schrober's  Siiuget.  pi.  cxx.— Torell,  Petermann's  Mittbeil.  1801,  57. 
Arelomjif  {Spermophiliu)  parryi  Richardson,  Faun.  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1829, 158,  pi.  x;  Zool.  Ucechey's  Voy. 

Mam.  1839,  7. 
iSpermophilm  parryi  Lesson,  Muu.  du  Mam.  1827,  244.— Hiiandt,  Bull.  Pliys.-Matli.  Class.  St.  Potersb.  ii, 

1844, 372.— SCHINZ,  Syn.  Mam.  ii,  1845, 65.— Gikbel,  SSuget.  1855, 633  — Baird, Mam.  N.  Amer. 

lKi7,  32:1. 
Spermophilue  parryi  var.  parryi  Allen,  Proc.  Bast.  Soc.  Nut.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  292. 
Arciomyt  alpina  Parry,  Nar.  Sec.  Voy.  182.%,  01  (name  merely ;  said  by  Uicbnnlson  to  refer  to  bis  Arctomjt 

parryi). 
Arclomye  (SpermopHlue)  parryi  var.  y,  phatognalha  Bicuardson,  Faun.  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1829, 161. 
SpirmopkHut  parryi  var.  t phamognatka  Allen,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvl,  1874,  292. 
Anjiomye  kenKicotli  Ross,  Canad.  Nat.  and  Geol.  1801,  434 ;  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.  1802,  274. 
Quebec  Mamol,  Forster,  Phil.  Trans.  Ixii,  1772,  378  (not  the  Quebec  Marmot  of  Pennant). 
Ground  Squirrel,  Heakne,  Journey,  1807,  141,  386. 

Var.  K0DIACKN818. 

Sparmopkitut  parryi  var.  kodiaaentii  Allen,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  S93. 

Var.  erythroolut^us. 


Arelomyi  (,SpermopUlut)  parryi  var.  0,  crythivgtuteia  Richardson,  Fann.  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1829, 161. 
Spcrmopkilue  parryi  var.  erylkrogluteia  Ali.en,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat^  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  293. 

Var.  EMPETBA 

Varietal  CHARs.^Size  of  S.  ^'rammuru.s,  or  rather  larger.  Length  of 
head  and  body  12.00  to  14.00 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  verlebnE  3.00 :  to  end  of 
hairs  about  4.50.  Above  mixed  yellowish-brown,  white,  and  black,  the  wliite 
forming  quite  prominent  squarish  blotches ;  sides  of  the  head,  neck,  and 
body,  the  limbs,  and  whole  lower  surface  brownish-yellow,  varying  greatly 
iu  intensity  in  different  individuals;  top  of  the  head  cinnamon,  varying  to 
chestnut,  inoic  or  less  mixed  with  blackish.     A  pule  ring  surrounds  the  eyes. 


840 


MONOGRArHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


■ti/i'i  ■ 


iV'> 


Tail  below  dark  brownish-red,  with  a  subterminal  bar  of  black,  which  extends 
back  for  a  short  distance  along  the  sides;  above  mixed  gray,  brown,  and 
black,  with  a  broad  border  of  black  edged  with  yellowish-white.  A  melan- 
istic  race,  wholly  intense  black,  is  frequent  at  some  localities. 

Tiie  general  form  of  the  body  is  rather  stout  and  thick ;  the  tail  short 
and  busily,  incompletely  distichous,  in  form  somewhat  resembling  that  of  ^rc- 
tomys;  ears  low  and  broad,  about  one-fifth  to  one-sixth  of  an  inch  higli. 

Specimens  from  the  same  localities  vary  considerably  in  color,  especially 
in  respect  to  the  distinctness  of  the  white  spots  and  the  amount  of  rufous 
suffusion.  In  Fort  Anderson  specimens,  the  white  spots  are  generally  large 
and  well  defined ;  the  lower  parts  are  strongly  rufous,  often  bright  tawny, 
particularly  on  the  sides,  throat,  and  breast ;  sometimes  bright  tawny  through- 
out below,  with  the  top  of  the  head  bright  brownish-orange.  Specimens 
pure  glossy  l)lack,  with  a  faint  wash  of  gray  or  yellowish-gray  on  the  shoul- 
ders and  thighs,  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Yukon. 


')1     !, 


Var.  KODIACEM&IS. 

Varietal  chars. — Size  of  var.  empetra.  Grayer;  the  white  blotches 
finer  and  more  crowded ;  the  top  of  the  head  and  the  back  of  a  darker 
brown ;  sides  and  beneath  gray,  sometimes  washed  with  fulvous  over  the 
abdomen  ;  tail  shorter  and  more  bushy. 

A  considerable  number  of  specimens  from  Kodiak  Island  agree  in  being 
of  a  much  paler  or  grayer  phase  of  coloration  than  specimens  from  the  Yukon 
and  Anderson's  Rivers.  While  the  top  of  the  head  is  of  a  much  darker  shade 
of  brown,  with  the  brown  of  the  middle  of  the  back  also  darker,  the  nape, 
sides  of  the  head  and  neck,  the  outer  side  of  the  limbs,  and  the  sides  of  the 
body,  as  well  as  the  lower  surfhce  generally,  but  especially  the  throat  and 
brenst,  are  much  lighter,  being  ne&r\y  pure  gratf  instead  o{  tatony,  as  in  var. 
empetra.  While  the  general  size  is  nearly  the  same,  the  tail  is  about  one-fourth 
to  one-third  shorter  and  more  bushy.  The  Kodiak  form  is  characterized  by 
generally  an  almost  entire  absence  of  fulvous,  which  in  var.  empetra  is  gener- 
ally intensified  into  brownish-golden  ;  in  some  specimens  of  kodiacensii,  the 
middle  of  the  belly  is  more  or  less  fulvous,  as  are  sometimes  the  shoulders. 
In  general  color,  var.  Jiodiacensis  much  more  closely  resembles  S.  eversmanni, 
but,  in  its  much  shorter  tail,  differs  more  from  it  than  does  var.  empetra. 


m 


ri " 


u' 


SCIURID^-SPBBMOPBILUS  EMPETRA  AND  VARIETIES.        841 


Var.  krythkogluTjEus.  ■  < 

Varietal  chars. — Somewhat  Rmaller  than  var.  empetra,  with  longer  ears 
and  tail.  Length  of  head  and  body  about  9.r)0  (to  11.00,  according  to  Rich- 
ardson); of  tail  to  end  of  vertebrae  3..50;  to  end  of  hairs  5.00.  Color  simi- 
lar, but  darker,  with  the  lighter  markings  generally  more  fulvous. 

Two  skulls  of  var.  erythroglutam  give  an  average  length  of  2.06  against 
2.25  in  six  skulls  of  var.  empetra;  average  widtli  1.27  against  1.48  in  var. 
empetra.  The  skull  is  hence  relatively  narrower  and  more  elongate  than  in 
the  latter,  and  the  postorbital  processes  are  more  slender.  Part  of  this  dif- 
ference may,  however,  be  the  result  of  differences  of  age,  the  erythroglutceus 
skulls  being  from  younger  animals  than  the  others. 

This  variety  was  first  described  by  Dr.  Richardson,  from  specimens  pro- 
cured west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  "  near  the  sources  of  the  Elk  River,  in 
latitude  57°".  Two  of  the  five  specimens  before  me  are  from  the  Kootenay 
River,  two  from  the  head  of  Flat  Head  River,  and  the  other  from  the  upper 
end  of  Plover  Bay.  These  agree  with  Dr.  Richardson's  description,  except 
that  they  are  rather  smaller.  They  are  also  from  considerably  more  southern 
localities.  In  one  specimen,  the  light  blotches  are  as  distinct  and  as  light  as 
in  var.  empetra. 

aENKRAL   REHA&KS   RGSPECTmG   SFERHOPHILUB  PARRTI   AND   ITS   VARIETIES. 

Differential  characters  and  affinities. — Spermophilus  empetra,  in  all 
its  forms,  is  widely  different  from  any  other  North  American  Spermophile, 
with  none  of  which  it  is  necessary  to  compare  it  in  detail.  It  more  nearly 
approaches  8.  gramtnurus  than  any  other,  especially  in  cranial  characters. 
It  has  larger  ears  than  any  other  of  the  species  of  the  subgenus  Colobotis, 
and  in  general  features  stands  between  Otospermophilus  and  Colobotis,  but 
agrees  best  with  the  latter. 

It  finds  in  the  Siberian  S.  eversmanni  a  very  near  ally,  but  8.  empetra 
differs  from  8.  eversmanni  in  being  larger,  with  a  much  shorter  tail  and  more 
rufous  on  the  head.  Var.  kodiacensis,  from  the  island  Kodiac,  situated  off 
the  southern  coast  of  the  Aliankan  Peninsula,  in  color  very  closely  resembles 
the  8.  eversmanni,  but  it  has  a  shorter  tail  than  even  var.  empetra.  Examples 
from  Arikamtchitchi  Island  and  the  western  shore  of  Behring's  Strait  are 
still  more  like  8.  eversmanni,  yet  are  not  varietally  separable  from  var.  empetra. 

Synonymy  and  nomenclature. — This  species  was  first  notieed  in  1772 


842 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMKRICAN  RODRNTIA. 


"-*'  ■  ' '  I  ill 


'    ( 


by  Forster,  who  flnscribcd  a  specimen  fniin  Cliurcliill  River  ns  the- "Quebec 
MnriiKtt",  (loubtfiiUy  referring  it  to  Pcnnunt's  Quebec  Marmot,  which  is  the 
Arrtomys  monax  of  recent  authors,  but  generally  wrongly  referred  to  the 
Mus  cmpetra  of  PuUas.  Forster's  description  shows  clearly  that  his  animal, 
as  first  stated  by  Richardson,*  is  identical  with  his  S.  parryi.  Hearne, 
during  his  long  Arctic  journey  (1769-72),  also  met  with  it  in  the  region  west 
of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  in  iiis  narrative  of  his  travels,  published  in  1807,  refers 
to  it  under  the  name  "Ground  Squirrel". 

In  1778,  Pallas  described  a  Mm  empetra,  based  on  a  specimen  in  the 
Leyden  Museum  from  boreal  America,  which  is  unquestionably  referable  to 
the  present  species,  subsequently  (in  1825)  described  by  Richardson  under 
the  name  Arctomys  parryi.  His  account  of  the  size,  form,  proportions,  and 
color  are  all  applical)le  here,  and  not  at  all  to  Arctomys  monax,  to  which 
his  name  has  commonly  of  late  been  referred.  A  few  years  later  (about 
1784),  Pallas's  Mus  empetra  was  redescribed  by  Schreber  under  the  name 
Arctomys  empetra.  Schreber  also  gave  of  it  a  colored  figure,  made  from  a 
drawing  of  Pallas's  Mus  einjietra  sent  to  him  by  Pallas  himself  This  figure, 
as  no  one  can  well  doubt,  is  a  fair  representation  of  the  Arctomys  parryi  of 
Riciiardson,  the  Spermophitus  parryi  of  recent  authors.  Pallas  cites,  as  a 
synonym  of  his  Mus  empetra,  the  Quebec  Marmot  of  Pennant,  and  also  the 
Quebec  Marmot  of  Forster.f  Pallas,  in  thus  citing  Pennant,  referred  an 
unquestionably  distinct  species  to  his  Mus  empetra,  which  complication  was 
perpetuated  by  subsequent  writers,  who  uniformly  blended  Pennant's  Quebec 
Marmot  with  Forster's  Quebec  Marmot  and  Pallas's  Mus  empetra.  The  ani- 
mal described  by  Pallas,  however,  as  already  stated,  is  the  Arctomys  parryi 
of  later  authors,  as  is  fully  shown  by  the  publication  of  his  figure  by  Schre- 
ber, and  as  is  also  unquestionably  evident  from  his  description. J  This  is 
evident  from  the  short  tail,  small  size,  and  coloration,  in  these  points  the 
figure  and  description  agreeing  with  no  American  species  of  the  restricted 

•  Parry's  8il  Voy.  App.  p.  318. 

t  Tbene  citatinoB,  n-ndered  by  PttUiw  into  Latin,  are  as  fallows : — "  Marmota  quebekaita  Pennant, 
8yn.  p.  270.    8p.  I'Jfl,  tab.  84,  f.  a,  bona.    Forstkk,  Act.  angl.  vol.  LXII,  p.  378." 

i  Pallas's  description,  from  the  specimen  in  the  Leyden  Mnseum,  is  as  follows :— "  MagHiiiido  Cavia> 
Pocai,  sea  Inter  Marraotani  &  Citillum  media ;  habitns  plane  Marniotie  vel  A'Qtomyna ;  longitadn  oircitnr 
pedalis.  Caput  reiusiiin,  supra  fnsco-DJgrescens,  lateribns  albicans.  Dentet  primores  maxni,  nadati  ut 
iik^armota,  nee  antice  I'lilvi.  Juricula  parvte,  snbuudas,  rotnndatte,  vix  pilo  lon)(io[es.  Vermcie  plures 
sparsfe,  suiiercilinres  bisetm,  paroticee  blsetie,  pilis  ulbidis  distinotiu,  jtuliiris  unisetn.  Corpm  subtoB 
totuni  artusqne  rnfo.f«rrn){inea :  snpra  corpus  funcnni.  extremis  pilorom  e  ({ryseo-albicautibus  nudulata 
nebnIoHum.  Pnira  extremi  brnnneo  nigri,  nnguibus  fuscis;  pafimr  Hine  veHti);iu  polliois.  Coiufa  bipolli- 
oarls  cum  diniidio,  dorso  concolor,  apice  nigresoeuit." — (Ifov.  Spec,  tllires,  p.  75.) 


i     ' 


m  -f 


I      t 


SCIDllID^— 8PKRMOPHILUS  BMPETRA. 


843 


genu8  Arctomys.  The  only  point  of  (iiscrepancy  is  the  "palinae  Hino  vestigio 
poUicis",  which  is  almost  ecjually  valid  against  tiic  reference  of  Pallas's  Muh 
empetra  to  any  American  species  of  Arctomys.  While  it  is  difficult  to  satis- 
factorily make  out  what  Pennant's  original  Quebec  Marmot  is,  the  statement 
"larger  than  a  Rabbit"  shows  it  was  not  A.  parryi*  It  was  in  all  proba- 
bility based  on  a  northern  example  of  Arctomys  nionax.  Sabine,  in  1822, 
while  citing  Mus  empetra  of  Pallas,  and  all  the  reference  subsequently,  to 
that  time,  based  on  it,  as  well  as  Pennant's  and  Forster's  Quebec  Marmot, 
was  the  first  to  describe  r  specimen  of  the  northern  form  of  Arctomys  monax 
under  the  specific  name  empetra,  Sabine  himself,  however,  noticed  the  dis- 
crepancies between  Forster's  account  of  his  Quebec  Marmot  and  his  own 
Arctomys  empetra,  and  also  refers  to  the  want  of  agreement  between  Pallas's 
account  of  Mus  empetra  and  his  own  specimen.  He  says : — "  But  that  speci- 
men [Forster's]  was  only  eleven  inches,  and  the  tail  three  inches  long;  it 
could  not  therefore  have  been  fully  grown.  Pallas  described  the  animal  from 
a  specimen  in  the  Leyden  Mu.seum,  and  gave  it  the  name  Empetra;  this  did 
not  exceed  a  foot  in  length,  and  its  tail  was  only  two  inches  and  a  half  long. 
....  The  chestnut  color  of  the  head  is  mentioned  by  Forster,  and  there- 
fore is  probably  to  be  found  in  some  instances,  though  on  the  specimen  I 
have  seen  there  is  no  such  appearance." — {Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  xiii,  1822,  pp. 
585,586.)  Richardson,  in  1825,  in  describing  Arctomys  jMirryi,  distinctly 
identifies  Forster's  Quebec  Marmot  with  his  A.  parryi,^  but  makes  no  refer- 
ence to  the  Mus  empetra  of  Pallas,  nor  to  the  empetra  of  Schreber,  Gmelin, 
and  other  early  systematic  authors.  Excepting  Pallas's  unfortunate  reference 
to  Pennant's  almost  unrecognizable  Quebec  Marmot,  the  whole  account  of 
his  Mus  empetra  relates  unquestionably  to  the  animal  subsequently  known 
as  Parry's  Marmot,  and  it  hence  becomes  necessary  to  adopt  the  name  empetra 
in  place  of  parryi  for  that  species. 

Parry,  in  1825,  barely  alludes  to  his  meeting  with  an  animal  he  termed 

'The  Quebec  Marmot  of  Penaant's  llntt  edition  of  bis  Syiiopslsof  QnB<]riipet|g(l7Tl)  is  uot  by  any 
meana  the  Quebeu  Marmot  of  the  Hecond  vditi<^n  of  bis  Arctic  Zoulugy  (17S2).  In  tbe  latter,  tbe  ilescrip- 
tioD  is  BO  far  modified  as  to  also  cover  tbe  Mu»  empetra  of  I'allaa  nnd  the  QnelHtc  Marmot  of  Forster.  Ho 
says: — "The  specimen  which  I  formerly  saw  at  Mr.  Brook's,  ulivv,  appeared  lurf^vr  than  a  Rabbit;  bnt 
the  specimen  in  the  Boyal  Society's  Musenm  [Forster's  specimen]  was  only  eleven  inches  long  from  the 
nose  to  tbe  tail,  and  the  tail  three  inches.  This  probably  was  a  yonng  oue."~(  Jrc«o  ZoUlogy,  vol.  i, 
1792,  p.  las.) 

t" Forster,  in  1^e»P\iUuop\ical  DiiNMCftoiif,  describes  a  specimen  of  (be  ^.parryi  procured  from 
ChnrobiU,  under  :b>.  i  lame  of  tbe  Quebec  Mu.'mot,  at  tbe  same  time  expressing  his  doubts  of  its  identity 
with  that  onima'. '— v  Kiciiaroson,  Pang's  Second  Toy.  App.  p.  318.) 


11 

mm 

pi 

"1  :!      '^' 
11. 

■ 

I     ■     1 

i  1 

■-' 

\f  : 

,,  IM 

1 

1^    '  '   ■■  ^ 

!■!■ 


!  . ' . : 


844 


MONOORArHS  OP  NOBTU  AMKKIUAN  RODBNTIA. 


^'Arc(omi/i  a/jnna",  which  Riclinrdson  finys  is  the  same  ns  liis  Arctomys  parryi, 
pndmbly  from  knowing  per  onnlly  tiio  specimens  referred  to,  since  Parry's 
nllusioii  gives  no  clue,  furtlu  r  thiin  the  significiinee  of  the  nnme,  to  tlie  char- 
acter of  the  animal  to  which  he  refers.  Richardson,  the  same  year  (1825), 
gave  a  detailed  account  of  the  species,  including  much  relating  to  its  habits 
and  distribution,  and  bestowed  iijKjn  it  the  specific  name  by  which  it  has 
since  been  currently  known.  In  182!),  it  was  again  described  by  the  same 
author,  at  which  time  he  characterized  and  named  two  additional  varieties, 
namely,  erythrogluteia  and  vhaognathn.  Of  the  latter,  Richardson  says : — 
"  It  is  characterized  cliiefly  by  a  well-defined,  deep,  chestnut-colored  mark 
under  the  eye."  It  was  i)ased  on  a  specimen  in  the  ]\Iuseum  of  the  Zoolog- 
ical Society  of  London,  brought  from  Hudson's  Bay ;  the  particular  district, 
however,  not  being  stated.  In  one  of  my  specimens  of  var.  erylhrogiutaus, 
there  is  also  a  well-defined  chestnut-colored  line  beneath  the  eye,  and  a  similar 
mark  is  faintly  indicated  in  quite  a  number  of  the  examples  of  var.  empetra. 
It  hence  seems  probable  that  Richardson's  "  var.  phteognatha"  may  be  based 
merely  on  a  specimen  of  var.  empetra  in  which  this  mark  was  developed  with 
unusual  distinctness. 

The  species  was  redescribed  by  Baird  in  1857,  who  directed  attention  to 
its  close  resemblance  to  S.  eversmanni.  In  1861,  Mr.  B.  R.  Ross  gave  to  it 
the  name  '\Arctomys  kennicottii",  under  the  impression  that  it  had  not  been 
previously  described.*  In  1874,  in  my  Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Sci- 
urida,  I  briefly  characterized  the  variety  kodiacensis. 

Geographical  distbibutio.v. — According  to  Richardson,  "This  Spermo- 
phile  inhabits  the  Barren  Grounds  skirting  the  sea-coast  from  Churchill  in 
Hudson's  Bay  round  by  Melville  Peninsula,  and  the  whole  northern  extremity 
ot  the  continent  to  Behring's  Straits,  where  specimens  precisely  similar  were 
procured  by  Captain  Beecbey.  It  abounds  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fort 
Enterprise,  near  the  southern  verge  of  the  Barren  Grounds,  in  latitude  G5°, 
and  is  plentiful  on  Cape  Parry,  one  of  the  most  northern  parts  of  the  conti- 
nent. It  is  found  generally",  he  adds,  "in  stony  districts,  but  seems  to 
delight  chiefly  in  sandy  hillocks  amongst  rocks,  where  burrows,  inhabited  by 
different  individuals,  may  be  often  observed  crowded  together.     One  of  the 

*  I  tiud  no  further  tiescription  of  the  A.  jteiiniootfii  tliaii  the  tollowiug : — "Arctomjin  KennicolliUVLma). 
TbiH  I  cou8ider  to  be  a  uew  species ;  but  I  may  be  wroug.  It  is  of  huihII  sizi^,  uud  iiibaUits  tbc  Nortb- 
orduioat  raugus  of  the  Rocky  Mouutuins."— (B.  R.  Ros8,  Nal.  Bitl.  It'viiw,  1863,  p.  874.)  As  sbowii  by 
epecimeos  tbus  labelled  l>y  biin  in  the  National  Muneimi,  bis  J.  <«niit«)tfi>  is  tbe  true  A'.  «mjie(ra  (— &'. 
pair yi  auct.,. 


M 


SCIDBID^— SPERMOPniLUS  EMPETBA. 


845 


society  is  generoll}  observed  sitting  erect  on  the  summit  of  the  hillock,  whilst 
the  others  are  feeding  in  the  neigliborhood.  Upon  the  approach  of  danger, 
he  gives  the  alarm,  and  they  instantly  betake  themselves  to  their  holes,  remain- 
ing chattering,  however,  at  the  entrances  until  the  advance  of  the  enemy 
obliges  them  to  retire  to  the  bottom."*  It  extends  southward  in  the  interior 
at  least  to  Fort  Yukon.  Mr.  B.  R.  Ross,  in  notes  sent  with  specimens 
(labelled  'Ardomys  kennicottii'')  i  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  says  it  is 
"numerous  in  the  Barren  Grounds,  as  well  as  along  the  Arctic  Coast,  and  by 
no  means  scarce  along  the  Anderson  and  Lockhart  Rivers ;  also  numerous 
below  Good  Hope, on  the  Mackenzie;  they  burrow  in  considerable  numbers, 
one  always  acting  as  sentinel  while  the  others  feed  and  otherwise  disport 
themselves".  Most  of  the  specimens  in  the  collection  are  from  the  vicinity 
of  Forts  Anderson  and  Yukon.  It  also  extends  considerably  to  the  south- 
westward  along  the  Yukon  River ;  and  Dr.  Richardson  also  gives  it  as  rang- 
ing on  the  Pacific  coast  from  British  Columbia  (formerly  New  Caledonia)  to 
the  Icy  Capet  It  also  occurs  on  the  Asiatic  side  of  Behring's  Strait,  and 
also,  according  to  authors,  in  Kamtschatka.  To  the  southwestward  it  passes 
into  the  smaller,  darker,  and  longer-tailed  van  erythroglutceus,  which  oxtends 
southward  to  the  forty-ninth  parallel. 

Tablk  XCL—Ueuitrementt  of  tix  tkMt  of  Spkiimophilus  kmpktiia  var.  kmputra. 


j 

Locality. 

o 
JS 

1 

■3 
* 

i. 

a 

I 
1 

1 

1 

1 

a 
s 
* 

S 
1 
1 

I! 
II 

A 

•53 

.a 

f 
1 

i 

e  i 

h 
It 

9 
t 

t 
S 

i* 

a  .o 
If 

t 
1 

* 

o 

H 

u 

0 

'A 

'A 

'A 

b 

u 

o 

u 

p 

8.40 
3.30 

I.S5 
1.50 

0.58 
0.47 

0.83 
0.7« 

0.88 
0.86 

0.44 
0.43 

0.74 
0.70 

1.29 
1.31 

0.33 
0.35 

0.35 
O.SS 

0.5U 
0.33 

l.CO 

0.64 

do 

1.51 

0.65 

6343 

do 

8.23 

l.« 

0.48 

0.73 

O.SS 

0.40 

0.G5 

1.33 

0.31 

0.23 

0.33 

1.37 

0.65 

fiSM 

do 

a.  IT 

1.43 

0.47 

0.75 

0.35 

0.30 

0.63 

1.33 

0.33 

O.Sfl 

0.55 

1.50 

0.63 

r.9iSl 

do 

a  13 

1.45 

0.45 

0.75 

0.35 

0.40 

0.61 

i.ao 

0.89 

0.54 

1.46 

0.65 

ilOi 

as7 

0.55 

0.85 

0.35 

0.30 

0.70 

1.35 

0.31 

as4 

a58 

1.33 

a67 

*  Fauna  Boreali-AmuricaDa,  vol.  i,  p.  158, 162b, 
tZool.  Beechey'B  Voy.  Mam.  p.  7,  1839. 


846 


JIONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


T.VBI.E  XCII  —MmtureiniiitB  of  Ihrn:  sAi(f/»  0/ Si'KiiMOPiiii.i's  empf-tra  rar.  KnvTnKoaLnrJBUS. 


*  |!>i: 


*;*!' 


'!■  H'  ;'' 


ft 


1 

i 

a                     Loculily. 

i 

^ 

0 

1 

s 

? 

1 

! 

! 

1 

2 
* 

i 
1 

1 

2 
1 
£ 

1 

ft 

ji 
1 

i 

II 

n 

g 
1 

S 
1 

•3  t; 

J3 
I 

i 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

Is 

sf 

1 

*    1 

5 

H 

0 

s 

"A 

»>s 

)!< 

P 

b 

u 

t> 

t> 

4800 

Kootenay  Klver 

« 

.05 

1.30 

0.44 

0.74 

aao 

0.33 

0.56 

1.10 

0.30 

O.'B 

0.50 

1.33 

•.«a 

4801 

do 

J 

3.05 

1.S5 

0.43 

0.7a 

0.33 

0.40 

0.57 

1.07 

0.?8 

0.30 

0.60 

1.96 

0.t8 

0887 

Head  of  Flat  Head  River  .. 

0 

1.79 

1.(9 

0.35 

0.60 

0.30 

0.39 

0.46 

0.07 

0.34 

0.«) 

0.45 

1.09 

0.55 

Taiilk  XCIII.— Jfe<t«urrmeR/<  o//aur  •p€ciin«fi<o/ Sprrmopiiii.um  e.mpktiia  rar.  RKVTiiRoaLVT.jiUH. 


I,oc»llty. 

i 

From  tip  of  mwo  to— 

Tail  to  end 
of- 

LeogUi  of- 

s 

1 

^ 

^ 

1 

1 

s 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5195 

4:89 

5944 
11387 

WafthiDgton  Territory 

? 
9 

1    "■ 
0  83  '  1  70 

9.05 
1. 65 

3.30 

B.95 
7,00 
0.50 
9.50 

.T30 
3.50 
3.50 

aso 

4.70 
3.55 
5.95 

1.90 
1.10 

I    S-1 

1.87 
1.55 
1.85 
9.10 

0.30 
030 
0.35 

Alcoholic, 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

Kootenay  Kirer  Waah.  Ter 

0.78 
0.75 
1.00 

1.50 
1.50 
9.05 

Head  of  Piovor  Bay 

5.00     1.50 

Tablk  XCIV. — lAtt  0/  «prcjfflen<  examined  of  8perhofhilu8  kufetua  var.  ehpetra. 


■3 

1 

B 

B 

I 

si 

a 
s 

B 
1    - 

0 

i 

a 
1 

i 
I 
1 

Lootlity. 

When 
oolleclad. 

From  whom  re< 
celTcd. 

CoUeoted  by— 

it 

1 

9651 
3390 

8734 
8814 
8733 
«T,B 
3157 
8736 
8737 

1703 
1703 
17ia 

9 

Arlkamtohichi  laland 

U.  S.  EipL  Bxped 
....do 

L.And(nwn 

.  ..do 

W.Stimpwn 

....do 

Skin. 

..do. 

..da 

Behring'a  Strait 

Fort  Anderson 

do 

....do 

aMoFariane 

....do 

..do. 
..do. 
..da 

do 

,1864 

R.McFarIitne 

....do 

do 

1787 

Not.  — ,  1865 
June  91, 1865 
Sept.   8,1864 
Ang.   1,1865 

...do 

....do   

..da 

Eaat  of  Fort  Anderaon 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..da 
..da 

Ufa 
1389 

048 
635 

...do 

....do  

...do 

..  do 

..da 
..da 

80 10 
8049 

do,  1 

...do 

....do 

..da 

do 

...do 

....do 

..da 

Rocky  UounUins,  H.  a  T  . 
Lookkurt  RiTor,  U.  B.  T  .... 

Jnly  90, 1809 
Jnly    4,1860 
Spring,  1854 

J.Ixokhart 

R.  IIcFariane 

Dr.  J,  Roe 

J  Look  hart 

da 

5989 
,1400 
0333 



R.  MoFarlane 

Dr.  J.Rae 

..da 
..da 

Andermn    River,  north  of 
Beir  Lake. 

R.MoFarlan« 

B.lloFarhui» 

..do 

SCIURID^— 8PBRMOPHILUS  EMPBTRA. 


847 


Table  'XCVf.—Litl  of  tpeclment  txamined  of  Sprrmopiiilus  k-mpetha  var.  kmpetra— Coiitiniicd. 


"3 

1 

5  a 

2- 

a 

3 
>^ 

■s 
■■s 

3* 

^ 

1 
1 
1 

Locality. 

When 
oolleoted. 

From  whom  re- 
ceived. 

Collected  Uy— 

c 
.1 

i 

a 

£ 
1 

5638 

6Ul 
0333 
6996 
iS64l 

iM 

sew 

9634 
9647 
9049 
5648 
70T0 
9068 
8111 

sua 

8114 
0539 
tail 
0334 
81  la 
8110 
8109 
0575 
6519 

*tt..T 
70™ 
6514 

•6518 

ion 

'69M 
*6591 
6917 

7060 

•7075 
7070 

699} 
0994 
'7073 
7074 
•6989 
•87S8 

1149 

... 

Andenon  River,  uatk  af 

BoarLnlie. 
«■ 

R.McFarlane  .... 
...do 

R.MoFsrlane 

..  do 

...  do 

Skin, 
.do. 

do 

....do 

4805 

6945 
6946 
6947 
6948 
6999 

!«• 

lug 

1191 

1196 

1070 

4 

6 

5 

385 

1177 

30 

1408 

Orf 
Orf 

09 

J 
? 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...  do 

.do. 
da 

.do. 

Skin  Si  skull. 
Skin. 
..do. 

....do 

do- 

...do 

do   

....do 

....do 

FortLiatd    

B.Ii.Ross  

W.  L.  Hardesty  . . . 
R.McFarlane.... 
....do 

Jnly  13, 1860 
July  14,  I860 
Jnly  13,1860 
June  98, 1869 

R.MoParlnne 

....do 

do 

do 

....do 

....do  

..do. 

....do 

...do 

(t) 

...do 

...do 

do. 

Fort  Anderson,  northwest  of 

Orent  Dear  Lak~ 
do 

Jnne  9, 1^63 

Jnne  5,1863 
June  9,1883 

.  do 

.  do     

do. 

....do 

...do 

..do. 

do 

....do 

....do 

do 

....do  

...do 

...do 

da 

do 

....do 

do 

...do 

...do 

998 
1391 
1390 
1900 
lira 
1575 
1511 
1938 
1495 
UI8 
1989 
1616 
1936 
1530 
1531 
1933 
1539 
1599 
1510 

1914 
1939 
1583 
1934 
1939 
1517 
1996 

cf 

J 
? 
? 

.do      

Jnne  26, 1883 
Auk.   °>I6^ 
AnR.    8,1863 
Jnne  8,1861 
Jnne  M86I 
Jnue  9,1861 
Jnne  5,1861 
May -.1861 
Aag.  1,1861 
June  -,  1861 
Jnly  — ,  1861 
June  — ,  1861 
Mny  -,  1861 

do 

do      

do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 

do. 
..da 

do 

..do      

...do 

do    

....do 

..do    

FoTtYukon 

U.Kcnnicott 

...do 

RKeonioott 

..do    

do   

do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do 

..do 

do 

...do 

...do 

..do. 
..da 

do 

...do 

....do  

do 

....do .' 

....do 

..do. 

do      -.             .... 

do   

do    

do 

..  do     

.  do 

do   

da 

do 

...do   

do    

Skull, 
do. 

do      

...do   

do 

do 

do   

....do 

.do    

.da 

....do  

.do 

..do. 

do 

...do 

.  do 

.do. 
Skin. 

.  .do. 

Tnlcon  River,  nioutb  of  For- 

onpine  Rlrer,  Ft.  Tukon. 
do 

June  — ,  1861 

Jnne— ,1861 
May  -,  1881 

....do 

...do   

....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

..da 

.  ...do 

900  i»llM  a  W.  of  Tnkon. .. 

do 

...do     

...do 

..do       .    .    .. 

..do. 

.  do   

da 

....do    

do     

..dc 
do. 

iTnne— ,1861 
June— ,1801 
Hay  — ,  1861 
Mny  -,  1861 

...do 

...do  

...do   

.   ...do     

....do    

..da 

Fort  Tnkon    

....do 

....do 

..da 
..do. 

do   

...do 

....do  

. 

•BIwik. 


.  •.  ■ '  f 

Wi'    i      :        ■ 

iffii^ 

HI 

i 

;! 

j^hH 

■  ),(  .    .      ■ 

.1 1 

! 

•  ; 

i 

848 


MONOGKAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Taule  \Cy.—Liat  of  »ptiimens  examined  of  AiiCTUMVS  kmpetra  rar.  koi>iackn8I8. 


1 
i 
s 

Locality. 

When 
Collected. 

From  whom  received. 

Collcotnl  by- 

o 

I 

A 

9398 
93S9 
9360 
0361 
9303 
03C6 
9367 
9308 
9343 

Kodiak 

Sept  13, 1808 
Sept  13, 1868 
Sept  13, 1868 
Sept  13, 1868 
Sept  II,  1868 
Sept  13, 1868 
Sept  13, 1808 
Sept  13, 1808 
June -,1(68 

F.Biuboff 

F.  BIscboff    ..     . 

Ski'i. 
do 

do 

du                

do     

do 

do 

..do 

..  .    do     

do 

do 

do 

do 

..  do. 

do 

do 

...do. 

do 

do 

do 

..do. 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

do 

do 

do 

...Uo. 

do 

do 

..  iln. 

1 

Table  XCVI. — Lxti  of  tpccimcna  examintd  of  Sfkhmopbili'h  empktka  rar.  eiiythhoglut^us. 


1 

a 
s 

r- 

a 
1 

i 
•s 
■s 

1 

1 

i 
1 

1 

Locality. 

Wbeu 
coUtcted. 

From  wbom  received. 

CoUectcd  by- 

"S 
£ 

1 

58n 

M80 
SU9 
.1944 
11387 

6888 
6c87 
4600 
4801 

400 
461 

9 
9 
9 

Head  of  Flat  Head  R 
do 

Kootenay  Biver 

do 

Upper  end  riover  Bay . 

Sept  7,1860 
Sept  7,1660 
Jnly  -,  I860 
July  — ,  1860 

A.C.>mpbeU 

do 

do 

do 

CaptCM.Scaumoo 

br.C.aB.Kenuerly 

-do 

do 

do 

Cnpt  C.  M.  Scaaimon 

Skin  and  aknll. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Alcobolio. 

SPERMOPHILUS  RICHARDSONI  (Sabine)  Rich. 
Bichard8on'8  Bpemopblle. 

Van  RICUARDSONI. 

AriAomyi  rie\ariiumi  Sabink,  TrauB.  LIdd.  Boo.  xiii,  1822,  589,  pi.  xxviii ;  Narrative  Franklin'B  Jonmey, 
m32,  ()6-2.— Haiilan,  FatiD.  Am.  1825, 16ti  (from  Sabine).— Oodman,  Am.  Nat.  Hiat.  ii,  1826, 
111  (from  Sabiue).— H.  Smith,  Oriffitb's  Cuvieea  Aoim.  King,  v,  1827,  246  ({rom  Sabine).— 
Waomkr,  Scbreber'a  SSuget.  v,  pi.  cox,  B  (no  text). 

Arctomyt  {Spermopkilut)  richardtoni  Riciiaiidson,  Faun.  Bor.-Am.  i,  18S9, 164,  pi.  xi. 

Spcrmophilui  rioAardwni  "  F.  CuviEit,  Suppl.  Buffon,  i,  Mamiii.  1831,  321 ".— Waonkr,  Snppl.  Scbiebet'a 
Siiuget.  iii,  1843,  243  (compiled).- Aui>.  &.  Bach.  Quo4l.  N.  Am.  i,  1813, 37?,  pi.  I.— Brandt, 
Bull.  Claaso  Pbyaico-mutb.  Acad.  Imp.  Sci.  St.  I'(S(erab.  ii,  1844,  279.— ScuiNZ,  Syn.  Ham.  ii, 

■  "-  ^  1845,  68.— QiEBEL,  SUuget.  18So,  SiO  (compiled).— Baikd,  Mam.  N.  Am.  1857,  325.— Allen, 

Bull.  Essex  Institute,  ri,  1874, 61  (Wvatem  Wyoming).— Ghinnell,  Ludlow's  Black  Hills  of 
Dakota,  1875,  81.— CoUES,  Amer.  Mat.  ix,  1875,  148  (biographical). 

SpermophUmi  riekardtjni  var.  riokardioHi  Allen,  I'roc.  Boat.  Boo.  Nat.  Hist,  xvl,  1874,  292, 

Var.  T0WN8ENDI. 
TownMDd'i  Spermopblle. 

Aretomyi  {SparmopMtuii)  gutlatiu  t  Richardson,  Faun.  Bor.-Amer.  i,  1829, 162 ;  Zotil.  Beeobey's  Voy.  Mam. 
1839,  8  (banks  of  the  Columbia,  and  New  Caledonia,  on  the  mouDtalns).— SCBINC,  8;n. 
Mam.  ii,  1845,  60  ("  Rocky  Mountains"  1). 


SCIDBID^— 8PERMOPHILUS  EICHABDSONI. 


849 


SpermophiUu  gutlatut  Oiebel,  SUuget.  1U55,  C34  0°  port ;  only  the  Ameiicaa  references). 

Spermophilut  imtmteiidi  BaciimjiK,  Jonrn.  Acnd.  Nat.  Sci.Pbila.  viii,  1639,61 ;  Towusend's  Narrative,  18U9, 

310.— Audubon  &,  Dachman,  Qnod.  N.  Amer.  iii,  1853,  286,  pi.  oxlvii,  fig.  1.— Baird,  Mam, 

N.  Amer.  1857,  326.— Haydkn,  Trans.  Amor.  Phil.  8oo.  Phila.  xii,  1863, 145,— Mkbkiam,  U.  8, 

G«ol,  Sarv,  Terrs,  Cth  Ann.  Bep,  1873,  664. 
SptrmopkilMt  Unentmdi  var,  bmiumdi  Allex,  Proo.  Bost,  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  293. 
Spirr.u>philiit  ettgam  Kennicott,  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  1863, 158.— Cooper,  Proc,  Cal.  Acad.  Set. 

iv,  1869,  4  (Salt  Lake,  Utah,  to  Johnson's  Pass,  Sierra  Nevadas). 
SpermopUliu  riehardiotii  var.  eUgaiu  Allen,  Proo.  Bost.  Soo.  Nat  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  292.  .  g- 

Sptmophiliu  armatut  Kennicott,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8c!.  Phila.  1863, 158.  ' " 


v.n 


Specific  chars. — Length  to  base  of  tail  7.00  to  9.50;  of  tail-vertebrsB 
2.25  to  3.51) ;  of  tail  to  end  of  hairs  3,50  to  4.50.  General  color  above,  yel- 
lowish-brown, varying  on  the  one  hand  to  grayish  and  on  the  other  to  dubky, 
with  or  without  rather  distinct  small  light  and  dark  s|")ts ;  sides  fulvous, 
varying  to  brownish ;  beneath,  grayish-white,  washed  faintly  with  fulvo  is, 
varying  to  strong  rust-yellow  or  tawny.  Tail  above  darker  than  the  back, 
edged  with  whitish ;  beneath,  generally  brownish-yellow,  with  a  partly  con- 
cealed subterininal  black  band.  Ears  small,  pointed,  one-sixth  to  one-fourth 
of  an  inch  high.  Tail  short,  flattened,  generally  more  or  less  bushy,  but 
sometimes  quite  t«rete ;  nose  short  and  broad  ;  general  form  rather  thick  and 
stout ;  pelage  fine  and  soft.  Varies  in  size  and  color  with  locality,  becoming 
smaller  and  darker  southward,  with  larger  ears. 

Var.   BICHARD80NI. 

Richardson's  Spermophile. 

Varietal  chars. — Length  of  iiead  and  body  S.-'JO  to  9.00,  ranging  from 
about  8.00  to  9.50 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  vertebriE  3.')0  to  about  3.50 ;  of  tail  to 
end  of  hairs  3.76  to  about  460.  Above,  lighf  ytillowish-brown,  v.ii'd  with 
dusky,  generally  indistinctly  mottled  wiJi.  pale  taw  ny  and  dusky ;  sid  "  vjf  the 
body,  nose,  outer  side  of  limbs,  and  buttocks  pale  lusly  -yellow  ;  beneath,  yel- 
lowish-white, varying  from  white,  faintly  washed  with  pule  fulvous,  to  deep 
tawny  ;  paler  on  the  throat  and  middle  of  the  breast.  Tail  gray,  varied  with 
black  above,  bright  tawny  or  brownish-yellow  below,  with  a  partly  concealed 
bar  of  black  near  the  end,  edged  both  above  and  below  with  yellowish-white. 
Ihe  hairs  of  the  sides  of  the  tail  are  crossed  by  a  single  broad  bar  of  black, 
which  increases  in  width  toward  the  end  of  the  tail.  There  is  also  usually 
a  narrow  bar  of  black  at  the  extreme  banc  of  the  hnirs. 

A  series  of  nearly  sixty  specimens  of  tint:  variety,  collected  in  summei 
(July  and  August)  by  Dr.  Coues  at  (litfcrent  poini.-.  along  tiie  49lh  parallel, 
61  M 


^.r—4-jA 


850 


MONOORAPns  OP  NORTH  AMEIIIOAN  RODBNTIA. 


Il-l 


between  Pembina  and  tlie  Rocky  Mountains,  shows  a  considerable  range  of 
color  variation.  It  is,  however,  mainly  individual,  tiie  variation  occurring  at 
the  sauio  locality,  covering  nearly  the  whole  range  of  variation  presented  by 
the  whole  series.  The  differences  consist  mainly  in  the  distinctness  of  the 
mottling  above  and  in  the  amount  of  fulvous  pervading  the  general  colora- 
tion. In  No.  1 1956,  from  Frenchman's  River,  the  general  color  above  is  gray, 
the  light  spots  being  almost  white ;  the  sides,  especially  posteriorly,  incline 
to  brownish;  tlie  lower  surface  is  grayish-white,  with  a  very  slight  but  dis- 
tinct tinge  of  fulvous.  Another  (No.  11963),  from  the  same  locality,  is  still 
whiter  below,  with  a  rather  browner  cast  above,  wholly  unvaried  by  spotting. 
Still  another  (No.  1 1 954),  also  from  the  same  locality  as  the  others,  is  decidedly 
reddish-brown,  more  varied  with  dusky  above,  while  otherwise  not  different 
from  the  last.  Others  differ  from  these  in  being  strongly  fulvous  beneath, 
with  a  more  yellowish  cast  above.  These  can  all  be  nearly  matched  by  others 
from  tiie  Milk  River  series,  collected  some  two  hundred  miles  further  west. 
The  specimens  most  strongly  suffused  with  tawny  are  from  the  Two  Forks  of 
Milk  River  and  the  Three  Buttes,  these  averaging  more  fulvous  than  speci- 
mens from  further  eastward.  Nos.  11975  (Three  Buttes),  11953  (Two  Forks 
of  Milk  River),  and  11945  (Milk  River  at  49°)  present  a  strong  contrast  with 
the  pale  phase  already  described,  the  lower  surface  being  quite  bright  rusty- 
yellow.  Between  tiiese  extremes  there  is,  however,  almost  every  conceivable 
intermediate  stage. 

Var.  TOWKSENDI. 
.  . ,  Townisend's  Spermophile. 

Varietal  chars. — Smaller  than  var.  richardsoni,  with  larger  ears  and 
much  darker  coloration.  Length  of  head  and  body  6  75  to  8.50;  of  tail  to 
end  of  vcrtebnc  2.10  to  3.50;  to  end  of  hairs  3.35  to  4.60.  Above,  finely 
varied  with  yellowish-gray  and  black,  with  generally  a  slight  wash  of  dark 
roddish-brown  along  tlie  middle  of  the  back  and  very  indistinctly  mottled ; 
below,  grayish-white,  tinged  more  or  less  with  brownish-yellow.  Top  of  the 
nase,  ears,  outer  side  of  the  fore  and  hind  limbs,  and  buttocks  reddish-brown, 
often  in  striking  contrast  with  the  general  coloration  ;  tail  mostly  black  above, 
edged  with  yellowish-white.  The  hairs  individually,  especially  the  lateral 
ones,  arc  barred  successively  with  black,  the  outer  bar  being  very  broad  and 
edged  with  yellowish-white. 

This  variety  is  also  represented  by  a  large  suite  of  specimens  from  a  con- 


SCIURID^— SPERMOPHILU8  RICHARDSONI. 


851 


siderable  number  of  localities,  through  which  its  complete  intergradation 
with  the  larger,  paler,  and  more  fulvous  form  of  the  north  is  clearly  shown. 
In  its  extreme  phase,  var.  townsendi  is  widely  different  in  color  from  var. 
ricliardsoni,  yet  the  extreme  phases  of  differentiation  are  intimately  and  insep- 
arably connected.  There  is,  likewise,  a  wide  range  of  individual  variation,  as 
shown  by  the  Camp  Carling  and  Fort  Bridger  series,  not  only  in  respect  to 
coloration,  but  in  the  size  of  the  ears  and  the  length  of  the  tail,  as  is  also  the 
case  in  \&r.richardioni. 

In  No.  3378,  from  Fort  Bridger,  the  general  color  above  is  decidedly 
blackish,  varied  with  pale  yellowish-brown.  No.  3374  is  less  black,  and  is 
strongly  washed  with  pale  reddish-brown.  No.  3370  is  more  grayish,  but 
still  largely  varied  with  black  and  more  faintly  washed  with  pale  reddish- 
brown.  The  darkest  phase  represents  the  S.  armatus  of  Kennicott,  while 
the  lighter  is  his  S.  elegans,  as  shown  by  his  types.  Others,  from  the  same 
localities  as  the- above,  showing  a  tendency  to  small  indistinct  quadrate  spots, 
are  his  S.  tmonsendi.  Between  these  is  every  possible  shade  of  intergradation. 
With  the  greater  duskiness  of  the  general  color  of  the  dorsal  surface,  the 
prevailing  color  of  the  tail  is  black,  both  above  and  below.  There  is  gener- 
ally a  distinct  basal  bar  of  black  in  addition  to  the  broad  outer  one,  which,  in 
the  northern  form,  is  but  faintly  indicated.  The  darkest  specimen  is  one  from 
Soda  Springs,  Oreg.,  which  is  nearly  black  above,  profusely  and  finely  mottled 
with  yellowish-gray.  The  tail  is  dark  ochrey-biown  and  black,  edged  with 
whitish-gray.  The  skull  is  not  different  in  size  or  otiier  characters  from 
average  adult  examples  from  other  localities  fui-ther  eastward. 

In  both  this  variety  and  var.  richardsoni,  the  tail-vertebrae  alone  vary  fully 
an  inch  in  length.  In  the  table  of  measurements,  the  northern  form  appears 
to  have  much  the  longer  tail ;  but  the  series  of  over  sixty  specimens  of  var. 
ric}Mrdsoni  shows  that  in  the  average  there  is  no  material  difference  in  respect 
to  this  character  in  the  two  forms.  Many  of  the  northern  specimens  have 
tails  as  short  as  any  of  the  southern  examples,  while  some  of  the  southern 
snecimens  have  tails  as  long  as  the  longest  northern-tailed  examples.  A  part 
of  the  apparent  difference  in  resj)ect  to  the  length  of  the  tail  as  given  in  the 
tables  is  perhaps  due  to  different  methods  of  measurement. 


GENERAL  REMARKS  RESPECTINO  SPERMOPHILUS  BICIIARD80M  AND  ITS  VARIETIES. 

Differential  cuABAcrEBS  and  affinities. — Spermophilus  richardsoni 
approaches  quite  nearly  in  size  to  S.  franklini,  but,  in  color,  proportions,  and 


852 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


!'  i 


-  i-.ii      I 


.1 '  .■ 


»ii  :>'  i  ■ 


i-  riti 


texture  of  the  pelage,  the  two  nre  entirely  distinct,  and,  ns  respects  the  form 
of  the  skull,  arc  almost  at  the  opposite  extremes  of  the  genus.  In  coloration, 
S.  richardsoni,  as  represented  in  some  phases  of  var.  tmonsendi,  makes  a  close 
approach  to  8.  mollis,  so  that  half-grown  specimens  of  the  former,  in  a  bad 
state  of  preservation,  might  be  distinguished  with  difficulty  from  S.  mollis. 
The  two  species  arc,  however  (as  will  be  shown  later),  radically  different. 
S.  richardsoni  hence  has  no  very  intimately  allied  American  affine.  Its  rela- 
tionship to  some  of  the  Spermophiles  of  the  Old  World  seems  to  be  somewhat 
closer  than  to  any  American  species.  The  coloration  of  the  mottled  phase  of 
var.  townsendi  somewhat  resembles  that  of  S.  guttatus,  to  which  it  was  referred 
by  Richardson  and  subsequently  by  other  authors,  on  the  ground  of  Richard- 
son's description.  Audubon  and  Bachman  state  Ihut  they  compared  a  speci- 
men of  their  S.  townsendi  with  specimens  of  8.  guttatus  in  the  Berlin 
Museum,  and  found  that  though  there  was  "a  general  resemblance"  between 
them,  they  were  "scarcely  more  alike  than  the  Red  Squirrel  of  Europe 
{Sciurus  vulgaris)  and  the  Red  Squirrel  of  America  (Sciurus  hudsonius)''. 
They  add : — "  They  may  be  distinguished  from  each  other  at  a  glance  by 
tlie  large  rounded  spots  on  the  back  of  the  Russian  aniir.al,  compared  with 
tlic  white  and  irregular  specks  in  the  American  species."  Two  examples  of 
S.  guttatus  now  before  me  seem  to  fully  bear  out  this  latter  statement. 

S.  richardsoni  presents  a  wide  range  of  geographical  variation,  but  can 
be  only  rather  arbitrarily  subdivided  into  geographical  races  or  subspecies. 
Northern  specimens  are  not  only  considerably  larger  than  southern  ones,  l)ut 
are  much  more  fulvous,  with  a  minimum  amount  of  black,  and  smaller  cars. 
The  southern  form,  as  contrasted  with  the  northern,  is  not  only  smaller,  but 
the  fulvous  suffusion  of  the  northern  type  is  replaced  by  a  reddish-  or  ochrey- 
brown  tint,  ivnd  there  is  a  great  accession  of  black  above,  and  especially  in 
the  tail.  Tiiis  form  is  developed  in  its  most  strongly  differentiated  phase  in 
the  region  where  also  occurs  the  richardsoni  type  of  Sciurus  hudsonius,  a 
reddish-brown  phase  of  lamias  asiaticus,  and  the  smaller  dark  phase  of 
Spermophilus  empetra. 

The  Pembina  specimens,  ns  well  as  all  of  those  collected  thence  west- 
ward to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  agree  perfectly  with  Sabine's  and  Richardson's 
descriptions  of  8,  richardsoni,  based  on  specimens  from  localities  much  fur- 
ther north.  The  specimens  from  along  the  forty-ninth  parallel  are  the  palest 
of  any   before  me ;  others,  however,  from  Fort  Ellis,  Montana,  and  from 


1i- 

!      1*  W  , 


SClUlUDiE— SPEBMOPHILUS  BICHARDSONI. 


853 


Central  Dakota,  are  quite  similar,  but  are  rather  more  strongly  colored. 
These  lead  into  the  Camp  Carling  series  and  those  from  the  North  Platte 
(vicinity  of  the  Medicine  Bow  Mountains),  which  are  considerably  darker, 
but  among  which  are  specimens  almost  undistinguishable  from  the  more 
northern  type.  In  the  Camp  Catling  and  Wind  River  Mountain  specimens, 
the  black  annulations  in  the  hairs  of  the  upper  surface  begin  to  increase  in 
extent,  with  a  larger  proportion  of  hairs  wholly  black,  and  a  somewhat 
stronger  wash  of  rufous  over  the  middle  of  the  back,  while  the  fulvous  tint 
of  the  sides  becomes  also  more  brownish.  In  the  Fort  Bridger  specimens, 
the  ear  becomes  still  further  enlarged ;  the  black  tips  of  the  hairs  are  still 
longer  and  more  conspicuous,  in  extreme  examples  (as  Nos.  3372  and  3378) 
giving  a  strongly  blackish  cast  to  the  whole  dorsal  surface ;  the  lighter  annu- 
lations become  correspondingly  narrower,  and  constitute  merely  a  fine  gray 
mottling.  In  other  specimens,  there  is  a  nearly  equal  admixture  of  the  dark 
and  light  sliades,  resulting  in  a  uniform  finely  grizzled  tint  (as  in  No.  3320), 
with  a  faint  wash  of  pale  rufous,  varying  in  some  specimens  to  dull  chestnut. 
In  t'lis  phase  {S.  '^armatus"  Kennicott),  the  hairs  of  the  dorsal  surface  are 
black  at  the  base,  then  crossed  hy  a  broad  bar  of  whitish,  succeeded  by 
another  of  pale  rufous,  extending  nearly  to  the  tips,  which  are  shining  black. 
The  light  subterminal  bar  varies  from  gray  on  the  head,  over  the  shoulders, 
and  on  the  sides  to  pale  rufous  on  the  middle  of  the  back.  The  nose  and 
buttocks  are  usually  strongly  rufous.  In  var.  richardsoni,  there  is  a  much 
broader  subbasal  zone  of  white,  occupying  generally  two-thirds  of  the  length 
of  the  hair;  the  dark  rings  are  not  so  black,  and  the  fulvous  tipping  is  much 
paler. 

Synonymy  and  nomenclature. — Spermophiliis  richardsoni  was  first  de- 
scribed and  figured  by  Sabine,  in  1822,  from  a  specimen  collected  at  Carlton 
House.  Richardson  gave  a  more  detailed  account  of  it  in  1829.  It  was  also 
described  by  Wagner,  Audubon  and  Bachman,  Baird,  and  others,  who  added, 
however,  little  to  its  history.  Dr.  Coues,  in  187.5,  published  an  excellent 
account  of  its  habits,  and  contributed  much  to  our  knowledge  of  its  distribu- 
tion. These  descriptions,  as  well  as  various  compiled  accounts,  relate  almost 
wholly  to  the  northern  form,  above  characterized  as  var.  richardsoni.  Rich- 
ardson, however,  as  early  as  1829,  in  the  Fauna  Boreali-Americana,  described 
what  is  here  recognized  as  var.  lowmendi,  he  referring  it  doubtfully  to  tiie 
guttatus  of  Pallas  and  Temminck,  which  is  an  allied  species  of  Siberia. 


IP 

' '' ili 

i'lViji 

m  '4 

%j 

;5l 

pi ' 

'"'■/•  t 

fei- 

■  ■     •: 

■:!;  '       M 


854 


»IONOGRAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Richardson's  "Arciomys  (Spermophilus)  gutfatus?"  was  based  on  specimens 
from  tlie  western  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  ol)taineH  by  Mr.  Douglass. 
As  late  as  1839,  he  had  not  satisfied  liiniself  of  its  distinctness  from  the  Old 
World  S.  guttatus,  at  which  date  he  referred  to  it  its  inhabiting  the  "  banks 
of  the  Columbia  and  New  Caledonia,  on  the  mountains".*  In  1839,  Bach- 
man  described  his  Spcrynophilus  toionsendi  from  specimens  obtained  "near 
Walla- Walla"  in  Oregon,  by  Mr.  Townsend,  Bachman  at  this  time  regarding 
it  as  distinct  from  both  S.  richardsoni  and  Richardson's  guttatus.  In  1853, 
however,  he  considered  it  as  identical  with  the  guttatus  of  Richardson, 
which  he  had  satisfied  himself  was  distinct  from  the  Siberian  guttatus 
of  Pallas  and  Temminck.  8.  toicmendi  was  redescribed  by  Baird  in 
1857,  from  one  of  Bachman's  specimens,  under  the  same  name.  In  1868, 
Mr.  Drexler  collected  a  suite  of  some  thirty  specimens  in  the  vicinity  of 
Fort  Bridger,  Utah.  These  Mr.  Robert  Kennicott  later  referred  in  part 
to  S.  townsendi  and  in  part  to  !iis  S.  elegans  and  S.  armatus,  descrilied  by 
him  as  new  species  in  18G3.  Since  this  date,  a  large  number  of  specimens 
have  been  brought  in  by  diflerent  collectors  from  various  localities  in  Wyo- 
ming, Montana,  and  Diikota,  which  serve  to  throw  much  light  upon  the  rela- 
tionship of  these  several  supposed  species,  and  show  beyond  question  that 
all  are  specifically  referable  to  S.  richardsoni,  though  differing,  as  already 
shown,  quite  widely  from  the  northern  type  of  this  animal,  as  described  l)y 
Sabine  and  Richardson.  As  already  detailed,  S.  richardsoni,  as  represented 
in  the  United  States,  within  and  to  the  westward  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
is  smaller,  much  darker  colored,  and  otherwise  different  from  the  S.  richard- 
soni of  Sabine.  The  abundant  material  now  at  command  (embracing  nearly 
one  hundred  and  fifty  specimens)  shows  also  a  wide  ra,nge  of  individual  vari- 
ation, and  that  the  S.  ^^elegam",  S.  "armatus'',  and  S.  *^ townsendi"  refer 
respectively  merely  to  the  light,  dark,  and  mottled  phases  of  one  and  the 
same  animal,  all  of  which  occur  at  the  same  locality.  Three  years  since,  I 
was  myself  led  by  immature  specimens  from  near  the  original  locality  of  S. 
tmcnscndi  to  confound  S.  townsendi  with  the  smaller  and  entirely  distinct 
8.  moUis.f 

*  Zool.  of  IJtechcy'ii  Voy.  p.  7. 

I  Tbat  Baclinian'H  S.  toicnuendi  in  not  tliu  5.  molUn  of  Kennicott  iH  ovident  from  its  large  Bizo,  Uucb- 
niuu  givinj;  the  length  of  kis  S.  towntendi  as  H.T5,  oxuluHive  of  the  tail.  I  have  recently  received  from 
Captain  Cburles  Beudiro  a  specimen  of  u  SpcruiopUile,  from  nenr  Camp  Harney,  that  agrees  in  size  and 
coloration  with  Uacbman's  S.  toinitrndi.  The  corresponding  ineasurenienls  of  two  specimens  of  Rich- 
ardson's "  gMlttttm  t "  are  8.!i0  and  i>M.   These  antboni  hot  h  refer  to  the  very  small  size  of  the  ear  in  their 


SOIDRID^-SPBBMOPDILUS  RICOAllDSONI. 


855 


Geogkahiical  DI8TKIBUTION. — Tlic  exact  limits  of  the  range  of  S.  rich- 
ardsoni  still  remain  unknown.  Richardson  gives  its  range  as  not  extending 
beyond  latitude  55°,*  andas  being  a  common  inhabitant  of  the  plains  between 
the  north  and  south  branches  of  the  Saskatchewan  River.  Along  the  forty- 
ninth  parallel,  it  occurs,  according  to  Dr.  Coues,  abundantly  as  far  eastward  as 
the  Pembina  Mountains,f  and  is  common  thence  westward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  It  occurs  southward  along  the  James  River  to  its  sources,  and 
probably  throughout  the  more  northern  portions  of  the  Territories  to  the 
westward. t  There  are  numerous  specimens  in  the  National  Museum  from 
various  localities  in  Western  Montana,  Western  Wyoming,  Northern  Utah, 
and  Eastern  Oregon.  It  is  also  reported  by  Richardson  from  the  western 
slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  north  of  the  forty-ninth  parallel.  The  most 
southern  localities  represented  are  the  Laramie  Plains  and  the  Medicine  Bow 
Mountains. 

Var.  richm  koni  is  quite  typically  represented  for  some  distance  south  of 
the  forty-ninth  parallel,  in  Dakota  and  Montana;  but  more  to  the  southward 
and  westward,  including  Southern  Montana,  Western  Wyoming,  and  thence 
westward,  it  gives  place  to  var.  totcttsendi. 

examples,  ao  apiiarent  objection  to  referring  theBe  names  to  any  form  of  &  richardtoni ;  bat  I  find  in 
many  of  the  speoimena  of  var.  riduirdtoni  tliat  the  ear  is  so  sbrivelled  and  rolled  down  as  to  appear  to  be 
merely  a  thiokened  rim  rather  than  s  distinct  anriclo ;  yet,  in  other  respects,  tlie  specimens  ore  not  dif- 
ferent from  those  in  whioh  the  ear  is  prominent.  The  specimens  having  the  ears  closely  rolled  woald  be 
nutarally  described  as  having  the  oar  obsolete. 

*  His  reference  in  Franlilin's  Jonrney  (p.  662)  to  its  occnrrence  on  the  "shores  of  the  Arctic  Sea" 
he  afterward  states  to  be  incorrect.— (iViiina  Ilor.-Amer.  vol.  i,  p.  165.) 

i  Professor  Baird  refers  to  a"  very  imperfevt  skin  of  a  Spormophile  "  obtained  "  on  an  island  in 
the  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Michigan",  which  he  says  "approaches  very  closely  to  this  species",  bat  adds  that 
the  specimen  is  not  in  a  condition  to  admit  of  a  satisfactory  description.  Its  claws  are  referred  to  as  being 
more  Scinrinc  in  character  than  those  of  5.  richardtoni.  An  examination  of  this  very  poorly  i>reserved 
and  imperfect  specimen  satisfies  me  that  it  is  referable  to  Scitinit  hmboHtuB.  It  presents,  however, 
an  abnormal  condition  of  pelage. 

t  Referring  to  the  distribution  of  this  species  near  the  Jbrty-ninth  parallel,  l)r.  Cones  observes: — 
"Speaking  generally,  they  extend  from  the  Red  River  of  the  North  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Baird  [see  preceding  foot-noto]  speaks  of  their  occurrence  in  Michigan ;  but  I  have  never  seen  any  in 
Minnesota,  nor  indeed  in  the  immediate  valley  of  the  Red  River,  even  on  the  Dakota  side.  There  the 
genns  is  represented  by  Spermophiltufranklini  and  S.  trideoemlinetttut.  But  they  appear  in  abundance  Just 
oa  soon  as,  in  passing  westward,  we  cross  the  low  range  of  the  Pembina  Munntains,  and  strike  perfect 
prairie,  characterized  jy  the  presence  of  snch  birds  as  Spragne's  Lark,  and  Baird's  and  the  Chestnut- 
collared  Bantings.  From  this  point  they  stretch  clear  away  to  the  Rocky  Monntains, subsiding  only 
among  the  foot-hills  of  the  main  range,  where  the  Pocket  Qophers  (species  of  Thomomyi)  begin  to  claim 
the  soil :  but  a  day's  march,  indeed,  from  the  rocky  haunts  of  the  Little  Chief  Ilare  {Lagomj/i  priiicept). 
The  region  of  the  Milk  River  and  its  tributaries,  most  of  which,  as  well  as  the  river  itself,  cross  49",  is 
their  centre  of  abundance." — {Amer.  Xat.  vol.  ix,  1675,  pp.  149,  ICO.)  , 


IL^ ,  I 


;:■    '  "I' 


U\  imr 


^:H 


(if.;'    il. 


':■! 


Sliilfir 


i'f  ^ 


Ml 


806 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERIOAN  RODENTIA. 


Taulb  XUVII. — MeatureMenU  0/  tixttm  tpcclmentof  Spbrmophilus  niCHAnDsoNi  tar.  niciiAnDaoM. 


119M 
II9S!) 
1I9M 
IIMO 

iimc 

lll)6!I 

iigw 

IIS9S 

iissg 

11599 
ISM 
1IS98 
11337 
ItS30 
1IS31 
11S33 


4.103 
4106 
43J5 
4374 
43«i 


Ixicalitr. 


i.'.l.'i.' 


FroQchuaD'fl  River,  Hoot  Ter . 
do 


do 

Near  inoulh  of  Milk  Rlrer,  Moat.  Ter. 

Threo  Bottea,  Mont  Ter 

do 

do 

Tuitle  UonnUlD,  Dak.  Ter 

3i  milea  eait  ot  Turtle  Mountain 

do 


do. 


75  miles  vest  of  Pembina  Monntaina. . 

do 

do 

La  RiTlire  Lac,  Dak.  Tor 


From  Up  of  mwe  co— 


0.80 
0.75 

aeo 
0.00 
0.75 

0.05 
0.75 
0.00 

a78 

0.60 

aw 

0.80 
0.95 
0.W 

o.eo 


1.75 
1.70 


i.eo 

1.75 
1.76 
1.75 
1.75 
1.70 
1.70 
1.75 
1.00 
1.00 
1.70 
l.-O 


ilSS 
11.10 

a  70 

2.10 
3.90 
9.19 
a.  90 
3.10 
3.00 
3.00 
9.00 
1.85 
3.10 
9.00 
l.CO 


9.00 
7.00 
8.50 
8.95 
8.35 
8.50 
9. 00 
9. 00 
7.S5 
7.75 

aoo 

7.75 
9.50 
9.00 
a  35 
9.00 


Tail  to  end 
or- 


I 

> 

3.75 
3.00 
3..'0 
3.50 
3.00 
3.00 

aso 

4.00 
3.75 
135 
3.50 
3.50 
3.00 
3.50 
100 
3.50 


4.95 
S.75 
3.75 
3.75 
4.00 
3.95 
3.  .VI 
5.00 
4.75 
4.35 
4.50 
4.35 
4.50 
4.50 
4.00 
4.50 


Lenglb  of— 


1.90 
l.SO 
1.90 
1.15 
1.90 
1.90 
1.25 
11.90 
1.15 
1.30 
1.30 
1.97 
1.30 
1.38 
1.30 
L27 


1.80 
1.-0 
1.60 
LSO 
1.75 
1.7J 
1.75 
11.70 
1.75 
1.65 
1.6S 
1.59 
1.83 
1.65 
1.60 
1.53 


0.15 
0.13 
0.14 
0.13 
a  90 
0.13 
0.19 

a  15 

0.17 


Freah. 

.  do. 
...do. 
..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..da 
..do. 
...do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 
...do. 

..do. 

.do. 


*  The  meaaaromeots  of  the  ear  were  taken  ttma  the  aklniL 


tTaken  ft-om  the  akin. 


Table  XCVIII. — Meaturemenlt  of  eight  tpccimeni  of  Spebmopuilus  RicnAKDSONi  var,  townbkkdi. 


1 

lAoallty. 

From  tip  of  noee  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

Leofith  of- 

1^ 

Remarks. 

1 

i 

4i 

$. 

• 

i 

h 

1 

1  75 

t_ 
7  35 

1 

1 

1 

n 

if 
a 

1 

59S7 

FortBridger 

9 

<f 

0  78 

1  39 

8.50 

3.57 

1 00 

1  so 

0  34 

Aloohollfl. 

"AebiaiM." 
....do. 

5*51 

do 

aeo 

1.43 

1.68 

7.35 

8.35 

3.40 

1.05 

1.53 

0.30 

...do 

5*53 

do 

d 

a  75 

1.39 

1.65 

7.00 

8.30 

3.35 

1.05 

l.t.3 

a  80 

...do 

..  do. 

505S 

do 

a 

a  79 

1.35 

1.75 

6.70 

3.10 

a  97 

1.55 

a  34 

....do 

....do. 

9a59 

S9S8 

do 

do 

9 

a  61 
a  75 

1.40 
l.SO 

1.65 

1.78 

6  75 

7.50 

3.50 
8.30 

a  39 
a  80 

...do 

...  do. 

3.35 

1.0". 

1.60 

...do 

"AaniMllu." 

5959 

do 

9 

a8o 

1.00 

ft  10 

8.35 

3.35 

3.50 

1.10 

I.  GO 

a  95 

...do 

...do. 

5960 

do 

9 

ae3 

1.50 

1.M 

7.80 

9lIS 

1.05 

l..-i8 

ass 

....do 

...do. 

7 


M  I 


Il  ^  I'l  #5 


H\       ) 


'§■' 


SCIUlilD^— SPUBMOPniLUa  RICUAKD80NI  AND  VAUS. 


857 


TaUI.k  XCIX.— jy«iaurnjirnfa  of  nico  at'ut/a  of  Bpkrmupiiiluh  hiciiaiidsoni  rar.  iiiciiaiiD8()m, 


1 

i 

Loonllly. 

i 

a 
* 

s 

.d 

A 

s 

S 

g   e 

t 

i 

l| 

.11 

1 
l| 

to" 

0.40 

! 
* 

1 

1 

i 

1 

'A 

1 

1 

'A 

|l 

p. 

1 

p 

to 

■a, 

1.08 

•a. 

! 

0.48 

06M 

Sonne  or  Junta  B.. 

1.15 

1.  !0 

0.4U 

o.co 

0.13 

0.53 

0.05 

0.38 

0.13 

M31 

int 

.... 

l.fO 

1.13 

0.43 

o.co 

0.18 

0  30 

0.93 

0.30 

0.17 

0.43 

1.10 

0.50 

OCN 

do 

1.8:1 

1.15 

0.41 

o.eo 

0.31 

0.38 

0.18 

1.10 

3308 

73    mllea    west  of 

rf 

1.00 

1.S7 

0.40 

0.C7 

0.30 

0.33 

0.37 

1.00 

0  85 

0.19 

0.48 

1.10 

0.53 

Fambina  Mta. 

3310 

do 

9 

1.78 

0.40 

0.63 

0.17 

0.30 

0.31 

0.07 

0  45 

1.08 

0.49 

arm 

La  RlTl6ro  Lao 

1.78 

1.17 

0.40 

0.63 

O.iO 

0.38 

0.30 

0.98 

0.37 

0  18 

0.40 

1.06 

0.55 

3343 
3311 

Turtle  Mt 

l.M 
l.tjS 

0.37 
0.36 

0.67 
0.09 

0.17 

0.30 

0.33 

1.03 

0.30 

0.30 

0.43 

I.IS 

1.08 

0.50 
0  49 

fiS  milea  eaatoFTur- 
UeMt. 

31  ta 

do 

d 

1.76 

.... 

... 

0.60 

0.18 

0.51 

0.95 

1.05 

0.,'i» 

Table  C. — Utanrmumii  of  iUrlcm  tkulh  of  Spermopbilus  riciiabdsoni  rar.  townsendi. 


1 

- 

i 

3 

1 

1 

0 

s  . 

11 

J 

i 
1?. 

S 
t 

a 

Locality. 

J 

A 
1 

1 

i 

1 

5 

1 
1 

5 

i 
1 

1 

i 
1 

tl 

II 
tl 

1 

i 

II 

If 

1 

A 
1 

i 

K 
3 

4l 

S 

f 

0 

in 

\^ 

fi 

to 

to 

to 

to 

t> 

►> 

4814 

FortBridger.DUh 

1.65 

1.05 

0.38 

0.53 

0.16 

0.30 

0.41 

O.M 

0.30 

0.15 

a38 

aos 

a48 

aasB 

470* 

9 

do 

1.85 

1.30 

a46 

0.70 

a  17 

0.36 

055 

0.05 

0.38 

0.30 

a40 

1.14 

a  48 

47»7 
4794 
4808 

4800 
•13357 

...do   

1.85 

1.18 

0.45 

a40 
a38 

1.15 
1.03 

O.SS 

..  do   

0.48 
0.30 
0.54 
0.57 

0.80 
0.97 
0.96 
1.03 

do 

....do   

<f 

0.70 
0.«6 
0.65 

0.18 

0.W 

1.80 
1.33 

0.40 

ass 

1.18 
1.06 

0.58 
0.55 

Pleaa.int  Talley,  Ctab  . . . 

.... 

1.88 

0.16 

aso 

0.30 

0.17 

0.34 

13M0 

Teton  CanoD.UUta 

1.80 

1.16 

0.40 

0.61 

0.15 

0.38 

0.48 

0.98 

0.33 

0.17 

0.37 

1.07 

0.61 

fl399S 

do 

1.68 

1  06 

a40 

a  45 

0.M 

0.33 

0.30 

0.40 

1.00 

0.43 

3304 

Dridi^'aFaaa,  Rooky  MU 
North  Platte.  Wyo.  Ter  . . . 
Medicine  Bow  Ifonutalna 

1.65 

1  10 

0  36 

0.46 

0.03 

0.36 

0.80 

0.40 

1.03 

0.46 

41M 
4197 

d 

0.63 

0.16 

0.30 

0.43 

1.05 

0.47 

l.6« 

1.14 

0.38 

a  57 

b4S 

0.31 

0.15 

0.43 

•  Very  old. 


tQatteyoanff. 


Ill  [h 

i'l    ;! 


:'':i; 


i'M 


■  lirt 


ir 


858 


MONOGKAPHB  or  NOltTU  AMEIUOAN  KOUENTIA. 


Taiilk  01. — Li«(  of  tpnimmt  rxamined  of  Si-khmopiiilus  riciiardsoni  var.  RicHARMOiti, 


11005 
I  IU4.'i 

I  loco 

llOtll 
11048 
llOM 
11043 
110S5 
11054 
1105S 
11057 

iioeo 

11059 

iio.>e 
uuea 

11040 

iio5a 

11040 
UOAT 
110114 
IISJT 
11530 
11531 
11524 
Its. -9 
USJ8 
11595 
I15';!fl 
115X1 
11070 
IIO'IO 
11041 
11068 
IhKJO 
IliKW 
WJKi 

iioeo 

11077 
llOtlH 
11051 
11073 
11071 
11040 
11076 
11074 
11078 
11937 
11039 
11013 
11047 
11044 


4W9 
4W4 
4S83 
4U7 
4358 

4'Be 

4335 
4301 
4303 
4303 
4174 
4306 
4303 
4175 
4178 
4305 
4313 
4304 
4106 


4098 
3308 
3309 
3310 
3311 
3313 
3313 
3345 
3397 
1749 
4313 
4336 
4407 
4430 
4418 
4408 
4374 
4400 
4431 
4430 
4375 
4301 
4416 
4410 
4333 
4336 
4419 
4411 
4300 
4409 
4417 
4413 


Luoality. 


Milk  Rinr,  >(  40°,  Mont 

....  do  

ilo 

T<ra  Vorkt,  Milk  niver.MoDt 

do 

do 

do 

FrenchOAD'a  lUver,  Mpnt 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Near  inonth  of  Milk  River. . . . 

Wolf  River.Mont 

Chief  MooDUiD,  49°  N 

75  mile*  west  of  PembioA  MU 

do 

do 

35  miles  caat  of  Turtle  Mt. . .. 
do 

Turtle  MounUin,  Dak 

do 

L*Rivi6n<LacDak 

Three  Bntle^  Mont  


.do. 
..do. 
.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 
do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 
..do. 
.do. 


When 
collectML 


July  95, 1814 
July  8.1, 1874 
July  »,  1874 
July  31,  1874 
July  91, 1814 
July  15, 1874 
July  15,1814 
July  13, 1 874 
July  10, 1814 
July  10, 1814 
July  8,1874 
July  10,  lb14 
July  10, 1814 
July  8,1814 
July  9,1814 
July  10, 1814 
July  10, 1814 
July  10, 1874 
June  30, 1874 
July  9«<,  1874 
Auk.  38, 1814 
July  11,1873 
July  17, 1813 
July  11,1871 
July  18, 1813 
July  18, 1813 
July  18, 1873 
July  99, 1813 
July  33, 1813 
g«pt.  13, 1813 
Aug.  19, 1814 

Aug.  e,iei4 

Aug.  13, 1314 
Aug.  19, 1814 
Aug.  19.1814 
Aug.  13,1814 
Aug.  9,1814 
Aug.  13, 1814 
Aug.l3,in4 
Aug.  19, 1814 
Aug.  9,1814 
Aug.  10, 1814 
Aug.  19, 1814 
Aug.  19, 1814 
Aug.  (1,1814 
Aug.  8,1814 
Aug.  19, 1814 
Aug.  19, 1814 
Aug.  10, 1814 
Aug.  13;  1814 
Aug.  13, 1814 
Aug.  13, 1814 


From  whom  ro- 
oul^  e4t 


A.  Campbell. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do    

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...  do 

...do  .  

..do 

...do 

...do 

....ilo 

...do....;.. 
...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

...do 

...  do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...  do 


Collecled  by — 


r.  KCooea.. 
.do 

do 

do 

..do , 

do 

..do 

•  do 

do 

do 

do 

.  do 

•  do 

do 

.do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

.  do 

.  do 

.do 

..do 

..do 

..do 


do. 
.  do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.  do. 
..do. 
.do. 
..do  . 
..do 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.do. 
.  do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 


..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..d.i. 
do. 
..do. 


S4 


SklD. 

..da 
...do. 

..do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
do. 


..do. 
...do. 
...do, 

.-.do. 
do. 
.do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

..do. 
Skin  and  aknll. 
do. 

.  do. 
...do. 
..  do. 
..do. 
...dn. 


Skin. 

..do. 

...da 

..  da 

...do. 
..da 
..da 
..da 

...do. 

...da 


..da 
..do. 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..da 
.do. 
..da 


SCIURID^— SPEUMOPUILUS  KICUAKDSONI  AND  VAUS.        859 


Taiilr  CI.— Lilt  0/  tpecbittnt  txamiHtd  •>,'  rirKRMOPliiLUs  hiciiardhoni  ran  hiuiiaiiiiboni— Continiicd. 


■a 
1 
1 

B 
i. 

.3 

•a 

V 

(631 

mm 

0633 

1 

a 

a 
n 

4413 
4414 

38S 
383 
388 

38a 

i 
1 

1 

9 

0 

Loullty. 

Wlwn 
oolluoUid. 

From  whom  ro- 
coIvlhI. 

Colloolod  by- 

a 

{ 

4M 

"g 

1 

11090 

11117,1 
M«3 

Ma 
am 

B49II 

Thrw  nuttca,  Mont 

Aun,  13, 1874 
Aug.  13,  1874 
July  3e,  \mi 
July  96, 1809 
July  37, 1869 
July  91, 1809 

A.Ckmpboll... 

..do 

Oenoral  Sally  ... 
....do 

...do 

...do 

Dr.  B.  Conn.. 
...ilo 

Min. 
..  do. 

to   

BonroM  of  tbn  JwnM  R.,  D>k 
do    

8.M.Kothliamnwr 
..  do 

Hkinniidikull. 
.  do 

1)0   

...do    

.    do. 

do 

...do 

8kln. 

Tablb  Clt.—Liit  of  upeeimeiu  examined  tf  SpxiiMoruiLtJS  RicilARDiiONi  var,  townsrndi. 


3* 


9791 

9318 
3775 
3368 
3300 
337'J 
3373 
3379 
3380 
3300 
3303 
3304 
3300 
3367 
33:0 
3373 
3370 
3378 
3381 
4231 
9097 
9091 
0033 
9093 
9994 
3095 
5050 
9a3T 
9998 
9060 
III04 
11109 
11116 
11119 
9834 


12 


480^ 
4800 


13390 
13900 


Uxwllty. 


Walla- WnllmOreg... 
Boda  SprlojEM,  Orog  . . 
Camp  Floyd,  UUIiT. 
Fort  Bridgtr,  Utah  T. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....  do 

do 

do 

Teton  CaOun 

do 

do 

Henry's  Fork 

PleaMUt  Valley,  UtHh 


When 
oollwted. 


Aug.  S3, 1876 
Mar.  0,1890 
Apr.  11, 1898 
Apr.  11, 1858 
Apr.  11, 1898 
Apr.  11,1898 
Apr.  17, 1898 
Apr.  14, 1898 


,  1898 

June  99, 1868 
.Inne  10, 1808 
May  9,1868 
May  36, 1868 
Apr.  11. 1808 
Apr.  1,1, 1808 
Apr.  3,1868 
May  10, 1868 
(hit.  90,1868 


July  99,1873 
Au|i.  1,187'.' 
Aug.  1,18-3 
Ang.  0,1(73 
June  30, 1871 


From  whom  recolrwl. 


0.  a  Bi.  Bxped  .... 
Capt  Chaa.  Beudlre 
Capt  J.  H,  Slmpwn 
W.M^F.Mograw... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

, do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

, do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do , 

do 

, do 

Dr.  F.  V.  nayden... 

....  do    

do 

do 

do 


Collected  by- 


T.K.Peele 

Capt  Cluia.  Bendlre 

C.  8.  McCarthy 

C.Drexler 

do 

...  .do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do.... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

, do 

do   

do 

do 

do 

do 

C.  n.  Merrlam 

do 

do 

do 

F.J,  Hu»o 


Skin. 

Skin  and  skull. 

Skin. 

Sklu  and  skull. 

Bkln. 

Skin  and  skull. 

Skin. 

Skin  and  skull. 

Skill. 

Skin  and  skull. 
...do. 

Skin. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

Skiu  and  sknll. 

Alcoholip. 
...do, 
...do. 

..da 
..  <lo. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
..do. 

.do. 

Skin  and  skull. 
...do. 

Skin. 
...do. 
...do. 


iki 


•  -"i 


S(;o 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  BODENTIA. 


Taulr  CII. — Littof  tpeciment  examined  of  BrEitMOPiiii.ri^  iuciiaiidsoni  var,  towksendi — Continned. 


■s 

1 

a 

a 
a 
6 
&    . 

.2  .2 

a 

a 
a 
u^ 

1° 
|l 

13357 
4814 

J 

a 
3 

•3 
t 

1 

M 

Locality. 

When 
collcotod. 

From  whom  received. 

Collected  by— 

S 

9830 
4!»8 
4883 
4893 
4889 
4901 
4986 
9836 
0640 
9641 
•"143 
9043 

now 

3043 
4003 
iOM 
4293 
3073 

;o:4 

3078 
30-7 

7014 
3070 

4328 

3881 
38« 
4»7 
0831 
9Kin 
0838 

9e:i3 

83 
48 
84 

87 

S 
39 
94 

38 

89 
3 

riouuit  V'alloy,  Dull 
WindlUrerUsnnUlns 

do 

dn 

Dr.K.V.nayden.... 
do    

F.  J.  Hnao 

Skin  and  akull. 
Skin. 
...do. 
do 

Dr.  F.V.Hayden.... 

do 

do 

June   1,1860 
June  4,1860 
Juni'   4,1860 
June   1. 1860 
May  31, 1860 
Juno— ,1860 

do 

do    

do 

do 

do 

do 

Camp  Carline,  Mont  T 
do          

do 

.do 

do 

do 

do 

....  do    

do 

...do. 

de 

do 

do 

do 

W.T.Sotamldt 

...do. 

...do. 

do 

do 

do 

do    

do   

do. 

do 

...  do     

do   

do. 

do              

...    do         

do   

..do. 

...do. 

do. 

Bridger'a  PnM 

July  98, 1837 

Dr.W.  A.  Hammond 

W.M.r.Magraw.. 

do      .      ... 

Dr.W.  A.  Hammond. 
C.  Di^xler 

do                  .     . 

....do   

Skin  and  aknll. 
Skin. 

Skin  and  Ik  nlL 
...do. 
do 

Gov.  1. 1.  Steven!.. . 

LtF.  T.Bryan 

do 

...    do     

Dr.  Geo.  Buckley.... 
W.a  Wood 

3306 
3.T08 
3307 

3304 

343 
333 

Medicine  Bow  MU.... 

North  riatte,  Wyo.  T 

..do     

Jnly  94, 1837 
Jnly  98, 1857 

do 

....  do 

364 
303 
3?3 
374 

Bridf^er'a  Piiaa 

...do       

July  30, 1657 

do 

do 

Skin. 
Skull. 
Skin. 
...do. 
.do. 

....  do   ,.. 

....do 

Medicine  Bo  vMta.... 

NortbPlatte,  Wyo.  T. 

Head  of  Twenty-flve- 

Mile  River,  Nebr. 

Jnly  95, 1857 
Aug.   3.1837 
July    1,1860 

do 

do 

do 

J.H.Crook 

OaT.I.LStaTena.... 
.  ...do   

do 

J.H.  Crook 

9 

Dr.Oeo.  Saokley.... 
....do   

...do. 
do. 

....  do    

13837 

04 
17 
IS 
10 

11 

SmitVa  Fork,  Mont  T 

Fortl?III^Mont.T.... 

do 

iO  mllea  anntli  of  Vir. 
giiil8Cll.v,  MontT. 

60  mlloB  south  nf  Vir- 
ginia City,  Mont  T. 

Jnly    7,1860 
July  11,1860 
July  11,1871 
July    1,1871 

July    1,1871 

Dr.  F.V.Hayden... 

do 

do 

do   

Dr.  F.V.Hayden.... 
F.  J.Hnae 

...do. 
do. 

do 

..  ..do    

Skin  and  aknU. 
Skin. 

...do. 

do   

do 

SPERMOPHILUS  MOLLIS  Kennicot^. 


Sliort-lailcd  Speryiopblle. 


Spermophiliig  moltin  Kennicott,  Troc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Pbila.  18G3, 1!?!'. 
SpermojMlm  lowmendi  var.  ffli>/(iit  Ali.kn,  Proc.  Boat.  Quo.  Nat.  Iliat.  xvi,  11^4,  293. 

Specific  chars. — Length  to  base  of  tail  6.00  to  6.50;  of  tail  to  pnd  of 
vertebrae  about  1.75 ;  to  end  of  hairs  about  2.50.  Above,  finely  variegated 
pale  yellowish-brown  and  dusky ;  lower  parts  gray,  washed  with  pale  creamy- 
yellow.  Eyelids  yellowish-white ;  sides  of  face  and  neck  yellowisli-brown ; 
tail  above,  like  the  back,  edged  with  whitish,  and  with  a  very  indistinct  dusky 


sciURiDJB— sp::hmophilu8  mollis. 


mil 


subterminal  band ;  tail  below  brownish-yellow,  edged  with  whitish.  Ears 
nearly  obsolete ;  muzzle  much  compressed ;  tail  very  short,  flattened.  Pelage 
very  soft  and  furry. 

In  coloration,  this  species  somewhat  resembles  S.  itpitosoma,  but  shows 
no  tendency  to  spotting.  Tt  differs  from  it  also  in  its  tine,  soft,  instead  of 
coarse,  harsh  pelage,  in  having  a  very  much  shorter  and  more  flattened  tail, 
and  in  being  rather  smaller.  The  muzzle  is  also  much  narrower,  and  the 
auditory  bullte  are  much  less  inflated.  The  anterior  half  of  the  dorsal  surface 
in  S.  mollis  is  uniform  yellowish-brown,  faintly  varied  with  gray  and  dusky, 
with  no  tendency  to  differentiation  into  spots ;  more  posteriorly,  the  dorsal 
surface  tends  to  a  mottled  appearance,  but  the  light  spots  are  very  small  and 
indistinct.  In  coloration,  8.  mollis  approaches  very  closely  to  some  phases  of 
8.  richardsoni  var.  townsendi,  particularly  as  seen  in  the  types  of  Mr.  Kenni- 
cott's  S.  "elegnns",  but  it  is  on  the  whole  more  yellowish,  especially  over  the 
shoulders;  it  lacks  also  the  brownish  nose-patch,  and  the  tendency  to  differ- 
entiation into  spots  is  less  marked.  It  differs  further  from  var.  townsendi  in 
being  nearly  one-half  smaller,  in  having  smaller  ears,  a  narrower  and  less 
bushy  tail,  and  in  its  strongly  compressed  muzzle.  There  are  also  well- 
marked  cranial  differences  aside  from  those  resulting  from  size.  Full-grown 
skulls  of  iS.  Tnollis  give  a  length  of  only  1.45  against  a  length,  in  correspond- 
ing skulls  of  var.  townsendi,  of  1.85 ;  width  of  the  former  095  ;  of  the  latter 
1.20.  The  skulls  of  S.  mollis  have  a  relatively  much  greater  interorbital 
breadtii,  while  the  facial  portion  of  the  skull  is  relatively  much  the  narrower, 
with  narrower  and  longer  nasals.  The  zygomatic  arches  are  al§o  much  less 
expanded  posteriorly,  giving  to  the  skull  quite  a  different  lateral  outline. 

This  form  appears  to  have  been  first  describe<l  (as  above  indicated)  by 
Mr.  Kennicott,  in  18G3,  from  specimens  collected  at  Camp  Floyd,  Utah,  and 
other  neighboring  ' ."alities.  Other  specimens  have  since  been  obtained  in 
Nevada  and  Uta'i.  Itb  act  geographical  range  remains  unknown.  It  is 
evidently  a  species  very  distii.  ^t  from  its  nearest  allies,  though  it  strongly 
resembles  in  coloration  some  phase  of  8.  richardsoni  var.  townsendi,  from 
young  examples  of  which,  as  represented  hy  badly  prepared  skins,  it  is  not 
readily  distinguishable.  In  my  preliminary  notice  of  these  forms,  I  provis- 
ionally referred  jS.  mollis  to  S.  townsendi,  but  a  re-examination  of  the  subject, 
aided  by  additional  material,  has  shown  this  reference  to  be  erroneous. 


P";    jiXi 


I     :K ->:■ 


\%' 


!t  If 


r.     1    ii 


:/^ 

illii 

i 

i ; 

1 

i 
I 

IN' 


862 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NOKTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


'*'.'      Taiilk  cut. — ifeasanmeiitt  of  fmr  ipedmrntof  SpunMOpniLUS  mollis. 


4193 
4WS 

49S3 


Localltf. 


Spolcane  Flatos .... 

do , 

do 

Rocky  MouDtAioa. . 


From  tip  of  noM  U*- 


m 


0.38 
0.70 
0.60 
0.S3 


1.90 
1.30 
1.  IS 
1.19 


1.43 

i.sa 

1.40 
1.43 


,M0 
(ISO 
4.90 
6.10 


Tall  to  end 
of- 


1.19 
l.« 

0.99 
1.80 


1.69 
S.10 
LOO 
il.93 


Leogtb  of— 


0.T3 
O.TI 
O.TJ 
0.79 


H 


n 


1.73 
LIO 
LIU 
L90 


0.10 
a  10 
0.10 
0.07 


Alcoholic. 
....do. 
...do. 
...  do. 


Tahlk  ClV.—Metuurementi  of  too  tkulU  of  SPBiiMOPniLUS  mollis. 


.-_■•  .,    1   ;:,  ,    ,.; 

p 
% 

la 

1 

1 

i| 

i 

1 

1 

1< 

i 

1 

1 

c 

II 

i 

.d 

J, 

1 

LooaUty. 

M 

& 

1 

1 

5 

1 
I 

1 
g 

s 

Si 

i 

1 
1 

1 

1 

11 

1^ 

|2 

1 
w 

a 

1 

il 

II 

a 

! 

1 
1 

o 

ik 

H 

O 

a 

f\ 

>s 

»!! 

b 

(3 

& 

u 

t> 

495-) 

9 

L45 

0.03 

0.33 

0.33 

0.13 

0.96 

0.44 

0.80 

0.99 

0.14 

0.30 

0.91 

0.40 

479d 

L49 

0.M 

0.31 

0.30 

0.44 

0.77 

0.33 

0.90 

T.tDLK  CV.— £i«t  of  tpecimeHt-aamiiud  of  Spermopiiilus  mollis. 


o 

1 

a 
a 

h 
1^' 

. 
3 

9 

a 
=  = 

1^ 

i 

■s 

! 
1 

1 

? 

? 

LooAllty. 

Wben 
oollcoted. 

Froin  whom  rfoelvcd. 

Collected  by— 

d 

■s 

1 

7i 

3Tn 

3773 
3893 
9399 
4059 
4033 
11134 
4799 
4793 
3040 

4798 
3043 

161 
139 
71 

Caiiip Floyd, UUh  .... 
do 

Mar.  18, 1839 
Mar.   9,18.19 
May   9,1830 
June -,1808 

Capt  J.  U.  SlmpaoD 
do 

C.8.McCorthy 

do 

Skin  and  aknll. 
Skin. 
..do. 
...do. 

Goabflot  MoaDtaina... 
Caraon  Deaort.,  Ner  - . . 

do 

Clarence  King 

do 

It.  Ridgway 

Skin  and  rtull. 
Aloobolic. 
Shin. 
Alcoholic. 
...do. 

.     ..do 

« 

Itoaa'a  Fi.rli,  Idaho  Ter 
RinyaltwatniD  Depot. 

Sept   3,1879 

Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  . . . 

A.  Campbell 

do 

C.N.Merriam 

Dr.  C.  B.  R.  Keunerly 
do 

do 

do 

do 

...  do. 

k 


SOIURID^-SPERMOPHILUS  TERETICAUDUS. 


863 


SPERMOPIIILUS  TERETICAUDUS  Baird. 
Fort  Tama  Spermophlle. 

SpermopUtiu  leretlcaudut  Baikd,  Mam.  N.  Amer.  IST)?,  315;  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Boimd.  Survey,  ii,  pt.  ii,  1859, 
3-^,  pi.  vii,  6g.  2,  head  and  feet ;  pi.  xxii,  Hg.  4,  Hkull.— Ai.len,  Froc.  Dost.  8bc.  Nat.  Hint, 
xvi,  1874,  '291. 

Specific  ciiabs. — Length  of  head  and  body  about  COO ;  of  tail  to  end 
of  vertebrae  3.60  to  4.40 ;  to  end  of  hairs  about  4.75.  Above,  finely  varied 
with  yellowish-brown  and  gray,  without  distinct  spots ;  beneath,  pale  brown- 
ish-white. Tail  above,  concolor  with  the  back,  with  indistinct  annulations, 
and  a  faint,  subterniinal,  dusky  bar;  color  below  like  that  of  the  ventral 
surface  of  the  body.  Ears  very  small,  nearly  obsolete.  Tail  slender,  not 
appreciably  flattened,  the  vertebrse  alone  rather  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  head  and  body.  Soles  and  muzzle  densely  pilose.  Differs  very  little 
in  general  proportions  from  S.  mencanus,  but  is  considerably  smaller,  its  size 
being  nearer  that  of  S.  spilosoma,  which  it  almost  exactly  resembles  in  cranial 
characters  It  differs  from  it  radically  in  coloration  and  in  its  much  longer 
and  more  slender  tail. 

The  peculiar  combination  of  characters  presented  by  this  species  renders 
it  very  distinct  from  its  nearest  allies,  S.  mexicanus  and  S.  spilosoma.  It  wholly 
lacks  the  reddish  coloration  and  distinct  white  spots  that  characterize  these 
species,  while  its  tail  is  more  terete  and  the  general  form  of  the  body  perhaps 
rather  more  slender.  It  is  known  as  yet  only  from  the  specimens  described 
Vy  Professor  Baird  in  his  original  account  of  the  species,  published  twenty 
years  ago.  These  were  all  collected  at  Fort  Yuma,  Cal,  by  Maj.  G.  H. 
Thomas.  They  consist  of  one  skin  and  a  skull  and  three  examples  in  alco- 
hol, all  in  rather  bad  condition. 


Tadlk  CVI.— Mca<Nr«n«iil<  of  (Aree  tptdmmi  of  Spermofiiii.us  teketicauous. 

a 
p 
p 

3 

t.ociillly. 

i 

o 
a 

From  tip  of  DOW  to— 

Tall  to  ODll 
of- 

Length  of— 

i 

t 

"S 

1 

0.56 
0.08 

1.14 

l.£8 

i 

1- 

1 

1 

1 

S400 
IS84 

Fort  Yuma  Cftl                 

l.CO 
l.M 
I.M 

4.10 
0.08 
S.KS 

i.  80  1  a  87 

ICO    

4.  U     t.  M 

0.7,1 
0.00 

1.90 
1.30 
1.36 

0.10 

Alooliolla 
....do. 

ilu 

....do. 

llf 


I 


IT 


!>! 


V. 


.t.l!M 


lir 


fir 


lii'  '■< 


:t 


i    I 


iil:t 


\i  ii 


■lit'''  'ill 

r:l1l,    f 


1 

r 
111 


I    p|i|   lilHj 


;  :4i-^- 

'  'ffii^'' 

■| 

'BEi*^''' 

;  ..; 

i^E-i^i, 

.,      :.l 

li 

III 

P 

>%m 

1  w^^ 

1  M 

fcjl^lS' 

"1 

■Hyi. 

m 

864  MONOGRAPnS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 

Taiii-k  CVII. — JUeaturimfnlt  of  tiro  ikulln  of  Spkrmopiiiliis  thrkticadous. 


Loeallty. 


9419 
IMS 


FortYunu,Cal., 
do 


^ 

'S 

S 

2 

i 

1 

^ 

a 
1 

1 

•S 

a 

1! 

1^ 

If 

% 

^ 

f 

2 

1 

^ 

1 

n 

8  S 

J! 

!<■ 

>* 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

il 

il 

1 

ll 

II 

J 

aeo 

•s. 

It 
0.4S 

A 

H 

o 

o 

IB 

y^ 

!4 

u 

& 

u 

p 

b 

tf 

LM 

aes 

0.38 

0.4.'S 

0.1.1 

0.90 

0.M 

0.74 

0.C0 

0.1S 

0.30 

<s 

1.90 

o.go 

.... 

Table  CVIII. — U»i  of  »p<cime»t  txamined  of  SPKRMOPiiiLra  TicnETicAi'iius. 


o 

a 

8 

K 

a 

.r,-    ■ 

B 

a 

a 

^ 

I 

—  Jd 

9 

Loonllty. 

From  whom  recelTud. 

Collected  bj— 

1^ 

•a 

s 

M 

3 

IS34 

9410 

Fort  Tdiuo,  Ciil 

MqJ.G.  U.  Tboniu... 
do 

Mnl.O.n.  Thomu.... 

Skin  sn'U  kail. 

3400 
IMS 
t»4 

o 
tf 

do 

do 

do   

Alcohuiii'. 
do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do. 

SPERMOPHILUS  SPILOSOMA  Bennett. 


.  ;\-,,; 


Sonoran  Spermophlle. 


SpermophJiit  tpilotoma  Bknnf,tt,  Proc.  Zocil.  8oc,  i,  1833, 40  ("  California").— BicnABDSON,  Zo5I.  Deecliey's 
Voy.  18311,  Mam.  la*.— Waoner,  Snppl.  Scbrebor'n  SUuget.  iii,  1843, 251  (foot-note).— Audu- 
bon &.  Bachhan,  Quad.  N.  Am.  i>l.  cix,  folio  ed.— Baihd,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  ISif), 
-  •    .  333;  Main.  N.  An.  1857,  331 ;  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Uonnd.  8arv.  ii,  pt.  il,  1869,  39,  pi.  vii,  fig.  3 

(head  and  feet). 

Spermophihia  mcn'catiua  AununoN  &  Bachhan,  Qaad.  N,  Am.  iii,  1853,  39  (in  part). 

Upermophilui  npiloioma  var.  tpiloioma  Allen,  Proo.  Host.  8oc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvl,  1874,  SUl. 

Specific  chars. — Length  of  liend  and  liody  6.50  to  7.00;  of  tail  to  end 
of  vertebriB  2  50  to  3.00;  to  end  of  hairs  3.25  to  3  75.  Above,  reddisii- 
brown,  with  indistinct  pubquadrate  spots  of  wiiite,  bordered  posteriorly  with 
black.  Tiie  spots  are  most  distinct  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  back,  and  are 
more  distinct  in  the  young  than  in  the  adult  Beneath,  white,  varying  to 
strongly  yellowish-white.  Tail  above  colored  like  the  back,  with  a  single 
broad  subterniinal  black  bar,  extending  for  only  a  short  distance  along  the 
sides;  beneath,  centrally,  brownisli-yellow,  with  a  black  border  edged  with 
ycllow'sh.  The  tail  (vertebra'  alone)  is  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  body, 
round,  generally  bushy  only  at  the  tip,  and  not  distinctly  distichous.     The 


SCIDRID^— SPEBMOPHILUS  8PIL080MA. 


865 


ears  are  very  small,  being  little  more  than  a  thickened  rim.  Hairiness  of  the 
soles  variable,  the  soles  being  in  some  specimens  densely  pilose,  and  in  others 
nearly  naked. 

This  species,  in  the  general  color  of  the  dorsal  surface,  bears  some 
resemblance  to  S.  mexicanus,  but  it  is  of  a  lighter  reddish,  and  lacks  the  dis- 
tinct lines  of  white  spots  seen  in  the  latter.  It  further  differs  in  being  smaller, 
in  having  a  much  broader  and  quite  differently  shaped  skull,  and  in  its  very 
much  shorter  tail,  which  is  slender  and  terete  instead  of  somewhat  full  and 
distichous.  Its  nearest  ally  is  8.  obsoklus,  from  which  it  is  but  doubtfully 
dititinct,  differing  mainly  in  its  more  reddish  color  and  the  greater  distinctness 
of  the  white  spots. 

This  species  was  first  noticed  by  Mr.  Bennett  in  1833,  who  described  it 
from  two  specimens  supposed  to  have  come  from  California,  the  locality  being 
vaguely  indicated  as  "that  part  of  Califortiia  which  adjoins  Mexico".  The 
specimens  were  young,  the  molars  being  unworn,  and  the  length  only  five 
inches  and  a  quarter.  Wagner,  in  1843,  thought  it  doubtfully  distinct  from 
8.  mexicanus.  Audubon  and  Bachman  figured  for  it  the  young  of  8.  mexicanus, 
and  afterward,  becoming  aware  of  their  mistake,  completed  the  confusion  of 
the  two  species  by  referring  the  8.  spilosoma  of  Bennett  to  8.  mexicanus  as  a 
synonym  of  that  species  I  Its  claim  to  distinct  Specific  rank  was  again  first 
asserted  in  1855  by  Professor  Baird,  who  was  able,  from  his  abundant  mate- 
rial, to  fully  make  known  its  true  characters  and  affinities.  Although  its  dis- 
tinctness has  since,  I  think,  been  unquestioned,  no  additional  specimens  have 
been  brought  to  light  by  recent  collectors,  so  that  I  find  now  in  the  National 
Museum  only  the  material  used  by  Professor  Baird,  and  have  seen  no  other 
specimens.    It  is  still  apparently  rare  in  collections. 

Its  known  range  extends  from  Fort  Stantoii,  N.  Mex.  (Dr.  T.  C.  Henry), 
and  El  Paso,  Tex.  (J.  H.  Clark),  to  Chihuahua  (J.  Potts)  and  Sonora  (Dr. 
Kennerly),  Mexico.  Professor  Baird*  states  that  "it  occurs  abundantly  from 
the  Gulf  of  California  as  far  east  as  El  Paso,  and  even  northward  to  Fort  Stan- 
ton". He  furt,her  quotes  from  Dr.  Kennerly 's  notes  that  it  was  "  quite  common 
around  Janos",  Sonora,  "but  excefdingly  shy",  so  that  "a  specimen  was  pro- 
cured with  difficulty". 


I 


*  Rep.  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Bonnd,  Suit.  vol.  ii,  pt.  ii,  p.  39. 


6S  U 


.  Il 


111 


itt^V" 


lih 


m<\ 


V  L  ! 


866 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  CIX. — MeMiireineitta  of  three  akuVa  of  SrsHMOPHiLVS  hpilosoma. 


i 

S 

s 

s  ^ 

1  ° 

i 

i 
Si 

.a 

^ 

f 

1 

.a 

1 

! 

i 

LoMlity. 

1 

1 

i 

if 

.1 

si 

* 

1 

'    ■'■  '    ■;"■:-■; 

i 

^ 

1 

1 

1 

il 

11 

ij 

If 

ft  87 
ft  88 

ft  43 
ft  38 

o 

A 

O 

s 

>5 

in 

& 

0 

(3 

p 

p 

Ilia 

£1  Paao,  Tex 

9 

1.55 
1.45 

0.97 
0.95 

0.35 

0.3a 

O.M 

o.« 

ft  17 
ft  16 

ft  43 
ft  40 

ft  78 
ft  75 

ft  25 
ft  30 

ft  15 
ft  14 

031 

ft  30 

do 

1651 

1.55 

0.38 

0.50 

ft  44 

ft  75 

ft  85 

ft  43 

Tablb  ex. — M<ia»wnme*t»  of  jive  epedneM  of  Sfermophilus  spiiosoma. 


990 
1059 
1043 
141 
143 


LOCftlilf. 


Cblhaahua  City,  Mexloo  . 

ao 

Janos,  SonoTS,  Uexioo  — 

KlPaao 

do 


6.50 
7.00 
5.75 
ftSO 
5.50 


Tail  to  end 
of— 


2.30 
3.60 

aoo 

3.50 


3.00 
3.30 
3.75 
3.00 


1.10 
1.3S 
1.38 
1.35 
1.25 


Skin  .. 
..do... 
..do... 
..do.. 
..do.. 


Bemwka. 


From  Baitd,  Ham.  K. 
Amer.  p.  333. 


Table  CXI. — lA%t  of  epedmetu  examined  of  Spf.rmofbilus  spilosoma. 


i 

il 

a 

a 

"^ 

a 

1-s 

1 

1^ 

1 

1 

1059 
390 

1651 

1043 

3216 

3619 
143 

1134 

141 

1133 

? 

ioc«ii<y. 


chihuahua 

do 

Janos,  SoDon 

Fort  SUnton,  M.  Hex. . 

El  Puo,Ttx 

do 


When 
collected. 


From  whom  lecelred, 


Apr.  — ,  1855 

,1855 

,1853 

,1853 


J.PotU. 

...do 

M%|.  W.  H.  Emory  . 

...do 

...do 

...do 


CoUaoted  by— 


J.Potte.. 

...do 

Dr.C.B.R.Eennerly 
Dr.  T.  0.  Henry  . . 

J.H.  Clark 

...do 


Skin. 

Skin  and  akulL 

do. 

Skin. 

Skin  and  aknIL 

do. 


„  , ,,    ..  ,^ ,    SFERMOPHILUS  OBSOLETUS  Kennicott. 

KeBDlcott's  Spermoplille. 

Spermophilut  obtoMut  Kennicott,  Froc.  Acad.  Mat.  8oi.  Pblla.  1^63,  157. 
SfiernwpUlua  tp'.lotoma  var.  obiolelue  Allbn,  Proo.  Bo«t.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  zvi,  1674,  891. 

Specific  chaks. — Size  and  form  of  S.  spihsoma.  Length  5.80  to  6.50 ; 
tail  to  end  of  vertebrae  2.25  to  2.50 ;  to  end  of  hairs  3.00  to  3.50.  Above, 
dull  yellowish-brown,  indistinctly  spotted  with  lighter,  especially  posteriorly, 


SCIURID^— SPEBMOPHFLUa  OBSOLBTDS. 


867 


and  in  the  younger  specimens ;  i)eneath,  strongly  yellowish-white.  The  spots 
on  the  back  are  bordered  posteriorly  with  black.  The  tail  is  terete  toward 
the  base,  broader  and  tufted  at  the  end  ;  above,  basaily  colored  like  the  back, 
toward  the  end  varied  with  black,  and  with  a  subterminal  black  border  edged 
with  yellowish-white.  Ears  nearly  obsolete;  soles  either  naked  or  hairy, 
according  to  the  season  ;  nails  long,  slender,  and  moderately  curved. 

This  form  is  closely  related  to  S.  spiioaorna,  to  which  I  formarly  referred 
it  as  a  variety,  and  I  am  still  far  from  sure  that  such  is  not  its  true  relation- 
ship. The  two  forms,  in  their  extreme  phases  of  differentiation,  are  quite  widely 
different  in  coloration,  but  in  the  younger  stages  they  are  almost  inseparable. 
The  skull  of  8.  obsoktus  is  rather  narrower  in  proportion  to  its  length  than 
that  of  S.  spilosomn,  and  the  nasals  are  longer.  In  size,  proportions,  form  of 
the  tail,  and  markings,  the  two  are  identical,  but  the  tone  of  the  coloration  is 
quite  different.  In  S.  spilosoma,  the  general  color  al)ove  is  light  reddish- 
brown  or  cinnamon ;  in  8.  obsoktus,  pale  yellowish-brown.  Some  of  the 
younger  specimens  of  obsoletus,  as  No.  3223,  from  the  Laramie  Plains,  show 
a  decided  cast  of  reddish,  and  are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  examples  of 
spilosoma  from  Texas.  Its  recognition  as  specifically  distinct  from  S.  spilo- 
soma is  merely  provisional  and  made  with  much  doubt. 

S.  obsoktus  was  first  described  by  Mr.  Kennicott,  in  1863,  from  speci- 
mens collected  in  Southern  Wyoming,  Dakota,  and  Utah,  in  1857  and  1858. 
The  subjoined  list  of  specimens  shows  it  to  range  from  the  Black  Hills  and 
Fort  Kearney  westward  to  Utah.  Nothing  further  is  known  respecting  its 
distribution,  and  none  of  the  recent  expeditions  to  this  region  have  apparently 
met  with  it.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  future  explorers  will  be  able  to  add 
to  our  knowledge  of  its  history. 

Table  CXll.—ilemuremenlii  of  three  thulh  of  Spermuphilus  obsolbtuh. 


1 

LoMlity. 

i 

1 

1 

4 
1 

t 
1 

1 

t3 

a 

i 
1 

s 

1 

I1 

s 

H 

i.3 

1 

t 

1 

P 

! 

It 

•s. 

i 

C 

3 

4795 
4Bt3 
4011 

Black  Hllta  

1.31 
l.U 

0.93 
0.M 
O.W 

a. 
o.> 

0. 

B     0.53 
»     0.59 
11     0.M 

0.15 
0.15 



0.45 

0.80 

0.31 

0.85 

o.eo 

0.89 

0.«] 
0.3« 
0.40 

9 

O.W 

0.75 

0.IM 

'\ 


i  y  ■, 

I? 


'  ;;i  ■ 


868  MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 

TablbCXIII.— Afe(Miireiii«n/»o/ l*r<!e«i)eoliii«ii«o/ SpRBMOPiiii.U8  0ii80i.mm.      jj  »[■!■, 


ll 

X 

•; 

r1 

Ji 

s 

R 

3 

a 

?. 

•3 

3 

■c 

o 

>-' 

x»4 

49 

3!!» 

44 

3144 

66 

Lomlilr. 


,iw>.- 


50  miles  west  of  Fort  Kearney. 
330  mllea  west  of  Fort  Keiiniejr 
Fort  Laramie 


From  tip  of 
:   Doee  to» 


1.35 
1.70 
1.60 


S.80 
9.W 


TuU  bj  end 
of- 


9.40 
9.3S 


3.45 
&80 
3.30 


I 


Freih. 

..do. 

..do. 


Table  CXIT.-'tiat  of  gpeament  examined  of  8pehmopiiii.U5  obsolktds. 


1 

a 

i 

a 

1 
1 

•.)■(    r.   .-  ■•i-,;i;!.;j  j: 

LoculHy. 

i   i'l';/'",!.  ;ii  V 

When          From  wbam  re- 
eolleOted.               oeived. 

Colleetedby- 

i 

3258 
32B 
3224 
32)5 
3223 
3140 
3144 
3382 
3776 

4795 
4611 

4813 

Black  Bills,  Dak 

Gen.  O.K.  Warren. 
W.  M.  F.  Mngraw. 

...do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

Dr.  F.  V.  Bayden. . 
Dr.  J.  O.Cooper... 
...  do 

Skin  and  akoll. 

Skin. 

Skin  and  skull 

Skin. 

...do. 

...do. 

44 

49 
48 
45 
IB 
66 

9 
? 

o? 

50  miles  west  of  Pt.  Kearney 
230  miles  westofFt  Keiuney 

do 

do 

Ang.  9,1897 
Ang.  17, 1857 
Ang.  17, 1857 
Ang.  17, 1857 
Sept.  »2, 1857 
Sept.  30, 1857 
Sept.  8,1857 
Julj  17, 1858 

...do 

....do 

...do 

do 

..  do 

...,do 

Skin  and  skull. 
Skull. 
.  do. 

do 

...do 

Capt.  J.  B.  Simpeoo 

CDrexIer 

O.aUcCartbT.... 

50 

O'Fulloo'e  Bluff,  Utah 

SPERMOPHILUS  MEXICANUS  (Licht.)  Wagner. 
VexIcaiB  Spernophlle. 

ttkhmiB  mexicantu  Erxlrbe:!,  Syst.  Anim.  1777,  438  (in  part  only,  if  at  all.  From  Fhrnandrz  and 
Seba,  etc.  Also  Sdurvs  iHtxicanui  of  Schrebkr,  Gmklin,  Shaw,  Fischer,  and  other  early 
cotnpileni,  baaed  on  tbe  same), 

Cililliu  meiicatiua  Lichtenstein,  Darst.  S'iuget.  18^7-34  (not  paged),  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  8, 

Sptjmophilut  mextoamia  Waoner,  Snppl.  Scbreber's  Siinget.  iii,  1843, 250.— Brandt,  Bnll.  PhyBico-math. 
Cla88e  Acad.  St.  Pdtersb.  ii,  1844,  %iO.— BcoiNZ,  Syn.  Hamm.  ii,  1845,  (i6.— Audubon  &  Bach- 
man,  Qna<l.  N.  Amer.  iii,  1653,  39,  pi.  oix  (excluaive  of  enppoeed  yonng). — Giebel,  Situget. 
1855, 638.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amer.  1857,  319 ;  U.  8.  and  Hex.  Bonnd.  Sarv.  II,  pt  il,  18r>»,  39.— 
Allen,  Pijc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvl,  1OT4, 291. 

^ctNriM  Imaulipenrit  Berlandier,  MSS.  ^ 

t  TlamototU,  Fernandez,  Anim.  1051,  9. 

tSdurue,  rarU»imii»,  ex  JVai'd  Hitpanid,  twniit  aW»,  Seba,  Theso.  i,  1734,  76,  pi.  xlvli,  fig.  2. 

Specific  chars. — Length  of  head  and  body  8.00  to  8.50 ;  of  tail  to  end 
of  vertebrae  4.00  to  4.50 ;  to  end  of  hairs  about  5.75.  Above,  rather  dark 
yellowish-brown,  varying  to  reddish-brown,  with  generally  a  decided  tinge  of 
olivaceous  and  numerous  rather  distinct  lines  (generally  either  nine  or  eleven) 
of  Riibquadrate  spots  of  wiiitc;  below,  whitisli,  varying  to  yellowish-white  on 


IFT'I'' 


80IUIiIDJ5— SPEKMOrHIJ.US  MEXICAN  US. 


869 


the  sides ;  ring  surrounding  the  eye  am'  lower  edge  of  checks  white ;  head 
above  finely  mixed  white,  black,  and  yellowish ;  tail  above  varied  centrally 
with  black  and  yellowish-white,  with  an  indistinct  black  border  broadly  edged 
with  yellowish-white ;  below,  brownis'i-white  centrally,  with  a  distinct  sub- 
terminal  band  of  black  and  a  broad  edging  of  brownish-white.  The  hairs 
individually  have  a  narrow  black  bar  nt  the  base,  followed  by  alternate  bars  of 
browuish-white  and  black,  three  of  each,  the  terminal  one  being  whitish. 

This  species  varies  as  usual  more  or  less  in  cespect  to  general  color,  that 
of  the  dorsal  surface  ranging  frori  dull  ashy-brown  to  chestnut.  The  num- 
ber of  rows  of  white  spots  varies  from  nine  to  thirteen,  but  either  nine  or 
eleven  is  the  more  common  number,  the  two  or  three  central  ones  on  either 
side  of  the  median  line  being  generally  much  more  distinct  than  the  outer 
ones.  In  the  latter,  the  white  spots  are  longer  and  nearer  together,  forming 
sometimes  an  almost  uninterrupted  line.  The  ears  are  very  small,  but  dis- 
tinct. The  tail-vertebrae  alone  are  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
head  and  body;  claws  long,  that  of  the  thumb  quite  large.  Soles  nearly 
naked.     Pelage  coarse  and  /itiff,  the  hairs  mostly  grooved  above. 

In  size  and  proportions,  as  well  as  in  the  pattern  of  coloration,  this 
species  more  resembles  il.  trideceinlineatus  than  any  other,  but  differs  from 
it  quite  markedly  in  many  details.  The  tail  is  longer  and  more  bushy,  with 
three  narrow  longitu  :  »1  lines  of  black  beneath  instead  of  one  very  broad 
one  (in  addition,  there  is,  however,  in  S.  tridecemlineatus,  a  narrow  basal 
one);  the  general  color  above  is  much  lighter  and  of  a  quite  different  shade, 
with  interrupted  lines  of  whitish  spots  instead  of  six  or  more  narrow,  contin- 
uous, yellowish-whit  J  stri[>es,  with  a  similar  number  of  interrupted  ones  be- 
tween them ;  there  are  also  well-marked  diiferences  in  the  skull.  In  respect 
to  cranial  charactf-rs,  however,  S.  mexicanus  finds  also  its  nearest  ally  ih  S. 
tridecemlineatus. 

In  respect  io  coloration,  there  is  considerable  resemblance  between  8. 
mexicanus  and  iS.  spilosoma ;  but,  in  other  features,  the  two  species  difier 
widely,  as  alrefidy  noticed  in  the  account  of  S.  spilosoma. 

This  8pe';ies  was  first  recognizably  described  and  figured  by  Lichtenstein, 
about  1830,  from  a  specimen  collected  by  Herr  F.  Deppe,  in  July,  1826,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Toluca,  Mexico.  Erxleben,  in  1777,  characterized  a 
"  Sciurus  tnexicanun",  based  on  Fernandez's  description  of  his  "  Tlamototli", 


,i'f  .< 


f  H  ?        '  ^ 


i^!    U'\i\Ai 


m 


870 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


and  on  Seba's  "Sciurm,  rarissimus,  ex  NovA  Hispanid,  (eeniis  albii"*  together 
with  references  to  Brisson,  Pennant,  and  other  early  authors,  whose  accounts 
are  based  wholly  on  Fernandez  and  Seba.  Erxleben's  Sciiirus  mexicanus  has,  by 
several  writers,  been  considered  as  identical  with  the  dtillua  mexicanus  of  Lich- 
tenstein;  but  Fischer,  as  early  as  1829,  and  hence  before  Lichtenstein  described 
liis  Citillus  mexicanus,  suggested  thai  h<rxleben's  Sciurus  mexicanus  might  be 
referable  to  the  Sciurus  ( Tamias)  striatus  of  authors.  While  Fernandez's 
^' Tlamototli",  and  also  Seba's  animal,  judging  by  both  his  figure  and  descrip- 
tion (disregarding  altogether  its  impossible  tail),  may  be  referable  to  Spei-mo- 
philus  mexicanus,  the  introduction  of  this  species  into  the  annals  of  natural 
history  cannot  with  certainty  be  carried  back  beyond  Lichtenstein's  detailed 
description  and  excellent  figure.  It  has  since  been  well  figured  by  Audubon 
and  Bachman,  while  Baird's  further  account  of  it  leaves  little  now  to  be  added, 
especially  since  no  specimens  additional  to  those  used  by  Professor  Baird  are 
at  ])resent  accessible.  The  only  synonym  that  appears  to  have  thus  far  arisen 
is  tiie  spilosoma  of  Audubon  and  Bachman,  who  erroneously  referred  the 
young  of  S.  mexicanus  to  tiiat  species,  and  finally  thoroughly  confounded  the 
two  species. 

It  is  chiefly  a  Mexican  animal,  but  is  quite  abundant  on  the  Texan  side 
of  the  Rio  Grande ;  it  has  not,  however,  been  reported  from  further  north- 
ward. Nearly  all  tlie  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  National  Museum 
are  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Rio  Grande.  It  probably  ranges  far  southward 
over  the  plains  of  Eastern  Mexico,  Audubon  and  Bachman  stating  that  they 
had  been  informed  of  its  occurrence  as  far  southward  as  the  province  of 
Vera  Cruz. 

Table  CXV. — Meamrtmunit  of  heo  ikuUt  of  SPERHoniiLUS  mexicanus. 


un  I 

loss  I    903 


I/OMlitj. 


I.liredo,  Tex 

Feaqnlen  Grande,  Ueiim 


I.M 
1.69 


1.00 
0.93 


a35 
0.39 


0.S9 
0.57 


o.ie 

0.17 


0.30 
0.30 


O.SS 
0.30 


0.05 
0.61 


0.31 
0.83 


i 


0.17 
0.19 


I' 


0.S9 
0.30 


1.00 
0.00 


0.M 
0.48 


*  TbesauroB,  vol.  i,  p.  76,  pi.  zlvii,  fig.  3,  1734. 


SOIUIUDiB— SrBBMOPniLCS  TKIDECEMLINKATDS. 


Tablb  CXVI.— Af«(Mi<r«iiml<  of  eight  tpeolnusM  of  Spkrmopdilus  mp.xicanus. 


871 


1 

1 

Loollty. 

1 

From  tip  of  noM  to— 

Taii  to  end 
of- 

Lengtiiol- 

i 

i 
I 

•s 

la 

k 

1 

4J 

g, 

1 

^ 
g 

1 
f 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

n 

3496 

vm 

SSOO 
1S5 
139 
358 

1119 

9 
? 

0.80 
0.83 
0.8S 

1.60 
1.60 
1.50 

1.85 

1.85 
l.M 

aoo 

7.>5 
7.15 
8.50 
8.35 
8.90 
8.50 
7.00 

4.00 

9.90 

1.00 
0.93 
0.90 

1.60 
1.55 
1.55 
1.90 
I.9S 
1.88 
l.!M 
l.«S 

0.83 
0.8t 

aao 

Akwholio. 

...do. 

...du. 

Skin. 

...do. 

do 

do 

«fkP«M  T«    

4.85 
*.il5 
4.90 

5.ilO 

dq    

5.75 

...do. 

WMteniTeiu 

...do. 

Furt  BUM,  N.  Hex 

? 

0.70 

l.M 

1.80 

4.50 

S.0S 

1.10 

0.17 

Aloobolio. 

Tadlb  CXVII.— £u(  of  tpteiment  examintd  of  Spermofiiilus  mexicanus. 


•s 

1 

S3 

i 

a 

1 

1 
1 

1 

Loo*llty. 

When 
oolleoled. 

Fromwhnm.reoeived. 

Collected  by- 

•s 

1 

1719 
1137 
3683 
1807 
1746 

sie 

eew 

8360 
8581 
8583 

8815 
8816 

Weot«rn  Texan 

Capb.r.Pope 

A.Sohott 

CapLJ.Fope 

A.8obott 

Skin. 
...do. 

1653 

1434 
1441 

155 

333 
81 

aoj 

do 

BrowDavllle,  Tei 

Feooa  River,  Tex 

Feaquiera  Grande,  Mi 

Feb.  -,  1853 
May  14, 1855 
May  -,  1853 

MaJ.W.H.  Emory.. 
Lieut  D.N.  Couch.. 
do 

Dr.  C.  R  B.  Kennerly 
Lleat.  D.N. Couch.. 
do 

..do. 
...do. 
...do. 

do 

do 

Skin  and  skull., 
Skin. 
Skuli. 
...do. 

do 

I..  Berlandier 

do 

do     

do 

do    

do 

do 

118 

130 
75 

May  11, 1866 
May  14, 1866 
May    3,1666 
.Tune  SO,  1866 
Aug.— ,1666 

do 

do 

Skin. 
...do. 

do 

do 

do 

do                 .  ... 

.do 

do 

...do. 

S76 

o 

.  flo                 

..    ..do   

do 

...du. 

do 

do 

...do. 

1 

SPERMOPHILUS  TRIDECEMLINEATUS  (Mitchill)  Aud.  &  Bach. 

striped  8p«rmop]ille. 
Var.  TRIDECEMLINEATUS. 
Kutern  Striped  Bpermophlle. 

Bdmnu  trideomlineatiu  Hitcbiix,  Med.  Bepos.  xxi,  1831,  248.— Desmarest,  Mamm.  ii,  1833,  339  ((torn 

Hitohill). 
ArcUmfi  tridtctmUneatut  Hari.an,  Fann.  Amer.  1835,  164. — Oodman,  Am.  Nat.  IlUt  ii,  1836, 113. 
^;,«niiopMfM  iridecemlinealiu  Audubon  &  Bachman,  Quad.  N.  Amer.  i,  1840, 894,  pi.  xxxii.— Hoy,  Pat. 

0«f.  Hep.  Agr.  1853  (1854),  68  (habits).— Kennicott,  ib.  1856  (1857),  74,  pi.  viii  (general 

history).— Baihd.  Mam.  N.  Amer.  1857,  316  (in  part).— Thomas,  Trans.  111.  State  Agr.  Soo. 

ir,  1860,  657,— Allen,  Proo.  Dost.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1870, 189  (Iowa). 
I^permophiliu  trUeotmlineatiu  var.  tridecenlmeatus  Allen,  Proo.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist  xvi,  1874,  391. 


!      I 


iifi 

m 


\  ,( 


872 


MONOORArUS  OF  NOKTD  AMERICAN  HODENTIA. 


■ii!;i!i 


iFUMil 


!!l:ir 


;  ■  ■  I 


I::! 


Arclomyt  hootii  Sabink,  Trnnn.  Linn.  S()«.  xlii,  18«,  MK),  pi.  xxlx  ;  Frnnklln'n  Junninl,  lrt23,C6n  (Carlton 
Huuso).— ri.sciiKii,  Bynop.  Man).  IdiW,  M4  (from  Hubine).— Waunbii,  Hcbralwt'ii  Sttagel,  pL 

CCXC  (lltllllO  <>u  plutKj.  "     '     '.     1 

Arclomyn  (Spcrmophiliu)  hoodi  RiciunnsfiN,  Faun.  Bor.-Amer.  1,  1889,  177,  pi.  xlv.  '  ^    ' 

S])irmophilHt  hoodi  "F.  CuviKR,  Siippl.  Biifiun,  i,  Mamm.  13.11,  337".— Maximilian,  Roliin  in  d.  innere 

Nonl-Amur.  I,  IbSO,  44»j  Aroli.  f.  Nutiirgescli.  IHCl,  S4.— Waoner,  Siippl.  Sohnibort  SUiigot. 

ill,  1S43,  S.'tl.— Brandt,  Dull.  Pbyoico-math.  Cloaso  Acad.  St.  P<St«nb.  ii,  m44,  370.— ScillM/, 

B.vn.  Mam.  11,  1845,  09.— OlGOrx,  8ua){et.  1856,  C3G. 
Fcdrrnlion  Squirrel,  MiTCHiM,,  ).  o.  .  ^ 

Leopard  Ground  Sqaiiret.  ^rmx>LCRAFT,  Travels,  1821,  331  (name  iu  ioaoz). 

l^iireiiildela  F^dre.iion,T)r.aM\RKST,\.e. . 

Slrl/xd  American  i'armol,  8AtUiiK,\.o. 

Striped  and  SpolUd  Ground  Sqnirrel,  Say,  Long'H  Ex|)ed.  il,  1823, 174 — KsNMIOoTr, !.«. 

Si>fnnopliile  royrf,  F.  Cuvier,  HIit.  des  Hamm.  llvr.  xlvl,  1884.  i 

7/o<Ki'«  Marmot,  Oodman, I.e.  .        . 

iwywrd  Jfarmof,  RiciiAiinsoN,  1. 0.  .■■:■>.   |....    ■••'rj      ' .,,::..- 

/)<T  Ifo;)ar*ii-Zi«!«!f,  Waonkr,  1. 0.  '     ■ 

ijfl/Kird-SpcrmojjAi/r,  AuuunoN  &  Baciiman,  1. 0.  ...  ^ 

Striped  Gopher,  or  Prairie  Ground  Squirrel,  Hoy,  L  c.  s.t,;.,».!.<.  \..  j    -^    T','  ■  >  , 

S/ri/wd  Prairio  SjttiiTfl,  Baird,  1. 0.  ....  i. 

Var.  PALLIDUS. 

Pile  Striped  Spermophlle. 

!lperm<^ltil»t  tridecemlincaluM  Woouiioiihb,  SitgroavoB's  Znni  and  Colurudo  River  r*ped.  1853,  53  (Ind- 
Terr.).— BairI),  Mani.  N.  Anier.  1857,310  (iu  part).— Sucklbv,  N»t.  H''t.  V'a»b.  Terr.  pt. 
iii,  1859,98  (in  part).— Hayden,  Tronit.  Amer.  Pbil.Soo.l'liilc.  \ii,  1801,14 '.—Allen,  Bull. 
Essex  I UBtvi,  1874,49,57.— CouKS  &,  Yarrow,  Wboeler'n  i:Kpl.  W<  iit  c<  100th  Merid.  v, 
Zool.  1875, 120.— OuiNNELL,  Ludlow's  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  1875,  82. 

Spcrmophilut  Irideeemlineatut  var.  pallidnt  Allkn,  Proc.  Dost.  Hoc.  Nat.  Hist,  rvi,  1874, 291. 

Specific  chars. — Length  to  base  of  tail  5.50  to  8.50 ;  of  tail- vertebras 
2.75  to  4.00 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  hairs  3.75  to  5.50.  Above  darlc  chestnut- 
brown,  varying  with  locality  from  pale  chestnut-brown  through  reddish- 
chestnut  to  nearly  black,  with  seven  nearly  uninterrupted  lines  of  yellowish- 
white,  extending  from  the  forehead  to  the  tail,  and  alternating  with  six  lon- 
gitudinal rows  of  subquadrate  yellowish-white  spots;  below  yellowish-white, 
varying  to  tawny,  strongest  on  the  sides ;  buttocks  more  ferrugineous ;  eye- 
ring  yellowish-white ;  upper  surface  of  muzzle  gray,  sides  and  front  yellow- 
ish ;  tail  narrow,  black  both  above  and  below,  varied  somewhat  witli  chestnut, 
and.  whitish-edged.  The  hairs  are  reddish-yellow  basally,  crossed  by  a  broad 
band  of  black,  and  light-tipped.  General  form  slender  and  Musteline ;  ears 
very  small,  in  the  dried  skin  the  auricle  being  little  more  than  a  slightly  pro- 
jecting rim ;  tail,  with  the  hairs,  generally  rather  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  head  and  body. 

Var.  TBIDECEMLINEATUS. 

Varietal  chars. — Length  to  bjisc  of  tail  7.25  to  8.50 ;  of  tail-vertebrsB 
3.40  to  4.00;  of  tail  to  end  of  hairs  3.40  to  4.''6.     Above  deep  chestnut- 


lif;:  .i'l! 

■if:;,'.'    ■  m 


« :;: 


BOIUBID^— SPEKMOPniLUS  TU1DECEMLIJIEATD8. 


873 


brown,  varying  to  nearly  black ;  the  white  lines  rather  narrow,  about  one- 
third  the  width  of  tlic  interspaces;  sides  strongly  yellowish,  varying  to 
yellowish-rufous. 

The  specimens  referred  to  var.  trideccmUncalus  arc  from  the  prairie  region 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley  ond  northward,  and  differ  from  those  referred  to 
var.  pallidas  in  being  much  larger  and  darker.  The  dark  portion  of  the  dor- 
sal surface  is  decidedly  blackish,  mixed  generally  more  or  less  with  very  dark 
chestnut,  but  sometimes  is  clear,  quite  intense  black,  as  in  No.  11645,  from 
Turtle  Mountain,  49th  parallel,  and  others  from  Pembina,  Dak.,  Racine, 
Wis.,  and  Northern  Illinois.  Others,  however,  from  the  same  localities,  show 
con.siderably  more  chestnut,  some  being  clear  dark  chestnut,  with  very  little 
black.  The  color  of  the  lower  surface  also  varies  from  pale  yellowish-white 
to  pale  rufous.  In  No.  980,  from  Racine,  the  sides  of  the  neck,  shoulders, 
and  the  breast  are  strongly  yellowish-rufous,  and  the  buttocks  brownish- 
rufous.  There  are  generally  three  and  sometimes  four  narrow  but  distinct 
and  continuous  yellowish-white  stripes  on  each  side  of  the  median  line,  alter- 
nating with  five  broad  dark  ones,  which  are  from  three  to  four  times  the 
width  of  the  light  stripes.  The  middle  of  each  dark  space  is  traversed  by 
an  interrupted  line  of  squarish,  sharply-defined,  yellowish-white  spots,  usually 
separated  from  each  other  by  a  dark  interval  about  equalling  their  own  length. 
Along  the  median  line,  especially  anteriorly,  they  frequently  tend  to  form  a 
continuous  narrow  light  line.  Lower  down  on  the  sides  of  the  body  arc  one 
to  two  other  shorter  light  strijws,  more  suffused  with  yellow,  and  separated 
by  a  dark  space  of  about  their  own  width,  generally  without  light  spots. 
Anteriorly,  over  the  shoulders,  the  light  spots  in  the  dark  spaces  tend. to 
become  confluent,  forming  nearly  unbroken  light  lines,  alternating  with  dark 
ones  of  about  the  same  width.  In  such  cases,  the  second  light  line  from  the 
middle  of  the  back,  on  either  side,  disappears  nt  the  shoulder,  where  the 
interrupted  line  ceases  to  be  a  continuous  stripe.  Hence,  over  the  shoulders 
the  piclura  is  resolved  into  seven  continuous  light  stripes  separated  by  broader 
dark  ones.  In  about  one  specimen  in  thirty,  the  markings  are  irregular  and 
the  lines  all  broken  and  somewhat  indistinct. 


.4 


Var.  PALLIDU8. 


Varietal,  guars. — Length  to  base  of  tail  5.75  to  6.75;  of  tail-vcrtcbrsB 
2.76  to  3.50 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  hairs  3.50  to  4.25.     Smaller ;  obove  paler. 


^, 

) 

:] 

n 

i 

:    '■  « 

H 

1 

"  1 
III 

-■  1 
,  i 

.  : 

i 

H 
•■I 
':  '■ 

i 

874 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICATJ  «QDENTIA. 


W 


i;    i: 


with  tlie  light  stripes  whiter,  and  wider,  nearly  equalling  the  interspaces; 
also  much  paler  on  the  sides  and  whiter  below. 

Specimens  from  different  localities  vary  somewhat  in  color,  the  varia- 
tions being  similar  to  those  in  van  tridecemlineatus,  but  less  marked.  The 
light  stripes  are  generally  grayish-white,  sometimes  suffused  a  little  with 
yellowish,  aod  the  dark  interspaces  are  generally  pale  chestnut,  varying  to 
more  dusky.  The  light  stripes  are  generally  more  than  half  the  width  of  the 
dark  interspaces,  and  sometimes  equal  them.  Among  the  palest  and  smallest 
examples  are  the  specimens  from  Fort  Union  and  the  Yellowstone  and  Platt« 
Rivers,  an  especially  pale  and  small  phase  characterizing  the  Mauvaises 
Torres  of  the  Upper  Missouri  region.  ,.    .   .    ,      .    .^  >  .  t,  ?j  i 

GENERAL  REMARKS   UPON  SPEivMOPHILUS   TRIDECEMLINEATUS  AND  ITS  VARIETIES. 

Differential  characters  and  affinities. — In  pattern  of  coloration, 
Spcrmophilus  tridecemlineatus  quite  strongly  resembles  S.  inexicanus,  but 
differs  from  it  in  having  the  ground-color  of  the  dorsal  surface  much  darker, 
and  in  the  possession  of  continuous  light  stripes,  alternating  with  interrupted 
lines  of  detached  light  spots,  S.  mexicanus  having  merely  longitudinal  rows 
of  disconnected  white  spots,  which  cease  at  the  occiput,  instead  of  continuing 
over  the  top  of  the  head  to  the  forehead.  S.  mexicanus  is  also  smaller,  and 
has  a  longer  tail,  and  differs  in  the  characters  of  the  skull,  as  already  shewn. 

In  general  form,  and  especially  in  the  form  "  the  skull,  S.  tridecemline- 
atus resembles  /S.  franklini,  but  it  is  much  smaller,  with  a  ii^uch  narrower 
tail  and  entirely  different  pattern  of  coloration.  It  hence  has  no  very  near 
American  ally,  and  is  still  more  distinct  from  any  of  the  Old  World  Spermo- 
philes. 

The  two  varieties  of  S.  tridecemlineatus,  in  their  extreme  phatcs,  quite 
widely  differ  in  respect  to  size  and  color,  but  agree  in  every  detail  of  form, 
proportion,  and  pattern  of  coloration  ;  var.  pallidus  being  merely  &  bleached, 
tlcpauperate,  desert  form  of  tridecemlineatus.  In  var.  pallidus,  the  tints  are 
not  only  paler,  but  the  light  spots  and  stripes  increase  in  breadth  at  the 
expense  of  the  darker  ground-color.  Var.  jiallidus  reaches  its  extreme  phase 
of  differentiation  in  tiie  driest  portions  of  the  plains  and  tlie  desert  regions 
more  to  the  westward ;  var.  tridecemlineatus  is  most  specialized  over  the  fer- 
tile prairies  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  thence  northward  along  the  Red 
River  and  the  region  to  the  westward  of  Lake  Winnipeg.     Specimens  from 


SCIURIDJ!— SPERMOPHILUS  TRroECEMLINEAT0S. 


875 


the  eastern  edge  of  the  plains  are  intermediate  in  color  and  size  between  the 
two  varieties ;  those  from  Eastern  Kansas  and  Eastern  Nebraska,  from  as 
far  west  as  Topeka  and  Fort  Riley,  are  still  referable  to  the  eastern  rather 
than  the  western  race,  but  those  from  Western  Nebraska,  Western  Kansas, 
and  Colorado  are  distinctly  referable  to  var.  pallidus.  In  Fort  Riley  and 
Topeka  specimens,  the  dark  ground-color  is  more  rufous,  especially  on  the 
sides,  and  the  light  markings  are  of  a  clearer  grayish-white. 

Synonymy  and  nomenclature. — The  present  species  was  first  described 
by  Dr.  Mitchill  in  June,  1821,  as  Sciurus  trideceirUineatus,  from  specimens 
collected  during  the  summer  of  1820,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  by  Proibssor 
Douglass  of  the  United  States  Military  Academy.  It  was  redescribed  by 
Sabine,*  iEibout  eight  months  later,  under  the  name  of  Arctomys  lioodi,  from 
specimens  collected  near  Carlton  House  in  May,  1820.  While  tridecemli- 
neatus  has  been  almost  universally  adopted  by  American  writers  as  the  name 
of  this  species  of  Spermophile,  Sabine's  later  name  of  hoodi  has  been  as 
uniformly  adopted  by  English  and  European  writers.  The  species  has 
thus  far  escaped  other  synonyms.  It  has,  however,  been  burdened  with  a  great 
number  of  vernacular  names,  scarcely  two  authors  having  adopted  the  same 
vernacular  appellation.  In  1874,  I  briefly  characterized  the  pale  desert  race 
as  var.  pallidus. 

Nutlall  was  probably  the  first  naturalist  who  observed  this  animal,  who, 
some  years  prior  to  its  discovery  at  other  localities,  met  with  it  at  the  Mandan 
village  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  and,  according  to  Say,t  sent  specimens  of  it 
to  "several  of  his  scientific  friends  in  London"  as  early  as  1814.  It  appears, 
however,  to  have  been  first  described,  as  above  stated,  by  Dr.  Mitchill  in  1821. 
Dr.  Hoy  and  Mr.  Kennicott  have  made  interesting  contributions  to  its  biog- 
raphy, the  former  noting  especially  its  carnivorous.  Weasel -like  propensities. 

Geographical  distribution. — The  most  northerly  point  at  which  this 
species  has  been  observed  seems  to  be  tlie  vicinity  of  Carlton  House  on  the 
Saskatchewan,  where  Richardson  states  he  found  it  quite  common.  It  is 
abundant  at  the  Red  River  Settlements  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Pembina, 
and  is  doubtless  common  at  all  favorable  localities  between  these  points  and 
the  Saskatchewan  River.     In  the  United  States,  it  has  been  met  with  at  fre- 

*  Dr.  Hablne'a  pnper  waa  read  before  the  Royal  Society  of  London  "Jan.  \\  IH33",  and  was  not 
pnbliBbud  till  Bomc  niontlis  later.    Dr.  Mitchill's  deBoription  Bppoarc<l  in  Juno,  1821. 

t  Long*!!  Expedition  to  tbo  Rooky  Mountains,  vol.  ii,  p.  174  (apparently  quoted  by  Harlau  witbout 
credit  to  tbo  original  authority). 


!'.;ii 


'V 


876 


MONOGKAPnS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  EODENTIA. 


queiit  intervals  from  Minnesota  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  south- 
ward to  Missouri  and  Western  Texas.  As  shown  by  the  subjoined  lists  of 
specimens,  it  has  been  taken  at  Eagle  Pass  (Texas),  Fort  Garland  (Southern 
Colorado),  Southwestern  Wyoming,  and  Fort  Bridger,  Utah.  Woodhouse 
also  met  with  it  on  the  prairies  of  the  Cherokee  Nation.  It  is  abundant 
throughout  the  prairie  region  east  of  the  Mississippi,  from  Minnesota  and 
Wisconsin  eastward  to  Northern  Ohio.  Kennicott  states  that  its  range  in 
Illinois  does  not  extend  southward  beyond  latitude  39°. 

Tablb  CXVIII.— Jlfe<uvrcni«N(<  of.rix  tlcuU$  0/ 8p.  tridecrmlineatits  vor.  tbidbcxhuheatcs. 


1864 
13317 
13378 
13375 

t3.n« 

13270 


Looality. 


Itaciue,  Wii .... 
Pembina,  D.T. 
, do 


..do., 
.do., 
.do., 


1.57 
1.75 
l.CO 
l.lf? 
i.73 
1.83 


o.go 

I.OO 
1.10 

i.ia 


0.30 
0.35 

o.ra 

0.30 
0.35 
0.37 


0.19 


0.19 


0.50 

0.60 

0.60 

0.55 

0.56  I  0.30 

t.aa     0.33 


i 
1  << 

R.  B 


0.49 
0..13 
0.49 
0.S3 
0.53 
0.60 


a. 


If 
a  6 

St  "o 


a79 

0.78 


0.87 
0.90 
0.04 


i 
II 


■"  a 


I 

t 

I 
E 

ll 

If 


0.89 
0.33 
0.33 
0.31 
0.3« 
0.33 


t 


0.93 
1.00 
0.90 
0.91 
1.00 
1.03 


0.37 
0.37 


a  43 
0.13 
0.45 


Taulb  CXIX.— Jf«uHreni«ii(<  0/  two  tkuUi  0/  Sfermopuilcs  tridecemlinbatus  tar.  palliduh. 


3310 
6591 


Localit;. 


WmI  of  Laramie,  Wj'O.  Ter. , 
Snatch  Creek , 


1.43 
1.68 


0.85 
1.03 


aS8 
0.35 


0.58 
0.60 


a  13 
0.30 


0.34 
0.38 


'J 


0.45 
0.60 


S 

s  * 

.E  o 


H 


0.78 
O.03 


0.33 
0.36 


I   & 


a  16 

0.30 


3 

t 

I 

?. 

II 

If 


0.3s 

0.30 


0,43 


SCIURID^— SPBUMOPHILUS  TRIDEOEMLINBATUS. 


877 


Tablr  CXX. — Meaturtmenta  of  tioelve  tpecimf  is  of  Sp.  tridgcemlineatds  rar.  TBti>ECKMLiNR\TDS. 


Locality. 


From  tip  of  nose  to— 


Tail  to  rod 
of- 


Length  of— 


Reniark& 


1038 
3918 

10 
11 

lOli 
103 
986 
SHt 
11SC6 
1IS18 
11573 


Pembina,  D.  I . 
Lansing,  Mich . 


Baolne,  Wis  . 

do 

do  — ,. 


do 

do 

do 

Pembina,  D,  T . 

do 

, do 

do 


0.78 
0.78 


1.5S 
1.40 


1.00 
1.80 


0.7« 
0.70 
0.B9 
0.75 
0.75 
0.78 


1.38 
1.40 
1.70 
l.SO 
l.CO 
L55 


160 
1.68 

aoo 

1.00 
1.85 
1.00 


7.50 
6.00 

7.10 

7.sa 

6.30 
7.96 
6.70 


0.85 
0.75 


3.M 

3.68 


3.80 
3.33 


O.Si 
0.00 


ano 

8.00 
8.00 
7.50 


3.10 
3.90 

aso 

4.  GO 


4.10 
5.60 
4.50 
4.70 


0.90 
0.90 
0.85 


1.55 
1.30 

1. 31 
1.40 
1.30 
1.60 
1.35 
1.38 


Alooholio. 


1.50 
1.55 


Slcin 

...d».... 
...do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
....do.... 
Fresh  .... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 


From  Bui rd,  Ham. 
N.Am.  p.  318. 

do. 

do. 

da 

da 


Table  CXXL—Meaturementt  of  tizleen  tpeoimeiu  of  Sfermofrilcs  TBiOECEMLiNEATca  var. 

PALLIDU8. 

1 

LocaUtr. 

i 

From  tip  of  note  to- 

Tail  to  end 
of- 

Length  of- 

i 

1 

1 

■s 
Hi 

1 

i 

1 

t 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

•a 

9S19 
1711 
3503 
3517 
4808 

549 
550 

1310 
747 
740 
989 
9M 
997 
998 

Cheyenne,  WyaTer 

0.75 
0.77 
0.85 
0.80 
a  85 
0.84 

1.40 
1.40 
1.40 
1.35 
1.33 
1.31 

1.58 
1.53 
1.60 
1.70 
1.65 
1.50 

5.85 
5.80 
6.10 
6.60 
6.00 
5.00 
6.95 
630 
5.75 
5.90 
6.50 
6.75 
5.50 
5.50 
6.75 
5.90 

S.50 
3.70 
3.40 
3.85 
3.80 
3.00 
335 
3.80 
3.05 
3  40 
350 

3.60 
3.50 
365 
3.60 
3.50 
4.0O 
4.35 
3.60 
300 
4.00 
4.35 

0.88 
0.83 
O.fO 

aeo 

0.85 

a  95 

0.90 

o:84 

0.87 
0.78 

1.33 
1.S3 
1.37 
1.35 
1.S3 
1.33 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 
1.30 

Fresh. 
...  do. 

do 

do 

....do. 

....do. 

do   

....do. 

do     

....do. 

do   

9 

...do. 

do 

do 

Red  River  Ark 

0.84 
0.85 
0.80 

1.35 
1.40 
1.45 

1.63 
1.50 
1.78 
3.00 
1.70 
1.60 
1.55 
1.65 
1.60 

...  do. 

..  da 

Alooholio. 
...do. 

..  do       

rf 

0.78 
0.70 

a65 

0.75 
a  63 

1.44 

1.35 
1.25 
1.43 

1.30 

l).80 
0.85 
0.75 
0.83 
0.83 

1.40 
1.35 
l.SO 
1.35 
1.17 

0.30 
0.18 
0.15 
a  17 

...da 
...da 
...da 
....da 
....do. 

19 
100 

do 

3.10 
3.75 
3.50 
3.95 

155 
3  35 
4.40 
370 

9 
? 

,t''l 


i'li  i  h  ^ 


'A 


M' 

|i.i 

il 

878 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  CXXII.— £<«<  o/tpecimeiu  examintd  o/SFERUOPniLUS  tridgcemlinkatc8  var.  tridickmuneatus. 


•s 
a 

a 
Ib 

r_ 

3358 
11567 
11599 
1155J 
11554 
1I54J 
11671. 
ll.'*J 
11551 
1157J 

ii:66 

11550 
li:64 
Il.'i73 
11570 
11553 
11375 
11580 
11581 
11560 
1157!) 
11341 
11358 
11549 
1156'J 
11563 
11960 
11563 
11568 
11.^73 
iV'.SO 
11557 
11574 
115r« 
11576 
11561 
11578 
11546 
11545 
11577 
I1.-IS3 
11604 
271B 
3003 

too 

301 
'1079 

•loeo 

•945 
MOfll 
-3700 
•3763 
•3764 

i 

a 

P 

1 

a 

3 
B 

1 

i 

m 

•s 

M 

Locality. 

When 
collected. 

From  whom  re- 
ceived. 

Collected  by- 

1 

Red  ^Iver  Settlement  ... 

D.Onno    

D.Gonn 

Skin. 
...do. 
...do. 
.    do. 

3871 
3i»3 
3948 
3040 
3074 
3087 
3080 
3000 
3091 
3093 
30ge 
3139 

9 

9 
9 
9 

Pembina,  Dak.  Tor 

do 

do 

......do 

do 

do 

June  5, 1873 
Jane  6,1873 
June  4,1873 
June  6, 1873 
June  SO,  1873 
June  93, 1873 
Juno  S3, 1873 
JuneSS,  1873 
June  Si,  1873 
JuneSS,  1B73 
JuneSS,  1S73 
June  34, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
Juno  34, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
Juno  34, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
June  38, 1873 
June  38, 1873 
JuneSS,  1873 
Juno  3S,  1673 
Juno  38, 1873 
JuneSS.  1873 
June  38, 1873 
Junes;,  1873 
June  38, 1873 
June  98, 1873 
.Tune  38, 1873 
June  SS,  1873 
June  34, 1873 
June  98, 1873 
June  38, 1873 
Aug.  9, 1873 
AU|I.  34, 1873 
July  33, 1873 
Sept.  13, 1873 
Juno  30, 1873 
June  30, 1873 
May    5,1897 
May    9,1397 
July  18, 1893 
July  19, 1853 
Juno  11, 1861 
May  39, 1861 

A.Campb«U 

....do 

...  do   

Dr.ls.Coii«» 

...do 

...do 

" 

...do 

...  do 

..  do   

...do 

...  do 

...do. 
do. 

...do.. 

..  do. 

do 

..    do 

....do 

.  do. 

9 

a 
<f 
9 
d 
<f 
9 
cf 

9 
9 
d 
J 
J 

<f 
J 
9 
9 
9 

cf 

J 
9 
cf 
9 

do 

..  do    

lo 

.    do. 

do 

do   

do 

....do 

...do. 
do. 

do 

do       

do 

do             

....do 

do. 

do 

do 

....do   

do. 

......do., 

do 

...do 

do           

....do 

....do 

...do. 
d& 

13375 
13876 
l»i77 
1I97S 
13S79 

3140 
pi43 
3145 
3141 
3143 
3146 
3147 
3193 
3194 
3105 
3196 
3l;7 
3199 
3303 
3903 

3304 
3303 
3306 
3304 
3307 
3308 
3414 
3567 
3336 
37(8 
38^» 

do    

do           

....do   

■  d 

do 

...do 

....do 

..  do. 

do    

..    do 

do           .... 

....do 

do 

do 

...do 

do 

do 

...do 

...do 

..  do. 

do    

do 

....do 

do 

do   

do 

...do   

.    do 

do 

do 

...do 

.  do. 

do 

....do 

....do  

..  do. 

do 

...do 

...do 

..  do. 

do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do  

...do 

Skicandaknll. 

do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do   

...do 

..do. 

do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do 

....do  

do   

...do 

...do 

..  do    

Skin. 
...do. 

do 

....do 

do 

...do   

...do 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 
..  do. 

do 

..  do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

cf 

9 

cf 

Turtle  Mt,  Dak.  Ter 

Sonria  River,  Dak.  Ter. . . 

Turtle  Mt.,  Dak.  Ter 

U  RiviSre  Lac,  Dak.  Ter 

Pembina,  Dak.  Ter 

do 

do   

do 

...do 

..  do. 

..do 

...do 

...do 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

do  . 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
do 

Princeton,  Minn 

do     ... 

0.  E.  Oarrlaon 

do 

O.E.OuTlaon.... 
do 

MInewokao  Lake,  Minn . . . 
do 

Gov.  Ll.Stevena.. 
..  do    

Dr.  Ooo.  Suckley  . 
...  do 

...do. 
...do. 



MlnneapoUa,  Minn 

do 

Horace  Mann.Jr  .. 

do 

HonioeH*nn,Jt'  . 
do        

Alcoholic, 
do. 

do 

do 

.    do      

do. 

11 
10 
33 

do 

do 

..  do 

..  do 

...do. 

...do 

....do 

...do. 

do 

do 

...do   

...do 

...do. 

do 

do 

..  do. 

>  In  Unseum  of  (.'oniparative  Zoillogy,  Cambridge,  Maaa. 


■'     '*! 


SOIURID^— SPERMOPHILUS  TRIDECEMLINEATUS. 


879 


Tablb  CXSll.—IAst  oftpetAmena  examined  of  Sf.  tridkcehunbatus  var.  trioecehuneatus— Continne<1. 


i. 

'3765 
•3706 
'700 
'701 
•8431 
•S4!!9 
'910 
•1335 

•looa 

•1003 
•1604 
•1605 
•1600 
'S654 

10 
340 

105 

106 

107 

108 

838 

9M 

1334 

8691 

7043 

8134 

3155 

3154 

3133 

.1157 

3156 

14606 

t3948 

i 

a 
u    . 

|l 

i 
a 

7 
13 

i 
1 
1 

LocnUty. 

When 
colleoted. 

From  whom  re. 
oelved. 

Colleoted  by- 

■s 

Horace  Mann,  Jr.. 
do 

Horace  Mann,  Jr.. 
do   

Alcoholic, 
do 

do       

Dr.  Ranch 

Dr.  Ranch 

do 

do 

..do   

....do       



1403 
14TS 

Piof  0.  Marcy... 
....do 

Prof.  0.  Marcy.... 
....do  

...do. 
.do. 

do   

Lawn  Kidge,  III 

Hendrick  Butler .. 
....do 

Hendrick  Butler  .. 
....do 

...do. 
...do. 

303 
304 
303 
300 

do 

Jane  — ,  1867 
Jane— ,1867 
Ang.  — .,  1867 

Ang ,1867 

Ang ,1867 

Ifay  18, 1871 

J.A.Allen 

do     

J.A.Allen 

....do   

Skin, 
.do 

do         

Greene  Connty,  Iowa 

Dallu  County,  Iowa 

do   

....do 

...do 

....do 

...^do 

...do 

....do 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

...do. 

1364 

S7S 

Topeka,  Kana 

Rooky    Uoontain 
Expedition. 

Dr.P.RHoy 

...do   

J.  A.  Allen  and  C. 
W.  Bennett. 

Bacine,Wis 

do     

...do 

..do. 

do     

...do   

...do 

..do. 

0 

o 
o 

0 

do   

...do   

....do  

...do. 

do     

...  do   

...do 

..do. 

do 

do 

...do 

.do. 

do     

....do 

..  do 

. .  .do. 

......do   

....do  

....do 

.  .do. 

do   

...do 

....do 

...do. 



34 
33 

36 
17 
0 

Orf 

Dr.RC.BIdweU.. 

Dr.F.Sblmer 

F.BUhop 

A.Crocker 

W.U.F.  Magraw 
..do 

Dr.RC.nidwell.. 

...do. 
...do. 

Monnt  Carroll,  III 

Peoria,  HI 

F.  Bishop 

A.  Crocker 

..do. 
.do. 

Leavenworth,  Kana 

do           

Jnly  11, 1857 
Jaly  11, 1857 
Jnly  11, 1857 
Jnly  11, 1837 
Jaly  11,1837 

J.  G.  Cooper 

.do. 

....do 

...do. 

.do        

..  do 

....do  

..do. 

.    do         

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do. 

do      

...do 

...do. 

...do. 

...do         

Dr.W.A.Hammond 

Dr.W.A.Hammond 

...do. 

*  In  Huseam  of  Couipam(«re  ZoQ'ogy,  Cnmbrldjfe,  Ifui. 


t  Approachlu  g  var.  jxiUictvt. 


li       ! 


0. 


n\ 


:.-Q\ 


880 


MONOGRAl'HS  OF  NOHTH  AMERICAN  EODENTIA. 


Tablb  CXXIII.— £(ii(  of  specimtns  eiamined  of  Speruofhilcs  tridecemijnkatub  var.  paludcs. 


2-3 


'r       I 


3T82 
11C3 


1771 
1764 
17«S 
177S 
1767 
1769 
1770 
17C0 

1768 
Mgl 
3244 
438 
3041 
3038 
3039 
3040 
304'j 
3336 
3930 
3730 
3146 
3363 
3360 
3061 
3773 
0044 
064S 
9646 
9647 
9648 
0640 
O6r>0 
0631 
0707 
0708 
9700 
9710 
0705 
3066 
3361 
•BOSS 

•SC36 

*ao«3 


Locality. 


Meiir  Monae  River,  Nobr. 

Snatch  Creek 

Upper  UiBaoui) 

Fort  UDton 

do 


...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do  . 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


.do. 


When 
collected. 


From  irhom  received 


Ang.  6,. 


35  milea  fit>m  montli  of 
Ydlowatone  Blver, 

Fort  Berttaold,  Dak 

Oppoaite  Ft.  Rice,  Dak.  T 

Loop  Fork 

Valley  of  Platte.... 

Platte  Rivei 

do 

do 

do 

do 

30  milcB  eaat  of  Laramie 

Forka  of  Platte  River. . 

0'FaU(/n'8  Bluff,  Nebr. . 

Fort  Laramie 

West  of  Laramie,  Wy.  T. 
do 

Oreen  River,  Wyo.  Ter. . 

Camp  Carling,  Wya  Ter 

do 

do 

do 

lo 

do 

do 

Cottonwood,  Wyo.  Ter. 

Little  Sandy,  Wyo.  Ter. 

BIft  Sandy,  Wyo.  Ter. . . 
do 

Pass  Creek,  Wyo.  Ter. . . 
do 

Medicine  Bow  Uta 

Fort  Bridgor,  Utali 

Cbeyenne,  Wyo.  Ter  . . . 


Ang.  18, 1657 
Aag.  18, 1857 
Ang.  14, 1857 
Ang.  10, 1857 
Ang.  90, 1857 
Ang.  19, 1857 
Ang.  16, 1857 
Ang.  90, 1657 
Ang.  90, 1857 
Ang.  93, 1857 

Sept.  15, 1851 
Jnly  18, 


.do 
.do. 


June  99, 1857 
July  9,1857 
July  4,1857 
Jane  97, 1857 
July  4,18j7 
Aug.  94, 1857 
Ang.  9,1851 
July  17, 1851 
Sept.  10, 1S51 
Sept,  10, 1857 
Sept   8,1857 

Aug.  30, 1858 
July  96, 1870 
Jnly  96, 1870 
July  96, 1870 
Jnly  97, 1870 
Ang.  9,1870 
Aug.  9,1870 
Aug.  6,1870 
Aug.  11, 1670 
Sept.  6,1870 
Sept  7,1870 
Sept.  7,1870 
Oct.  93,1870 
Oct.  43,1870 
Jnly  97, 1857 
May  5,1898 
Aug.  19,  1871 

Aug.  10, 1671 
Ang.  10, 1871 


General  Suliy 

do 

Qov. I.  L Stevens  ... 
Lieut.  John  Mullan 
Llent.  O.K.  Warren 

do 

, do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Collected  by— 


S.  M.  Kothbommer . 

do 

Dr. Geo.  Buckley... 

JohnPearaall 

Dr.F.V.Hayden... 


..do. 


.do. 

do. 

.do. 
..do. 
.  do. 
..do. 


..do. 
..do. 


do 

General  Sully 

Lieut  O.K.  Warren 

Capt  H.  Stanabury. 

LtF. T.Bryan  .... 

do 

, do 

do 

do 

W.M.F.MagTaw.. 
do 

Capt  J.  H.  Slmfaon. 
do 

W.  M.  F.  Magraw  .. 
do 

Lieut  F.T.Bryan... 

Capt.  J.  H.  Simpson. 

Dr.F.V.Hayden.... 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do..... 

do 

do 

do 

Lieut  F.T.Bryan... 
do 

Rocky  MtEiped.. 

do 

do 


do 

S.  U.  Rothhammer . 
Dr.F.V.Hayden.. 
Capt  H.  Stansbnry 
Dr.  W.  A.  Hammond 

do 

do 

do 

do 

J.G.Cooper 

do 

C.S.  McCarthy 

do 

C.Drexler 

do 

W.S.Wood 

Capt  J.  H.  Simpson 

W.T.Schmidt 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

W.S.Wood 

do 

J.  A.  Allen  and  C.W, 
Bennett 

do 

do 


Skin. 
Sknli. 
Skin. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
...do, 
...do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


.do. 
.do. 


do. 

do. 

do. 

da 

do. 

do. 

do. 
...do. 
...do, 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
Skin  and  skull 
Skin. 

do. 

do. 
...do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
...do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

do. 

.do. 

do. 

do. 

.do. 
.do. 


*  In  Museum  of  Comparative  Zolilo^y,  Cnmbridge,  Mass. 


SOIURID^— SPBRKOrHILUS  PBANKLINI. 


881 


Tabi.b  CXXlU.—liat  of  8j)ccim«Ra  examined  of  Sp.  tiudecemumeatus  var.  palmdus— Continuod. 


"S 

1 

a 

a 
t 

i 

a 

a 

Si 
It 

1 

g 
1 

to 

1 
1 

Looalily. 

WUeo 
colleotod. 

From  wliom  reoeiTod. 

Collected  by- 

i 

BD 

£ 
& 

•2057 
•20.'i3 
•J059 
•«C0 
•iiOCl 
*a062 
11491 
11087 
11088 

11074 
437 
510 
140 

747 

740 
089 
090 
997 
998 

Park  County,  Colo 

do 

Jnly  J4, 1871 
Jnly  15, 1871 
July  80,1871 
Jnly  88, 1871 
Jnly  28,1871 
July  28, 1871 

Kooky  Mt.Ejpod... 
....  do         ..     . 

Allen  and  Bennett . . 
do 

Skin, 
do 

9 

do   

do    

do 

do 

du 

do    

...  do 

do. 

do 

do 

do   

do. 

do 

do    

do    

..  do. 

Colorado 

Dr.  F.  V.  Haydon  ... 
LinntO.M.  Wheeler 
do   

J.H.  Batty 

..  do. 

141 

too 

207 
280 

Dr.  J.  T.  Itothrock  .. 
do 

Alcoholic. 
Skin. 
...do. 

do   

do 

do 

Dr.  J.  T.  Rotlirook  .. 

Mr.  Krentzfeldt 

do 

Alcoholic. 
Skin. 
...do. 

Capt-  E.  G.  Beckwilh 
do 

A. S^hott 

A  Sohott 

..do. 

*  Iq  Mnsonm  uf  Cotiipnrativn  Zoology,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


SPERMOPHILUS  FRANKLINI  ^Sabine)  Lesson.        ,, 
Franklin's  Spermopblle ;  dray  beaded  Bpermophtle. 

Arciomyt  franklini  Sadine,  Trooo.  LioD.  Sao.  xiii,  1822, 587,  pi.  xzvii;  ibid.  Narr.  Franklin's  Joiiru.  1822, 
662  (Fort  Enterprise  and  Cumberland  Honse).— Harlan,  Fann.  Am.  1825,  167.— Godman, 
Am.  Nat.  Hist,  if,  1826, 109.— Fischer,  Synop.  Mam.  1820,  343. 

Arciomyt  (SpermopHliu)  franklini  BicnARDSON,  Faan.  Bor.-Am.  i,  1829,  168,  pi.  xii. 

Sjaermophilua  franklini  Lesson,  Man.  de  Mam.  1827, 244. — "  F.Cuvier,  Suppl.  Buffon,  i,  1831,  Mamm.  328."— 
WaONER,  Suppl.  Sohreber's  Siiuget.  iii,  1843, 244,  pi.  cox,  A("  Jrctomj/a /VanHKni  Sabine"  on 
plate).— Brandt,  Bull.  FbyBico-math.  Classe  Acad.  St.  Pdteisb.  ii,  1844,  379.— AumiiiON  & 
Bachman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  ii,  1851,  248,  pi.  Ixxxiv.— SciiiNZ,  Syn.  Mam.  il,  1845,  67.— Kenni- 
COTT,  Patent  OfiBoe  Kep.  1856,  ARriouIt.  (1857),  79,  pi.  ix.— Baird,  Mam.  N.  Am.  1857,  314, 
pi.  xlvi,  fig.  4  (sknll).- Thomas,  Trans.  111.  8tat«  Agr.  Soo.  iv,  ISIil, 657.— Hayden, Trans.  Am. 
Pbil.  Soc.  Phila.  xii,  1863, 145.-AIXKN,  Proo.  Best.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  xiil,  1870, 189  (lowo); 
xvi,  1874,  291. — Bishop,  Forest  and  Stream,  vii,  1877,  342  (its  iutroductlon  into  New  Jersey). 

Specific  chars. — Length  to  base  of  tail  9.00  to  10.50 ;  of  tail  to  end 
of  vertebrsB  5.00  to  6.50 ;  to  end  of  hairs  6.25  to  8.50.  Above,  yellowish- 
brown,  varied  with  black,  the  black  chiefly  in  the  form  of  small  squarish 
spots ;  eyelids  white ;  front  and  sides  of  head  and  neck,  the  thighs,  and  but- 
tocks pure  gray ;  top  of  head  gray,  sometimes  varied  more  or  less  with 
yellowish-brown;  below,  grayish-white;  tail  grayish-white,  with  three  lines 
of  black,  the  outer  quite  broad  and  broadly  edged  with  white.  Ear  small, 
about  0.20  high ;  tail-vertebrae  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  head  and 
body;  tail  di  ;hous,  hairs  long  and  abundant;  form  rather  slender;  pelage 
harsh,  consisting  of  coarse  stiff  hairp,  without  under  fur. 
66  u 


I! 


r«! 


v.  f 


I 


r 


■i  i 


8  I 


882 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Different  specimens  vary  in  respect  to  the  purity  and  darkness  of  the 
gray  on  the  head  and  buttocks  and  in  tiie  depth  of  the  yellowish-brown  of 
the  upper  surface,  wliicli  latter  ranges  from  pale  yellowish-brown  to  ochry- 
brown.  The  Pembina  specimens  average  considerably  larger  and  paler  than 
tliose  from  lUino"  and  Wisconsin  and  Southern  Minnesota.  While  the 
southern  speci'  do  not  exceed  9.00  in  length,  the  Pembina  specimens 

range  generally  above  10.00. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  most  strongly  marked  of  the  genus,  and  can- 
not, by  any  possibility,  be  confounded  with  any  other.  It  was  first  described 
by  Sabine  in  1822,  and  subsequently  by  Richardson,  Kennicott,  and  Baird. 
Though  a  common  animal  of  the  prairies  of  Northern  Illinois  and  Wisconsin, 
it  was  unknown  even  to  Audubon  and  Bachman,  as  late  as  1851,  except  from 
Sabine's  and  Richardson's  descriptions,  and  a  specimen  brought  in  by  Town- 
send  and  supposed  to  have  been  taken  "near  the  Columbia  River".  All 
the  earlier  descriptions  were  based  wholly  on  the  accounts  given  by  Sabine 
and  Richardson.  It  has  hence  fortunately  escaped  synonyms.  It  is  confined 
to  a  narrow  belt  of  country,  and  specimens  are  .still  of  rather  rare  occurrence 
in  collections.  Mr.  Kennicott,  in  the  Agricultural  Report  of  the  Patent 
Office,  has  given  an  excellent  and  very  detailed  account  of  its  habits. 

It  was  first  described  from  specimens  collected  at  Fort  Enterprise,  in 
about  latitude  64°.  Sabine  also  gives  it  as  occurring  at  Cumberland  House. 
Richardson  states  that  he  met  with  it  only  in  the  neighborhood  of  Carlton 
House,  "where  it  lives  in  burrows  dug  in  the  sandy  soil,  amongst  the  little 
thickets  of  brushwood  tiiat  skirt  the  plains".  He  states  that  it  awakens  from 
its  winter's  sleep  about  three  weeks  later  than  does  S.  richardsoni,  which  he 
thinks  may  be  due  to  the  snow  lying  longer  on  the  shady  places  it  frequents 
than  on  the  open  plains  inhabited  by  the  latter. 

Mr.  Donald  Gunn,  in  notes  transmitted  with  specimens  to  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  states  that  its  range  does  not  extend  much  to  the  eastward 
of  Lake  Winnipeg,  but  that  it  is  numerous  to  the  westward  of  the  lake, 
where  it  does  considerable  injury  in  the  wheat-fields,  hoarding  up  the  grain 
in  its  burrows  for  winter  use.  He  says  it  begins  to  hibernate  about  tlie 
first  of  November,  and  does  not  reappear  till  the  snow  is  off  in  the  spring.  Dr. 
Coues  found  it  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  Pembina;  it  also  occurs  in  Minne- 
sota and  over  tlie  prairie  regions  of  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  lown. 
Mr.  Kennicott  also  states  that  Dr.  Hoy  met  with  it  in  Eastern  Kansas,  and 
tiiat  it  is  found  much  further  south  in  Illinois  and  Missouri  tlian  8.  tridecem- 


i'P 


I  -a 


SOIURID^— SPERMOPHILUS  FRANKLIN!. 


883 


Uneatus.  It  is  met  with,  liowever,  in  far  less  numbers  than  the  latter,  and 
has  a  greater  preference  for  tiiickets,  low  bushes,  and  borders  of  timber.  It 
does  not  appear  to  extend  westward  beyond  the  eastern  edge  of  the  great 
plains,  and  is  hence  confined  to  a  rather  narrow  belt  of  country,  extending 
irom  Northern  Missouri  northward  to  considerably  beyond  Great  Slave  Lake. 
Audubon  and  Bachman  refer  to  a  specimen  obtained  by  Mr.  Townsend,  and 
give  the  species,  on  Mr.  Townsend's  authority,  as  an  inhabitant  of  Oregon. 
This  is  doubtless  a  mistake,  S.franklini  not  having  been  met  with  by  other 
observers  much  to  the  westward  of  the  Missouri  River. 

This  species  also  occurs  in  New  Jersey,  where  it  is  rapidly  increasing 
in  numbers.  I  learned  of  its  introduction  there  through  Mr.  Samuel  Jillson, 
who  first  wrote  me  about  it  some  three  or  four  years  since.  Writing  him 
recently  for  further  information  respecting  the  date  and  manner  of  its  intro- 
duction, as  well  as  for  information  respecting  its  present  numbers  and  the 
area  of  its  range,  he  has  kindly  replied  as  follows,  under  date  of  "  Tuck- 
erton,  New  Jersey,  May  6,  1877": — "  The  date  of  its  introduction  is  May, 
1867,  when  a  single  pair  was  brought  here  by  Mr.  Sylvester  Mathis,  from 
Illinois.  This  pair  soon  gnawed  out  of  their  cage  and  escaped.  This  was 
in  the  village  of  Tuckerton.  They  are  now  found  in  Manahawken,  nine 
miles  north  of  Tuckerton,  and  also  four  miles  south  of  Tuckerton,  and  very 
likely  farther.  They  are  very  common  on  all  the  farms  about  here,  three 
miles  from  the  village  [of  Tuckerton].  They  seem  to  always  keep  in  the 
fields,  as  I  have  never  seen  them  in  the  woods.  I  find  very  little  dirt  at  the 
mouth  of  their  burrows,  sometimes  none.  From  one  to  two  buckets  of  water 
poured  into  their  holes  will  bring  them  out.  We  kill  all  we  can  on  our  farm. 
They  destroy  young  chickens  and  turkeys,  and  the  dogs  dig  large  holes  in 
our  fields  in  trying  to  get  at  the  Gophers.  I  once  found  one  in  a  salt-hay 
slack,  in  spring,  dead,  coiled  up  in  the  smallest  ball  possible.  I  also  found 
one  dead  in  my  barn-well.  I  think  many  of  them  winter  in  stacks  and  under 
outbuildings,  for  I  could  never  drown  out  any  late  in  the  fall,  in  the  flat  fields. 
They  are  never  seen  here  in  winter,  and  no  doubt  are  then  dormant.  Please 
excuse  my  not  answering  your  inquiries  sooner,  for  I  wanted  to  find  out  the 
exact  date  of  their  introduction." 

I  am  also  indebted  to  Dr.  Coues  for  calling  my  attention  to  an  article  on 
this  subject  by  Mr.  N.  II.  Bishop,  of  Lake  George,  Warren  County,  New  York, 
dated  December,  1876,  and  published  in  tiie  Forest  and  Stream  newspaper  in  its 
issue  of  January  4,  1877.     The  facts  presented  by  Mr.  Bisiiop  respecting  their 


884 


MONOGRAPnS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


m 


'U 


introduction  and  increase  in  New  Jersey  are  given  mainly  on  the  authority 
of  Mr.  Jillson,  and  are  fully  covered  by  Mr.  Jillson's  later  and  more  detailed 
account  already  quoted. 

From  the  foregoing,  it  will  be  seen  that  from  the  single  pair  introduced 
accidentally  to  the  fields  about  Tuckerton  in  1867 — only  ten  years  ago — the 
species  has  spread  over  a  belt  of  country  some  thirteen  miles  in  length  and 
probably  several  miles  in  breadth,  and  that  its  numbers  already  render  it  a 
farm  pest,  which  evidently  cannot  be  soon,  if  ever,  wholly  eradicated.  It 
shows,  furtliermore,  that  the  species  is  capable  of  multiplying  in.  a  region 
quite  different  from  its  original  habitat  Whether  the  changed  conditions 
will  ultimately  modify  materially  its  habits  and  structure  remains  an  inter- 
esting question  for  later  investigators. 

Tadle  CXXIV.— Measurements  of  seven  skulls  0/  SPEHMOPUlLUa  franklini. 


d 

i 

i 

a 

u 

i 

1     ! 

'] 

Locality. 

1 

1 

1 

1 
f. 

1 

s 

1" 

M 

.a 

s 
If 

1 

i 
1 

1 
11 

if 

ll 

•a 
1 

1 

1 

II 

8 

1 

i 

1 

1 

u 

H 

0 

a 

« 

^A 

Zi 

0 

0 

p 

p 

p 

rf 

a.  00 

1.07 

0.34 

0.30 

0.37 

1.18 

a  51  1 

13387 

do 

a.  OS 

1.17 

0.47 

0.08 

0.37 

0.36 

0.03 

1.08 

0.38 

0.33 

a  41 

1.18 

0.53 

13t!M 

do 

do 

9 

0.46 
0.45 

0.70 
0.05 

0.33 
0.35 

0.40 
0.30 

0.64 
0.C3 

l.Oi 
1.03 

0.30 
0.37 

0.30 
0.30 

a  37 

0.41 

i.gs 

1.10 

1.14 

0.4.-I  j 

13385 

do 

9 

i.eo 

0.37 

0.04 

0.18 

0.30 

0.S0 

0.98 

0.33 

0.21 

0  41 

1.08 

0.4J 

13381 

do 

1.00 

1.10 

O.CO 

0.35 

0.40 

0.03 

1.05 

0.30 

0.30 

0.41 

1.17 

0.5S  ' 

133<i 

do 

S.10 

1.31 

0.49 

0  74 

0.25 

0.40 

0.08 

1.14 

O.SS 

0.23 

0.41 

1.39 

0.f4l' 

Table  CXXV. — Mtasuremcnts  of  imhv  specimens  »/  Spbiim<)piiilU8  prankuni. 

B 
a 

e 

a                    Looility. 

! 

Pro«.tlpofno»to-       ™l  •»•■«» 

Of— 

LtDgtbof— 

3 

2 

•3 
£ 

II 

t 

1 

0 

t; 

i 

1 

i 

g 

> 

i 

1 

1 

1 

S 

11593 

Pombina,  D.  T 1 

0,95 

an 

3.30 

10.75 

0.35 

7.45 

1.35 

1.90 

Fraah. 

11593 

do 

9 

o.nn 

1.80 

9.30 

9.00 

5.00 

6.35 

1.37 

1.95 

...  do. 

11580 

do 

rf 

1.00 

3.00 

9.35 

10.00 

5.00 

0.60 

:.3S 

1.00 

...do. 

IBOT 

do 

rf 

a  95 

3.U) 

3.30 

10*  CO 

7.00 

8.50 

1.35 

3.00 

..do. 

llliOl 

do 

9 

do. 

11603 

do 

i.i« 

3.00 

3.35 

10.50 

'i.50 

7.00 

1.40 

3.00 

...do. 

"904 

LwD  Kldgo,Ill 

rT 

0.9A 

1.80 

3.55 

9.30 

4.40 

0.30 

1.37 

1.97 

0.35 

Alcohollo. 

•911 

do 

<f 

0.95 

1.75 

3.30 

9. 0(1 

4.85 

5.00 

1.45 

3.1  J 

0  33 

...do. 

•949 

Pwria,!!! 

9 
a 

..  do. 

•3763 
•3701 
•3019 

14 

0.93 
0.95 

1.00 

1.78 
1.90 
1  **7 

3.  15 
2.35 
3.:k 

a  35 

aeo 

0.  fl.<i  1 

4.35 

5.80 

1.10 
1.13 
1.37 

1.00 
3.00 
a.  07 

0.3T 
0.33 
0.35 

....do. 
....do. 
.  .do. 

do 

Cook  CouDty,  111 

4.75 

a35 

1 

*  In  Maaeum  of  Comparative  ZuJilogy,  Cambridgo,  Man*. 


8CIURID.E-8PBRMOPHILD8  PRANKLINl. 


885 


Tablk  CXXVI.— £<<<  aj  ipeoimeni  aamined  of  Spkhmopiiilus  frankmni. 


a 

0  a 

5  • 

u 

i 

a 

11 

g-'o 

i 

a 

1 

H 

•2 

Looallty. 

Wliea 
oollected. 

From  whom  reoeived. 

Collected  by— 

£ 

a 

1 

3908 
3307 
3018 
3785 
ll.'>«3 
11584 
11585 
IIIWS 
ll.'*7 
11588 
11589 
11590 
ll.'i»I 
11. TO 
11503 
ll.-i94 
11593 
11596 
11597 
11508 
11599 
11600 
11601 
UGOi 
11603 
IIS89 
103 
8688 
1403 
3049 
3353 
•376t 
•7363 
•3431 
•9433 
•3019 
•994 

•on 

•949 

Bad  Rirar.  H.  B.  T . . . . 

D.  Qann 

D.Onnn 

do 

Skin, 
do 

do 

...do 

...do     

...do 

do       

do 

...  tdo 

....do 

f(]0             

do 

13381 

13383 
13983 
13384 
13385 
13386 

13387 

13388 

1885 

3X18 
3089 

.1149 
3180 
3097 
3137 
3003 
3151 

? 
? 

Pembina,  Dak.  Ter.... 

do 

do   

June  34, 1873 
June  98, 1873 
Juno  93, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
June  99, 1873 
June  94, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
Jane  5,1673 
June  33, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
Jane  31, 1873 
Jane  38, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
June  33, 1873 
June  33, 1873 
June  38, 1873 
Jane  33, 1873 
June  14, 1873 
June  34, 1873 
Jane  38, 1873 
May  19, 1873 

A.  Campbell 

....do 

Dr.  £.  Conea 

...do            

..do. 
do 

...do 

....do    

do 

....do 

....do  

do 

...do 

....do    

do 

do 

...do 

..  do 

do 

...do 

...do 

Skin  and  akull. 
Skin. 
...do. 

Skinand  akull. 
do 

3154 
9673 
300S 
3148 
3153 
3190 
3153 
3096 
3094 
3193 
3098 
9993 
3150 
3191 
9951 

9 
d" 
<f 
9 
9 
9 
rf 
J 

do      

...do 

do                

do   

....do 

....do 

...do 

...  do        

do   

do   

...do 

...do      

do   

...do 

...do   

do   

....do 

....do  

.do   

...do 

...'do 

do 

..  do 

do 

Skin. 

Skin  and  skull. 
Skin. 

Skin  and  akull. 
Skin, 
do 

..    ..do     

....do 

....do  

9 
<f 
9 

do 

...,do 

do 

do 

...  do 

..  fijo                 ..  . 

do 

....do 

do            

do 

....do 

.  .  do      

do 

....do 

...,do      

do 

.... 

Saint  Paul,  Minn 

...  do 

..do      

do. 

Dr.  P.  B.  Hoy 

...do 

Dr.P.R.Hoy 

H.  Sbimer 

R.  Kennieott 

Skin  and  akull. 

■  4«. 

..  do. 

WMt  Koitfafteld.  Ill  . 

....do 

1 
14 

do     

H.  Kennieott 

Dr.F.T.Hayden... 
Horace  Mann,  Jr... 
....do 

...do 

..  do. 

Dr.P.V.Hayden.... 
Horace  Mann, Jr... 
....do 

Skin. 

Alcobolio. 

...do. 

MinnMDDlls. Minn  ... 

..do         

Evanatoo  HI 

Prof.  O.Maroy 

...do 

Prof.  O.Maroy 

...  do 

...do. 
...do. 

...do   

...do    

...do 

...do 

...do. 

T,«wn  Ridse.  til  

Hendrick  Butler... 
....do 

Hendrick  Butler... 
....do 

...do. 
...do. 

...do   

Peoria,  HI 

...do. 

&  JUIaon 

S.  JUIaon 

Skin. 

•In  Koaeam  of  GomparatiTe  ZoSlogy,  Oambridge^  Maaa. 


i'/lM  ■    ■'■■ 


886 


MONOORAPns  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


iiifi"  !; 


■,'a 


!  i        •  !  I 


:!iir 


m 


U; 


SPERMOPIIILUS  ANNULATUS  Au.l.  &  Bacli. 
Annulated-talled  Spermopblle. 

SjH-rmophilui  aimulalHi  AuDUnoN  &  IIaciiman,  Juiirn.  Acml.  Nnt.  8ai.  Plilla.  viii,  1848,  310;  Quail.  N. 

Aiiier.  li,  IH5I,  2i:i,  pi.  Ixxix.    Sue  also  BAlRn,  M»in.  N.  Amer.  18r.7,  :ia7. 
Seiurut  rufobraehiatum  Muiiiiav,  Oi>0|;,  Olntr.  Maiiim.  IHtiti,  :ir>4  (not  Sciariu  rufobrackiaUm  Waterboiiau). 
tSciunu  lewiti  It.-8MITII,  Orlffith's  Cnvier's  Ad.  Kiug.  ili,  IS'J7,  lUO,  anil  plate. 

Specific  chaus. — Length  of  head  and  body  9.50;  of  tail  to  end  of 
vcrtebrre  6.50;  to  end  of  hairs  9.00;  hind  foot  2.10;  fore  foot  1.15;  height 
of  ear  0.50.  AI)ove,  coarsely  varied  with  yellowish-brown  and  black;  top 
of  head  black,  varied  slightly  with  yellowish-brown  ;  sides  of  the  head,  neck, 
shoulders,  outer  surface  of  fore  limbs,  and  upper  surface  of  hind  feet  dark 
reddish-brown  or  chestnut;  sides  of  the  nose  and  a  ring  around  the  eyes  light 
brownish-yellow ;  beneath,  pale  straw-yellow,  more  brownish  anteriorly  and 
on  the  edges  of  the  thighs.  The  color  of  the  dorsal  surface  extends  low 
down  on  the  sides  of  the  body,  the  blackish  tint  involving  the  basal  portion 
of  the  hairs  even  on  the  abdomen.  Lower  surface  of  the  tail  nearly  uniform 
reddish-cinnamon,  with  an  interrupted  narrow  black  border  edged  with  yel- 
lowish ;  upper  surface  banded  transversely  with  black  and  yellowish-white, 
the  black  bars  rather  the  wider  and  about  fifteen  in  number,  becoming  indis- 
tinct on  the  basal  portion  of  the  tail. 

The  general  f()rm  of  the  body  is  highly  Sciurine.  The  ears  are  broad,  fully 
half  an  inch  high,  and  well  rounded  above.  The  tail  with  the  hairs  is  nearly 
as  long  as  the  body,  flat  and  distichous,  but  rather  narrow.  Claws  short, 
strong,  and  mo.e  highly  curved  than  in  any  other  of  the  American  Spermo- 
philes  (except  perhaps  S.  gmmmurus),  having  nearly  the  form  seen  in  Sciurus. 
The  pelage  is  sparse,  coarse  and  stiff,  and  without  under  fur.  The  hairs  of 
the  dorsal  surface  are  grooved  above,  black,  ringed  once  near  the  tip  with  pale 
yellowish-brown. 

The  only  specimen  of  this  animal  that  I  have  seen  is  a  skin,  in  excellent 
condition,  of  an  adult  female,  in  summer  pelage,  collected  on  the  Plains  of 
Colima,  Western  Mexico,  in  1863,  by  Mr.  John  Xantus.*  •  Judging  from  the 
characters  afforded  by  the  skin,  this  species  belongs  to  the  subgenus  Oto- 
spcrmophilus,  but  in  some  features  is  rather  more  Sciurine  than  even  S.  gratn- 
murus,  its  nearest  ally.  The  ears,  tiiough  large,  are  less  pointed  than  in  that 
species,  and    tlie   tail    less   bushy ;   the   claws   are  short,  deep,  and  much 

*  It  bears  the  Natiunal  Hiiseam  nnmber  7018 ;  original  number  134. 


i      ? 


BOIUBID^i— SPBRMOPniLUS  ANNULATU8. 


887 


curved.  The  pelage  is  coarser,  much  harsher  and  stifl'er  even  than  in  Spcr- 
mophUus  gram'n".rus,  and  the  liairs  are,  in  like  manner,  conspicuously  groovc-d 
above.  The  tranwyerse  burring  of  the  tail  di.slinguishcH  tliis  species  among 
all  the  American  Sciuridte. 

This  species  was  first  described  by  Audul)on  and  JJachman,  in  1842,  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Piiiladelpliiu.  These 
authors  republished  tlieir  description,  with  a  figure,  in  tiieir  Quadrupeds  of 
North  America,  in  1851.  The  single  specimen  that  served  as  the  basis  for 
their  description  and  figure  was  presented  to  them  by  Professor  Haird,  respect- 
ing whicli  tiiese  authors  say: — "The  specimen  we  have  described  was  obtained 
on  the  western  prairies;  the  locality  was  not  particularly  stated  It  was 
politely  presented  to  us  i)y  Mr.  Spencer  F.  Baird,  of  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania."* 
In  republishing  this  account  nine  years  later,  they  add,  after  the  word  prairies, 
"we  believe  on  the  east  of  the  Mississippi  River".t  Professor  Baird,  in 
alluding  to  this  species  in  1857,  says: — "The  animal  described  under  this 
name  \8permophilus  annulatuii]  by  Audubon  and  Bachman  was  purchased  by 
me  from  a  dealer  many  years  ago  and  prc8ente<l  to  Mr.  Audubon.  It  was 
supposed  to  have  been  brought  from  the  west,  and,  as  such,  was  described 
by  the  above  authors.  I  have,  however,  little  doubt  that  it  is  an  African 
species  of  Sciurus,  and,  in  fact,  it  resembles  closely,  if  it  be  not  identical  with, 
the  Sciurus  rufobrachiatus  of  Fraser,  in  Zoologia  Typica,  said  by  him  to  be 
closely  related  to  the  Sciurus  annulatus  of  Western  Africa.  In  any  event, 
it  must  be  eliminated  from  the  list  of  North  American  Spermophile8."t 

Andrew  Murray,  in  1866,  referred  this  species  to  Sciurus  rvfohrachiatum 
of  Waterhouse,  and  speaks  of  it  as  follows  : — "Dr.  Baird  says  tiiat  Audubon 
and  Bachman  had  been  deceived  in  the  locality  of  the  species  which  they 
described  under  this  mine  [Spernwphilus  annulatus'],  supposing  it  to  have 
been  an  American  Spermophile,  while,  in  fact,  it  was  a  West  African 
Squirrel."  § 

Here,  at  last,  it  is  positively  asserted  to  be  a  West  African  species,  and 
is  referred  to  the  genus  Sciurus.  It  is,  however,  not  only  a  true  Spermophile, 
but  proves  to  be  beyond  question  an  inhabitant  of  the  Plains  of  Western 
Mexico.  The  original  type  of  the  species  appears  to  have  been  lost.  From 
Audubon  and  Bachman's  very  careful  description  and  figure  of  it,  there  can 


\i 


m 


vMm 


*  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vol.  viii,  p.  ilX 
t  Quad.  N.  Amer.  vol.  il,  p.  815. 


t  Mum.  N.  Amor.  p.  327. 
i  Oeof;.  Distr.  Mam.  p.  354. 


m 


II  Hfi 


888 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


:^i\ 


mm 


l)e  no  doubt  of  its  identity  witii  Mr.  Xantus's  specimen  above  described.  The 
only  discrepancies  consist  in  Audubon  and  Bachman's  specimen  being  a  little 
smaller  than  the  present  one,  and  the  tail  is  represented  as  being  relatively  a 
little  longer  and  the  color  of  tho  ventral  surface  of  the  body  a  little  lighter, 
but  in  every  other  detail  of  structure  and  coloration  there  is  the  closest 
agreement.  Although  evidently  a  true  Spermophile,  in  all  probability  ref- 
erable to  the  subgenus  Otospermophilus,  the  absence  of  the  skull  renders  it 
impossible  to  refer  it  to  any  particular  section  of  the  genus  Spermophilus. 

In  1827,  Major  Hamilton-Smith,  in  Griffith's  Cuvier's  Animal  Kingdom 
(vol.  iii,  p.  190),  described  and  figured  a  "  Sciurus  lewisii",  said  to  have  been 
based  on  a  specimen  in  "  Mr.  Peal's  Museum  in  Philadelphia,  ....  brought 
there  by  the  American  Missouri  travellers,  Messrs.  Lewis  and  Clarke",  the 
name  being  given  in  honor  of  Captain  Levis.  The  figure  and  description 
strongly  recall  the  present  species.*  The  tail  is  similarly  barred  transversely 
(but  the  bars  are  fewer  and  broader),  and  the  general  color  seems  to  resem- 
ble that  of  the  Spermophilus  annulatus  of  Audubon  and  Bachman.  Professor 
Baird  has  very  doubtfully  referred  the  Sciurus  lewisi  to  Sciurus  " ludovicianus", 
supposing  that  the  barring  of  the  tail  might  have  been  due  to  a  twisting  of 
that  member.  He  expresses  himself  as  at  a  loss  to  junt  for  the  absence 
of  red  in  the  tail,  but  says  that  unless  it  be  assignable  to  this  species  he  can- 
not refer  it  to  any  known  North  American  species.  If,  however,  Hamilton- 
Smith's  figure  be  considered  as  at  all  trustworthy,  his  " Lewis's  Squirrel" 
bears  a  much  nearer  resemblance  to  the  SpennophUus  annulatus  than  to  any 
other  known  species  of  Sciuridte.  If  really  to  be  referred  to  this,  the  speci- 
men was  probably  not  "brought  to  Philadelphia"  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  '^ut 
was  doubtless  derived  from  some  wholly  different  source.  * 

Hamilton-Smith  traces  a  resemblance  between  his  animal  and  the  Sciurus 
annulatus  described  in  1822  by  Desmarest  from  a  specimen  in  the  Paris 

*Tbe  (IcBcription  i8«8  follows: — " £ewt«'a  Squinel'iuii  the  npper  part  of  tbet<!ad,  neck,  sbonlden, 
fore  arum,  to  tbu  urticulatiou  of  tbo  arm,  bucks  Hanks  [«ic],  the  posterior  iiioic{  j  of  the  tbi};bs,  and  u 
band  round  tbo  belly,  of  ocbrey  gray  colnnr  ;  all  the  nnder  parts,  the  inside  of  tbo  limbs,  and  the  paws 
are  pnru  oclirey ;  tbu  ears  are  small,  round,  and  far  back  ;  Ibe  eyes  are  black  .1  surroni.  ...d  with  the 
same  colour  us  tlie  buck  ;  the  nosl.  ..<>  open  at  the  e\trcmity  of  tbo  muzzle,  forming  a  denuded  black 
snout,  tbi)  upper  lip  is  wbifo,  and  the  whiskers  very  Inng;  tbo  tail  is  very  bcilutifnl,  cnlic.ic'  '  ick  oi 
bunhy  cylindrical  and  anuu'.ated,  with  seven  block  and  sis  white  bauds,  with  Uiu  terminrfioi.  ulaek," 
'i'bcy  udil, — "  This  U|ipcurs  to  be  the  Sdnrua  annulalm,  desciibcd  by  M.  Desmarest,  KnciidopMic Milhoiiiqut, 
article  Math,ii::l<yjir,  from  »  Hpccin.en  in  tlie  museum  at  Paris,  whoxe  habitat  is  unknown,  ills  specilia 
cbaructcr.",  bowever,  are  fur  of  u  lirigbti^rceniKli-gray  above,  without  lateral  •vhil  ■  bunds,  white  under- 
noutb,  tail  longer  than  the  iHuly,  riumd,  annulutMl,  black  and  white :  of  the  i-iz.  the  Fulni  ScinirrcL 
These  (iill'erences  of  colour  may  be  suHieienlly  ucconnted  for,  tn  lecopn'e  the  probability  uf  the  ideutit; 
of  the  species  of  these  two  specimens." 


aCIUUIDiE— OYNOMYS. 


889 


Museum  from  an  uuKnown  locality,  to  wliicli  species  it  is  finally  doubtfully 
referred  in  volume  V  (p.  257).  The  latter,  however,  has  since  been  identi- 
fied by  Temminck  and  others  as  one  of  the  West  African  nnnulatcd-tailrd 
species  of  Sciurus.  It  is  possible  that  the  specimen  described  by  Hamilton 
iSmithhad  also  an  African  origin,  though  it  seems  to  much  better  agree  witii 
S.  annulafui  than  with  any  of  the  African  annulatecl  tailed  Squirrels. 


Note. — In  1853,  Audubon  and  Bachman,  in  the  third  volume  of  their 
Quadrupeds  of  North  America  (p.  65),  described  a  Spermophilus  pealei,  intro- 
ducing the  species  into  their  work  with  the  remark  that  they  could  not  with  cer- 
tainty "  add  it  to  the  list  of  our  North  American  mammals",  the  locality  of  the 
specimen  being  unknown  to  them.  They  add,  however,  that  they  could  not 
identify  the  specimen  with  any  Old  World  species  known  to  them,  "wliilst, 
on  the  other  hand,  it  bears  in  form,  size,  and  markings,  a  strong  connection 
with  the  American  Spermophiles,  and  will,  we  are  inclined  to  think,  yet  be 
found  in  some  part  of  the  western  sea-coast  regions  of  America".  Later,  on 
the  last  page  of  the  same  volume  (last  line),  they  say  "  SjiermopliUus  pealei. — 
Not  American."  In  the  introduction  to  their  description  of  the  species  (l.  c. 
p.  G4),  they  state  that  they  received  the  specimen  from  one  of  the  naturalists 
of  the  Wilkes  Exploring  Expedition  shortly  af^°,r  the  return  of  the  expedition 
to  the  United  States.  As  clearly  shown  by  their  description,  their  Sper- 
mopHlus  pealei  was  based  on  a  specimen  of  Sciurus  palmarum  (auct.)  of  In- 
dia, an  animal  having  many  affinities  with  the  genus  Tamias.    ,    ^  ,j,,  ,.  ,;      . 


Genus  OYNOMYS  Raf. 


;'i' 


rVi 


Jrolomyii  (ill  purt)  u£  various  iiuthors. 

Spermophiliit  (m  part)  of  variona  authorfl. 

Ci/Homi/i  liAFiNKSQUK,  Aiiior.  Montlily  Mag.  ii,  lrtl7,  45.  •  Buacd  on  tliu  "  Bnrliiiig  Squirrel "  of  Lewis  and 

Clurtie,  =  Arctoinya  ludovicianuH  Ord. 
AHitOHj/x  Rakinksquk,  Amor.  Monthly  Mag.  ii,  1817,  45.     Based  on  llio  "Burrowing  Squirrel"  of  Lewis 

Bud  Clurlie,  =«  Arvlomyi  oolumbiamm  Ord    (alco  included  n  species  of  a  di  '  rent  family, 

"  Aplodontia  lipo'ina"  auct.). 

Generic  chars.— Skull  rather  short,  very  broad,  highly  a.cned.  "nd 
massive;  zygomatic  arches  greatly  expanded  and  strongly  divergent  posteriorly ; 
malar  bone  nearly  straight,  rather  broad  and  thin,  its  plane  of  expansion 
nearly  horizontal,  dipping  slightly  inward  ;  postorbital  processes  long,  strong, 
decurved ;  muzzle  rather  long,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  front  border  of  the 
maxillaries,  its  sides  parallel ;  dnteorbital  foramina  rather  large,  subtria.igular, 


,1"  'I         u 


j; 

^ 

i 

! 

1 

i    '    ' 

i; 


h 


890 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


thrown  outward  basally,  llio  l)ony  i)late  forming  their  outer  border  being 
ol)lique  to  the  vertical  phme  of  tiie  skull ;  upper  premolars  two,  the  first  large, 
of  the  same  breadth  antero-postcriorly  as  the  other  grinding  teeth  (except- 
ing the  last  molar);  dentition  heavy,  the  grinding  teeth  (except  the  first  pre- 
molar and  last  molar)  with  the  transverse  breadth  twice  the  antero-poslerior ; 
tiic  last  molar  much  larger  than  the  others,  subtriangular,  the  anterior  and 
inner  borders  straight,  the  postero-outer  rounded  ;  molar  series  strongly  con- 
vergent posteriorly ;  cheek-pouches  moderate ;  tail  very  short,  flattened  ;  ears 
rudimentary  ;  pollex  large,  with  a  well-developed  nail ;  pelage  short,  full,  and 
soft,  especially  in  winter;  coloration  without  spots  or  streaks. 

Cynomys  is  the  most  highly  specialized  generic  group  among  the  Ameri- 
can Sciuridce.  It  is  especially  characterized  by  its  massive  dentition,  which  is 
heavier  than  that  of  any  other  Sciuromorph  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  a.id 
by  the  great  posterior  convergeiice  of  the  upper  molar  series.  In  other  fea- 
tures, it  differs  little  from  Colobotis,  possessing  only  the  characters  of  that 
group,  particularly  as  represented  in  its  most  specialized  phase  (for  instance, 
as  in  our  Spermophilus  [^ColoboHs]  richarrhoni  and  in  S,  [Colobotis]  brevicauda 
of  Siberia),  in  an  exaggerated  deg.ee.  The  grinding  teeth,  however,  are  set 
more  obliquely  in  the  jaw  (those  of  the  upper  jaw  bein ;  directed  strongly 
outward,  and  those  of  the  lower  jaw  in  the  opposite  direction),  while  the 
teeth  themselves  are  relatively  shorter  and  broader,  with  three  instead  of  two 
transverse  grooves  in  tiie  outer  half  of  the  triturating  surface  (in  the  maxil- 
lary series).  The  palate  is  sligiitly  narrowed  posteriorly  in  Spermophilus,  but 
in  Cynomys  its  breadth  between  the  last  molars  is  less  than  half  its  width 
between  the  first  premolars.  The  general  outlines  of  the  skull,  both  in  pro- 
file and  as  seen  from  above,  differ  little  from  those  of  Spermophilus,  the  differ- 
ence in  this  respect  being  not  greater  than  between  different  species  of  either 
the  subgenera  Cololwtis  or  Ictidomys.  Tiie  occipital,  interparietal,  r"d  tem- 
poral crests  are,  however,  much  more  strongly  developed  than  in  any  of  the 
SpermophiU,  and  all  the  processes  and  ridges  of  the  lower  jaw  are  mucli 
more  prominent.  The  general  form  of  tiie  lower  jaw  is  quite  similar  to  that 
of  Spermophilus,  especially  as  met  with  in  tiie  heavier  forms  of  the  subgenus 
Cololwtis ;  the  coronoid  process,  however,  is  shorter,  stouter,  and  has  a  much 
greater  antero-posterior  breadth,  and  the  angular  process  is  more  produced. 
The  mental  foramen  is  placed  knver  than  in  most  species  of  Spermophilus 
and  Arctomys,  but  not  lower  than  in  some  of  them  (S.  brevicauda  for  example), 
its  position  beu  luidway  between  the  upper  and  lower  edges  of  the  jaw. 


wm 


ii'i'i 


SCIUUID^— CYN0MY8, 


891 


In  Cijnomys,  the  edges  of  the  orbits  arc  raised  obovo  the  piano  of  the 
frontals,  as  in  several  of  the  spccties  of  the  subgenus  Colohofi.i,  but  rather 
more  strongly,  and  the  anterior  face  of  the  zygomatic  process  of  the  maxiihiry 
is  deeply  excavated.  The  breadth  of  the  skull  at  the  posterior  border  of  the 
zygomatic  arches  is  equal  to  or  greater  than  the  length  of  the  skull,  exclusive 
of  the  portion  anterior  to  the  front  edge  of  the  maxillaries,  and  hence  much 
greater  than  in  any  other  genus  of  the  Sciuridte.  All  the  teeth  are  relatively 
large  and  heavy;  the  grinding  teeth  arc  narrowed  on  the  inner  border,  as  in 
Spennophilus  and  Arctomys.  The  molar  series  occupy  about  one-third  the 
entire  length  of  the  skull.  The  incisors  are  short  and  strong,  with  the  antero- 
posterior breadth  nearly  twice  the  transverse.* 

The  genus  Cynomys  was  proposed  by  Kafinesque  in  1817,  and  based 
wholly  on  the  description  of  the  "Barking  Squirrel"  of  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
which  he  named  Cynomys  socialis.  He  also  doubtfully  referred  to  it  a 
"Cynomys  grisea",  based  on  the  "Petit  Chien"  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  inci- 
dentally mentioned  by  Lewis  and  Clarke.  This  is  merely  another  name  for 
the  Barking  Squirrel  of  the  same  i\wt\wrs  {^=  Arctomys  ludovicianus  Ori\,=: 
Cynomys  ludovicianus  Baird).  In.  the  same  article  (and  on  the  same  page), 
Rafinesque  also  proposed  the  genus  Anisonyx,  based  primarily  on  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  "Burrowing  Squirrel"  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  {=: Arctomys  colutii- 
hianus  Ord,:=: Cynomys  gunnisoni  Baird),  but  which  was  made  to  include  also 
their  "Sewellel"  under  the  name  Anisonyx  rufa,  wliich  belongs  to  a  wholly 
different  family  (HaplodontirleB).  The  genus  is  based  on  wholly  false  charac- 
ters, resulting  from  Rafinesque's  misinterpreting  Lewis  and  Clarke's  descrip- 
tion, and,  as  far  as  the  present  group  is  concerned,  is  preoccupied  by  Cynomys. 
The  first  species  referred  to  it  is  the  Anisonyx  brachiura,  equal  to  the  Arctomys 
columbianus  of  Ord  of  two  years'  earlier  date,  based  on  the  same  description. 

The  genus  Cynomys  is  restricted  to  the  parks  and  plains  of  the  jrea?^ 
Rocky  Mountain  Plateau,  and  is  represented,  so  far  as  known,  by  only  two 
species. 

*  The  food  of  Cymmya  consisting  of  soft  berbRceons  [ilants  and  grosses  and  succulent  roots,  tbe  large 
size  of  tbe  teeth  and  their  very  flrm  implantation  offer  a  puzzling  problem.  The  great  antero-posterior 
brea<ltb  of  the  ineisorR,  tbe  buav- ,  strong  molars,  and  all  tbe  provisions  of  the  skull  forniuscnliirnttnch- 
meut  indicate  great  strength  of  jaw  and  cutting  power— far  greater  even  than  in  the  true  Scpiirrels, 
whose  food  couHists  largdy  of  hard  nuts.  The  species  of  Cynomyt  live  on  the  open,  barren  plains,  gen- 
erally where  the  coarsest  plants  are  annuals,  with  stalks  rarel~  thicker  that  one's  linger,  and  the  only 
suffruticuso  vegetation  is  the  various  forms  of  Arttmiiiia,  Oilone,  etc.  Where  the  eastern  C.  ludovicianm 
must  abounds,  there  is  appai  jtly  nothing  for  it  to  feed  upon  requiring  great  strength  of  Jaw  or  heavy 
dentition.  Yet  it  presents  the  heaviest  dentition  and  greatest  masticatory  power  mot  with  among  the 
Siiurida:. 


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892  MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


CYNOMYS  LUDOVICIANUS  (Ord)  Baird. 
MlHSOurl  Barking  Squirrel;  Missouri  "Pralrlo  Dog", 

Arctomyt  ludoriciavua  "OliD,  Ontlirie'H  Oeo|]r.  2<1  Am.  cil.  ii,  1815,  !293,  303."— Say,  Long's  Ezped.  Ry.  Hte. 
i,  1823,  451  (description),  4i)8  (villnges).— Harlan,  Faun.  Aiu.  1825,  100.— Godman,  Am.  Not. 
Hist,  il,  1820,  114.-H.  Smith,  Grimth's  Cnvior's  An.  King,  iii,  1827,  198  (with  un  original 
bnt  very  iirroneoiis  figmu  from  L«!wis  luul  Clarlie's  specimen) ;  v,  18a7,  247. — Pkince  Max., 
Ecise  in  d.  in.  Nord-Anier.  i,  1839,  3fi5.— Wagnkii,  Soppl.  Sclircbcr'g  Siiugot.  iii,  1843, 861. — 
BciliNZ,  8yn.  Mnni.  ii,  1845,  64.— STANsnunY,  Salt  Lake  Expeil.  1852,  37. 

Spermophitm  ludovicianut  Lkkkon,  Man.  dii  Mum.  1827,  244,— "  F.  Cuviek,  Snppl.  Bnffon's  Hist.  Nat.  i, 
Mumm.  1H31,  31(>."— AumiBON*.  Hachman,  Quad.  N.  Am.  ii,  1«>1,  319,  pi.  xcix.— Maucy, 
Ked  Kiver  Exped.  185!!,  4(i.— WoonilousK,  Sitgreavcs's  Expl.  ZuiSi  and  Colorado  Rivers,  1853, 
52.— Kknnicott,  U.  8.  Pat.  Off.  Rep.  Agricnl.  1H5G  (1857),  81,  pi.  ix. 

Cynomut  ludonicianuK  Baikd,  Mam.  N.  Am.  18.'>7,  331,  pi.  xlvii  (sltull  and  dentition);  U.  B.  and  Mox. 
Bound.  Surv.  ii,  1859,  pt.  iii,  .39.— Sucki.ey,  jNat.  Hist.  Wusb.  Ter.  pt.  iii,  1859,  St9,  123.— 
Thomas,  Trans.  Iii.  State  Agr.  Boo.  iv,  18f>0,  (!57  (Illinois[f]).— Maximilian,  Arch.  f.  Natur- 
gesch.  1861, 88.— Hayben,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philo.  xii,  1863, 145.— Stevenson,  Hayden's 
Rep.  U.  S.  Guol.  Surv.  Wyom.  1671,  402.— Allen,  Bull.  Essex  Institute,  vi,  1B74,  49  (bio- 
graphical); Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  294;  xvii,  1874,  43.— Guinnrll,  Ludlow's 
Rec.  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  1875,  82. — Merhill,  Forest  and  Stream,  vi,  1876,  369  (habits). — 
"Plume  del  Rosa",  ib.  vii,  1876,  52  (domestication). 

Cynomyt  Bocialii  Kapinesqu'?,  Am.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  1817,  45  (=  "  Barking  Squirrel ",  Lewis  and  Clarke). 

Cynomyii  grisea  Uafinksciuk,  Am.  Mouth.  Mag.  ii,  1817,  45  (=  " Petit  Chieu  ",  Luvris  and  Clarke). 

Arclomyt  griteus  Fischeii,  Syn.  Mam.  1829,  345  (from  Rafinesquo). 

ArcUmya  mimiurieiins  Warden,  Descrip.  fitats-Unis,  v,  1820, 627  (=  "  Wishtonwish  ",  Pike).— Desmaiiest, 
Mam.  1822,  329  (from  Warden). 

Jrclomys  latrana  Harlan,  Fanii.  Araer.  1825  306  (=  "  Barking  Sqnirrol",  Lewis  and  Clarke). — Fischer, 
Syn.  Mam.  1829,  345  (from  Harlan). 

T'etit  Chien,  Lewis  &  Clarke,  Travels,  Ist  Am.  ed.  i,  1815,  68. 

Prairie  Dog,  Lewis  &  Clarke,  Travels,  i,  1815,  C7.— Kendall,  Nar.  Santa  T6  Exped.  i,  1844, 183.— Greog, 
Commerce  of  the  Prairies,  ii,  1845,  228. 

Barking  Squirrel,  Lewis  &,  Clarke,  Travels,  1st.  Am.  ed.  ii,  1815, 175 ;  4to  Lend.  ed.  1615, 460 ;  8vo  Lond. 
ed.  iii,  1815,  38. 

IfufifoHioixA,  or /'rairie  59UinW,  PiKK,  Travels,  1810,  156, 180.  •>.'-..-•;.>  i    i.v 

Jfarm«((«  du  WiMOKri,  Warden,  1. 0.  \  '     ^ 

jMiieitttia  Marmot,  Si'    I.e.  t-'  .*^'      '; 

Prairie  Marmot,  Ood.man,  I.e..  -  .  ; . 

WieUmwiiili,  I{iCHARDtK)N,  I.  c. 

3fiwaur<  Prnjrw  I^ui;,  BAihL>,  I.  c.  >     "i  ,.        >.':;'  Ni 

Specific  chars. — Length  of  head  and  body  11.50  to  12.50,  ranging 
from  about  11.00  to  13.00;  tail  to  end  of  vertebrse  3.00  to  4.00;  tail  to  end 
of  hairs  4.00  to  5.00.  Above  reddish-brown,  varied  with  gray,  and  with  a 
few  hairs  wholly  l»lack;  below  yellowish-  or  brownish-white.  Tail  short, 
flattened,  basally  above  like  the  back,  and  brownish-black  toward  the  end,  the 
dusky  hairs  more  or  less  whitish  at  base.  Ears  very  small,  rounded,  about 
one-fifth  of  an  inch  high.  Olaws  long  and  strong,  but  little  curved ;  that 
ot  tlie  thumb  well  developed.  The  character  of  the  pelage  varies  consider- 
ably with  tht  season,  being  much  finer  and  sotler  in  winter  than  in  summer. 

In  specimens  taken  in  June  and  July,  the  pelage  is  quite  short,  some- 


SCIUllID^— CYNOMYS  LUU0VIC1ANU8. 


Bin) 


what  harsh,  and  rather  stiff,  with  very  little  under  fur,  particularly  at  the  south- 
ward. Autumnal  specimens  (including  some  taken  as  early  as  August  2.'5), 
on  the  other  hand,  have  a  very  full,  soil  pelage,  with  an  ahun<hin(u>  of  whitish, 
very  fine,  silky  under  fur.  The  hairs  of  the  dorsal  surface  are  gencniUy  hlack 
nt  the  extreme  base,  then  very  broadly  ringed  with  whitish  or  grayish-while, 
followed  by  a  broad  zone  of  reddish-brown,  with  the  extreme  tips  of  the  hairs 
whitish.  There  are  also  intermixed,  sometimes  sjiarsely,  soiaetinies  abun- 
dantly, longer  hairs,  generally  v/holly  black  to  the  base.  These  are  some- 
times so  abundant  as  to  give  a  blackish  cast  to  the  dorsal  surface,  particularly 
on  the  top  and  sides  of  the  head  and  sides  of  the  neck.  The  color  also  Varies 
somewhat  with  season,  specimens  taken  late  in  autumn  being  more  hoary 
above  and  more  fulvous  on  the  sides  and  below  than  those  taken  .a  early 
summer.  Between  specimens  in  winter  pelade  from  the  north  (Fort  Ran- 
dall) and  those  in  summer  pelage  from  the  south  (Kansas,  Colorado,  and 
Texas),  the  difference  in  the  color  and  texture  of  the  pelage  is  very  striking. 
In  the  northern  specimens,  the  pelage  is  full,  very  soft  and  silky,  yellowish- 
brown,  rather  strongly  varied  with  dusky;  in  the  southern  specimens,  the 
pelage  is  shorter  and  harsher,  brownish-red,  varied  with  intense  shining  black. 
In  some  examples  (as  No.  1C51,  from  Fort  Chadbourne,  Texas,  and  No.  9557, 
from  Soda  Springs,  Colo),  the  color  is  nearly  brick-red.  There  is  also  con- 
siderable variation  in  size  with  locality,  there  being  a  strongly  marked  decline 
southward,  as  sliown  by  the  subjoined  tables  of  measurements. 

The  present  species  differs  from  Cynomys  columbianus  in  its  more  red- 
dish coloration,  longer  and  differently  colored  tail,  and  larger  size.  In  respect 
to  the  skulls,  aside  from  the  difference  of  size,  the  nasals,  as  a  rule,  extend 
further  back  in  C.  ludovicianus  than  in  C.  columbianus,  and  the  zygoma  is 
thicker  and  narrower,  in  strong  contrast  with  the  broad,  thin  plate  seen  in  C. 
columbianus.  By  size  alone,  large  skulls  of  C.  columbianus  cannot  be  cer- 
tainly distinguished  from  small  skulls  of  C.  ludovicianus.        ';     j- -v 

This  species,  like  the  following,  was  first  brought  to  the  notice  of  nat- 
uralists by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  who  met  with  it  on  the  plains  of  tiie  Upper 
Missouri  during  their  journey  from  Saint  Louis  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  1804,  1805,  and  1806.  In  the  first  volumie  of  the  "Bid- 
dle-AUeu"  Narrative  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  Expedition,*  publisiicd  in  1815, 

"Sto  Ur.  Elliott  Cout's's  "An  Acccinnt  o£  tlin  viiiiiiiiH  piibliciioiiB  lulu  ling  to  Ibu  TmvelH  ot'IjiwiH 
nud  Clarko,  with  a  C'oaimeutary  on  Ibo  SCociloHicnl  UcsuIIb  i.f  their  Expedition '  (Bull.  U.  S.'Oeolof;.  nud 
Oeogr.  Survey  of  the  Terr.  2d  ser.  No.  6,  Kuh.  8,  187())  for  lui  exhiiueitlvo  uud  useful  deBcriptive  sunimn""' 
of  the  vnrious  nnrratives  of  the  Lewis  uud  '^Uurke  expedition. 


i  'i 


<'<k' 


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■  i  I  ll'.U  } 


894 


MONOUHAPUS  OP  NOllTU  AMEltlOAN  RODKNTIA. 


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1 

it  is  variously  referred  to  incidontally  as  the  "Petit  Cliien",  "Prairie  Dog", 
"  Burking  Squirrel'',  and  "  Burrowing  Squirrel",  and  is  described  at  length 
in  volume  ii  (p.  175)  under  the  name  "Barking  Squirrel".  In  Gass's  Narra- 
tive of  the  same  expedition,  jiublished  in  1807,  it  is  briefly  referred  to  as  the 
"Prairie  Dog".  Pike,  in  his  account  of  his  travels  on  the  Missouri  and 
Arkansas  Rivers,  in  1805  and  180G  (published  in  1810),  also  refers  to  it  as 
the  "  Wishtonvvish'',  or  "Prairie  Squirrel",  and  gives  much  information 
respecting  its  habits.  To  the  animal  described  under  the  name  "  Barking 
Squirrel",  in  the  second  volume  of  the  "Biddle- Allen"  narrative  of  the  Lewis 
and  Clarke  expedition,  Ord,  in  1815,  gave  the  name  Arctomys  ludcnyicianus, 
basing  the  name  on  Lewis  and  Clarke's  description.  Say,  in  1823,  under 
the  same  name,  gave  a  somewhat  fuller  account  of  its  habits,  and  described 
the  s[)ecies  from  a  specimen  brought  from  the  Upper  Missouri,  many  years 
before,  l)y  Lewis  and  Clarke.  In  the  mean  time,  Rafinesque,  in  1817, 
renamed  the  Barking  Squirrel  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  {^.Arctomys  ludovicianus 
of  Ord  and  Say)  Cynomys  socialis,  basing  both  the  genus  and  ihe  species  on 
Lewis  and  Clarke's  description.  Rafinesque,  in  the  same  paper,  also  gave 
the  name  "  Cynofnys?  grisea"  to  Lewis  and  Clarke's  "Petit  Chicn"  of  the 
Upper  Missouri,  which  is  identical  with  their  "Prairie  Dog"  and  "Barking 
Squirrel".  Later,  in  1825,  Harlan,  while  recognizing  the  Arctomys  ludooicia- 
wM.vof  Ord  and  Say,  and  referring  to  it  the  Prairie  Dog  of  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
gave  the  name  Arctomys  latrans  to  Lewis  and  Clarke's  Barking  Squirrel  of 
"the  plains  of  the  Missouri",  thus  adding  another  nominal  species  to  the  two 
introduced  by  Rafinesque.  Neither  Rafinesque's  names  nor  that  proposed 
by  Harlan  have  received  recognition  except  in  the  works  of  a  few  foreign 
compilers. 

As  already  shown,  this  species  was  first  met  with  by  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
during  their  journey  up  the  Missouri  River  in  1804,  while  Pike  met  with  it 
tiie  following  year  on  the  Arkansas  River.  The  first  published  reference  to 
it  appears  to  have  been  made  by  Glass,  in  1807,  who  gives,  however,  no 
information  of  importance  respecting  it.  Pike,  in  1810,  gave  a  more  detailed 
account  of  its  habits,  while  Say,  in  182i3,  further  contributed  to  its  biography 
and  gave  of  it  the  first  formal  scientific  description.  It  has  since  been  well 
described  by  various  authors,  and  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the  best 
known  o(  our  smaller   Mammals.     It  figures  largely  in  the  accounts  of  all 


SOIURIDiE— CYNOMY8  LUDOVICIANUS. 


85)5 


travellors  across  <Iie  Plains,  fioiri  llu;  tiiiio  of  Pilv(;  down  U)  the  present  diiy. 
Among  the  more  notewortliy  notices  are  those  of  KtMidal!,*  Grcfijj.f  Staiis- 
l)ury,t  ftiid  Marcy.§  Many  of  tliese  |)(i|»ular  aec<tunts  are  more  or  less  mixed 
with  error,  owing  to  the  natural  tendency,  (;s|)ccially  among  unscientific 
writers,  to  exaggerate  wluitever  borders  on  the  marvellous.  Errors,  how- 
ever, have  crept  into  the  accounts  of  even  fcientific  ol)s»!rvers,  the  very  names 
of  "Prairie  Dog'',  "Petit  Chien",  etc.,  being  grossly  misleading.  Tliese 
terms,  together  with  those  of  "Dog-towns",  "  Prairie  Dog  villages",  etc.,  as 
applied  to  the  colonies  of  these  animals,  can  doubtless  never  be  eradicated 
from  vernacular  parlance.  As  long  since  noted  by  Say,  the  "absurd  and 
inappropriate  name  of  Prairie-dog"  was  given  to  this  animal  "from  a  fancied 
resemblance  of  its  warning  cry  to  the  hurried  barking  of  a  small  dog".  Its 
"  bark",  however,  is  strictly  that  of  a  S(piirrel,  liearing  re;dly  litth;  resem- 
blance to  that  of  any  species  of  Cunis.  The  absurd  theory,  so  widely  cur- 
rent, that  it  harmoniously  shares  its  iiurrow  with  the  rattlesnake  and  owl,|| 

*  Narrative  of  the  Tuxan  Santa  V&  Expedition,  vol.  i,  p.  188  (1844).  A  very  Benaible,  amusln);,  aud 
graphic  account. 

t  Commerce  of  the  Prairiea,  vol.  ii,  p.  238  (1645). 

t  Salt  Lake  Exped.  p.  37  (1853). 
L  .      $  Red  River  Exped,  pp.  40-48.    A  very  good  liccouat  of  its  habits, 

II  Pike,  apparently  the  firiit  to  make  reference  to  thiR  matter,  aayg:— "  Strange  as  it  may  appear, 

I  have  seen  the  '  Wishtonwlsh',  the  rattle-snake,  the  horn  frug,  of  nhich  the  prairie  abounds, 

and  a  land  tortoise  all  take  refuge  in  the  same  hole.  I  do  not  pretend  to  assert,  that  it  was  their  com- 
mon place  of  resort,  but  I  have  witnessed  the  abo\e  facts  more  than  in  one  instance." — (Journal  of  a 
Voyage  to  the  Arkanaaw,  etc.  1810,  p.  156,  foot-note.)    Lewis  and  Clarke,  in  their  account  of  the  "Petit 

Chiun",  also  state; — " we  discovered,  however,  two  frogs  in  the  hole,  and  near  it  we  killed  tt 

dark  rattlesnake,  which  had  swallowed  a  small  prairie  dog:  we  were  also  informed,  though  we  never 
witnessed  the  fact,  that  a  sort  of  lizard,  and  a  snake,  live  habitually  with  these  animals." — (Traveh,  lat 
Am.  ed.  vol.  i,  p.  08, 1815.) 

Among  the  many  referouccs  to  this  subject,  see  further  the  articles  cited  in  the  preceding  foot- 
notes; also  my  own  article  on  this  species  in  Proc.  Essex  Institute  (vol  vi,  pp.  49-53),  and  the  fol- 
lowing :  Maj.  J.  W.  Merrill,  in  Forent  and  Stream  (newspaper),  issue  of  July  13,  1870 ;  "  FInuie  del  Rosa", 
in  the  same  (issue  of  August  31, 1870);  and  Lieut.  C.  A.  H.  McCauley,  in  Bull.  U.  8.  Oeul.  and  (jeng.  Surv. 
vol.  iii,  1877,  pp.  C80-683.  It  may  bo  well,  however,  to  add  that  the  I'raiiic  Owls  (Speotyto cunieuluria  var. 
hypogcea)  are  merely  occupants  of  deserted  burrows,  which  oU'er  them  a  convenient  home.  While  their 
food  consists  largely  of  insects  ("grasshoppers")  and  crawfishes,  some  have  supposed  that  tliey  also  prey 
upon  the  young  dogs,  but  I  have  met  with  no  proof  thot  such  is  the  cac o.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Rattle- . 
snakes  (Crotalophorui  confluentue)  bring  terror  to  these  little  Marmots  whenever  they  appear,  upon  which 
they  largely  subsist.  They  usually,  however,  make  their  home  in  one  particular  burrow,  from  wliicli 
they  may  have  driven  the  rightful  owner,  but  donbtlesa  enter  others  in  search  of  food.  The  holee  occu- 
pied by  the  Marmots,  the  Owls,  and  the  Rattlesnakes  are,  respectively,  readily  distinguishable  by  evident 
external  signs.    (See  further,  Bull.  Essex  Inst.  vol.  vi,  pp.  49-51.) 

The  "Frairio  Dog"  is  readily  susceptible  of  domestication,  and  makes  an  agreeable  and  amusing, 
thougli  sometimes  u  rather  mischievous,  pet.  None  of  the  animals  ii,  the  Zoological  (Jardens  of  Phila- 
delphia probably  iifforl  greater  pleasure  or  are  of  greater  interest  to  visitors  than  the  considerable  colony 
of  these  unimuls  there  successfully  domesticated.  (On  the  "  Prairie  Don  "  as  a  pet,  s-ic  the  article  by 
"Plume  del  Rosa"  in  the  Forest  and  Stream  (newspaper)  of  August  31,  IHTli.) 


h'V. 


li  ;1: 


I- ■1:1 


'i    S: 


tti#! 


U 


m 


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896 


MONOOUAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMEKIOAN  KODENTIA. 


though  discredited  by  Say  and  every  naturalist  since  hia  time  who  has  had 
the  opportunity  of  becoming  personally  familiar  with  the  animal  on  its  native 
])lains,  is  hardly  less  difficult  to  eradicate  from  tiie  popular  mind  than  the 
idea  that  it  is  in  reality  a  sort  of  small  dog,  as  its  common  vernacular  name 
implies.* 

The  habitat  of  the  present  species  is  confined  to  the  dryer  portion  of 
the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  is  found  from  Western 
Texas  northward  to  the  forty-ninth  parallel.  The  eastern  limit  of  its  range 
is  near  the  ninety-eighth  meridian.  Specimens  are  in  the  collection  from 
Fort  Chadbourne,  the  Staked  Plains,  and  other  localities  in  Western  Texas, 
and  from  near  the  Pecos  River  in  Southeastern  New  Mexico.  It  ranges  over 
the  western  half  of  Kansas  and  thence  westward  in  Colorado  to  the  foot-hills 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  beyond  which  I  have  been  unable  to  trace  it,  it 
being  immediately  replaced  in  the  Parks  to  the  westward  by  C  columbianus. 
In  Wyoming,  it  ranges  westward  over  the  Laramie  Plains,  and  even  to  the 
sources  of  the  North  Platte.  Further  northward,  it  likewise  appears  to  uni- 
formly reach  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  beyond  which  the 
species  apparently  does  not  extend.  It  is  found,  according  to  Dr.  Hay- 
den,  as  far  down  the  Missouri  as  the  mouth  of  the  White  River  (in  about 
latitude  43°  40'),  near  which  point  it  was  first  met  with  by  Audubon  in 
his  ascent  of  that  river  in  1843.  It  occurs  thence  northward  and  west- 
ward over  the  plains  of  the  Yellowstone  and  Missouri,  but  over  large  areas 
of  the  more  barren  portions  its  settlements  occur  only  at  infrequent  inter- 
vals. At  more  favorable  localities,  they  occupy  the  country  continuously  over 
hundreds  of  square  miles.  It  has  bjen  met  with  by  both  Dr.  Suckley  and 
Dr.  Coues  on  the  Milk  River.  Respecting  the  northern  limit  of  its  range 
Dr.  Coues  kindly  adds  the  following: — 

"  I  have  no  personal  knowledge  of  the  Prairie-dog  beyond  49°,  the 
northern  boundary  of  Montana,  and  Richardson  speaks  of  it  as  restricted 
to  the  Missouri  Basin.  During  my  connection  with  the  U.  S.  Northern 
Boundary  Commission,  in  1873-'4,  when  I  passed  along  the  parallel  of  49° 
from  the  Red  River  of  the  North  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  I  observed  no 

•  The  lii^liost  nbsiirdity  of  iiiiHrepreseutation  \a  nacbed  in  Hnniilton-Smith'a  "origiiiul  flguro",  in 
OrilHtU's  Ouvlur's  Animal  Kin(;doni  (v<d.  iii,  plale  facing  p.  198),  drawn  (it  is  paid)  irom  llio  specimen 
Ijrotigbt  to  I'biladulpbia  by  Lewis  and  C'lai  lie.  In  Ibis  tigurc  in  represented  the  mnzzle  of  a  pus-nosed 
dug,  between  the  hulf-open  lips  of  which  are  seen  an  uninterrupted  row  of  teeth,  rcseuibling  those  of  a 
caruivuroua  animal  I 


SCIDUII)^— CYNOMY8  LUDOVICIANUa. 


H97 


'Dogs'  in  any  portion  of  tiic  lied  River  Basin,  imd  the  prolmbility  is  Unit  (lie 
animal  has  made  little  it'  any  settlement  so  far  eastward  in  tliis  latitude.  I 
found  some  small  colonies,  however,  at  various  points  in  the  I^tiik  Uiver 
legion,  which  may  really  be  tlie  limit  of  dispersion  to  the  northward.  The 
most  extensive  cstablisiimcnt  was  in  a  'olcrably  fertile  depression  of  the, 
prairie  just  east  of  Frenchman's  or  White  Eartii  lliver,  alK)ut  lat.  48° 
30',  and  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  Milk  River.  The  owls,  Sprotyto  /n/pngrra, 
rattlesnakes,  Crotalus  conjluentus,  and  horned  frogs,  Pliryuosoma  dnuglassi, 
are  also  inhabitants  of  the  same  area,  though  never  seen  in  the  Red  River 
water-shed.  These  four  animals,  and  tiie  Sage  Cock,  Centrocercux  urophasi- 
anus,  arc  almost  diagnostic  of  the  Missouri  Basin  as  distinguished  from  that 
of  the  Red  River."  /.    .\\    ....    ,;    , ,,      . 

At  the  southward,  according  to  Lieutenant  Abert,  as  quoted  by  Audubon 
and  Bachman,  this  animal  "  does  not  hibernate,  but  is  out  all  winter,  as  lively 
and  as  pert  as  on  any  summer  day".  -Gregg  also  states  that  he  had  good 
authority  for  the  statement  that  they  are  always  abroad  in  winter  during  fine 
weather.  According  to  Lewis  and  Clarke,  however,  "  as  soon  as  the  frost 
commences,  they  shut  themselves  up  in  their  caverns,  and  continue  till  the 
spring  opens".  Say  also  says  that  "  tiiey  pass  the  winter  in  a  lethargic  sleep", 
defemiing  themselves  from  the  inclemency  of  the  season  "  by  accurately 
closing  up  the  entrance  of  the  burrow".  This  is  doubtless  a  mistake,  as,  in 
January,  1872,  I  met  with  them  in  Northwestern  Kansas  as  active  on  bright 
sunny  days  as  in  summer,  they  only  letiring  for  a  few  days  at  a  time  during 
the  severest  weather.  Further  northward,  where  the  climate  is  more  severe, 
they  are  doubtless  less  active  in  winter  than  further  southward,  retiring  to 
their  bu rro ws  for  longer  periods.  "  , 

57  If  .    ■'    ..  •  ■  '■•  -       '■,  :"  , 


Wm 


m, 


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mI 


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ii 


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i:m^ 


8{>H 


MONOdltAlMIH  OF  NOItTII  AMEUICAN  UODKNTIA. 


Taiilr  CXWll.—MMKHnmdiln  of  Ihirly  out  upevinieM  c^f  CVKOMVa  |,UU<>VI0IANU8.' 


11934 
1819 
1810 

un 
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urn 

18 10 

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013 
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l^ocalily. 


Nen  ninath  of  Uilk  RIvrr 
Vtlluwitouo  RlTur,  Moot  . . 

do 

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Furt  Itundall,  Dak.  Tcr 

do 

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do 

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dn 

do    

Republican  River.  Kaoa  . . . 

do 

Choj'ennc,  Wyo.  Ter 

Oardon  of  tho  Gods,  Colo. . 

Fort  llaya,  Kaoa 

do 

do 

do    

do 

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From  tip  tit  now  to- 


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2.81 
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Tall  to  end 
of- 


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3.35 
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3.25 
175 
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2  05 
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3.55 
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130 


i 

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3.80 
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4.00 
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3.75 
3.00 
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3.10 


Lenglfaor— 


100 
100 

111 

100 
100 
1.75 
1.75 
1.75 
1.75 
1.50 
1.75 
100 


1.83 
1.95 
1.55 
1.00 
1.45 
I.OJ 
1.70 
1.83 

i.eo 

1.70 
1.85 
1.00 
1.65 


.9 

a 

140 
135 
135 
115 
1.18 
138 
125 
125 
113 
113 
100 
135 
135 
135 


145 

145 
145 
140 
3  2H 
I.  00 
125 
137 
130 
135 
195 
li>7 
120 


Froah. 
do  . 
do. 
do  . 
do 
do. 
do. 
do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do  . 
.do.  J 
do., 
do., 
.do., 
.do., 
.do., 
.do., 
.do., 
.do... 
.do., 
.do., 
.do  .. 
.do  .. 
.do.. 


Romatka. 


From  Baird, 
Uam.  N. 
Ainer.  p. 
334. 


» Meaauremonta  all  taken  by  colloctora  In  the  field  from  fVeeb  apeoimena. 


iSCIlJIlID.K— rVNOMYH  LUDOVICIANirH. 


TadlrC'XXVIII.— Jf«uiirrnni<«n/  niHttien  »*•«//•  o/ Cvnomvs  i.niovicUNUii. 


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Taulk  CXXlX.—Linl  of  upcoimeiit  examtued  of  CvNOSiYS  LUiiuviciANi'8. 


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JOly    3,1874 

A  Camnbell 

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Dr.  George  Buckley. . 
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Photograpliic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  •73-4503 


900 


MONOGRAPnS  OF  NORTH  AHBRIUAN  RODENTIA. 


Tablb  CXXlX.—LItt  of  «p«c<M«ii<  ezamttied  of  Cynomys  ludovicianub— Coutiaaeil. 


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Aug.  13, 1813 

July  80. 1813 
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July    0,1831 
July    8,ll>31 

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do 

...da 
...da 

do     

....do 

...da 



do 

do   . 

do     

....do 

Skin. 
....da 

do         

....do 

.... 

....  do 

l]0 

do 

...da 

do 

...  do 

do 

....do 

...da 

do         

....do 

...  do  

...da 
....da 

..... 



" 

do 

do 

do 

do      

...do 

....do 

..da 
...da 

....do 

....do 

SCICRID^— CYNOMYS  LUDOVICIANUa 


901 


Table  CXXIX.— £{<<  of  ipedmeiu  examined  0/  Cvnomvs  i.u»oviciamdii — Contioued. 


i 

0 

i 

i 
{1 

i 

13 

1 

Locidlt;. 

When 
eoUwIod. 

From  whom  rocelrcd. 

CollMtod  Uy- 

! 

1 

1817 
1818 
1819 
1810 

3MJ 

3460 
3M7 
M» 
3470 
3471 
3473 
3474 
3489 
3081 
3087 
3083 
3081 
3084 

3080 

im 
tm 
'tm 

•4731 
•1731 
1719 
•1710 
•XWI 
•iOTl 
•1713 
t7»4 
••7I5 

tna 

I14S7 
11498 
MM 
»»! 
9338 
96N 
ISM 

Fbrt  ]tud«n, Usk  .... 

Dr.P.V.l'iydon... 
do 

Dr.F.V.HnydoB... 
..  do 

8kln. 
da 

Jo 

10010 
lOOU 
10«M 
10017 
I331S 
13310 
13317 
13318 
13319 
13390 
13331 
13392 
13313 
3W7 
3S94 

ana 

319V 
3301 

3300 
MI3 
«H4 
«M3 

iMi 

1930 

Its 

193 

9304 

.... 

do 

....do 

...do 

....da 

do 

....do 

...do 

....da 

Wyoming  TeiTilory . . . 

do    ..    . 

..  do   

Bknll. 
...da 

do 

do        

...do 

do 

do 

do   

...do 

....da 

do      

...do 

...da 

Cfipor  UlmoDtl 

...do 

....do 

Sklnwdikull. 
....da 

do 

do    

...do 

do 

...do    

...do 

...do. 

do 

...do    

....do 

...do. 

......do 

do 

...  do 

...da 

do 

....do 

...do 

...da 

do 

...do 

....do 

...da 

do   

do 

...do 

...  .do. 

do   

do 

...do 

...da 

l\>lo  Creok 

Aag.ll,18S7 
Ang.  11, 1837 
Aug.  11, 1837 
Ang.  11, 18S7 
Ang.  11, 1857 
Ang.  11, 1837 
Ang.  II,  1837 

LiaotFT.Bryu.. 

W.8.yraod 

...  .da 

do 

...do 

....da 

do 

....do 

....da 

do 

do   

....do 

....da 

do 

...do 

...do   

...do 

...do 

...da 

SknU. 

RkinudtknU. 

nknD. 

....da 

do 

do 

...do ... 

Dr.F.T.Biydan  .. 
....do 

...do 

Dr.r.r.Biydon.... 
...do 

IMS 

sw 

nil 

ir>4 

1073 
417 

M8 

sov 

SIO 
Sil 
SI9 

nn 

BI4 

DtarCimk 

do 

do 

...  do 

...do 

....da 

Dr.  W.  A.  Biinimond 
...do 

Dr.W.A.HuHKHid 
...do 

...da 
.....la 

do 

CtojrMnw,  Wya  Tor . . 
....  do  

Ang. -,1871 

Aug.  — ,  1871 
Ang.  — ,  1871 
A»g.-,IS7I 
Aug.  — ,  1871 
Ang.  -,  1871 
JnM  1,1871 
Jnnc  II,  1871 
Jnnoll,l87l 
Jans  II,  1871 
Jnnell,l871 
Jnn«ll,l87l 
Jnn«ll,187l 
Jnnel<^l87l 

BoekyMonntidnltx. 
podillen. 
do      

Allen,  Oonnetl,  and 

BUM. 
...do 

SUt.udnkall. 

Skill. 
....da 

do  

do     

...do 

9 

rf 
9 
rf 
9 
rf 
0 
0 

do 

..do 

do 

...do 

...da 

do _.. 

...     do      

...do 

BkinudiknU, 

Skin. 

....da 

.  do    

....d»  

Ibit  Hnji,  Kmm 

do     

...do 

....do  

.  do 

....d     

...  da 

.  ...do     

..  do 

....A,    

....da 

do  

...do 

...do 

....da 

do     

...do 

...  do 

....da 

do     

..  do 

...do 

....do. 

do 

..  do 

...do 

....do. 

do     

...do 

..do  

....da 

Dnror.Colo 

Colorado 

Dr.RPilanr   

Dr.r.V.HnydoB... 

..do 

..do 

...do 

Dr.E.PalnMr 

J.  H  Rntty 

gkoll. 
Bkln. 
....da 

do 

floda  Sprlngn,  Colo.  Tor. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Ang.  10,  IMP 

do      

J.Htovaanoa 

.'...da 

....do 

....da 

do       

do 

...do 

...da 

..do      

...da 

..do...  

-do     

....da 

*In  Museum  of  Compurntlvp  ZoAlogj,  CHmbrldge,  Ifnxa. 


n;r 


*i}' 


Iff'    -l' 

Hi  H 


r^r^ 


11  \ 


Hi 


\m 


MON«i.l{APnS  OF  NOUXn  AMEItKJAN  RUDENTIA. 


Tadlk  CXXIX.— /.i*l  o/  tpcdment  namined  of  C\ KOMVS  i.unoviciANl-B— ConliDnixl. 


Mm 

1717 


:i     I 


101 

im 

33* 
l«M 

as* 

IN* 


IMI 


low 

1144 
l«93 
l«M 


«U 


Lumllly. 


Dob  Carlo*,  Colo 

LIjuio  B^taowlo 

Polt  DcBmhw,  N.  U«i 

recM.N.Mpi 

Ri>pDliMc«n  Fork 

I*mluku  fUtl  Nrrto 

Llmpoo  MU.,  Tex  ... 

M>n  AnUiliia,  Tex 

NrwUioloo 

DoTll'ii  Hlrrr,  Tex 

Fi<«o«  River.  Tex 

Arkanau 

Itnl  lEiver,  ixk 

F'lrt  ChaillKiume,  Tex 
Kurt  LarniMl,  1d<1.  Tcr 


Wlion 
milluctod. 


Aug.  18,  laa* 


Apr.  «4,  ISM 
Ool.   I«,  18M 


May  31, 1864 


FroDi  wliun  rewlTnl. 


Dr.  F.  V.  Haydra.. 
Capt  Julin  Pope. . . 


CapL  John  Pope 

Lieut  F.T.IIrjran.. 
llai.W.U.BnHir)r.. 

...4« 

...do 

Capt.  A.  W.  Whipple 

...do 

...do 

Capt.  L.  Silftearea. 
Dr.  ar.  Shuniard.. 

DrKHwia 

Dr.  K.Couea  


Collected  liy— 


J.Htev 
Dr.UeKee. 


Dr.McKee 

W.8.W(iod 

J.  n.  Clark..... 

....do 

....do 

Dr.  C.  a  a  Kennerly 

...do 

...do 

Dr.H.W.  Woodhouae. 
Dr.  a  F.  Hhonanl 
Dr.K.gwia 


8kl>. 

....da 

....*(. 

....da 

...  da 

Hkoll. 

8kiuaiHl*kn>l. 

....da 

...do. 

Hkla. 

....da 

...da 

Aknll. 

8kia. 


Dr.  R.  Cone* I ...  .da 


!  CYNOMYS  COLUMBIAN  US  (Or.1)  Allen.       . 

t  . 

I  Western  Barklag  Bqalrrel;  Wcslera  "Prairie  Dof". 

Arclomyt  eoUmUann  "Ord,  Oathrie's  Oeog.  3d  Am.  e<l.  il,  IHI.'i,  SM,  30Si"  (==  "Qorrowing  Bquirral", 
Lewia  aod  ClMlie).— Allkn,  rtuc.  Ikwt.  8110.  Nat.  Hiat,  xvi,  IS74,  394;  Bull.  Eamx  Iiiat.  vi, 

;  lriT4,  ri7,  (W  (Colontdo).— CouK«  it.  Yahruw,  WbwIiM'i  Ezpl.  and  Bnrv.  W,  of  100th  Merid. 

I  V,  ZuCI.  l»7r>,  138  (Middle  Utab). 

JfRlMRyx  hrachitirtt  liAFiMtsqiiK,  Am.  Mnnili.  Mag.  il,  1817,  45  (="  Borrowing  Sqaintl",  Lewis  and 
Clarke).— DE8HAKK18T,  Mam.  1^*33,  '.I3U  (rruni  Raflneaqiie). 

Aniomy  brackgurm  Harlan,  Kaoiia  Aiiier.  1835,  :I04  (—  "  Burrowing  Sqnirrol ",  Lewia  and  Clarke).— 
FlDCHXR,  Syno|i.  Ham,  1^  34,'>  (from  Harlan).— Richardsmk,  ZoTd.  Beechey'a  Voy,  IKIO,  7 
((Vom  the  same).— Waoncr,  Snppl.  Sohreber'a  Biinget.  iii,  1843,  3lSl  (from  the  aame).— 
SCHINZ,  Syn.  Mam.  ii,  184,'i,  n3  (from  (he  same). 

JretoMya  letrtti  Audubon  &  Bachmam,  Quad.  N.  Am.  ii!,  1H&3,  33,  pi.  evil  ((him  apecimen  in  Mua.  Zool. 
Soc.  Lond.  from  "Columbia  River").    See  alan  Baird,  Mam.  N.  Amer,  1857,  347. 

Cgnomgi  fii*MiM»i  Uaihd,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Pbila.  18A5,  3:<4 ;  Mam.  N.  Amer,  1857,  335,  pi  iv,  flg.  3, 
animal ;  pi.  xlvii,  flg.  4,  ikull.— C0UK8,  Ainrr.  Nat.  i,  1H«7,  363;  Ptoo.  Aoiul.  Nat,  Soi.  Philo, 
18«7,  l:r>  (Ar  «.ina).— Stkvksson,  Hayden'a  Rep.  U.  8.  Geol.  Siirv.  Wyom.  lK»t,  403. 

ll»rrotcii>g  Hqairrc\  Lkwin  Si  Clakkk,  Tnivela,  Ul  Am.  ed.  ii,  IH15, 173, 

Z.ni'u'ii  .l/umwr,  Auiu'iiuN  St.  Uauiiman,  I.  0. 

Skort-lailM  Prairie  Dag,  Bairii,  Mam.  N.  Amer,  1857,  335. 

Specific  chars. — Lcngtii  to  bnse  of  tail  about  10.25,  ranging  from  9.50 
to  11.50;  of  tnil  to  ciul  of  vcrtehrse  about  2.00  (1,70  to  2,25);  to  end  of 
hairs  2.00  to  2.50.  Almve,  dark  yellowiKJi-lirown,  sometimes  inclining  to  red- 
dish, varieti  with  black;  beneath,  jellowish-white,  varying  to  pale  ycllowisii- 
browii.  Tail  v^ry  short,  flattened,  generally  wholly  pure  whi*e  (sometimes 
yellowish-white)  for  the  terminal  lialf,  the  basal  portion  being  above  like  the 


BCIURIDiU— 0YNOMY8  COLUMBIANUS. 


903 


back  and  hcluw  like  the  ventral  surface.     Ears  and  geiierul  pruportions  us  in 
C.  tudoviciiinm,  except  that  the  tail  is  sliorter. 

Different  specimens,  even  from  the  same  locality,  vary  considerably  in 
respect  to  color,  the  dorsal  surface  being  in  some  pale  reddish,  as  strong  as 
in  very  pale  specimens  of  C.  ludovidanus,  and  in  others  with  only  n  slight 
tinge  of  rufous.  The  proportion  of  black  hdirs  also  varies  greatly,  being 
sometimes  so  abundant  as  to  give  a  decidedly  dusky  shade  to  the  whole 
dorsal  surface,  with  the  head  quite  blackish  and  the  tail  strongly  mixed  with 
black,  with  n  narrow,  partly  conceoled,  subterminal  l)ar  of  dusky  within  the 
terminal  white  area.  The  extremes  of  variation  in  color  thus  give  rise  to 
widely  diverse  phases,  but  a  large  series  presents  every  possible  stflge  of  inter- 
gradation  between  these  extremes.  The  lower  surtiice  varies  from  pale 
yellowish-white  to  bright  yellowish-brown  or  tawny. 

Although  occasionally  specimens  of  C  columbianvs  are  met  with  that 
present  almost  exactly  the  shade  of  coloration  sometimes  seen  in  C.  tudovki- 
antu,  as  a  rule  the  two  species  are  readily  distinguishable  by  coloration  alone. 

In  C.  xolumbianus,  the  general  color  above  is  yelhwUh-hTovin  rather  than 
reddith-htovin,  with  a  greater  admixture  of  blackish.  C.  columhianm  also 
averages  considerably  smaller  (nearly  two  inches  shorter  in  head  and  body 
length),  and  has  relatively  a  very  much  shorter  and  differently  colored  tail, 
it  being  only  about  one-half  as  long  as  in  C.  ludovkianun. 

As  already  stated,  this  species,  like  the  preceding,  was  first  discovered 
by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  was  first  named  by  Ord,  in  1815,  from  the  descrip- 
tion of  it  given  in  the  "Biddle-Allen"  narrative  of  their  journey.  Kafinesqne, 
two  years  later,  founded  his  genus  Aniaonijx  on  a  misinterpretation  of  Lewis 
and  Clarke's  description,  and  renamed  the  species  Anisonyx  hrachiura.  Ord's 
prior  name  was  either  overlooke<l  or  ignored  by  subsequent  authors  (Harlan, 
Richardson,  and  several  fo<-eign  compilers),  who,  howevec,  while  adopting 
Rnfinesque's  specific  appellation,  referred  the  species  to  Arctomys.  Their 
accounts  are  either  simply  a  quotation  of,  or  a  compilation  from,  Lewis  and 
Clarke's  description.  Audubon  and  Bachman,  in  1853,  renamed  the  species 
Arctomys  lewiai,  basing  their  description  on  a  specimen  in  the  liluseum  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London  labelled  "Arctomys  hrachyurat  Harlan",  and 
said  to  have  come  from  the  Plains  of  the  Columbia.  Autlubon  and  Bachnmn 
found,  as  they  thouglit,  sufficient  discrepancies  between  the  specimen 
described  by  them  and  Lewis  and  Clarke's  de°Ciiption  to  warrant  them  in 


yo4 


MONOGUAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Ml 


cunsitlei'iiig  tlic  latter  as  probably  referable  "to  some  species  of  Spcmiopiiilc — 
probably  Sjientwpliiluit  fownxendi".  Tliey  were  led  to  this  belief  by  iiiuliiig 
that  Lewis  aiwl  Clarke  "refer  to  an  animal  whose  whole  contour  rcscml)les 
that  of  the  S(|uirrel,  the  thumbs  being  remarkably  short  un<l  equipped  with 
blunt  nails,  and  the  hair  of  the  tail  thickly  inserted  on  the  sides  only,  which 
gives  it  a  flat  a])peurancc,  whereas  the  animal  of  this  article  [Arctomys  ieicisi] 
<loc8  not  resemble  a  squirrel  in  its  whole  contour ;  its  thumbs,  instead  of  being 
remarkably  short  and  equipped  with  blunt  nails,  have  long  nails  nearly  the 
length  of  those  on  the  other  toes,  and  the  tail,  instead  of  being  flat  with  the 
hairs  inserted  on  tiie  sides,  is  quite  round.  It  differs  also  so  widely  in  sevend 
other  particulars  that  wc  deem  it  unnecessary  to  institute  a  more  minute  com- 
parison."* Amlubon  ttn«l  Uachman  were,  however,  misled  in  regard  to  the 
character  of  the  tail,  which  is  not  "quite  round",  but  has  "a  flat  appcamnce, 
and  a  long  oval  form",  as  described  by  Lewis  and  Clarke.  They  liave,  in 
other  particulars,  evidently  placed  a  forced  construction  uj^n  Lewis  and 
Clarke's  description. 

As  the  whole  synonymy  of  the  species  turns  u|H)n  Lewis  and  Clarke's 
description,  I  quote  it  in  full.  "There  is  also  a  epecies  of  squirrel",  say  these 
authors,  "evidently  distinct  [from  those  they  had  just  described],  which  we 
have  denominated  the  burmwing  squirrel.  He  inhabits  these  plains  [of  the 
Columbia],  and  somewhat  resembles  those  found  on  the  Missouri;!  he  meas- 
ures one  foot  and  five  inches  in  length,  of  which  the  tail  comprises  two  and  a 
half  inches  only :  the  neck  and  logs  are  short ;  the  ears  are  likewise  short, 
obtusely  pointed,  and  lie  close  to  the  head,  and  the  aperture  larger  than  will 
generally  be  found  among  burrowing  animals.  The  eyes  are  of  a  moderate 
size,  the  pupil  black,  and  the  iris  of  a  dark  sooty  brown :  the  whiskers  arc 
full,  long,  and  black :  the  teeth,  and,  indeed,  the  whole  contour,  resemble 
those  of  the  squirrel :  each  foot  has  five  toes ;  the  two  inner  ones  of  the  fore 
feet  [meaning,  evidently,  the  inner  toe  of  each  foot]  are  remarkably  short,  and 
are  equipped  with  blunt  nails:  the  remaining  toes  on  the  front  feet  are  long, 
black,  slightly  curved,  and  sharply  (Mjinted :  the  hair  of  the  tail  is  thickly 
inserted  on  the  sides  only,  which  gives  it  a  flat  appearance,  and  a  long  oval 
form :  the  tii)8  of  the  hair  forming  the  outer  edges  of  the  tail  are  white,  the 
other  extremity  of  a  fox  red:  the  under  part  of  the  tail  resembles  an  iron 

•  Quad.  N.  Amur,  hi,  p.  34. 

t  Their  "  Barlting  8<iuirrel",  =  Cf»omf  liulovieUmu*. 


SOIURID^.— C1YNOMY8  COLUMIUAND8. 


905 


gray  ;  llic  u|)|)er  is  of  a  reddish  brown  :  the  lower  part  of  the  jaws,  tliu  uiuler 
]mrt  of'  I  ho  nech,  legs  and  feet,  fn»in  the  body  and  belly  downwards,  are  of  a 
light  briek-red  :  the  nose  and  eyes  are  of  a  darker  sha<le,  of  tiu;  same  culonr : 
the  upper  part  of  the  head,  neck,  and  bo<ly  are  of  a  curious  brown  gray,  with 
a  slight  tingo  of  brick  red:  (he  longer  iinirs  of  these  parts  are  of  a  re<ldish 
white  color  at  their  extremities,  and  falling  together  give  this  aninml  a  s|)eckled 
np|)carancc.  These  animals  t()rm  in  large  companies,  like  those  on  (he  Mis- 
souri, occupying  with  their  burrows  sometimes  two  hundred  acres  of  land: 
the  burrows  are  separate,  and  each  possesses,  perhaps,  fen  or  twelve  of  these 
inhabitants.  There  is  a  little  mound  in  front  of  the  hole,  formed  of  the  (;arth 
thrown  out  of  the  burrow,  and  frequently  there  arc  three  or  four  distinct  holes, 
forming  one  burrow,  with  these  entrances  around  the  base  of  these  little 
mounds.  These  mounds,  sometimes  ai)out  two  feet  in  height  and  lour  in 
diameter,  are  occupied  as  watch-towers  by  the  inhabitants  of  these  little  com- 
munities. The  squirrels,  one  or  more,  are  irregularly  distributed  on  the  tract 
they  thus  ocupy,  at  the  distance  of  ten,  twenty,  or  sometimes  from  tliirty  to 
forty  yards.  When  any  one  approaches,  they  make  a  shrill  whistling  sound, 
somewhat  resembling  ttccet,  tweet,  ttceet,  the  signal  for  their  party  to  take  the 
alarm,  and  to  retire  into  their  inlrenchments.  They  feeu  on  the  roots  of 
grass,  &c."* 

In  this  account,  there  is  uothing  respecting  the  cxteinal  features  of  the 
animal  that  is  not  strictly  applicable  to  the  present  species,  as  illustrated  by 
the  large  suite  of  specimens  before  me,  though  the  color  of  neither  the  dorsal 
or  ventral  surface  is  quite  so  red  as  one  would  naturally  infer  from  their 
description  of  it.t  Many  specimens  are,  however,  decidedly  reddish  above 
and  rusty-yellow  below,  which  is  the  "light  brick  red"  of  the  above  account. 
There  is  certainly  a  "slight  tinge  of  brick  red"  in  the  coloration  of  the  upjier 
surface.  The  description  of  the  feet,  so  far  as  it  goes,  is  strictly  correct,  the 
inner  toe.  of  the  fore  feet  being  "  remarkably  short"  as  compared  with  the 
other  toes,  and  equipped  with  a  "blunt  nail",  not  a  "long  nail,  nearly  the 
length  of  those  of  the  other  toes",  as  stated  by  Audubon  and  Bachman,  but 
still  much  longer  than  in  the  true  Spermuphiles  and  Squirrels,  as  is  also  the 

*  Lewii  and  Clarke'it  Travels,  Ut  Amer.  ed.  vol.  ii,  pp.  173, 174. 

t  In  mpeot  to  ttieir  aoooant  of  lh«  color  of  this  nnimnl,  it  nuiy  be  noted  that  tbry  deMrlbe  tbetr 
"  Barking  Sqnirrel "  of  tlie  plaioH  of  tbo  Upper  Mimiouri  nil  lieing  of  " a  nnifunu  bright  brick-red  and 
gray",  the  former  predominating,  with  the  lower  parte  lighter,  iudicating  that  the  redneaa  It  much 
stronger  in  the  HlMwuri  animal,  a«  it  really  ii. 


MMI 


-    HI'' 

JH.  .'.   » 


H  ''I 


:!  Vl 


|i! 


1  \l 

l\ 

W   ii 


1 

! 

i' 

1 

i\ 

i 

1'- 

1 

1  ; 

I       -'   - 

^ 

i 

i 

i 

fir 

1 

mi 

Ui 

906 


MONOGH  \PIia  OP  NOBTU  AMBBIOAN  BODENTIA. 


lliunih.  Lfiwix  mill  Clarke's  nccoiiiit  of  their  inotlo  uf  living  in  communities, 
of  tliu  cliiirii(;t(;r  of  tlicir  Itiirrows,  tind  of  tlicir  lial>its,  is  trulliful  in  all  itH 
details,  as  I  can  alKriii  rniiii  piTsonal  obaorvation.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
is  nothing  in  the  account  of  tlie  external  clmractcrs  of  these  animals  that  very 
strongly  recalls  Spermnpliilus  (ownsendi,  while  the  fize  and  the  relative  leugth 
of  the  tail  at  once  show  the  ini|>o8siiiility  of  referring  the  "liurrowing 
Sijuirrol"  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  :«  the  Spermophiliu  totptisemli  of  Auduimn  ontl 
liachman. 

In  1855,  Professor  Ihiird  gave  to  this  species  the  name  gunnLwni,  based 
on  a  single  specimen  collected  l>y  Mr.  Kreutzfeldt,  in  the  Cooachito|tc  Pass, 
Rocky  I^Iountaiiis.  In  1H57,  in  redescribing  the  species  in  his  Mammals  of 
North  America,  he  very  donbtl'ully  referred  the  Burrowing  Squirrel  of  Lewis 
and  Clarke,  together  with  the  systematic  names  based  thereon  by  Onl  and 
Uafinesrpie,  to  his  C.  gunnisoni,  but  noted  some  discrepancies  between  Lewis 
and  Clarke's  description  and  his  specimens,  of  wliich  he  had  at  this  time 
three, — the  original  one  from  Cooachitopc  Pass  and  one  each  from  Pole 
Creek  and  Medicine  Bow  Creek.  As  the  two  latter  differ  from  the  first,  he 
thought  it  possible  that  they  represented  two  species,  while  the  Arctomys 
kwini  of  Audubon  and  Bachman  he  deemed  might  form  a  third,  all  different 
from  C.  ludovicianus.  Later,  lie  thought  it  quite  possible  that  the  Arctomys 
lew'tsi  miglit  ]>rove  to  be  the  same  as  Lewis  and  Clarke's  animal,  explaining 
how"  some  of  the  discrepancies  between  the  accounts  given  by  Lewis  and 
Clarke  and  by  Audul)un  and  Bachman  might  be  presumably  explained.  On 
tlu;  whole,  ho  was  inclined  to  ctmsider  "  the  Arc/omyx  lewisi  rather  as  a 
Cynomys  [than  an  Arctomys],  and  quite  jiossiiily  the  some  with  the  Burrowing 
Sipiirrcl  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  called  Arctomys  columhianus  by  Ord,  and 
Aiiixonyx  brtKhyurn  by  Rafincsque". 

The  large  numiier  of  specimens  since  received  renders  unquestionable 
the  reference  of  all  these  names  to  the  Burrowing  Scpiirrel  of  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  for  which  the  name  columbianus  of  Ord  becomes  (he  only  tenable 
s])eciiic  designation. 

This  species,  as  already  sUited,  was  first  n)et  with  on  the  Plains  of  the 
Columbia  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  in  1806.  As  shown  by  the  subjoined  list 
of  specimens,  it  has  been  since  met  with  on  the  Ogden  River  and  about  Fort 
Bridger  in  Northern  Utah,  and  as  far  eastward  as  the  Medicine  Bow  and 
Wind  River  Mountains.     Further  southward,  it  ranges  throughout  the  Parks 


w 


SCIDUID^— CYN0MY8  COLUMUIANU8. 


dl)l 


()!'  Cciilnil  Colorailt),  uiiil  lias  been  met  with  nt  Fort  MuswiclniHctts,  New 
Mexico,  near  the  sources  of  (lie  ArkiinHns  (Co(mcliit()|ic  Push),  and  llic  8an 
Francitioo  MouiitainH  in  AriKonn.  Il  Iuik  uUo  Ijcumi  re|H)rte(i  liy  Drn.  Cones 
and  Yarrow  from  I'anriuilcii  Laito  and  Dog  Valley,  Middle  lltali.  1  Imve 
reason  to  believe  lliat  it  occurs  at  irregular  intervals  throngliout  the  Oreut 
Basin  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains.  I  have  seen  no  rcti-rencre  to  itM 
occurrence  to  the  eastward  of  the  eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
I  found  it,  in  1871,  in  South  Park,  at  an  elevation  of  about  10,000  fei^t, 
ond  thence  eastward  nearly  to  the  edge  of  the  Plains,  where  it  is  iniiiKiili- 
ately  replaced  by  C.  ludovicmnus  In  Colorado,  I  found  the  last  named 
common  on  the  plains  at  the  very  base  of  the  foot-hills  front  Colorado  City 
tu  Denver,  and  C.  coluinbinnus  common  at  all  favorable  points  from  South 
Park  eastward  to  the  base  of  Pike's  Peak.  It  differs  quite  notably  in  habits 
and  in  the  character  of  its  burrows  from  the  spe^:ies  ulthe  Plains,  il.s  l)urrows 
being  unprotected  by  a  raised  funnel-shaped  entrance,  so  characteristic  of 
those  of  the  latter.  The  best  account  of  its  habits  thus  far  published  is  con- 
tained in  the  short  notice  given  by  Lewis  an<l  Clarke,  already  quoted. 

Tadlk  CXXX. — Meatwnmtttit  of  eifhtait  tptcimmt  of  Cykomyh  columiiianus.* 


i 
i 

a 

i 

Loodlty. 

• 

i 

From  Up  of  noae  to— 

Tall  to  end 
of- 

Uoglhor- 

■s 

"1 

i 

i 

1 

ri 
g 

f 

1 

1 
1 

1 
n 

tm 

«1I0 

ma 
nn 
nil 
ni3 

VH 
«15 

97ia 
nn 

9718 

DPI 

ma 

»M 
985 
9M 

gtn 

988 
1011 
1019 
1013 
lOM 
I0J7 
1038 
I0» 
lOM 
1031 
1039 
10S3 

Sauth  Park,  Colo 

<f 

L90 
1.90 
1.19 
I.IS 
1.90 
1.90 
l.«0 

i.n 

1.3> 
1.97 
1.90 
1.90 

1.30 
1.90 
1,95 
1.30 
1.90 

9.00 
9.04 
9.00 
9.04 
L90 
9.90 
9.39 
L93 
&95 
&19 

aoj 

X.Vx 

<.0« 
9.90 
9.19 

a.9^ 

&19 

9.4.1 
9.49 
943 
9.39 
9.39 
9.  so 
9.60 
9.3S 
9.99 
ISO 
9.40 
9.19 

9.43 
9.90 
9.49 
9.95 
9.90 

9.19 

laoo 

g.70 
9.69 
0.90 
0.«5 
11.90 
8.40 

iai9 
laso 

10.00 
0.39 
8.13 

n.50 
laoo 

10. '.0 
11.  £0 
10.90 

9,00 
1.85 
9.10 
9.19 
1.10 
109 
l.M 
1,00 
9,99 
1,09 
9.00 
1.15 
9.00 

i.ao 

9.00 
1.80 

i.eo 

1.90 

9.45 
9.95 
»S3 

9.90 
9.00 
145 
9.50 
1.89 
9.89 
9.80 
9.90 
9.30 
9.  SO 
9,40 
9.90 
9.30 
9.10 
9.40 

i.eo 

1.01 
1.40 
1.60 
I  -0 
1.6V 
1.18 
1.49 
1.00 
1.93 
1.60 
1.43 
1.55 
I.  IS 
1.55 
I.9i 
1,69 
1.10 

9.19 
9.  SO 
3.89 
9.19 
9.00 
3.35 
3.90 
9.05 
V.19 
9.19 
9.30 
9.90 
9.(i7 
a  ,10 
9,95 
9.10 
3.90 
3.09 

...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
...<lo. 
..do. 
...do. 
..do. 
...do. 
..  do, 
...do, 
...do. 
...do. 
...do, 
...do. 
...da 
...do. 
..do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 1 

do 

do 

Rl  Vu»f?M|ntT  (<olo 

do      

..     do     

do 

do 

do 

.  .    do     

■■ 

....  do 

do  

do 

? 

do 

•  HoHORinenU  all  taken  by  myatlf  iu  Uio  fleld  Ihini  aimlmona  in  lli«  floah. 


:  -I 


m 


908 


MONOUUAPIIS  OF  NUUXn  AMBRIOAN  RODBNTIA. 


TaDlr  CXXXI.— AfMntrrmnd  tf  ten  ikulU  9}  CrNOMn  COLOMBumWi 


3a9J 

bViO 
l'J4 
VK> 
IM 

im 

IM 
■■J9 
WO 


Lscatltj. 


Fort  MaMwhmetta,  N.  Mel  . . . 

CtHHK  lirtope  Vwt* 

H«D  FraBclM-fiMountalUM,  Arli. 
Kl  raiMi  County,  Colo 


....da 
...  ilo. 
....do. 
....do  . 
....do. 


a.  1.1 

9.M 
9.33 
a.  40 
9.18 
9.33 
9.43 


1.09 
I.U 
1.50 
1.63 
1.07 
1.70 
1.70 
1.03 
1.75 
1.83 


0.») 
0.37 

0.99 
0.U) 
0.33 
0.34 
0.39 
033 
037 


0.73 

o.e» 

0  89 

0.83 
0.89 
0.89 
0.78 
0.1* 
000 


1 

» 

o.n 
0.99 
0.93 
o.« 

093 
0.93 

ago 

0  97 
093 
0  93 


0  40 
0  40 
038 

038 
0.40 
0.40 
0.40 
0  4U 
O40 


II 


0.7« 
0.98 

a  CO 

063 
0  63 
0.ri7 

a  67 

0.03 
0  67 
0.70 


1.93 
I.SS 
I.UI 
1.97 
1.93 
!.« 
1.88 
1.94 
1.97 
1.31 


040 
039 
0  34 


II 
I 


on) 

0.91 

un 


I 

I 

\i 
II 


ots 

0  66 

as3 

0.60 

oco 

0  9* 
0;ii< 

o.a« 
as7 
da 


i 


1.43 

L40 
1.40 
1.40 
1.96 
1.91 
I.M 
1.40 
I.M 
Lt7 


i 


an 
•.If 

dN 
OLit 
(.0 

•iM 
AM 
•.« 
CM 

an 


.1 


Tabi.k  CXXXII.— Aid  0/  tfnAnuM  acamiutd  of  Cynomyb  culumbiaxuii. 


•.r- 1 


^  L,.i 


■3 

3 

a 

3^ 

a 

1 
1 

i 

Loonllty. 

When 
■wllteted. 

From  wbom  »■ 
Mivad. 

Collected  by- 

•8 

1 

0719 
II7I3 
7714 
0713 
0716 
0717 
0718 
9710 
07S0 
0791 
3840 
4300 



404 
SI* 
96* 

370 
371 
973 
374 
375 
9W 

Bl«  8Md.v,  Wya  T 

Ayd«nRlTer,r.T 

Fort  Bridgir.U.T 

do 

Sept  7.1870 
Sept   8,1870 
8«pt97,1870 
Sept  97, 1870 
Sept  97, 1870 
Sept  97, 1870 
Srpt  97, 1870 
Srpt.  97. 1870 
Sept.  W,  1870 
Srpt  30, 1870 

Dr.F.r.BsydcD.. 

...do 

...do 

...do ,... 

do 

anSchmUt 

...  do   

Bkla. 
dn 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....4a 
....dft 

..dOL 

do 

do    

do 

....do 

..  do. 

do 

do 

...  do    

.  da. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

WlD'lIUTor  UouDtaioe  . 
do 

Sew  Urxlco 

...do 

...do 

...  di>   

...  do 

....d» 

...do 

...  do 

....tt. 

C.  Dreilnr  

....da 

Uay  18, 18C0 

Dr.F.V.Uljdon.. 

..  do 

Or.W.W.ABderMHi 
LtE.O.U«ik«illi. 
U.F.T.BryM.... 

...do 

....do     

Dr.F.V.H»ydMi. 
...do 

...da 
....da 

»4 

4301 
•Ml 

tioco 

30:0 

30i» 

J08e 

39M 

4aM 

079S 
11447 
11446 
1141* 
11430 
II43I 

163. 

3.<03 
330J 

Dr.W.W.  Andnmi 

C.KrauUfeMt 

W.8.Wood 

...  do 

....da 

BkiaaWskia 

Skis. 

BklnudikaU 

....da 

Croulietopo  Pus,  R.  Mid 

July  30, 1836 
July  93, 1837 
Jnly  93,  IS37 
July  97, 1837 
AUK.  13, 18Se 
Oct   90,189* 

Kcar  Mcdiolne  Ilow  MU 
do 

....do 

do 

do    

...do 

sua 
da 

Fort  Luranilu 

C.OreiIrr 

Dr.F.V.Hsydon.. 

....do 

.do 

C.Ureiler 

W4 

Bed  BuUea  or  PItile 

Colorado 

do 

Dr.F.T.Bsydw.. 

J.H.BMty 

...  do    

...da 
...da 

...da 

.... 

df)    

.  .do   .         .    . 

..  do    

....da 

do 

do 

...   do     

....da 

do    

..do 

...  do      

....da 

do 

■In  . 

.   .  do    

....da 

1 

*  Ortgfuul  tjrpA  of  "C.  fpinnitoni." 


i  "  C.  gmnnUoni.*' 


U'i- 


SCIURIDiF.— ARCTOMY8. 


1»00 


Tablk  CXXXII.— IIjI  a/  •prWuinit  ejtaiitird  0/  C'YNOMva  cni.UMOlAMis— Contlnii«l. 


II4IH 

liui 

IMM 
II4U 
II4M 
IIWT 
1I4M 
liaM 
11603 
lIMt 


tnm 


mj8 
not 
mo 
sToa 
mi 
m< 
mil 
mt 

S7I9 
«TI« 

tnif4 

(718 


SIN 
■590 


4 

Jl 


3*33 


THW 


1 


on 

DM 
KS 
»M 
K7 

s«e 

1011 

loia 

1013 
lOM 

ion 
ion 
low 

1030 
1031 

io::t 

1033 


LOMlIt}. 


Colomlo.. 

da... 

do... 

do.., 


....  do 

do 

Tirln  L*lira,Colo.. 

do 

do 

Fort  I^ncbADftn  — 
Boutb  Pwk.Colo  .. 


do 

do 

do 

....do 

....do 

do 

El  Paw  Coonty,  Colo  . 
do 


.do. 


.do. 
..do. 


do 

do 

Fort  MoHuchoMtll,  N.  M 

do 

8«n  Frauolioo  MU.,  Aril. 


Wlirn 
coIImimI. 


An(.  -,  1873 
Aug.— ,  l»73 
Aug.  — ,  1873 
July  4.1873 
July  -,  1671 


July  - 
Jaly  - 
July  - 
July  ■ 
Jnly  - 
July. 
July  ■ 
July. 
Jnly  - 
July  - 
July  . 
July  . 
Jnly  . 
Jnly 
July  ■ 
July  ■ 
July  - 


,1871 
,11171 
,1871 
,,1871 
,,1871 
.,1871 
-,1871 
-,1871 
-,1871 
-,1871 
.,  1871 
,1871 
,  U7I 
,1871 
,1871 
-,  Ip71 
,1871 


From  «hum  ro- 
crlvi'd. 


Dr.  r.T.IIiydan. 


do. 

..do. 


...do 

LtO.U.TVbM>lgr 

..do 

..  do 

..do 

Booky  Ut  Bipod 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

..do 

..  do 

..  do 

LUF.T.Bryu  ... 
Ur.D. cretin  . 
Dr.E.CoaH 


CollMlad  by— 


J.aitaUf 

..  do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

...do 

..do 

Dr.  J.  T.  Ilolbrmk. 
...  do 

...do 

...do 

AUon.  BeDoett,luid 

BllM. 

.  ilo 

..do 

..do 


do. 
Alcoholic. 
HUn. 
....do, 
...do. 
Hklu  «u.l  akull. 


do. 
..do. 

.do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.  do. 
..do. 


...do 

...do  

...do 

...do 

...do 

W.8.Waod 

Dr.  D.C.PcUira... 
Dr.ILCoau 


ikin. 
do, 
da 
•lu. 
da 


.  da 
..da 
..du 


...da 
..da 
...da 
..da 
..da 
..da 
...da 
...da 
...da 
...da 
..da 
...  da 
..  da 
8kull. 
Bkln. 
BtlnudaknU. 


Genus  ARCTOMYS  Schreber. 

JTm  LiNNJiDS  (in  I  trt). 

OUi  Erxi.kiikn,  S)8t.  ]{•  g.  Anlm.  1777,  3r>8  (in  pirt). 

Hum  toporoii  PaIXAs,  Nov.  8|iec.  Glirea,  1776,  74  (exolnding  liia  Uvt  eUillM). 
Arelomy  ScilitEliKli,  8iiDg«t.  iv,  17!hi*  [prior  to  17ti8],  nO  (in  pnrt ;  includes  alao  SptrmopMliit). 
Arctam>ii  F.  Cu viKR,  Dt'utH  lies  Maui.  It$!i&,  luO,  854,  pi.  liv  (based  00  "  Ardomyi  atpitnu  Linn."  and  "  Are- 
Umf  empeira  Pull.").t 

*  "Tbt-it  IV  "  of  SvkrulHi's  Suiigolliieie  bears  (he  dato  •■  1792 ",  itblch  is  probably  tbe  dato  of  tbe 
completiuu  of  Ibo  purl,  and  not  of  lb«  piiblitatiun  of  Ihn  earlier  fnscicali.  Onielin  quotes  Bcbrelwr  in 
bis  Hystema  Natarn,  wbiob  bears  tlio  date  17riH,  and  credits  Scbreber  witb  tbe  genus  /frofomyi.  Ou  tbe 
otber  band,  Schreber  flret  quotes  Omeliu's  work  under  Hgrax,  near  the  end  of  Tbeil  IV,  and  two  hundred 
pages  beyond  Arvtmni,'.  Tbe  publication  of  Aretomi))  by  Schreber  must  have  been  us  early  as  1788,  and 
may  have  been  several  yesra  prior  to  Ibis  datn.  Tbe  description  of  Arclomj/t  occnra  near  the  end  of  the 
first  third  of  Tbeil  IV.    The  date  on  the  title  poge  of  Tbeil  III  is  177D. 

t  M.  F.  Cnvier  says,  at  tbe  end  of  bis  description  of  the  dentition  of  Anlow>y§,—"  Ces  dents  ont  6ti 
dferites  d'aprds  la  marmotle  des  Alpes,  et  d'npr^ll  l'emp<tra  de  Pallas."    In  his  "Table  ni<lbo<1iqne  drs 


910 


MONOORAIMia  OF  NOIITII  AMBltlCAN  IJODENTIA. 


m~ 


m 


k       ;l 


•iliiSi 


H 


K  "Si  u 


'ir  !;! 


(fGNKRic  ciiAKH. — Rkiill  willi  tlic  (lurtuil  outliiic  nonrly  stniiglit;  iVuntal 
region  Hat  or  licprrssiiil ;  |)UHtorl)ilals  triangular  at  base,  with  a  lung,  Hprend- 
ing,  (lociirvi-d  point;  zygomatic  archer  mudiTatoly  nxpandoti,  not  \vi(l(>ning 
an<l  diverging  posteriorly ;  grinding-teeth  rather  small,  the  transverse  and 
untero-posterior  diameters  altont  equal,  and  the  molar  scries  very  nearly 
parallel*,  occipital  and  interparietjil  crests  well  devel  ihmI  (in  old  nge) ;  ante- 
orbital  foramina  subtrinngular,  widest  beluw,  but  nut  tnruwn  outward.  Size 
largo;  body  thick-set,  broad,  depressed ;  cheek-pouches  small;  tail  rather 
short,  bushy,  not  llattened  ;  ears  small ;  nail  of  |M)IIcx  broad,  flat,  or  wanting ; 
pelage  with  long  coarse  hairs  and  thick  under  fur.  Coluratiun  generally  ycl- 
luwish-gray,  without  either  distinct  spots  or  stripes. 

The  gt'uus  Arctomijx  differs  from  Cynoinyx  in  many  quite  import.ml 
features.  In  Aiclomyit,  the  dorsal  outline  of  the  skull  is  straight,  or  nearly 
so,  instead  of  highly  arched,  ns  in  Cynoiin/n;  the  zygomatic  arches  arc  rela- 
tively smaller,  and  reach  their  greatest  expansion  near  the  middle  instead  uf 
at  their  posterior  border;  the  grinding-teeth  are  small,  in  nearly  porallel  series, 
nnd  differ  widely  from  those  of  Cynomys  in  shape  and  in  mode  uf  inseitiun. 
In  Arctomys,  the  molars  are  inscrte<l  nearly  vertically,  as  in  the  true  Squirrel.i; 
in  Cynomyn,  their  insertiun  is  quite  obli((UP.  In  Aiclomyn,  the  triturating 
surface  of  the  crowns  is  nearly  square,  but  the  inner  burder  is  somewhat 
narrowed,  so  that  tiie  teeth  of  the  same  series  touch  each  other  by  their 
crown  surfaces  for  only  two-thirds  of  their  transverse  breadth ;  in  Cynomys, 
the  transverse  breadth  of  the  crowns  is  twice  that  of  the  onlero-j^iosterior, 
and  internally  the  teeth  are  so  much  narrowed  that  they  abut  clof;ely  fur  only 
half  their  transverse  breadth,  leaving  internally  deep  openings  between  the 
teeth.  In  Arctomys,  the  p.iliite  is  bruad  and  scarcely  narrower  at  the  last 
molnr  tlian  anteriorly,  while  in  Cynoinyn  the  palate  is  rapidly  and  greatly 
narrowed  posteriorly.  Ilcncc  Arctomys  «liffers  very  widely  from  Cynomyn  in 
respect  to  the  size,  form,  and  position  of  the  molar  teetli  ond  the  form  of  the 
bony  palate..   In  all  these  points,  Arctomys  is  more  Sciurine  than  is  even 

onltes,  genree  ut  caiidcea  qui  aoiit  iioinniiSa  dans  cetouvruge  [DoDtii  d«a  Hnnimiftres],  avvc  une  Byno- 
nymio  latino",  occurs  thu  fulloniug:— 

"&4.  Mamiottea,  orctomya.    Oiuel. 

"  Murmoitu  dcs  AI|H'8,  Arctomyi  alpimis.    Lion. 
"  Marniotte  dii  Canuda,  Arctomjit  cmpelro.    I'all." 
Wbnt  be  means  by  "  Arvtomyi  tmpvira  I'uU."  is  crrtiiiiily  not  clear,  s.nve  no  ori||iual  dcBCTi|itiou  of 
Palla«'K  tmi>rlra  biul  at  tbiH  datu  (IH'.fi'i)  uppuared,  vxcrpt  l'ullu8'i>urti(lnul  account  of  bit  MuiemiHstra. 
Babinu'H  Aniomya  rt»i>ctra  (IS'2'i)  is  Are-omyt  movaz.    \l  Cuvirr  ba<t  s|)«cini«ns  of  tbe  "Marniottu  da 
Cunudu',  bia  "  Arvlomyt  rm^fra  I'hII.''  in  doubtless  also  icferublu  to  A.  m/iiajc. 


sS;p 


BCniRIDi^— AHCTOMYH  MONAX. 


OH 


Sjiermop/iilun,  difl'oriiig  Rcnrccly  morn  tVoiii  Sciurun  tlinn  do  llic  OIohixtiiui- 
pliiline  forms  of  Spcrmophilux.  On  IIk;  other  Imiiil,  it  is  in  tlicso  fniturcs 
that  Cynoinys  is  lii>,'lily  8|H,'(;ialize(l.  Tlio  skull  of  AirtowyK,  vicwcrt  in  its 
totality,  (liiTeri:)  from  the  Sciiirine  forms  of  Sperwo/ihi/us  mainly  in  its  very 
much  larger  size,  nn<l  in  its  much  strnightcr  tlorsal  outlino.  This,  in  part, 
results  from  the  (lc|»re8sion  of  the  interorhitnl  region,  nnil  in  part  from  the 
great  development  of  the  occipital  crests,  naturally  correlating  witli  the  large! 
size  and  heavier  form  of  tiio  animal.  The  triturating  sirtiice  of  the  molar 
teeth  in  Arclomy$  presents  two  deep  transverse  grooves,  extending  from  the 
outer  edge  to  the  middle  of  the  tooth,  instead  of  three,  as  in  Ci/nonn/x, 
agreeing  in  this  respect  with  Spermophilux,  Tamias,  and  Sciurm.  'J'he  first 
upper  premolar  is  relatively  not  larger  than  it  usually  is  in  Spernuqihiliig,  and 
is  smaller,  absolutely  as  well  as  relatively,  than  in  Cynomyx. 

The  genus  Arcfomyn  omhraces  the  largest  members  of  the  Sciurida", 
and,  excepting  Castor,  the  largest  of  the  existing  North  American  liodentia. 
The  group  is  represented  throughout  the  northern  and  middle  portions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  and  is  not  found  elsewhere.  In  the  present  paper, 
three  species  are  provisionally  recognized  as  North  American  and  as  distinct 
from  their  nearest  Old  World  allies. 


ARCT0MY8  MONAX  (Linn.)  Schreber. 
Woodcbuck. 

ilut  nOMU  LiNNiEUS,  Syst.  Nat.  lUlli  e<l. !,  17fiS,  i'fi;  lath  ed,  i,  SI  (bailed  wboll;  on  Edwnrdb'a  drscrip- 
tion  and  flcnm  of  a  upcciuipu  from  Marylaud).— Pallas,  Nov.  Bpec.  Ulires,  1778  (iu  part 
on);).— BoDDJiitT,  "  Elench.  Anini.  i,  17S4,  105." 

OUt  monax  Erxlkiikn,  Syiit.  Auini.  1777,  361  (in  part  only). 

Arclomft  moiiaz  Sciiredkii,  SUugut.  iv,  7;i7.— Shaw,  Gon.  Zoul.  ii,  IfiOS,  117.— F.  Cuvieb,  Diet,  dra  Sci. 
.  N»t.  ixlx,  \»£\,  168.— Wakdrn,  Desorip.  den  fitats-Unis,  v,  l?aO,  627.— Dksmakkbt,  Nonv. 
Diet.  d'Hiat.  Nat.  xix,  ItJlS,  :IU ;  Mam.  1832,  :)28  (in  part  only).— Sahink,  Truna.  Liun.  Sue. 
xiii,  1888,  588.-HAIILAN,  Faun.  Amer.  lH2r>,  158.— Godman,  Amor.  Nat.  Hi»t.  il,  182ti,  100.— 
I.  Oeo-  .  Diet.  Clow.  d'Hiiit.  Nat.  x,^  1887,  186.— HAMir.TUN-SMiTii,  Griflltb'H  Cuvier'H 

An.  K  1887, 170  (with  plate);  v,  1887,  244.— Richardson,  Fann.  Bor.-Amcr.  i,  1829, 

163  (compiled,  chiefly  from  Godman).- Fischkh,  Syuop.  Mnm.  1889,  :t48.— Emmons,  Q<">d. 
Haaa.  1840, 64.— Dk  Kay,  New  York  Zooi.  i,  1848, 6-t,  pi.  ■  ri,  Bg.  4.— Thompson,  Nt.  \l\»U 
*  Vmmont,  1848,  44.— Waoneii,  Snppl.  Sobreber'a  8Un|{et.   iii,  1843,  8,''ig  (in  part).— SciilK/., 

8yn.  Mam.  Ii,  184r>,  61.— Auduiion  &  Baciimak,  Quad.  N.  Amur,  i,  1849, 17,  pi.  ii.— Gikbet., 
Siiaget.  I8u.'>,6-iU(in  purt  nuly  ,  includes  all  tho  American  species).— Krnnicott,  Trans.  III. 
State  Agr.  Soo.  i,  18c5,  aO;  U.  8.  Pat.  OIT.  Rip.  Agr.  18E6  (16C7),  88,  pi.  x.— llAiKD.Mam. 
N.  Amer.  I857,3;«),pl.  !.lix,  Sg.  1  (kkull).—TllOMA8,  Trims.  111.  Stale  Agr.  Soc.  iv,  1860,657.— 
Ross,  Eilinh.  New  Phil.  Jouru.  xiii,  1861, 168;  Ciinnd.  Nnt.  and  Gcol.  1861,  434 ;  Nat.  Hist. 
Ruv.  1868,  874. — Maximilian,  Arch,  f  Naturgcsch.  1861,  9:1. — Ali,kn,  Bull.  Mns.  Cump.  Kool. 
i,  1669, 380  (Massachusetts) ;  Pruc.  Bost.  See.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1870, 190  (Iowa);  xvi,  1874, 
294.— Copk;  Proe.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  xi,  1869,  173  (fossil;  bone-caves,  Virginio).— Gu.- 
.  pin;  Proo.  and  Trans.  Novn  Scotia  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.  ii,  pt  iii,  1870, 16.— Adams,  Field  and  For- 
est Rambles,  1873,  100,  896  (New  Brunswick). 


<■ 


ta.  a    -i 


i;«:! 


912 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


Miu  (Arvlomyii)  wonax  Ham..  Can.  Nat.  nnil  Geol.  18C0,  303. 

Gli8  caiiailciiaiii  UitM.KiiK.v,  Synt.  Aniiii.  17*7,  363  (in  pnit  only;  =Qnebeo  Marmot,  Pennant -fQnebeo 

Miirniot,  Kumtur). 
Miu  empetra  l'.\UJ^»,  Nuv.  8|iuc.  Glires,  1T78,  74  ^  =  Arclonlj|»  parrjii  Ricbard8on,  czceptiuK  irferonee  to 

Pennant's  Qiiukvo  Murniot).— BoDD^EitT.  "  Elenrb.  Anim,  i,  1784, 106." 
Arctomyi  empeira  S.vniNE,  Trans.  Iiinn.  Sue.  xiii,  \8i'i,  &K4  (ibe  ileHcriptlon  uuly ;  not  the  »yDonyiuy  ;  nut 

Mat  empcira  Pullus,  nor  tbo  Arclomyi  empetra  Scbreber,  Omelin,  and  previons  antUoni  Henoi- 
-     '  ally);  T  rraukliu'ii  Joiirn.  mS:>,  G6S.— Harlan,  Fuun.  Amer.  1833, 160  (in  Bmull  part  only; 

=  emjietraot  Pulliis,  Qmolin, etc.).— Richardson,  Parry's  Voy.  App.  1823, 315;  Faun.  Dur-Am. 

i,  lHv!9,  147,  pi.  ix  {=  empeira  Sabine,  and  bence  mainly  A.  moHox). — Fischer,  Synop,  Mam. 

1829, 343  (In  ]>art  only).-ScHlNZ,  Syn.  Mum.  ii,  1845,  61  (in  part  only).— Gray,  "  Knowslcj'a 

Menag.  184U,  pi.  vii." 
Mua  (drctomgi)  empeira  H.\u.,  Cuu.  Nat.  and  Oeol.  1860, 302. 
Aretamyt  melanopue  KuilL,  nuitrii;p,  IHSU,  64  (Canada). 

Arclomya  empeira,  0  mtlanopua  Fisciikr,  Syn.  Mam.  1829,  343  ( —  mrfanopM*  Kuhl). 
Arctomy  marmota  camuleuBu  KvuL,  Uuitriigo,  1820,  64  (Canada). 
t  Stereodcclee  lorlue  Copk,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Pbila.  H69,  3  ;  Proo.  Amer.  Pbil.  Soo.  Pbila.  18C9, 172,  pi. 

ill  (fuiuiil ;  bono-cavesi,  Virginia;  probably  baaed  on  an  abnormal  inciiior  of  Arettmut  manax). 

"1  Arelomyt "  Leidy,  Jimrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Pbila.  vii,  180U,  404  (=z Stereodtein  torltu  Cope). 

Le  Siffleur,  La  IIontan,  Voy.  duns  I'Amdr.  I,  17U:),  233. 

Moaax,  CATK,snY,  Nat.  Hist.  Car.  App.  174.!,  xxviil. 

Moiiax  or  ifarmotle  of  America,  Et>WARDa,  Birds,  ii,  1745,  104,  pi.  civ  (specimen  {rom  Maryland). 

Glia  marmolla,  amtricaiiuii,  Klkin,  Qua<'.  1751,  56. — Biiisao.v,  Reg.  Anim.  1756,  164. 

La  Marmollc  il'Amirique,  Brisso.s,  1.  o. 

MarytuHd  Marmot,  1'knnant,  Syn.  Quad.  1771, 270 ;  Arctic  Zoul.  i,  1784,  111 ;  ib.  id  ed.  1792,  li28  (in  part 

only ;  mixed  with  a  species  of  Capromyi 
t  Quebec  Marmot,  Pennant,  I.  c.  (probably  A.morMX,. 
Monax  gris,  F.  Cuvikr,  Kist.  des  Mam.  livr.  xxxvii,  1822. 
Woodchuck,  Ground-hog,  vnlgo. 

Specific  chars. — Length  to  base  of  tail  14.50,  varying  from  13.00  to 
15.50 ;  of  tail-vertebrae  about  4.50 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  hairs  about  6.76.  Color 
above  generally  mixed  fulvous,  brownish-black,  and  gray ;  below,  yellowish- 
rufous,  Mirying  to  brownish-rufoua.  Top  of  head,  upper  surface  of  all  Iho 
feet,  and  the  tail  usually  black  or  brownish-black ;  nose  and  ch'n  gray ;  sides 
of  the  head  (below  the  eyes)  and  throat  yellowish-white ;  fore  limbs  nntj 
region  all  round  their  insertion  usually  lively  rust-red.  Varies  to  wliolly 
brownish-black,  varied  slightly  with  pure  gray  or  rusty-gray,  and  even  to 
nearly  uniform  intense  black.  The  ears  are  largo,  rounded,  thinly  haired, 
generally  gray,  but  varying  in  the  darker  specimtms  to  brownish-gray,  passing 
into  black  at  their  extremities.  Tail  full,  round,  and  bushy,  with  the  liuirs 
generally  considerably  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  head  and  body. 

Specimens  from  the  same  locality  vary  greatly  in  color,  the  gray  of  the 
upper  parts  varying  from  whitish-gray  to  yellowish-gray,  the  black  from 
brownish-black  to  pure  black,  and  the  fulvous  from  pale  fulvous  to  yellowish. 
The  abundant  soft  under  fur  is  black  or  dusky  at  base,  then  fulvous,  passing 
into  l)rownisIi-fulvou8.  The  basal  dusky  zone  occupies  from  one-^hird  lo  two- 
thirds  (if  the  whole  length  of  the  under  fur,  the  remainder  being  fulvous,  the 


Jt 


SOIDRID^— AU0TOMY8  MONAX. 


913 


proportions  of  the  tvvo  colors  greatly  varying  in  diflcreiit  specimens,  and  prob- 
ably in  the  same  individual  at  different  seasons.  The  long,  coarser,  overlying 
hairs  are  colored  basally  like  the  under  fur;  the  portion  of  the  hiirs  project 
ing  beyond  the  under  fur  is  thicker  than  the  basal  portion,  generally  intense 
black,  with  the  tips  clear  white,  grayish-white,  or  yellowish-white.  The  mixed 
color  of  the  surface  results  from  the  fulvous  zone  being  more  or  less  visible 
through  the  gray  and  black  surface  tints.  The  ventral  surface  is  thinly 
haired,  and  generally  almost  without  under  fur.  The  hairs  are  here  two- 
colored,  being  bkck  basally,  with  the  terminal  half  fulvous  or  rufous.  The 
tail-hairs  are  generally  wholly  black  or  brownish-black  to  the  base,  with  gen- 
erally gray  tips,  and  sometimes  an  admixture  of  brownish.  The  anterior 
half  of  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  body  is  generally  much  grayer  than  the  pos- 
terior half,  the  gray  sometimes  forming  a  strongly  marked  gray  shoulder- 
mantle.  In  No.  1571,  from  Essex  County,  New  York,  the  middle  and  posterior 
part  of  the  back  is  black,  with  the  sides  of  the  shoulders  gray,  presenting 
nearly  the  pattern  of  coloration  seen  in  SpermophUus  grammurus  var.  heecheyi. 

In  the  Ip.rge  series  of  New  England  specimens  before  me  are  some  almost 
wholly  black  throughout,  with  the  sides  of  the  nose  and  chin  gray  and  the  long 
hairs  of  the  body  slightly  gray-tipped.  Others  are  brownish-black  and  more 
varied  with  gray;  others  still  are  strongly  brownish-black  posteriorly,  and  more 
varied  with  gray  anteriorly  and  on  the  sides.  In  some  that  present  the  usual 
or  more  general  phase  of  coloration,  the  top  of  the  head  is  deep  black ;  in 
others,  brownish-black ;  in  others  still,  it  is  scarcely  darker  than  the  rest  of 
the  dorsal  surface.  In  some,  the  under  fur  is  pale  whitish-fulvous ;  in  others, 
simply  fulvous,  varying  in  still  others  to  rusty-yellriw.  In  the  latter,  the  sides 
of  the  breast  and  the  region  surrounding  the  point  of  insertion  of  the  fore 
limbs  are  bright  reddish-chestnut,  and  the  whole  lower  surface  is  strongly 
ferrugineuus,  with  the  hairs  lighter-tipped  over  the  middle  of  the  belly.  In 
all  the  specimens,  the  feet  are  all  either  intense  black  or  deep  brownish-black. 
In  one  specimen,  from  Nelson's  River,  H.  B.  T.,  the  whole  ventral  surface  is 
bright  reddish-chestnut.  There  is  also  a  specimen  in  the  collection  from  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Territory  wholly  black. 

Young  specimens,  one-third  to  two-thirds  grown,  are  usually  much  ligliler 
colored  than  the  adults.  In  these,  the  under  fur  is  either  wholly  gray,  or  gray 
with  a  faint  tinge  of  pale  fulvous,  and  the  white  tips  of  the  hairs  are  much 
longer  than  in  older  specimens.  The  pelage  is  generally  thinner,  with  it 
peculiar  aspect  of  immaturity. 
68  M 


}  '  t 

m 


Mr' 


m 


§ 


!'■;■ 


Mi 


914 


MONOOKAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMEKIOAN  KODENTIA. 


It     it 


Arctomys  monnx  difTers  from  A.  Jlaviventer,  its  nearest  ally,  in  its  smaller 
size,  relatively  much  shorter  tail,  larger  ears,  an<l  quite  lUtfcrent  coloration. 
The  style  of  coloration  is  nearly  the  same  in  the  two  species,  both  being 
grizzled  above,  through  the  gray  tipping  of  the  hairs,  and  more  or  less  varied 
with  fulvous.  A.  Jlaviventer  is  characterized  by  a  more  golden  hue  and  by 
the  subterminal  bar  of  the  long  hairs  being  reddish-brown  instead  of  black. 
A.  monax  lacks  the  pule  yellow  color  of  the  buttocks  seen  in  A.  Jlaviventer, 
and  the  whitish-yellow  area  on  the  sides  of  the  neck.  The  feet  and  tail  are 
also  bluck  instead  of  yellow  or  yellowish-brown.  The  difTerence  in  size  is 
quite  marked,  A.  monax  averaging  about  three  inches  shorter  in  the  head  anil 
body  length,  while  the  tail  is  also  three  inches  shorter  than  that  of  A.  Jlavi- 
venter, and  hence  relatively  much  shorter.  Still  more  strongly  marked  difTer- 
cnces  are  seen  in  the  skulls.  In  A.  monax,  as  compared  with  A.  Jlaviventer, 
the  palate  is  broader,  the  molar  series  farther  apart  and  strictly  parallel,  the 
teeth  themselves  larger,  and  the  palatal  surface  smooth  ;  whereas  in  the  latter 
the  molar  series  are  slightly  convergent  posteriorly,  the  palatal  surface  is  nar- 
rower, absolutely  as  well  as  relatively,  with  a  rather  deep  groove  on  each  side, 
extending  usually  from  the  maxillo-intermaxillary  suture  to  the  last  premolar, 
and  sometimes  considerably  beyond  this  point;  the  posterior  nasal  opening 
is  also  narrower,  and  the  pterygoid  processes  more  convergent.  In  A.  vionux, 
the  skull  is  broader  in  j)roportion  to  its  length,  the  nasals  are  longer,  and  the 
frontals  extend  further  forward,  resulting  in  a  much  smaller  exposure  of  the 
maxillary  in  view  from  above.  The  anterior  face  of  the  zygomatic  process 
of  the  maxillary  is  also  much  narrower  than  in  A.  Jlaviventer.  As  compared 
with  A.  pruinosas,  all  the  differences,  both  cranial  and  external,  are  fur 
greater  than  between  A.  morax  and  A.  Jlaviventer,  rendering  a  detailed  com- 
parison unnecessary.  In  respect  to  size,  A.  pruinosus  must  be  an  animal  of 
twice  the  bulk  and  weight  of  A.  monax. 

As  may  be  inferred  from  the  foregoing  remarks,  A.  monax  presents  a 
wide  range  of  individual  variation  in  color.  It  also  varies  greatly  in  respect 
to  the  characters  of  the  skull,  particularly  in  respect  to  the  length  and  form 
of  the  nasal  bones,  and  the  breadth  and  posterior  extension  of  the  premaxil- 
laries.  When  the  nasals  are  greatly  narrowed  posteriorly,  the  intermaxillary 
becomes  proportionally  widened,  its  width  opposite  tlir  zygomatic  process  of 
the  maxillary  being  fully  twice  as  great  in  some  specimens  as  in  others.  Tlie 
adult  skull,  among  specimens  from  the  same  locality,  varies  in  length  from 


SCIURID^— .UtCTOMYS  MONAX. 


915 


about  3.20  to  3.60,  and  in  width  from  2.15  to  2.48.  Specimens  from  llie 
United  States  average  about  3.40  in  lengtli  of  skull,  and  rarely  exceed  3.50. 

The  habitat  of  Arctomys  monax  extends  from  the  Carolinas  northward 
to  Hudson's  Bay  and  Liard  River,  and  westward  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to 
Western  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota.  There  are  specimens  in  the  coiiec- 
tion  from  Nelson's  River,  H.  B.  T.,  James's  Bay,  Fort  Simpson,  Fort  Che- 
pewyan  (Athabasca  District),  Fort  Liard,  and  Peale's  River,  that  scarcely  differ 
from  specimens  from  New  York  and  New  England.  Some  of  them  are  rather 
more  rufous  than  the  usual  phase  met  with  in  the  United  States,  but  are  not 
apparently  otherwise  different.  According  to  Mr.  B.  R.  Ross,  it  ranges  north- 
ward to  latitude  62°.  He  speaks  of  obtaining  specimens  at  Lake  Athabasca 
and  Salt  River,  but  adds  that  he  thinks  its  range  does  not  extend  beyond  Fort 
Simpson.*  Audubon  and  Bachman  state  that  it  exists  sparingly  in  the  mount- 
ainous districts  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  but  add  that  it  is  not  found  in 
the  maritime  districts  of  either  of  those  States.f 

Although  the  present  species  has  very  few  synonyms,  technically  speak- 
ing, it  has  a  very  complicated  history.  The  specific  name  monax  was  first  given 
to  this  animal  in  1758  by  Linnaeus,  who  based  it  on  the  description  of  the 
"Monax,  or  Marmotte  of  America,''  of  Edwards,  whose  description  and  figure 
were  published  in  1747,  Edwards's  work  being  the  only  one  quoted  by  Linnaeus 
in  either  the  tenth  or  the  twelfth  edition  of  his  Systema  Naturae.  lidwards's 
figure  was  drawn  from  a  living  specimen  in  the  possession  of  Sir  Hans  Sioanc, 
brought  from  Maryland.  Thus  the  name  monax  is  unequivocally  applicable 
to  the  Marmot,  "Ground  Hog",  or  "Woodchuck"  of  the  Atlantic  States. 
Somewhat  before  this  date,  however,  Catesby,  in  his  Natural  History  of  Caro- 
lina (published  1731  to  1743),  described  and  figured  an  animal  called  by  him 
the  "Bahama  Coney";  in  the  appendix  of  the  same  work  he  described  the 
"Monax".  The  former  belongs  to  a  family  wholly  unrepresented  in  the 
United  States,  being  referable  to  some  species  of  Capromys;  perhaps  to  the 
C.  foumieri,  as  was  first  suggested  by  Audubon  and  Bachman.  The  latter  is 
the  common  Marmot  of  the  Atlantic  States,  the  Arctomys  monax  of  authors.^ 

*  H8.  notci  iu  Smitbaoniftn  iDntitution. 

t  Their  referanoe  to  iu  ooonrrvnoo  on  tlie  Upper  MiBNonri  aud  in  tbe  Rocky  MoontainB  to  Texas 
relates  of  course  to  A.  flavivmler. 

I  As  Catesby's  vague  »ud  uosatisractory  ilciiatlptionB  of  these  animals  have  an  important  historical 

bearing,  I  samoin  thoni  in  full :  — 

"CUMICULUS  nAIIAMKNSIS. 
"The  Bttkama  Coney. 
"  This  Creature  is  a  little  less  than  the  common  Wild  Rabbit,  and  of  a  brown  Colour,  with  a  Mix- 
ture of  gray  Hairs.    Its  Ears,  Feet  aud  Tnll  resemble  those  of  a  Bat,  in  othtT  Parts  it  Is  somewhat  like 


f^TT 


i|:H':i 


I.':    I 


n.  u 


\l'M^ 


M;; 


f- 


,k, 


H 


f  111:1  ^i« 


^ 


910 


MONOGKAI'llS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Yet  Pomiant,  in  1771,  in  his  Synopsis  of  Quadrupeds  (as  also  in  all  of  his 
subsequent  accounts  of  that  animal),  referred  both  of  these  to  his  "Alaryland 
Marmot ",  as  he  did  also  the  "  Monax"  of  Edwards,  the  "  Glis  marmottn,  ame- 
ricanus,"  of  Klein,  the  "Glis  (marmota  americana)"  of  ]}risson,  and  the  Af'is 
monax  of  Linnrous,  without  apparently  having  any  personal  acquaintance  witli 
citiicr  of  them.  Although  his  first  reference  is  to  the  "Bahama  Coney",  his 
description  relates  mainly  to  the  Maryland  Marmot,  but  in  his  account  of  its 
distribution  and  habits  he  includes  the  "Bahama  Coney".  Erxleben,  in  1777, 
followed  Pennant  in  referring  Catesby's  Bahama  Coney,  and  all  the  subse- 
quent names  of  Klein,  Brisson,  and  others  based  thereon,  to  his  Glis  monax, 
as  well  as  the  "Monax"  of  Catesby  and  Edwards,  supposing,  as  did  Pennant, 
that  all  were  referable  to  the  same  animal.  Erxleben  Was  followed  by  Gme- 
lin  and  nearly  all  systematic  writers  down  to  Audubon  and  Bachman,  who 
appear  to  have  been  the  first  to  call  attention  to  the  total  distinctness  of 
Catesby's  two  species.  Thus  the  confusion  created  by  Pennant  in  1771  con- 
tinued for  fully  three-fourths  of  a  century.  As  late  as  1822,  Sabine  attri- 
buted to  Erxlel)en  the  "credit"  of  uniting  the  references  of  his  predecessors, 
based  on  Pennant's  Monax  and  Bahama  Coney,  and  of  thus  correcting  their 
error  of  regarding  them  as  distinct,  while  in  reality  he  only  greatly  empha- 
sized the  confusion  that  originated  six  years  earlier  with  Pennant,  by  lending 
it  the  authority  of  his  name.  As  shown  in  the  references  given  at  the  head 
of  tiie  present  article,  Schreber  is  almost  the  only  one  among  the  early  gen- 
eral systematic  writers  who  escaped  the  error  of  uniting  Catesby's  Monax 
and  Bahama  Coney. 

The  only  prominent  synonym  of  the  Arctovnjs  monax  is  emjyetra,  a  name 
originating  with  PalLis,  and  based  by  him  on  a  specimen  of  Spermophilus 
"parryi"*  but  in  his  references  he  cites  the  Quebec  Marmot  of  both  Pennant 

a  Ibibliit.  Tbey  fucd  wbully  on  wild  Fruit  and  other  VvgetablcB :  Wben  Burpriz'd  by  Hnnten  tbey 
retreat  t4>  Holes  in  Kocks.  Their  Flesh  is  eatuonied  very  good,  it  has  more  the  Taste  of  a  Fig  than  that 
of  n  Rabbit.  I  take  it  to  be  nearly  of  the  Kind  of  the  Slui  Alpittiu,  or  Marmol.  Baii  Syn.  Quad.  p.  HI."— 
(Catksuy,  Nal.  Hint,  of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  Ihe  Bahama  Itlandi,  vol.  ii,  1743,  p.  79,  pi.  luix.) 

"Harmota  Americana. 
"  The  Monax. 
"This  Animal  is  abont  the  Bigness  of  a  wild  Rabbet;  anti  of  a  brown  Colonr,  the  Head  also 
rexcinbles  most  that  of  a  Rabbet,  except  that  Ihe  Kara  are  short,  like  those  of  a  Squirrel ;  the  Feet  are 
like  those  of  a  Itat,  the  Tail  is  like  that  of  a  Squirrel,  lint  much  less  hairy.  It  f«e<ls  on  Hread,  Fniit  and 
other  Yi'getablo  Diet.  At  certain  Times  Ihey  retire  to  llieir  snbterraneons  Lodgings,  and  sleep  oontinnally 
n  Mouth  or  l<nigi-r  together :  They  are  Inhabitants  of  Maryland,  I'lnntjilrania  <fr.  Their  Flesh  is  esteemed 
gowl  Meat." — (CATRsnv,  Xat  Hint,  oj  Carolina,  Florida,  and  Ihe  Bahama  hlandt,  App.  p.  xxviii.) 

*  See  farther  the  discnssiou  of  the  synonymy  of  SpemophiUa  empetra{=  S.parrfl  auct.),  antti,  p.  S43. 


SOIURIDiE— AIJCTOMYS  MONAX. 


917 


and  Forsler.*  While  tlio  "Quebec  Mftriiiot"  of  tlic  Inttcr  is  also  certainly 
referaljle  to  SpcrmophUus  jiarryi,  the  "Quebec  Murmot"  of  Pennant  is  in  all 
probability  to  be  assigned  to  Arctomys  monax,  altiiough  the  onlv  really  tangi- 
ble character  givfjii  is,  "rather  larger  limn  a  Kal)bot".  The  Arctomys  emjiefra 
of  Sciirober  is  strictly  the  Mux  emi>etia  of  Pallas,  Schrcber  not  only  quoliiig 
Pallas's  diagnosis  and  references,  but  also  giving  a  figure  of  Pallas's  Mux  eni- 
petra,  furnished  him  Ity  Pallas  himself,  and  lie  based  his  account  of  the  animal 
mainly  on  Pallas's  description.  lie,  however,  eked  out  the  history  ol'  the  spe- 
cies l>y  a  summary  of  Penna.it  and  Forster's  descriptions  of  their  "Quebec 
Marmot".  Thus,  with  the  exception  of  the  reference  to  Pennant,  the  Mus 
einpetra  of  Pallas  is  the  Spermophilus parryi  of  later  writers.  Sabine,  however, 
in  1822,  described  a  specimen  of  .i^rc/owys  nwnff.T,  from  Hudson's  Bay,  under 
the  name  Arctomys  empetra,  to  which  he  referred  the  Quebec  Marnu)t  of  Pen- 
nant and  Forster,  and  the  several  names  based  thereon,  together  with  the  Mus 
empetra  of  Pallas.  The  Arctomys  empetra  of  Sabine  is  i)roperly  the  A.  empetra 
of  most  subsequent  authors  down  to  Audubon  and  Bachman,  who  correctly 
referred  the  A.  empetra,  as  at  that  time  understoi-l,  to  A.  monax,  after  having 
seen  Hudson's  Bay  specimens  of  the  former  in  England,  and  becoming  con- 
vinced that  tliey  were  identical.  As  already  stated  (see  atitca,  p.  843),  Sabine 
noticed  the  discrepancies  between  the  various  accounts  of  the  Arctomys 
empetra  of  authors,  bcth  among  themselves  and  with  his  specimen,  especially 
the  shortness  of  the  tail,  as  described  by  Pallas  and  figured  by  Schreber. 
These  discrepancies  were  also  referred  to  by  Richardson  in  1825.t 

The  Glis  canadensi'  of  Erxleben  (1777)  is  based  wholly  on  the  Quebec 
Marmot  of  Pennant  and  Forster,  and  thus  certainly  refers  mainly  to  the  Arc- 
tomys parryi  of  Richardson,  and  (through  the  reference  to  Pennant)  in  part 
also  to  the  A.  empetra  of  Sabine.  The  Arctomys  melanopus  of  Kuhl  was 
based  on  a  specimen  of  A.  monax,  and  is  thus  strictly  and  exclusively  a 
synonym  of  that  species.  The  ^'Marmota  qucliekana  Pennant",  cited  by 
Pallas,  is  merely  a  citation  in  Latin  of  Pennant's  English  name. 

*  "Marmola  qiubekana  Pbnnamt  Syn.  p.  270.  Hp.  I'JU.  tub.  24.  f.  2.  bona.  Fokbteu  Act.  aogl.  ToL 
UCII.  p'.  378." 

t  Parry's  Second  Voy.  App.  p.  316. 


''."■*■    I  '   .  ' 


P'l     ■'!• 


:l! 


m 


918 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Table  CXXXUl.—Meaturementt  of  fix  tpecimem  of  Arctomys  monax. 


Pi 


Locolitor. 


Eaaox  County,  N.Y.. 

do 

Ipaviob.UoM , 

.....do 

do 

Noodlmin,  Uus 


From  tip  of  noM  to— 


N 


1.67 
1.30 
1. 17 
1.  SO 
1.57 
1.33 


3.00 
3.10 
a.  17 
3.05 
9.M 
3.04 


3.(10 
3.50 


3.90 
3.45 
3.45 


14.90 
14.00 
0.43 
13.  OO 
15.50 
15.33 


Tall  tn  end 
of- 


4.75 
3  08 
SL50 
4.48 
4.50 
5.45 


0.75 
7.08 
4.50 
0.00 
6.75 
7.60 


Length  of- 


3.33 
3.48 


9LlO 
1.05 
3  05 


3.04 
3.14 
355 
3.10 
9.M 
395 


Freah 
.do., 
.do- 
do., 
.do  .. 
.do.. 


Itomarks. 


>  From  Baird,  Mam. 

>  M,  Amtr.  p.  343. 


Tablb  CXXXIV.— j!fea«urem«n(<  of  fourteen  skuUt  of  Arctomys  mokax. 


■d 

1 

3 

s  . 

1-2 

■s  1 

s 

• 

1 

1 

li 

<M    g 

It 

-8  B 

.J 

•a 

■3 

1 

LooaUtr. 

i 

3 
1 

1 
1 

i 

a 

1 

1 

1 

1 

A 
1 
* 

i 

& 

» 

■« 

8 

_g 

^ 

^ 

s  i 

S  \ii 

a 

■-■  a 

S  js 

4 

A 

1 

3 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

ll 

11 

1 

II 

II 

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1 

tj 

^ 

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a 

'A 

iq 

» 

b 

0 

b 

P 

tJ 

3738 

KaaexConnty.N.T 

3.40 

9.  as 

i.ao 

1.40 

0.40 

0.68 

1.15 

3.04 

0.55 

0.47 

0.83 

333 

1.31 

8404 

do 

a  45 

3.45 

1.15 

1.40 

0.45 

0.70 

1.33 

3.10 

ra 

0.50 

o.eo 

3  40 

1.98 

3730 

do 

3.45 

3  40 

1.99 

1.40 

0.30 

0.70 

1.10 

9.00 

0.53 

0.46 

0.83 

340 

1.95 

3401 

do 

a  45 

397 

1.15 

1.49 

a33 

0.70 

1.04 

3.09 

a  70 

0.50 

0.P5 

3.93 

1.33 

9403 

do 

ana 

330 

1.36 

1.46 

a37 

0.73 

1.11 

3.05 

a  70 

0.51 

0.83 

9.30 

1.99 

373,'i 
3734 
3003 
3403 
3898 
9409 
3604 
3713 
3740 

do 

aoo 
a  40 
a55 
a37 
a35 
a  50 
a  43 
a  18 
a97 

3  43 

4  48 
337 
3.40 
S.33 
9.98 
9.45 
315 
318 

1.50 
1.49 
1.50 
1.35 
1.38 
1.43 
1.43 
1.30 
1.98 

1.10 
1.10 

9.07 
1.06 

0.89 

335 
339 
3.35 
9.37 
3.30 
339 
337 
9:15 
9:18 

1.97 
1.97 

1.18 
1.95 

l.:« 

1.95 
1.10 
1.15 

do   

do 

do 

1.08 
1.08 
1.19 
1.19 
0.08 
1.09 

ton 

1.99 
3.00 
1.93 
1.83 
1.88 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

<nf:'; 

tf^ 

li  ■•' ' 

1^ 

SOIUBlDiE— AUCTCMY8  MONAX. 


919 


Tadls  CXXXV. — LUl  of  tpmimtni  examiHfd  of  Arctomys  monax. 


"s 

i 

ii:Ma 

43«) 
5SW 
4060 
3033 
43.-I7 
3003 
1393 
347 

IIM 

•853 
•WB 
•i:05 
■1306 
■1310 
■15'.tU 
•1S30 

•3233 

•958 
•146 
•147 
■37.'>7 
•3861 
•3619 

■1340 
•3535 

1 

i 

i 

Ma 
1  • 

1 

a 

1 

1 

M 

Locality. 

When 
cullecled. 

From  vhnni  re- 
eeivHi. 

Collected  by— 

d 

o 
1 

FUChopeywwi.AtbalMMaDliil 
do    

Fort  K'.nipaon 

do '. 

ILILRoaa 

...do 

lt.Kennicott 

B.  11.  Bom 

..do 

.    do    .... 

R.  Campbell 

Skin. 

9 

Sept.— ,1173 

It  KcDnicott 

do. 

RRRoM 

do. 

699 
670 

Fort  gimpmn,  Pealo  River . . . 
KotaoD  River 

....do. 

.•     do             .... 

JanicsBay 

Sept.  3,1860 

..  do    

R.  GiMlmore .    . 

do 

O.O.  Garrison.... 

R.  Kcnnlcott 

Dr.P.Rlloy... 
Prof.aKDaird  . 

l)r.P.R.noy 

..do 

0  0.  Garrison 

...da 

We«t  Kartlie»ld 

Wrstcrn  MluoDri 

Racine,  Wla 

Dr.P.R.Uiiy  .... 
Prof.S.F.  Baird  .. 

Dr.P.RUoy 

...  do    

...da 

Skull. 

...da 

dfi 

1607 
1961 

3008 
S038 
3336 

do    

do 

WlaouDRln 

Dr.  A.  C.  Barry... 
Ur.  J.  O.  Cooper . . . 

Gray  Fund 

...do 

Dr  A.C.Barry... 
Dr.J.G.Coopor... 

B.D.Verrill 

....do 

Sliin&aknll. 
Skull. 
Alcdhulic. 
...do. 

do 

....  do 

..  do   .... 

...  do 

Skin. 
..  da 

do 

...do   

...  do 

do 

...do   

....do 

...da 
.  do. 

do 

...do     .... 

....do 

do 

...do 

....do 

...  do. 

•770 
♦777 
•778 
•78S 
•7«6 
♦767 
•768 
•769 
•770 
♦771 
T» 
•773 
•774 

•ns 

do 

....do 

....do 

Skeleton.    ' 
....da 

do 

....do 

...  do 

do 

...do 

....do 

....da 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do. 

do 

....do  

....do 

..da 
....da 

do 

....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do. 

do 

...  do 

....do 

....da 

do 

....do 

....do 

....da 

do 

....do 

....do 

....da 

do      

..do   

....do 

....da 

„..  do      

...  do 

....do 

...  do. 

..    do        

....do 

...do. 

do      

....do 

....do 

....da 

TTutoD  He 

....do 

J.O.Ricb 

....do 

Alooholic. 

Skull. 

....da 

'780 
•790 
•701 
•793 
•793 

? 
? 
? 

....  do    

...do 

do   

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....da 

do 

....do 

....do 

...da 
...do. 

do 

....do   

....do 

Milan,  N.n 

J.  B.  Fnlaom 

...do 

J.BFulaom 

Horace  Hann 

....do 

Alcoholic. 

....da 

....da 

Concord,  Haaa 

do 

do 

....do 

....do 

....da 

nedrnrd,  Ham 

HiaaC.  Fitch 

J.A.  Allen 

...do 

HimCFitoh 

J.A.Allen 

....do 

....da 

...da 

flkull. 

Skin. 

...da 

Ipawloh.MaM 

•ror 

SnrlDElleld.  UaM    

nndaftti  Mun  , 

OrayFnnd 

....do 

8.jniaan 

301 

NcwtouTillcMaaa 

C.  J.  Haynard 

*  In  UuMum  of  Comparative  Zotilogy,  Cambridge,  Mau. 


920  MONOGKAPnS  OF  NOllTn  AMERICAN  liODENTIA. 

Taulb  CXXXV.— £i»<  0/  tpecimens  namlned  of  Akctomys  monax — Continued. 


'f\\ 


El  i! 


<  m\ 


m 


■g  I 


'i      '  !S 


1 

a 

a 
M  o 

1^ 

-Lisa 

•1333 
•1534 
•15i-| 
•1580 
•ISiTi 
•1538 

•jne 
•am 

•1778 
•iiTTU 
•fttM 
•11781 
•37ej 
•■/7*l 
•■J18< 
•«85 

llCIl 
854 
847 
1571 
1.177 
15T.1 
1575 
1574 
1572 

7557 

•3 
M 

a 

li 

1 

B 

■3 
3 

1 

M 

I/OOnlitf. 

Wbon 
oollooted. 

Froni  wliom  re* 
(wiTed. 

Collcotod  by- 

'A 

NflWlonTllle.  MlM 

OimyFund 

C.J.M>Tnard.... 

Skin. 

...da 

...da 

da 



... 

z 

do 

...do 

do                                  ...  . 

do   ...    . 

do    

...do 

..da 
..da 
...da 
..da 
...da 
...da      • 
..da 
..da 
..da 
..  da 
...da 
...da 
...<la 
...da 
Skull. 
..da 
...da 
..  da 
...da 
...da 
Skin. 

Sklu&at.ir  . 
...da 
...da 
...d... 
...da 
...da 
Skin. 
....da 
Skull. 
..da 
...do.  • 
...da 
....da 
....do. 

do' 

...do 

C..T.  Mayurd... 

.  ...do 

...do 

do       

...do 

..  do 

•8011 
•801 

■so; 

•80  i 
•804 
•805 

laio 

1005 
3401 
3404 
3403 
3405 

33S8 
3063 
3004 
3731 
3734 
3TJ5 
3738 
3730 
3740 

isai 

601 

Mae 

4898 
807 
3387 

do    

<f 

... 

Oniy  Fund 

do    

do   

do 

...do 

..do 

...do 

....  do   

do    ... 

do      

do     ... 

do 

do                 

do     ... 

...do 

do     .. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

, , 

...do 

...do 

..  do 

..do 

do 

.    do   

....do 

...do 

..  do 

...do 

J.W.P.J«nk«... 
Prof.aF.IUinl  . 

...do 

Dr.8.E.n«l«.... 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

do 

do 

do 

Mhldlnhnro',  Mut 

..do 

..do 

J.W.P.Janki... 
Prof.aF.B«lrd... 

...do 

Dr.8.B.n«le 

...do 

...do 

...do 

do 

EllMbeth.N.J 

E«aex  County,  N.  Y  

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do   

do   .... 

....do 

do 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

...do 

...do 

K.SIinond 

..  do 

...do 

do 

do     .. 

do 

E.Simand 

...do 

do 

do 

do   

do 

do   

...do 

do   

....do 

...do 

....do 

..  do   

...da 

..da 

..  da 

.  da 

do 

do     . 

do 

CiirUsle,P>    

...do 

Pror.S.F.B«lnl... 
Dr.E.Miohner... 
do     .... 

Prar.8.F.Bolnl.. 

Dr.X.UIchner... 

.  do 

...da 
..da 
..  da 

Ghestor  County,  V% 

do 

do 

do     .... 

....da 

A.Bnkeloy 

A.Brakeley 

Skln&akttll. 

*  In  Mnaenm  of  CompRnitiTO  Zodlogy,  CMnbridge,  UuH. 


y 


w^ 

!«»¥ 

11 

I!   Hi. 

ip    i 

i 

1 

1 

'ti'MH 

IMii! 

ik.^ 

SCIURID^— AUCTOMY8  FLAVIVBNTBll. 


921 


AKCTOMYS  FLAVIVENTER  Aud.  nnd  Biich. 
Rocky  Mountain  Marmot. 

Jnlomnii  Jtuiimiter  AuDUiioN  &,  Baciiman,  Proo.  Aoad.  Nut.  Sci.  Plilla.  1841,  9;t;  Jcmru.  Aciwl.  Nttl.  Sci. 
I'bila.  vill,  IMi,  309;  Quad.  N.  Am.  Hi,  IriM,  ICO,  pi.  oxxxlv.— Waunkii,  Wit'gmaiin'it  Arcliiv, 
ii,  1843,  4.'>.— SciliNZ,  S;n.  Mam.  ii,  1845,  63.— Baiki),  Mam.  N.  Am.  18.'>7,  :U:i,  pi.  xlvii,  %.  I 
(Bkill).— SUCKLKY,  Nat.  Hi»t.  Wa»U.  Torr.  pt.  Ill,  IWiU,  IW,  ia4.— IIavdkn,  TraiiH.  Am.  Phil. 
Boc.  Phila.  xii,  lb63,  14G.-Miii:iiiam,  U.  S.  Qeol.  Biirv.  of  Terr.Ctli  Ann.  Hop.  1872  (1873), lir>4.— 
Allkn,  Proo.  Boat.  Boo.  Nat.  Hint,  xvi,  18*4,  3U4;  Bnll.  Ewhix  In«t.  vi,  r>7,  (^6.— Cuukh  & 
Yarkow,  Whoeler'8  Gxpl.  and  Burv.  W.  of  100th  Morid.  v,  ZuOl,  1870,  Iii3,— Okinnell,  Lad- 
low'a  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  187&,  82. 

Specific  chars. — Length  to  base  of  tail  about  17.00  to  18.50;  of  tail 
to  end  of  vertebrae  6.50  to  7.25 ;  of  tail  to  end  of  hairs  9.00  to  10.00. 
Above  mixed  gniy,  fulvous,  and  reddish-brown ;  below  yellowish  or  golden, 
varying  to  rufous.  The  general  color  also  varies  to  wholly  black  or  brown- 
ish-black, as  in  A.  monax.  Sides  of  the  nose  and  chin  whitish-gray;  top  of 
the  head  dark  reddish-brown ;  tail  with  the  hairs  at  base  pale  reddisli-brown 
to  black,  broadly  tipped  with  yellowish-brown  or  rufous;  feet  yellowish- 
rufous,  strongly  varied  with  black.  Ears  rather  small,  thinly  haired,  yellow- 
ish-brown, sometimes  edged  with  darker.  Tail  long,  round,  full,  and  bushy, 
with  the  hairs  fully  one-half  to  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  head 
and  body. 

The  specimens  before  me  chance  to  be  quite  uniform  in  coloration,  but 
melanistic  specimens  are  of  fi'cquent  occurrence.  A  specimen  from  Fort 
Massachusetts,  N.  Mex.,  is  everywhere  dark  brownish-black,  slightly  varied 
with  gray.  At  Montgomery,  Colo ,  where  this  species  occurs  in  great  abun- 
dance, and  where  I  have  seen  a  dozen  or  more  sitting  on  the  rocks  at  one 
time  within  easy  rifle  range,  generally  several  black  ones  were  to  be  seen 
aspociated  with  the  others,  as  well  as  others  more  or  less  blackish.  Usually 
the  abundant  under  fur  of  the  dorsal  surface  is  dusky  at  base,  then  clear 
pale  fulvous,  passing  into  golden  at  the  extremity.  The  overlying  longer  hairs 
are  conspicuously  white-tipped,  with  a  broad  subterminal  bar  of  reddish- 
brown.  The  under  surfiice  is  very  thinly  haired,  with  no  under  fur.  The 
hairs  are  here  dark  reddish-brown  at  base,  broadly  tipped  with  fulvous,  the 
tint  varying  in  different  specimens  from  pale  yellowish  to  bright  rufous.  The 
tail  is  usually  faded  yellowish-brown  at  the  surface,  the  hairs  deepening  into 
dark  reddish-brown  or  blackish  basally.  The  rump  is  generally  clear  yellow- 
ish, varied  with  the  whitish-yellow  tips  of  the  longer  hairs,  and  hence  lighter 


922 


MONOGKAPnS  OF  NOBTO  AMBBICAN  IIODBNTIA, 


:■:',,!     !t 


1;::   ^.i    ii 


l"*'..    :  ■■■'IB 


vmii  -i 


m'-'.  r 


tlinn  Mic  liiick.  Tlioro  is  ^ciirnilly  iilso  a  prominent  wliitisii-yellow  patch  in 
front  of  lli(!  siioultlcrs  on  tlic  sides  of  the  neck,  where  the  hairs  arc  also  very 
coarse  and  stiff. 

In  young  specimens,  tlic  under  fur  is  sometimes  clear  grayish-white,  and 
the  white  tips  of  the  overlying  hairs  are  also  longer  than  in  the  adults,  with 
the  sul>terniinal  zone  darker.  The  rump,  the  sides  of  the  neck,  and  a  sjiot 
at  the  base  of  tlie  ears  are  conspicuously  pale  yellowish-white.  In  several 
very  young  specimens  (apparently  but  a  few  weeks  old)  from  Colorado,  the 
whole  top  of  the  head  is  intense  black,  and  there  is  an  abundanccof  soft  under 
fur  on  the  ventral  surface. 

Arctomy8 Jlaviventcr  difTcrs,  as  already  noted,  from  A.  monax  in  its  difler- 
ent  coloration,  larger  size,  smaller  ears,  and  relatively  much  longer  tail.  It« 
nmch  longer  and  much  more  heavily  clothed  tail  affords  at  once  a  readily 
available  distinctive  characteristic.  The  coloration  is  also  much  more  golden 
than  in  A,  monax.  The  differences  afforded  by  the  skull  have  also  already 
been  detailed  under  that  species. 

From  A.  pruinosus,  it  differs  in  its  much  smaller  size,  as  well  as  in  its 
totally  different  coloration,  and  in  important  cranial  differences.  A  more 
detailed  comparison  will  be  given  under  A.  pruinosus. 

Arctomys  Jlaviventer  was  first  described  in  1841  by  Audubon  and  Bach- 
man,  from  a  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London, 
brought  by  Douglass  "from  the  mountains  between  Texas  and  California". 

The  habitat  of  this  species  extends  from  Western  Texas,  New  Mexico, 
and  Arizona  northward  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  probably  beyond 
tiie  forty-ninth  parallel.  It  occurs  also  in  the  Black. Ililla  of  Dakota,  and 
specimens  are  in  the  collection  from  California.  It  is  apparently  a  strictly 
alpine  species.  It  is  very  abundant  in  the  mount«iins  of  Colorado,  occurring 
chiefly  in  the  neighborhood  of  timber-line,  and  ranges  to  a  considerable  dis- 
Uincc  above  the  forest  vegetation,  where  it  makes  its  home  among  the  rocks. 
It  is  to  some  extent  gregarious,  like  the  A.  marmota  of  Europe. 


BOIURID^— AR0TOMY8  PLAVIVBNTBR.  923 

Tablc  CXXXVL— i/oMiirnwnto  of  tntu  apooimnM  0/  Aiictomys  KLAViVBNTKn. 


LoojUlty. 


Monti^iiierr,  Pirk  Co., Colo . 

do 

do 


.do. 
.do. 


Fort  DdIIm,  Ong.  Tar. , 
Black  nilU , 


From  tip  of  dobo  to — 


I.OJ 
1.09 

mo 

1.30 


3.49 
3.110 
3..'U) 
3.113 
9.40 


4.00 
3.03 
4.00 
4.10 

igo 


17.75 
17.01 
18.90 
10.  S9 
10.00 
14.73 
ICLOO 


Tall  to  end 
of- 


0.S0 
0.83 
0.90 
7.30 
4.40 
4.90 
e.00 


>.0O 

aao 

0.30 
10.00 
9.73 
11.90 
10.00 


LflDKlbor— 


9.40 
9.13 
9.90 
9.43 

i.m 


3.03 
3.33 
3.30 
3.90 
9.93 
9.80 


Frfiih. 

..iln. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

Skin. 


*  In  MuMiun  of  Compiumtlve  Zoiilogy,  Cambridge,  Maaa. 


t "  Much  Btrt)t«hud." 


Table  CXXXVII.— ilf«uiirnium(«  of  AqXt  (ihitb  of  Arctomys  pl.vvivbnteh. 


3379 

19406 

11497 

11408 

•178 

•177 

•ITS 

•1711 


LoMUtf. 


Black  lUlla 

Colorado 

do 

, do 

Uontgomery,  Park  County,  Colo . 

do 

do 

do 


3.9S 
3113 
3.99 
3.03 
3.43 
3.43 
3.09 
3.17 


9.43 
9.00 
9. 57 


&39 
ft  99 
9.33 
9.10 


i 

? 

i 

J 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1.03 

1.50 

0.89 

1.93 

0.00 

1.33 

a»9 

1.40 

0.90 

1.37 

0.80 

1.47 

0;87 

1.60 

0.77 

1.30 

0.38 
0.37 
0.30 
0.38 
0.33 
0.39 
0.36 

o.:n 


0.74 
0.C8 
©.■TO 
0.7i 
0.70 
0.00 
0.69 
0.60 


1^ 


1.90 
0.87 
1.17 


S 

it 
it 

\\ 

II 
P 


9.03 
1.79 
1.90 


l.Oe  1.09 

\.ti  j  9.03 

1.97  I  iai 

1. 00  1.  "-. 


0.*7 
0.78 


0.80 
0.77 
0.78 
0.80 


1 


aj9 
9.00 


9.13 
9.99 
9.39 
9l03 


1.99 
1.10 


1.10 
1.93 
1.30 
1.16 


*  In  UoMiun  of  CoopiiraUTO  Zoilogy  Canbridge,  Maaa. 


924 


MONOOUArUH  OF  NOUTII  AMERICAN  KODKNTIA. 


Taiilr  CXXXVIII.— £l4(  of  ipecimetn  ixamlHed  of  Arctdmvs  plavivkntkt.. 


i;     i 


;Lr  ^i; 


■  ;  I  ,  !: 


1 

a 
S3 

h 

Mil 
<(VVI 

:iiw 

IK08 
II4V) 
SMI 

11  It!! 

I3TM 

HUM 

11600 
007 

t 

a 

1-5 

9    « 

law 

40.11 
41M 

e 
S 

1 

i 

m 

1 

m 

1 

LoMllty. 

• 

Whon 
oollaotod. 

From  whoa  raoalrad. 

■ 
Colintrd  by- 

1 

\ 
•s 

1 

Kt.MaiiMirliMM'ttji.N.M 

Capt.  Ikivmaa 

Capl.  Uowiuan 

8a  lu. 
ilo 

VurlCniok.Cal 

do 

Juno  7,  IMP 

L'apt.  John  rollnrr.. 
do 

t'apl.  JuhuFrllnrr.. 

do 

I>.  K.l'arkiMoll... 

.1.11.  BaHy 

,du 

J.  RteTi*nMin 

•MI.  Bally 

W.U.  l-latt 

F.J.  lluio 

Ilr.  J.  T.  Ilolhroek  . 
....  do 

rtklnana.kiill. 
Hkiill. 

do. 
Hkla. 
..  di>. 
...do. 
..do. 

do. 
...do. 
..  du, 

do 

do 

1*.  F.  rarklDMD.... 
l>r.KV.IIay(l.n... 
do   

.... 

Cokmdo 

ilo   

MIddIv  Park, Culo  ... 

Culorado 

Kurt  KIllK  UontTrr. 

July  ao,  1(J6S 

do 

do 

do   



M 
3* 
« 

o 

YttlluwHtoue  I.ilk6  .... 

do 

Llaut.O.M.Whoi'lcr 
do   

do    

? 

Fort  Ualleii,  Or<>( 

Wind  nimrUlu 

May    a,l8U 

Gov.  1. 1.  Stevcna. . . . 
l)r.  K.  V.  Il.iydon    . 

do   

Ur.Gro.  Siioklny   .. 
I)r.  F.  V.  Ilayden  . 
do    

.     do. 
. .  do. 

Hklnnodakoll 
...do. 
...do. 

do. 

•»T6« 
•S788 

itna 
vni 

17H 

no 

177 
175 

Blwkllill  .  Nebr... 

TnmtCnyik 

Montftoruery,  Park  Ca, 

Colu. 
da 

O.N.Trook 

Bocky  Ut.  Eiiwd.. 

do 

O.N.Trook  

Allrn.  Df  iiurit,  and 

nilM. 
do 

0«7 

OW 
030 
OM 
VS9 

9 

'f 
<S 
? 
o 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do. 

do 

do 

do    

...do. 

*  In  UuMum  of  Cuiap*i«UTe  Zitiilogy,  Cambridge,  llaM. 

ARCTOMYS  PRUINOSUS  Gmelin. 

Hoary  Varnot. 

Jrofomyi  jWHiNonu  Omrlin,  Bjat.  Nat.  i,  17H8,  144  (=  Hoary  Marmot,  Pttniiant).— Shaw,  Gen.  Zo61.  ii, 

1801,  181  (aaine).— Sadink,  Trans.  Linu.  8oc.  x<ii,  IWU,  ri8C  (aauiu).— tlAKLAN,  Faiin.  Anier. 

I8-ir>,  169  (same).— KiciiAiiDtiON,  ZoSI.  Joarn.  ill,  1828,  &I8 ;  Kauu.  lior.-Anier.  i,  18^,  tOO.— 

Fi8CiiKi(,  8yn.  Ham.  18'^J,  343.— Audubon  &  Baciiman,  Qnaf .  N.  Anicr.  iil,  1853, 17,  pi.  ciii.— 

•  Uaibd,  Mam.  N.  Amor.  1857,  345. 

ArcU)mD»  caUgatut  Esciischhltz,  ZooI.  Atlas.  !i,  18i29, 1,  pi.  vi. — RlcnARDSON,  Zoul.  Beecbpy'a  Voy.  IS.tO, 
7,  13'  (from  E-icbHoboltz).— Waonkr,  Suppl.  Scbreber'a  Biiiiftet.  !ii,  1843,  iifiU  (from  tbe 
aame).— SCHINZ,  Syn.  Mam.  ii,  1845,  (>3  (from  tbe  aamu).— Roiut,  Kdinb.  New  Pbil.  Journ.  xiii, 
1861, 162;  Canad.  Mat.  and  Oeol.  1861,434 ;  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.  1808,874  (north  to  Arctic  Circle).— 
Allbn,  Proc.  Best.  Boo.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1874,  2i>4. 

Arclomyt  oka»aganu>  Kino,  Nar.  Back's  Joarn.  ii,  1636,  236,  pi.  ii, 

Jrclomyii  monax  Waonkr,  Snppl.  Scbreber'a  Siiuget.  iii,  1843,  260  (in  part).— MinDKNl>ORFF,  Sibirische 
Reise,  ii,  1853,  85  (In  part).— Cashin,  U.  8.  Expl.  Expod.  Mamm.  1858,  35  (Fort  Okanagan, 
Oregon). 

Hoary  Marmot,  Pennant,  Hist.  Quad,  ii,  1781, 130;  Arct.  Zool.  i,  1784, 113  i  Sd  ed.  1792,  ISO. 

Z>(u  btreifle  Munteltliier,  Sciiredbr,  Siiuget.  iv,  745  (from  Pennant). 

HhMler,  Uarhom,  Journ.  1820,  427. 

Specific  chahs. — Length  of  liead  and  body  53.00  to  25.00 ;  of  tail  to 
end  of  vertebrae  6.50  to  7.75  ;  to  end  of  hairs  9.25  to  10.50.  Above,  anteri- 
orly, clear  grayish-wiiitc,  varied  with  black ;  posteriorly  grayish-fulvous  and 


aniUUID.'R— AIMTOMYS  PUUINOSUH. 


025 


hIacU;  Itclow  clciir  wliilisli-grny.  A  hiiihII  oopipiliil  nrca  and  tin;  li'i't  liliuk. 
Homl  niitcriorly,  with  tlic  sides  ol  llio  iniizzli;  and  the  chin,  wliitc  or^rayisli- 
white,  and  the  top  ot'  the  nose  gnnnially  black.  Ears  quite  snndl,  well 
clotliod,  and  nearly  concealed  by  the  surrounding  pelage.  Tail  lull  and  round, 
with  the  hairs  rather  less  than  one-iiu.''  of  the  length  of  the  head  and  l)ody. 
The  liairs  are  yellowish-v/Jiite  externally,  slightly  varied  with  black,  and 
dark  red<lish-brown  basally. 

DiiFerent  specimens  vary  in  the  amount  of  black  mixed  with  the  gray 
and  in  the;  ititensity  of  the  fidvous  sufl'usion  posteriorly.  The  anterior  two- 
thirds  of  the  dorsal  surlbce  is  often  nearly  white,  with  a  slight  admixture  of 
black-tip])cd  hairs;  at  other  times,  the  iilack  and  white  are  present  in  nearly 
equal  proporti(ms,  while  again  the  black  predominates.  The  posterior  third 
of  the  dorsal  surface,  together  with  the  tail,  is  generally  more  or  less  sullused 
with  pule  whitish-fulvous,  sometimes  varying  to  deep  fulvous.  The  pelage 
is  very  soft  and  full,  aiul  the  under  fur  very  abundant  ana  long.  Anteriorly 
it  is  brownish-black  at  base,  and  clear  white  apically,  or  with  a  slight  tinge 
of  yellowish ;  posteriorly  the  basal  zone  is  more  strongly  brownish,  witii  the 
apical  zone  pale  whitish -yellow.  Many  of  the  longer  overlying  liairs  are 
wholly  clear  white;  others  are  colored  basally  like  the  under  fur,  with  the 
tips  pure  black.  The  lower  surface  is  rather  thinly  haired,  with,  however, 
more  or  less  under  fur.  The  hairs  are  mostly  pure  white  to  the  base;  the 
scanty  under  fur  is  brownish,  and  shows  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  through 
the  surface  hairs,  giving  a  dingy  brownish-white  appearance  to  the  ventral 
surface.  Some  of  the  long  hairs  are  wholly  black,  and  otherB  are  black- 
tipped.  Occasionally  the  ventral  surface  is  quite  strongly  tinged  with  rufous. 
In  a  half-grown  specimen,  the  ventral  surface  is  much  more  thickly  clothed 
than  in  the  adults. 

One  specimen  from  Fort  Yukon  (collector's  No.  2.^)8)  has  the  hinder 
part  of  the  back  spotted  with  black  and  '  rk  chestnut,  arranged  in  large 
irregular  patches.  In  this  specimen,  the  wiwie  upper  surface  of  the  head  is 
black,  mixed  slightly  with  gray ;  the  nose  and  the  edge  of  the  chin  are  also 
black.  The  muzzle  and  chin  are  usually  white,  and  the  top  of  the  head 
bla^k,  but  the  black  area  is  of  irregular  outline  and  of  variable  extent.  The 
wiiite  area  on  the  nose  is  sometimes  very  restricted,  and  again  extends  posteri- 
orly to  a  point  opposite  the  eyes,  extending  back  laterally  so  as  to  form  a 
broad  ban<l  over  each  eye ;  in  other  specimens,  the  black  area  reaches  later- 


926 


MONOGUAPnS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA, 


ally  to  tlic  eyes.  Generally  the  feet  are  wlioliy  intense  black,  but  are  some- 
times more  or  less  mixed  with  gray.  In  one  specimen  (No.  6603),  the  fore 
feet  are  about  one-half  gray  and  one-half  black,  the  gray  and  black  being 
intermixed  in  irregular  patches ;  the  hind  feet  of  the  same  specimen  are 
mostly  black.  In  other  respects  than  those  above  noted,  the  series  of  eleven 
specimens  before  me  is  quite  uniformly  colored. 

A.  pruinosus  differs  from  the  other  American  species  of  Arctomys  in 
l)eing  much  larger  than  either,  and  in  its  wholly  different  coloration.  In 
respect  to  cranial  chamcters,  it  differs  from  A.  monax  not  only  greatly  in  the 
size  of  the  skull  but  in  the  posterior  convergence  of  the  molar  series,  in  this 
1  itter  respect  agreeing  with  A.Jlaviventer.  It  differs,  however,  quite  markedly 
from  both  A.  monax  and  A.Jlaviventer  in  respect  to  the  form  of  the  anterior 
border  of  the  frontals.  The  suture  separating  the  frontals  from  the  nasals, 
intermaxillaries,  and  maxillaries  forms  a  nearly  straight  line  in  A.  pruinosus, 
while  in  both  A.  monax  and  A.Jlaviventer  the  nasals  extend  considerably 
beyond  the  intermaxillaries,  while  the  latter  also  extend  beyond  the  maxilla- 
ries. Hence,  in  A.  pruinosus,  the  frontals  terminate  more  anteriorly  and  in  a 
nearly  straight  line,  instead  of  being  deeply  and  irregularly  hollowed,  as  in 
A.  monax  and  A.Jlaviventer,  in  which  only  an  angular  portion  extends  for- 
ward laterally  between  the  intermaxillaries  and  nasals  and  the  edge  of  the 
orbits. 

In  size  and  coloration,  A.  pruinosus  bears  a  much  closer  resemblance  to 
the  A.  marmota  of  Europe  than  to  either  of  the  other  American  species, 
especially  in  coloration.  A.  pruinosus,  however,  has,  like  the  other  American 
species,  a  rudimentary  thumb,  with  a  small  but  distinct  flat  nail,  wiiich  is 
wholly  wanting  in  A.  marmota.  A.  pruinosus  has,  however,  rather  the  longer 
tail,  and  is  larger.  The  skulls  of  the  two  also  present  several  points  of  resem- 
blance, particularly  in  the  straight  or  nearly  straight  suture  between  the 
frontals  and  the  nasals,  intermaxillaries,  and  maxillaries. 

The  Hoary  Marmot  was  first  described  by  Pennant*  in  1781,  from  a 
specimen  (as  Richardson  tells  us)  in  the  Leverian  Museum,  said  to  have  been 
brought  from  Hudson's  Bay.     "That  specimen",  adds  Richardson,  "is  now 

*  "  Marmot.  With  the  tip  of  the  nose  black  :  enra  nhort,  aud  oval ;  cheeks  whitish :  crown  dusky 
and  tawny :  hair  in  all  parts  rude  and  long ;  nn  the  bock,  sides,  %nd  belly,  ciuereous  at  the  Iwttunis, 
black  in  the  middle,  and  tipped  wi.h  while,  so  as  to  spread  a  houriness  over  the  whole:  logs  block i 
claws  dusky:  tail  full  of  hair,  black  and  ferrnginons.  Size  of  the  prooediog  [Maryland  Mnrniol]. 
luliabils  the  uurtbera  parts  of  North  Amuriuo." 


SCIDRIDiE— ARCTOMY8  PltUINOSUS. 


927 


lost,  and  tlie  species  does  not  appear  to  have  come  under  the  notice  of  any 
other  naturalist."  Gmelin's  name  Arcfomi/s  pruinosus  was  based  wholly  on 
Pennant's  description  of  the  Hoary  Marmot,  as  are  all  subsequent  references 
to  this  species  down  to  1829,  when  Richardson  added  some  further  informa- 
tion to  the  history  of  the  species.  He  identified  with  it  the  Whistler  of 
Harmon,  and  says,  if  this  reference  is  correctly  made,  "we  may  soon  hope  to 
know  more  of  it,  for  the  traders  who  annually  cross  the  Rocky  Mountains 
from  Hudson's  Bay  to  the  Columbia  and  New  Caledonia  are  well  acquainted 
with  it."  He  later  adds  that  "  Mr.  Macpherson  describes  one  killed  in  the 
month  of  May  on  the  south  branch  of  tiie  Mackenzie  as  follows: — 'It  was 
27J  inches  long,  of  which  the  head  2J,  and  the  tail  8J.  It  is,  I  think,  of 
the  same  genus  with  the  Quebec  Marmot.  In  the  fore-teeth,  and  in  tiie 
shape  of  t!ie  head  and  body,  it  resembles  a  beaver.  Tiie  hair,  especially 
about  the  neck  and  shoulders,  is  rough  and  strong.  The  breast  and  shoulders, 
down  to  the  middle  of  the  body,  is  of  a  silver-gray  colour ;  the  rest  of  the 
body  and  the  brush  are  of  a  dirty  yellowish  or  brown.  The  head  and  legs 
are  small  and  siiort  in  proportion  to  the  body.' 

"Mr.  Harmon  represents  them  as  aliout  the  size  of  a  badger,  covered 
with  a  beautiful  long  silver-gray  hair,  and  having  long  bushy  tails.  Mr.  Drum- 
mond  says  they  resemble  the  badger  of  the  plains  {Meles  Labradoria)  in 
colour,  but  are  of  rather  smaller  size."*  The  animal  thus  indicated  is  rep- 
resented by  a  considerable  series  of  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the 
National  Museuir.,  lOostly  from  Arctic  America.  The  Arctomijs  pruinosus  of 
the  present  article  is  unquestionably  the  Arctomys  pruinosun  of  Richardson, 
and  there  seems  to  me  to  be  no  rcnson  to  question  the  reference  of  the  Hoary 
Marmot  of  Pennant,  and  hence  the  Arctomys  j'ruinosus  of  Gmelin,  to  the 
same  species. 

In  1829,  the  year  following  the  publication  of  Richardson's  first  notice 
of  his  Arctomys  vruinosus,  Eschscholtz  figured  and  described  an  Arctomys 
caligatus  from  specimens  obtained  near  Bristol  Bay,  on  the  northwest  coast, 
which  is  unquestionably  referable  to  the  Arctomys  pruinosus  of  Richardson. 
Richardson  himself,  in  1839,  notes  the  great  resemblance  between  the  two 
animals.  In  1836,  King,  in  the  Narrative  of  Captain  Back's  Overland  Expe- 
dition to  the  Arctic  Sea,  redescribed  the  species  as  Arctomys  ohmaganus. 
Of  this  species  Richardson  says,  in  the  Zoology  of  Beechey's  Voyage  (p.  12*), 

■  Fuana  Bor.-Amer.  vol.  i,  18-^,  pp.  1[>0,  l.'il.    See  also  Zoul.  Juirn.  vol.  ill,  ItUS,  p.  518. 


i    *r 

9)1  '■'■■ 

11 'II  If 


^1 1 


ii : 


928 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMKRICAN  KODBNTIA. 


iiiulcr  (lie  head  of  A.  caligatiis: — "There  is  a  living  animal  of  this  species  now 
ill  the  Zoological  Gardens.  It  was  brought  to  England  by  Mr.  King,  Surgeon 
to  Captain  Back's  overland  Expedition,  and  is  figured  and  described  in  his 
recent  work  under  the  appellation  of  Arctomys  ochanaganus,  derived  from  the 
river  upon  whose  banks  it  was  caught.  The  Arctomys  pruinosus  of  Pennant 
is  perhaps  the  same  with  caligatus,  but  the  brief  account  of  it  in  Arctic 
Zoology  is  insufficient  to  determine."  This  specimen,  as  Audubon  and  B.ich- 
nian  inform  us,  is  also  tlie  original  of  their  Arctomys  pruinosus,  to  which  they 
likewise  refer  the  A.  caligatus  of  Eschscholtz. 

Middendorff,  in  1851,  partly  from  a  comparison  of  descriptions  and  fig- 
ures and  partly  upon  theoretical  grounds,  considered  the  large  Marmot  of 
Kamtschatka  as  specifically  identical  with  the  A.  pruinosus  of  Audubtm  and 
Bachman,  both  qf  which  (including  also  the  A.  einpetra  of  authors  and  the 
A.  melanopm  of  Kuhl)  he  considered  as  identical  with  A.  monax.  Hence  he 
strangely  employs  this  name  for  the  designation  of  the  Kamtschatkan  species, 
previously  named  A.  camtschatica  by  Brandt.  At  the  same  time,  he  was 
inclined  to  regard  the  A.  caligatus,  owing  mainly  to  differences  of  color,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  Kamtschatkan  Marmot  and  from  the  A.  monax  of  North  America. 

Dr.  Richardson,  ap])arently  on  the  authority  of  Harmon  and  the  fur 
traders,  gave  the  range  of  A.  pruinosus  as  extending  from  latitude  46°  to  62° 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Pennant's  specimen  is  said  to  have  come  from 
Hudson's  Bay,  and  there  are  specimens  in  the  present  collection  from  Wash- 
ington Territory,  Forts  Good  Hope,  Liard,  and  Yukon,  in  the  Mackenzie 
River  District,  and  from  Fort  Henry,  Alaska.  Ross  gi\es  its  range  as  extend- 
ing northward  to  the  Arctic  Circle.  It  hence  probably  ranges  from  the 
Columbia  River  northward,  west  of  tlie  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Barren 
Grounds,  thence  eastward  to  Lake  Athabasca,  and  possibly  to  Hudson's  Ray. 
All  the  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  National  Museum,  however,  from 
the  region  about  Hudson's  Bay,  belong  to  A.  monax. 

Tablb  CXXXIX. — Ueaimtmmtt  of  three  fpecimoM  0/  Arctomys  riiuiKOSUS. 


i 

a 

I 

IDS* 

1098 
IO.tl 

LooiUlty. 

From  tip  of  Doeo 
to- 

Tailtornd 
of- 

LouKtbof- 

i 
1 

e 

1 

1- 

i 

g 

> 

i 

1 

1 

i 

9610 

Fort  Llard 

M.OO 
89.90 
U.90 

0.79 
7.79 
0.90 

8.113 
10.90 
O.SS 

1.90 

3.75 

SklD. 
...do. 

do 

do 

t.es 

:.M 

8.30 

3.83 

...dn. 

1 ;_ 

SCIDRID^E— ARCTOMYS  PRUIN08US. 


929 


Table  CXL. — Measurcmenii  of  seven  tkuUa  of  Aiictomys  rnciNOSus. 


r 

locaUly. 

Q 

1 

V 

t 

1 

O 

a 

1 

5 

i 

n 
S 

1 

1 
es 
'A 

a 

a 
It 

i 

1 
Xi 

S 

i 
1 

1 

o 

1^ 

0 

il 
i! 

il 

t 

E 

S 

1 

2  4* 
S  « 

il 

1  s 

s 

1 

1 

J! 

i 
1^ 

.d 
1 

i 

u 

I 

i 

emi 

3870 
3677 
3«73 
6861 
47S0 

4.15 

3.05 
4.05 
4.10 

a.  75 
2.5a 

S.55 
2.50 

1.25 
1.22 
1.17 
1.24 
1.25 

1.75 
l.M 
1.75 
1.65 
1.58 
1.56 
1.65 

0.40 
0.37 
0.3f 
0.40 
0  30 
0.30 
0.30 

o.eo 
o.eo 

0.80 
0.85 

1.40 
1.33 

i.:n 

1.34 
1.25 
1.22 
1.28 

2.50 
2.26 
2.40 
2.30 
2.17 
2.05 
2.10 

0.80 
0.75 

0.62 
0.60 

1.00 
0.85 
l.CO 
0.92 
0.90 
0.78 
0.77 

2.«0 

a.  55 

2.65 

a.5« 

2.40 
2.35 

1.47 
1.33 
1.31 

1.25 
1.30 
1.35 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

3.70 

1.03 

Tabi.h  CXLI.— //i»(  of  sptcimtm  examined  of  AncrOMYS  PHU1N08U8. 


% 

a 
1 

o 
1 

i 

=  . 

■a '5 
o 

1 

i 
a 

J 

LocaUty. 

When 
collected. 

From  whom  received. 

Collected  by— 

a 

■s 

1 

5728 
0403 
MIO 
5609 
5C08 
5603 
9611 

9 

Oct    -,1864 
May  16, 18G9 

C.P.Gandct 

F.  Biachoff 

B.RRoaa  

C.P.Oomlet 

F  Bischoff 

Skin, 
do 

Fort  Henry,  Aluaka 

.... 

1059 
1058 
1031 
530 
10S3 
168 
170 

W.L.Hardlaty  .... 
do   

..do. 
..  do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 

do 

do 

. .  do. 

..do 

.  do 

W  L  Hanlietv 

do. 

Csmp  Chlloweynck,  W.  T. . . . 
Fraser's  Rivor,  W.  T 

8opt.  18,  l85fl 
Sept  18,  IfSe 

A.  Campbell 

do 

B.ll.Ros« 

Dr.  C.  a  R  Kennerly 
du 

..  do. 
..  do. 

...do. 

do    

Sopt  18,  li=58 
Dea  80,1861 
Deo.  20,1861 

do 

do    

...do. 

859 
SS8 

ForlVakon 

do       .      . 

do 

J  Lockhart 

.  do. 

173 

do 

.  do    

..  do. 

A.CampboU 

do 

Dr.  can.  Kennerly 
do 

..do. 
Skull. 
..  do. 

3673 
36711 
3676 
3677 
3678 
0872 
6870 
6801 
6862 

,.  ..  do 

do 

do    

do 

do 

do 

..do 

do 

do 

do 

...do. 
..  do. 
..do. 
...do. 
..  do. 

do 

do 

do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

EXTINCT   AMEKIOAN    SClURIDiE. 


Many  species  of  extinct  Rodents  have  recently  been  made  known  by 
Dr.  LeiJy  and  Professors  Marsh  and  Cope  from  the  Tertiary  deposits  of 


59  M 


»  f'   i         !  I 


'I 


I'  ^i 


ri; 


111 


n- 


930 


MON<JGUAPIlS  OF  NOIITII  AMEllICAN  RODENTIA. 


Nf'hraska,  Wycmiing,  Utali,  Coloraili),  and  New  Mexico,  as  well  as  from  bono- 
cavcs  and  Quaternary  deposits  of  the  East.  Witliin  the  last  six  years, 
more  than  filly  species  have  Ijeen  named,  hnt  very  few  of  them  can  be 
said  to  have  been  cliaractcrized,  owing  to  the  imperfect  nature  of  the  male- 
rials  from  which  they  have  been  made  known.  In  1873,  Dr.  Leidy  (lescril)ed 
and  figured  remains  of  six  species  in  his  great  work  entitled  "Contributions 
to  the  E.xtinct  Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the  West«^rn  Territories",*  of  which  four 
were  referred  to  the  Sciurida  and  two  doul)tfully  to  tlic  MundtB.  Professor 
Marsh,  in  1871  and  1872,  gave  preliminary  descriptions,  without  figures,  of 
ten  or  twelve  species,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  (vols,  ii 
and  iv,  3d  series),  of  which  a  large  part  are  doubtless  referable  to  the  Sciu  idcr., 
but  in  many  instances  no  conjecture  is  offered  ri.cnecting  their  affinities.  In 
nearly  every  case,  the  species  were  described  from  one  or  two  imperfect  jaw 
fragments,  containing  one  or  more  molar  teeth,  but  in  one  or  two  instances 
merely  from  isolated  molars.  Professor  Cope,  in  various  papers,  has  descril»ed 
a  still  larger  number,  making  altogether  abont  fifty-four  species,  and  six- 
teen genera,  all  more  or  less  imperfectly  indicated.  In  many  cases,  owing 
to  the  fragmentary  and  extremely  unsatisfactory  nature  of  the  remains  on 
which  the  diagnoses  have  necessarily  been  based,  the  affinities  of  many  of 
the  genera  can  scarcely  be  even  conjectured.  Some  are  positively  referable 
to  the  Muridce,  others  to  the  Castoridce,  Ltporid^p,  and  Hi/^trkida,  while  many 
others  are  imquestionably  referable  to  the  Sciitridm.  Other  remains  belong 
to  families  unrepresented  in  the  existing  fauna,  as  the  Ischyromyida:  and 
Castoroididce. 

Remains  of  Glues  have  been  found  in  great  variety  in  the  Tertiary  (Eocene) 
deposits  of  the  Upper  Green  River  and  its  tributaries,  and  in  portions  of  Col- 
orado, Dakota,  and  Nebraska.  Other  remains,  in  part  referable  to  species 
still  existing,  but  mainly  to  extinct  species  of  existing  genera,  have  been  found 
in  the  caves  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  and  in  the  crevices  of  the  lead- 
bearing  rocks  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  in  deposits  of  Quaternary  age.  In 
a  few  instances,  as  in  the  case  of  Palaolagus  in  Colorado,  large  numbers  of 
specimens  of  the  same  species  have  been  found,  but  generally  the  species  are 
known  as  yet  from  merely  a  few  imperfect  fragments  of  jaws. 

In  respect  to  the  Sciuridtv,  the  bone-eaverns  of  Pennsylvania  and  Vir- 
ginia have  afforded  remains  of  extinct  species  of  Tatnias  and  Sciurus,  but, 

•  riiiiil  KuportiH  of  tlic  iT.  8.  Oool.  Sarv.  Terr.  vol.  i,  FoBnil  Vortnbraten,  purl  i,  I87;i. 


SOIURID^.— EXTINCT  SPECIES. 


931 


with  possil)ly  one  exception,*  the  remains  from  tiie  Tertiary  deposits  of  the 
West  belong  to  vviioUy  extinct  genera.  The  genera  of  this  family,  most  abun- 
dant in  the  Eocene  deposits,  and  which  may  l)c  nnqiicstionably  referred  to 
the  Sciuridce,  are  Paramijs  and  Scluravus,  which  are  not  ajjparcntly  very  dis- 
tantly related.  The  remains  referred  to  these  genera  indicate  species  ranging 
in  size  from  animals  smaller  than  Sciurus  hudsonius  to  those  one-fourth  larger 
than  Arclomys  monax.  Other  apjiarently  Sciurine  forms  arc  the  genera  Tax- 
ymys  ]\Iarsh,  Tilloinys  Marsh,  Heliscomys  Cope,  and  possibly  Colonomys 
Marsh,  and  some  of  the  species  referred  to  Gymnoptychus  Cope.  Gyttino- 
ptychus  chrysodon  is  said  to  lack  postorbital  processes,  which  at  once  excludes 
it  from  the  Sciurida,  although  the  genus  has  been  referred  by  its  author  to 
this  familj',  togetlier  with  Ischyromys  Leidy.f 

As  the  majority  of  tlie  extinct  species  of  Sciurida;  have  l)een  described 
from  merely  lower-jaw  fragments,  it  is  not  unlii\cly  tliat,  if  tiiey  ever  become 
l)etter  known,  some  of  the  larger  genera,  as  Paramys,  Scluravus,  and  Gym- 
7ioj)(ychus,  will  be  found  to  embrace  species  not  strictly  congeneric;  it  being 
presumable  from  analogy  that  species  ranging  in  size  from  the  size  of  a  large 
Mouse  to  that  of  a  large  Marmot  will  hardly  prove  to  be  referable  to  tlie 
same  genera. 

The  subjoined  account  of  the  extinct  forms  of  Sciuridee  is  necessarily, 
from  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  merely  a  compilation  from  tiie  original 
authorities.  All  that  is  aimed  at  is  to  give  a  connected  synopsis  of  tlic  sub- 
ject, eribracing  the  leading  characteristics  of  the  described  forms,  with  their 
loc^aties  of  occurrence,  their  approximate  size,  a  notice  of  the  data  on  which 
our  knowledge  of  them  at  present  rests,  and  references  to  the  original  papers 
in  which  they  have  been  described  or  noticed.  Tiiis,  owing  to  the  scattered 
state  of  the  literature  of  the  subject,  it  has  been  thought  might  prove  useful 
to  the  general  student  and  also  to  special' "ts. 

SCIURUS  CALYCINUS  Cope. 

iSoiuni*  calyciHHt  Cope,  Proo.  Amer.  Phil.  8oc.  xil,  1S71,  8G. 

Described  from  "two  imperfect  rami  of  the  lower  jaw,  with  the  incisor 
and  first,  second,  and  third  inferior  molars  in  situ",  found  in  the  Port  Ken- 

*  Professor  Cope  refers  one  species  from  Colorado,  described  first  as  a  Paramyn,  to  Sciurus,  remark- 
iug  that  the  remains  thns  referred  do  "  not  differ  in  any  degree  from  corresponding  parts  of  tlie  existing 
Squirrels".— (^nn-  Sep.  V.  S.  Geo}.  Sun.  Terr,  for  1S?3  (1874),  p.  475.) 

t  Ibid.  p.  474. 


Km 

:  |mH|ai 

P*  m 

iHII 

\     \     : 

HHI.  ' 

k  if 

PTT" 


932 


MONO(}RAP118  OK  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA, 


■'H 


A   /H 


I:  i    i 


i 


ncdy  l)()nc-cav(>,  Moiitgoiiiory  Count)',  Peiiiisylvaniii.  Tlieso  rnnuins  iiidicato 
a  species  iiuicli  larger  than  S.  ptinoUus  Copo,  and  agreeing  in  size  witli  S. 
hufLwniu.i,  to  wliicli  it  seems  not  unlikely  referable. 

SCIURUS  PANOLIUS  Cope.  ,  ...^   . 

Seiiiruii  pamliua  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Pliil.  Soc.  xi,  1863, 174,  pi.  iii,  fig.  h. 

This  species  is  based  on  a  portion  of  n  mandibular  ramus  "containing 
two  molar  teeth,  and  the  included  portion  of  the  incisor,  the  coronoid  and 
vertical  ramus  being  lost"'.  It  is  from  the  caves  of  Wythe  County,  Virginia. 
This  fragment  indicates  a  species  about  two-thirds  the  size  of  Sciuius  hud- 
sonius,  and  appears  to  differ  considerably  in  other  respects  from  the  corre- 
sponding portion  of  the  lower  jaw  of  S.  hudsonius.  While  its  size  is  that  of 
Tamias  striatus,  it  is  a  true  Sciurus,  and  the  smallest  species  of  the  genus 
thus  far  known  from  North  America.  i 

SCIURUS  RELICTUS  Cope.         .        - 

" Paramio  ie/ic(u»  Corn,  Synop.  New  Vert,  of  Colornjo,  1873,  ;t."  '■ 

Sfiiini*  rt«c(«»  Cope,  Aun.  Rep.  U.  8.  Geo).  Snrv.  Terr,  for  1873  (1874),  475.       .  ■■ 

"Size  that  of  the  Chickaree  (Sciurus  hudsonius)."  Described  from  "two 
lefl  mandibular  rami,  witli  all  the  teeth  conip'ete".  Said  to  "not  differ  in 
any  degree  from  corresponding  parts  of  the  existing  Squirrels".  Found  in 
the  "Tertiary  of  Colorado",  the  exact  locality  not  being  given, 

TAMIAS  L^VIDENS  Cope.  .J; 

Tamiaa  tet'ident  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  xi,  1869,  174. 

This  species,  described  from  "the  distal  half  of  a  mandibular  ramus", 
with  the  first  molar  teeth  in  place,  is  too  imperfectly  known  to  enable  one  to 
say  much  respecting  its  character  or  affmities.  Its  size  seems  to  have  beea 
that  of  T.  striatus,  from  which  species  it,  however,  differs  in  several  important 
particulars.  In  T.  lavidens,  the  first  lower  molar  has  two  anterior  cusps,  as 
in  T.  lateralis  and  T.  asiaticus  var.  quadrivittatus,  instead  of  the  single  one 
seen  in  T.  striatus  and  T.  Iiarrisi.  The  portion  of  the  ramus  anterior  to  the 
molars  is  also  slenderer  than  in  T.  striatus,  and  the  incisors  lack  the  fine  stri- 
ations  of  the  anterior  surface  seen  in  the  last-named  species,  but  have  "three 
narrow  grooves  on  the  outer  longitudinal  angle".  From  the  bone  breccias  of 
caves,  Wythe  County,  Virginia. 


SClUltlDiE— EXTJNCT  SPECIES. 


938 


ARCTOMYS  VETUS  Marsh. 

Arclomys  rtlut  MABSit,  Aiuer.  Journ.  8ci.  aud  Art%  3il  set.  ii,  1871, 121. 

About  onc-tliird  as  large  as  Arctomys  monax.  Dcscribod  from  a  nearly 
perfect  lower  jaw  and  other  rciDains.  Lower  incisors  with  a  siiallow  median 
groove  on  the  anterior  surface.     Loup  Fork,  Northern  Nebraska;  Tiiocenc. 

Genus  PA«AMYS  Lcidy. 

raramp  Lkidv,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1871,  aiil  |  Ann.  Rep,  II.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  loi  1871  (1872), 
357 ;  Extinct  Vert.  Fauna,  1873,  109. 

Although  half  a  dozen  or  more  species  of  Paramys  have  been  de- 
scribed, the  genus  is  thus  far  known  only  from  more  or  less  imperfect 
mandibular  rami.  It  was  first  described  by  Dr.  Leidy,  in  1871,  from  remains 
discovered  by  Dr.  Carter  in  Tertiary  deposits  near  Fort  Bridger,  Utah,  who 
recognized  three  species  from  as  many  fragments  of  lower  jaws.  Professor 
Marsh  and  Professor  Cope  have  each  since  described  a  single  additional 
species  from  the  Tertiary  of  Western  Wyoming  and  Colorado.  The  largest 
of  these  species  {J*aramys  rohustus  Marsh)  exceeds  in  size  the  common 
Marmot  {Arctomys  monax),  while  the  smallest  (Paramys  relictus  Cojie,  j)cr- 
liaps  not  strictly  referable  to  this  genus)  is  not  larger  than  the  common  Chick- 
aree {Sciurus  hudsonius).  As  in  all  the  other  genera  of  the  Sciurida,  the 
lower  grinding  teeth  arc  four  in  number  on  each  side,  with  short,  square, 
tuberculatc,  enameled  crowns,  with  the  same  concave  surface  and  tuberculatc 
corners  as  in  other  genera. 

"The  lower  jaw  is  proportionally  shorter  and  deeper  than  in  most  known 
Rodents,  Ihe  reduction  in  length  being  mainly  due  to  i  less  development  of 
that  part  of  the  bone  in  advance  of  the  molars.  To  compensate  for  differ- 
ence in  length,  and  to  make  room  to  accommodate  the  incisors,  these  teeth 
reach  farther  back  than  usual.  In  Squirrels  and  Marmots  their  posterior 
extremity  reaches  a  short  distance  behind  and  beneath  the  last  molar.  In 
Paramys  it  reached  further  backward,  upward,  and  externally  to  ;  I(!vel  with 
the  crown  of  the  last  molar.  The  jaw  in  advance  of  the  molars  is  not  only 
short  compared  with  the  usual  condition  in  most  known  Rodents,  but  the 
acute  edge  of  the  hiatus  between  the  molars  and  incisors  is  almost  on  a 
level  with  the  alveoli  of  the  teeth,  instead  of  forming  a  deep  concave  notch, 
so  conspicuous  a  feature  of  the  jaw  of  the  Gnawers  generally.  The  ridge 
defining  tlic  muscular  fossa  on  the  back  part  of  the  jaw  is  strongly  pronounced, 
indicating  powerful  masticatory  muscles.'' — (Leidy.) 


034 


MONOORAPnS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODRNTIA. 


"1 
■! 

I'M     ;; 

.  ;■  ■  :         h 

■■  :    ■            1 :  . 

PAIJAMYS  ROHUSTUS  JIarsli. 

J'arauiiji  rahunliis  Maiisii,  Aiiii^r.  .lourii,  Sci.  ami  Arts,  iv,  1872,  218. 

One  of  tlic  largest  of  tlio  known  species  of  Parnmys,  being  "somcwlint 

liirgcr  than  the  common  AVoodehuck  {Arctomys  moiiax  Gmel.)".     Described 

b)'   Professor  Harsh   from   "two  lower  molars"  and   "other  less  important 

remains".     Lower  Tertiary  deposits  of  Grizzly  Biittes  and  Henry's  Fork, 

Wyoming. 

PARAMYS  LEPTODUS  Cope.    -'     * 

/•rtinmi/s  tqtlodin  CorE,  Pal.  Hull.  no.  12,  1873,  3. 

"About  the  size  of  P.  delicatux  Lcidy,  and  P.  rohustus  Marsh,  but  with 
smaller  incisors,  which  have  little  more  than  half  tiie  diameter  of  the  same 
tooth  in  tliose  species.  The  molars  have  two  anterior  separate,  and  three 
posterior  contiguous  cones,  the  median  smallest.  The  anterior  and  posterior 
of  both  sides  separated  by  a  deep  excavation.  The  anterior  tooth  is  peculiar 
in  its  greater  compression.  The  posterior  tubercles  are  not  separated,  and 
the  anterior  inner  situate  behind  the  outer,  and  connected  with  the  posterior 
inner  by  a  concave  ridge."  Iicngth  of  the  molar  series  221""";  antero-pos- 
terior  diameter  38"""  ;  transverse  24"'"'.  Described  from  a  right  mandibular 
ramus  with  all  the  teeth  preserved.     Soutii  Bitter  Creek,  Wyoming. 

PARAMYS  DELICATUS  Leidy. 

Paramys  gelicalua  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1871, 2I!1 ;  Ann.  Rep.  U.  8.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1871 
(1872),  357;  Extinct  Vert.  Fnnna  (Final  Kcp.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  vol.  i),  1873,  110,  335, 
pi.  vi,  iigs.  23-25.— Cope,  Pal.  Bull.  no.  12,  1873,  4. 

Size  about  one-fourth  less  than  Arctomys  monax.  Length  of  the  lower 
molar  series  0.75  of  an  inch  ;  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  lower  incisor 
0.17  ;  transverse  diameter  0.13.  Eocene  beds  near  Fort  Bridger  {Leidy),  and 
Black's  Fork,  Southwestern  Wyoming  {Cope).  Described  and  figured  by 
Dr.  Leidy  (/.  c.)  from  two  specimens  sent  to  him  by  Dr.  Carter,  "consisting 
of  portions  of  the  right  and  left  sides  of  tlie  lower  jaw,  containing  most  of 
the  molars  and  portions  of  the  incisors". 

PARAMYS  DELICATIOR  Leidy. 

Paramtjt  delicatior  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1871,  331 ;  Ann.  Eep.  U.  S.  Gool.  Snrv.  Terr,  for  1871 
(1872),  357;  Extinct  Vert.  Kanna,  1873,  110,  335,  pi.  vi,  flgg.  2fi,  27,  pi.  xxvii,  flga.  16-18.— 
Coi'K,  Pal.  Dull.  DO.  12,  1873,  4. 

Rather  smaller  than  the  preceding,  and  collected  by  Dr.  Carter  from 
the  same  locality.     Length  of  the  lower  molar  series  0.62  of  an  inch ;  antcro- 


SClUlllJ-)yE— EXTINCT  Hl'EClES. 


S)!'.;") 


posterior  diameter  of  lower  incisor  0.17;  transverse  0.125.  Dcscribctl  anJ 
figured  l)y  Dr.  Leidy  (/.  c.)  from  tlic  greater  jjortion  of  a  lefl-  mandil)ular 
ramus  and  several  detached  molar  teeth.  From  Fort  Bridger,  Utali,  and  also 
reported  by  Professor  Cope  (/.  c.)  from  Cottonwood  ('recii  and  Black's  Fork, 
Southwestern  Wyoming. 

PARAMYS  DELICATISSIMUS  Leidy. 

I'aramtjs  dclivatitimua  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sci.  Pbilft.  1871,231 ;  Ann.  Rop.  U.  8.  Ocol.  Siirv.  Tun:  lor 
1871  (1872),  357;  Extinct  Vert.  Fauna,  1873,  112,  33.'-.,  pi.  vi,  figs.  28,  29.— Ciu-i!,  Pal.  Bull, 
no.  12,  1873,  4. 

Smaller  than  either  of  the  preceding,  and  from  tiie  same  localities. 
liCngth  of  tiie  lower  molar  series  C'jO  of  an  inch  ;  antero-posterior  diameter 
of  the  lower  incisor  0.125 ;  transverse  0.083.  Described  and  figured  by  Dr. 
Leidy  (/.  c.)  from  "the  greater  portion  of  the  right  ramus  of  a  lower  jaw, 
containing  all  the  molars,  and  a  second  specimen  consisting  of  a  small  frag- 
ment of  another  lower  jaw  containing  the  second  molar".  Fort  Bridger 
{Ltikly)  and  Black's  Fork  {Cope). 

Genus  SCIURAVUS  Marsh.  \ 

Sdwattti  Mahsh,  Aiuer.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  ii,  1871,  122. 

U|)per  molars  with  two  pairs  of  tubercles,  and  a  minute  intermediate 
cone  on  the  outer  edge.  The  lower  incisors  extend  below  the  entire  molar 
series. 

SCIURAVUS  NniDUS  Marsh. 

&ii(rotiii»  in7irfH«  Marsh,  Araer.  Jouru.  Sci.  3d  sur.  ii,  1871, 128.— Leidv,  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr, 
for  1871  (1872),  308. 

"About  the  size  of  the  Brown  Rat  {Mus  decumanus)^  Described  from 
a  portion  of  an  upper  jaw  containing  the  last  three  molars.  Found  at  Grizzly 
Buttes,  near  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming. 

SCIURAVUS  UNDANS  Marsh. 

Sriiirauiw  nii(ffl««  MAnsH,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  ii,  1871, 122.— Lbidy,  Ann.  Rop.  II.  S.  Gcol. 

Surv.  Terr,  for  1871  (1872),  358. 
Panmgt  undana  Cope,  Pal.  Bull.  no.  12,  1873,  4. 

Rather  larger  than  the  Brown  Rat  {Mas  dccumanus) ;  smaller  than 
Paramys  dclicatissimus  Leidy.  Described  by  Professor  Marsh  (/.  c.)  from  a 
portion  of  a  lower  jaw  containing  the  incisors  and  the  first  three  molars,  from 


m 


O.'JG 


MONOGkAl'lIS  OF  NOrwTU  AM13UICAN  RODENTIA, 


m'  h 


(jlrizzly  Hiittrs,  Wyoming.     Citctl  by  Professor  Cope  as  also  occurring  on  the 

U|i|)iT  (irfi-n   K'ivcr.     Professor  Cope  considers  this  species  as  giMierirally 

idenlical  in  denliiiou  with  Pnrani>/s,  \o  which  genus  he  refers  it,  as  above 

cited. 

SCIURAVUS  TARVIDENS  Marsh. 

Stiiirariit  pani<U-n$  Mafisii,  Amur.  Joiirn.  Sci,  anil  Arts,  3(1  ser.  iv,  1373,  S'20 

Half  the  size  of  Sciuravus  und<ivs,  witli  the  lower  incisor  more  coriv(;x 
in  fiont  tiian  in  tiiat  species.  Described  from  a  "lower  jaw  containing  the 
thini  molar,  and  part  of  an  upper  jaw  with  the  penultimate  molar,  and  sev- 
eral isolated  teeth".     From  Henry's  Fork  and  Grizzly  Buttes,  Wyoming. 


?  SCIURAVUS 


Leidy. 


f  Sdvrariid Lkidv,  Extinct  Vort.  Fauna,  1673, 113,  335,  pi.  vi,  flg.  30. 

Size  of  the  last.  Described  and  figured  by  Dr.  Leidy  (/.  c.)  from  part 
of  a  maudibidar  ramus,  containing  the  third  molar  and  the  alveoli  of  the  sec- 
oiul  and  fourth  molars,  from  Grizzly  Buttes,  Wyoming.  Referred  doul)tfully 
to  this  genus  by  Dr.  Leidy,  it  being  considered  by  him  as  not  referable  to 
Paramt/s. 

Genus  IIELISCOMYS  Cope. 

ncUtoomyn  CoPE,  "  Synop.  Now  Vert  Colorado,  1S73,  3  " ;  Ann.  Rep.  0«ol.  Burv.  Terr,  for  1973  (1874),  475. 

"Liferior  molars  four;  the  crowns  supporting  four  isolated  cones  in 
pairs.  Tliis  genus  is  only  known  from  mandibular  rami.  These  resemble  in 
their  dental  structure  some  of  the  Murida,  but  the  number  uf  molars  is 
more,  as  in  Sciuridce." 

IIELISCOMYS  VETUS  Cope. 

UeliKomyi  rtlia  CoPK,  "Synop.  Kow  Vert.  Colorado,  1S73,4";  Ann.  Bcp.  OeoL  8unr.  Terr,  for  1873 

(1-^7 1),  ITS. 

Smaller  than  Scinrus  hudsonius.  "  The  least  mammal  of  tlie  fauna  to 
which  it  pertains."  "First  molar  with  only  three  cones ;  all  the  molars  except 
the  first  with  a  broad  continuous  cingulum  on  the  ex  ernal  side.  Ramus 
rather  stout;  incisor-teeth  very  slender,  elongate,  slightly  comrnct-.^fi,  wHi; 
parallel  sides  and  convex  anterior  surface."     From  the  "Tertiary  of  Colorado". 

Genus  MYSOPS  Leidy. 

Ujimpt  Lkibv,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilii.  1871,  8.13;  Ann.  Bep.  U.  8.  Oeol.  Burr.  Terr,  for  1871  (1S72), 
3.W;  Kxlinct  Vert.  l''auua,  1H7.'!,  111. 

"The  jaw  in  its  form,  proportions,  and  const ructiuii,  and  the  number  of 


SCIUUIDil3— EXTINCT  ai'KCIES. 


937 


toctli  and  (heir  nilntivo  jmwitioii,  agrei;  with  the  conditions  in  Purumi/s,  hut 
the  form  of  tlic  mohirs  is  sufficiently  dilferent  to  refer  hlic  specimen  to  n  dif- 
f(!rent  genus,  for  wliicli  the  above  luinie  lias  l)een  j)roi)oscd.  The  [lower] 
molar  teeth,  as  in  Paramys,  are  four  in  lunnher,  inserted  each  l)y  a  |)air  of 
fangs.  The  crowns  arc  quadrate  and  invested  with  enamel.  The  triturating 
surface,  instead  of  being  constructed  like  that  of  the  Squirrels,  is  more  like 
that  of  the  Rats The  crown  of  the  third  molar  exhibits  two  trans- 
verse lobes,  or  ridges,  joined  by  an  intermediate  narrow  ridge,  and  the  inner 

surface  of  the  lobes  include  a  trilateral  tubercle The  last  molar  ex- 

liil»it8  three  transverse  ridges  or  lobes,  of  whieii  the  anterior  is  the  thickest, 

(he  middle  one  the  tiiinnest,  and  the  posterior  the  shortest The  anterior 

molar  of  Mysops,  like  the  last  one,  is  more  elongated  fore  and  afl  than  the  two 
succeeding  molars,  but  is  proportionally  of  less  size  than  in  the  Rats,  and  has 

not  three  fangs,  as  in  these  animals The  jaw  is  proportionately  deep 

and  short,  compared  with  that  of  the  Rat.  The  masseteric  fossa  is  deep,  and 
defined  by  a  rectangle,  the  apex  of  wliich  reaches  as  far  forward  as  the  posi- 
tion of  tbc  third  molar  tooth.  The  border  of  the  jaw  at  the  hiatus  in  advance 
of  the  molars  extends  nearly  on  a  level  from  their  alveoli  to  that  of  the  inci- 
sor.'' The  skull  remains  unknown.  Described  from  remains  found  by  Dr. 
Carter  at  Grizzly  Bnttes,  Wyoming. 

Animals  of  small  size,  scarcely  larger  than  the  common  Mouse  {Mas 
musnulus). 

This  genus  was  doubtfully  referred  by  Dr.  Leidy,  in  1873,  to  the  Muridce, 
but  its  affinities  are  apparently  more  Sciurine  than  Murine. 

MYSOPS  FRATERNUS  Lcidy. 

Myaopt  fraUmm  Lkidv,  Kxtinct  Vert.  Fauna,  187;t,  112,  33C,  pi.  xxvii,  flgs.  U,  15. 

Size  of  the  common  Mouse  {Mus  musculus).  Described  from  a  portion 
of  a  right  ramus  of  a  lower  jaw  containing  the  last  three  molars.  Length 
of  the  molar  series  about  0.26  of  an  inch  ;  depth  of  the  jaw  at  the  third  molar 
0.21.     Grizzly  Buttes,  Wyoming. 

MYSOPS  MINUTUS  Leidy. 

Uytogs  minulut  Lkiuy,  Proc.  Acnd.  Nnt.  Sci.  PUila.  1871,  239;  Ann.  Rep.  U.  8.  Cool.  Snrv.  Terr,  for  1871 
(1878),  357 ;  Extinct  Vert.  Fauna,  1878,  111,  336,  pi.  vi,  figs.  31,  32. 

Size  of  the  last.  Described  from  a  ramus  of  the  lower  jaw,  containing 
two  molars.     Grizzly  Buttes,  Wyoming. 


<)1'8  MO.NOdKAI'IlH  Ol'  NOUTII  AMKIMOAN  UODIJMTIA. 

Genuh  colon YMYS  Marsh. 

CiilimomyH  Maicmii  Aincr.  Journ.  Hci.  niiil  ArtH,  'M  »er.  iv,  187'^,  'i'iO. 

Known  only  from  Hcvpral  isolated  molar  toctli  of  an  appan^ntly  Sciuriiio 

character. 

COLONYMYS  CELEIt  Mar^li. 

Coloitomiji  ctler  Maiinii,  Aiiicr.  .lourn.  Scl.  Aud  Arts,  3d  ler.  Iv,  1H72,  990.  ,^ 

Aiioiit  half  the  size  of  the  Brown  Rat  {Mus  decumanus).  Known,  like 
the  i,'('nns,  only  from  a  low  detached  tiiolur  teeth,  from  the  Tertiary  dejjosits 
of  Henry's  F<   k,  Wyoming. 

Genus  TAXYMYS  Marsh. 

Taxjpn'jn  Maiihii,  Amor.  Jonni.  Sci.  nnd  Artx,  M  hot.  iv,  \HTi,  21!). 

Apparently  allied  to  the  trne  S(inirrels,  hut  too  imperfectly  known  to 
admit  of  characterization. 

TAXYMYS  LUCARIS  Marsh. 

Taxjimija  hicaria  Mauhh,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  nnd  Arts,  3d  «er.  iv,  1879,  919. 

Kather  smaller  than  the  Flying  S(iuirrel  {Sciurojiterus  volucella).  Dc- 
scrihed  from  a  portion  of  an  upper  jaw,  with  the  first  two  molars  in  place, 
and  from  a  vcrtehra  supposed  to  l)elong  to  the  same  animal.  First  upper 
premolar  very  small,  as  in  the  Arhoreal,  Flying,  and  Ground  Squirrels,  with 
a  similar  contijrmation  of  the  triturating  surface.  From  Tertiary  deposits, 
Henry's  Fork,  Wyoming. 

Genus  TILLOMYS  Marsh. 

TilloHiya  MAnsn,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arta,  3d  ser.  iv,  1879,  910. 

Two  species,  dilFering  mainly  in  size,  are  referred  to  this  genus,  descril)cd 
from  very  unsatisfactory  fragments  of  lower  jaws.  Very  little  is  known 
respecting  the  characters  of  the  group. 

TILLOMYS  SENEX  Marsh. 

TiUomya  iienex  Maksii,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  and  ArU,  3d  ser.  iv,  1879, 910. 

"About  the  size  of  a  rat."  Length  of  the  lower  molar  scries  ll"""; 
depth  of  the  lower  jaw  at  the  second  molar  5°"".  Described  from  a  lower- 
jaw  fragment,  having  the  second  molar  in  place.     The  jaw  is  described  a« 


BCIUltlDiR— KXTIN<3T  SPECIES. 


939 


filBiulcr,  with  the  tubercle  at  the  nntorior  iiinrgin  of  the  masseteric  fowsii  iitnlcr 
the  centre  of  the  second  molar.  The  crown  of  the  tootii  iins  an  aiitorior 
transverse  crest  and  a  |»air  of  posterior  tubercles.  From  the  lower  Tertiary 
deposits,  Henry's  Fork,  Wyoming. 

TILLOMYS  TARVUS  Marsh. 

TWomyt  parvui  Mahbii,  Am-'.  Jonrn.  Scl.  and  Arts,  M  sir.  Iv,  iH12,  819. 

Considerably  smaller  than  the  preceding.  Length  of  lower  molar  series 
T.!'""*.  Described  from  a  similar  imperfect  lower-jaw  fragm>;nt  containing 
the  second  molar,  from  Grizzly  Buttcs,  Wyoming. 


n 

ill 


m^ 


!('■ 


ifti 


1 


m 


I!i 


liiii  m 


MONOGRAPHS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


No.  XII.-APPENDICES. 


App.  B.-By  T.   GILL  and  E.   OOUE8. 


Ml 


f!' 


'm 


\M 


|:':    :  i 


Vy: 


^ 


APPENDIX    A. 


SYNOPTICAL  LIST  OF  THE  EXTINCT  RODENTli  OF  NORTH 

AMERICA. 


Bv  J.  A.  Au.EN. 


The  following  list  is  intended  to  inc'ude  all  of  the  extiuct  Rodentia  of  North 
America  described  prior  to  1877.  The  Sciuromorphs,  Hystricomornhp,  and  LeporidiB, 
having  been  nearly  all  noticed  at  some  length  in  the  preceding  payes  of  the  present 
series  of  monographs,  it  is  deemed  suflBcient  in  the  present  connection  to  cite  ihe 
earlier  pages  of  the  present  work,  wherein  they  are  more  fully  noticed.  In  respect 
to  the  others,  references  are  here  given  to  the  papers  and  works  wherein  they  were 
originally  described  or  subsequently  noticed,  together  with  short  notices  of  their  lead- 
ing characteristics  so  far  as  they  are  at  present  known.  With  our  present  imperfect 
knowledge  of  the  extinct  forms  here  enumerated,  it  is  impracticable  tt  attempt  any- 
thing more  than  a  compilation  of  the  species  as  described  by  authors. 

GLIRES  SIMI'LICIDEISTATI. 

SCIUROMORPHA. 

SCIUKUS  CALYCINlJS  Copo.    See  aiitrH,  p.  931. 

SC1URU8  PAN0LIU8  Cope.    See  antei,  p.  932. 

SCIURUS  BRLICTUS  Cope.    See  anted,  p.  933. 

TAMIA8  L^VIDENS  Cope.    See  anted,  p.  938. 

ARCTOMYS  VETUS  Marsh.    See  anIeA,  p.  933. 

PARAMYS  R0BC8TU8  Marsh.    See  anfeA,  p.  934. 

PARAMY8  LEPT0DU8  Cope.    See  anted,  p.  934. 

PARAMYS  DELICATUS  Leidy.    8eo  ur.icA,  p.  934. 

PARAMYS  DELICATIOR  Leidy.    See  anleA,  n.  934. 

PARAMYS  UELICATI88IMU8  Leidy.    See  allied,  n.  936. 

943 


S  nii 


I'i-i  i 


;.*::  ! 


lili 


11 


M'^  \ 


I  ■ . 


is;  •■■: 


f'l 

t 

III 

^1^ 

944 


MONOGRAPnS  OF  NORTU  AMERICAN  KODKNTIA. 


SCIURAVUS  NITIDUS  Marsli.    Sco  antei,  p.  03.->. 

SCIURAVUS  UNDANS  Miirsh.    Sen  fl«(<ii,  p.  9S.'.  ,       ,,  •  .;■'■.,,.„- 

SCIURAVUS  PAEVIDENS  Mursli.    Koo  aii(<i»,  p.  936.  .  '     '  -      ; 

fSClURAVUS Lridy.    Sw  nii(i<>,  p.  93(!.  ..        • 

Incertce  sedis.  ^'         ' 

HELISCOMYS  VETU8  Cope.    See  anUct,  p.  936. 
MYS0P8  FEATERNU8  Leidy.    See  a»i(fd,  p.  937. 
MYSOrS  MINUTUS  Leidy.    See  a«(fd,  p.  937. 
COLONYMYS  CELEB  Marsh.    See  aniei,  p.  938. 
TAXYMYS  LUCARIS  Marsh.    See  anIeA,  p.  938. 
TILL0MY8  SENEX  Marsh.    See  aiitei,  p.  93a 
TILLOMYS  PARVUS  Marsh.    See  anteCL,  p.  939. 

•  CASTORID^. 

EUCASTOB  TORTUS  Leidy.    See  anted,  p.  451. 
STENEOFIBER  NEBRASCENSI8  Leidy.    See  anh&,  p.  463. 
8TENE0FIBER  PANSUS  Cope.    See  anici,  p.  455. 

ISCHYROMYID^. 

The  family  Ischyromyidm  was  recently  proiwsed  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Alston  •  for  the  recep- 
tion of  Dr.  Lcidy's  genus  Ischyrcmys.  Mr.  Alston's  diagnosis  of  the  group,  based  ou 
Dr.  Loidy's  figures  and  descriptions  of  his  Ishchyromys  typva,  is  as  follows : — "Dentition 
as  in  Sciuridai.  Skull  resembling  CattoriikB,  but  with  the  infraorbital  opening  large, 
a  sagittal  crest,  no  postorbital  processes,  palate  broad,  basioccipital  keeled  ".t 

Genus  ISCHYROMYS  Leidy. 

lachyramys  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fbila.  1850,  89. 

ISCHYROMYS  TYPU8  Leidy. 

lachyromyi  tijpiu  Lkidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1856,  89;  1857,  89;  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  '2d 
ser.  vii,  1869,  335,  405,  pi.  xxvl,  figs.  1-C. 

About  the  size  of  a  Muskrat  [Fiber  eibethicug).  Form  of  the  skull  somowhnt 
resembling  that  of  the  Beaver  (Castor  Jiber),  but  the  interparietal  region  is  greatly 
narrowed,  more  even  than  in  the  Muskrat,  with  the  frontal  relatively  wider.  The  infra- 
orbital opening  was  apparently  as  large  as  in  the  Muskrat.  Upper  grinding  teeth  five, 
"constructed  after  the  plan  of  those  of  the  Squirrel  family". 

The  lower  grinders,  four  in  number,  also  resemble  those  of  the  ScinridcB,  and  the 
lower  jaw  fragments  are  described  as  resembling  the  corresponding  portions  of  the  jaw 
of  a  Squirrel ;  "but  the  impression  of  the  masscter  is  comparatively  feeble,  and  only 
reaches  as  far  forward  as  the  position  of  the  back  part  of  the  second  molar  tooth".  ■ 

•  Proc.  Zoiil.  Soc.  Loud.  1870, 78. 

t  Mr.  Alston  adds  in  a  foot-note : — "  It  seems  probable  that  Ptevdomj/n  Cope  [  =  PnmdotomuB  Copo] 
(Proc.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soo.  1872,467),  from  Ibo  Kccene  of  North  America,  may  belong  to  this  family." 
(Alston, /.c) 


PALiEONTOLOGICAL  APPENDIX— EXTINCT  RODENTIA. 


945 


Tlio  species  was  described  from  the  greater  portion  of  a  skull  and  several  fragments 
of  lower  jaws,  discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden  in  tbe  Mauvaises  Terres  of  Bear  Creek  (a 
tributary  of  the  Sheyenue  River)  and  White  Biver,  in  beds  ot  Miocene  age. 

The  genus  has  been  referred  by  Dr.  Leidy  and  Professor  Cope  to  the  Sciuridw,  but 
evidently  pertains  to  a  distinct  family,  as  shown  by  the  large  infraorbital  foramina,  the 
absence  of  postorbital  processes,  the  great  interparietal  constriction  of  the  skull,  etc. 

Incertw  sedu.* 
GENtJS  GYMNOPTY0HU8  Cope. 

Oymnoplychtu  Cope,  Pol.  Ball.  no.  16, 1873,  5;  Adu.  Eep.  U.  8.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1873  (1874),  476. 

"The  essential  features  are,  dentition ;  1. 1 ;  C.  J ;  M.  f ;  the  molars  with  two  cres- 
cents on  the  inner  s|de  above,  each  of  which  gives  rise  to  a  cross-ridge  to  the  outer 
margin.  In  the  mandibular  series  tbe  crests  and  crescents  have  a  reversed  relation. 
No  cementum."  Qymnoptychus  chrysodon,  the  first  s|)ecies  refeiTcd  to  this  genus  by  its 
describer,  is  said  to  have  no  postorbital  processes.  The  skull  is  said  to  be  broad  and 
stout,  but  not  depressed,  with  the  muzzle  broad  and  short,  and  "the  front"  (frontal 
region  T)  moderately  contracted.  While  its  dentition  is  somewhat  Sciurine,  tbe  absence 
of  postorbital  processes  renders  its  reference  to  the  iSctundte  quite  doubtful,  although  it 
has  been  thus  referre.1  by  Professor  Cope.t  Several  species  of  this  genus  have  been 
described  by  Professor  Cope  from  the  '•  Tertiary  of  the  Plains";  but  their  exact  locality 
of  occurrence  is  not  indicated.  X 

0YMN0PTYCHU8  CRY80D0N  Cope. 
Qnmnopti/tMHs  crynxfen  Cope,  Fall.  Ball.  do.  16, 1873, 5. 

"  First  upper  molar  a  single  cone.  Incisors  quite  compressed.  First  inferior  molar 
a  broad  oblong,  the  cusps  opposite,  tbe  anterior  close  together.  The  two  posterior 
cross  crests  do  not  form  a  V,  the  anterior  being  interrupted  at  the  cusp.  There  is  a 
delicatr>  tubercle  between  tbe  onter  cusps  of  the  three  last  molars.  The  incisor  is  com- 
pressed, the  anterior  and  outer  faces  being  separated  by  an  angle." 

GYMN0PTYCHU8  NASUTUS  Cope. 

Gjimnoptjichiu  naauliu  Cope,  Pal.  Bull.  no.  16,  1873,  6. 

Muzzle  luuch  compressed;  nasal  bones  flat,  extending  beyond  the  upper  incisors. 
Much  smaller  than  the  last,  with  the  first  molar  narrower.  Inferior  molars  with  two 
cross-crests  and  two  cinguloe  from  tbe  exterior  cones,  each  posterior  crest  terminating 
in  au  interior  cone. 

GYMNOPTYCHUS  TKILOPHUS  Cop«. 

OyvmoplyQhiu  Mlophua  Cope,  Pal.  BaU.  no.  16, 1873, 6 ;  Add.  Bep.  U.  8.  Geol.  Sarv.  Terr,  for  1873  (1874),  476 

Intermediate  in  size  between  the  two  preceding.  Molars  with  two  cross-crests,  not 
connected  by  oingula. 

OYMNOPa'YCHU8  MlNUTUg  Cope. 

Gymiioplyehiu  miHutui  Cope,  Pol.  Bull.  no.  16, 1873, 6 ;  Ann.  Kep.  U.  8.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1873  (1874),  476. 

Very  small,  scarcely  larger  tliau  a  House  Mouse  (Mm  viusoulwi),  and  differs  from 
the  others  somewhat  in  dentition. 

*  The  genera  next  following  {Oj/mmplychut  and  Pneudolamiu)  are  evidently  Scinromorphii,  and  uiuy 
both  be  referable  to  the  family  Itdiyromyida. 

t  Ann.  Rep.  U.  8.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr,  for  1873  (1874),  474. 

I  Ptofeaeor  Cu|>e,  in  bie  second  notice  of  this  genns  (I.  c.).  Buys,  "  Ttvo  gpecien  are  known,  a  larger 
and  a  ■mailer";  and  then  follow  notices  of  (i.  Irilophiu  and  G.  nifnu(Mi,  witb  no  reference  whatever  to 
Q.crytodnn  and  G.  najittm,  described  by  biui  at  the  same  time  0,  tritophn» auii  O.  minnluii  were  dcsuribedl 


w. 


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046 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


Genus  P8EUDOTOMUS  Cope. 


PttHdotomtu  CoPK,  Proo.  Amer.  Pbil.  Soc.  IH7-A4ri7;  IT.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  6th  Aon.  Rep.  (for  1873), 
1873,  610. 

Skull  depressed ;  zygomata  considerably  expanded ;  muzzle  brond,  but  little  ele- 
vated, witb  tbe  nasal  meatus  between  the  alveoli  of  the  upper  incisors ;  frontals  very 
sbort,  tbe  superciliary  margin  and  orbits  small,  and  without  postorbital  processes; 
temporal  fossa)  large,  converging  posteriorly,  and  greatly  contracting  tbe  braiu  case 
behind  tbe  orbita;  infraorbital  .foramen  rather  small,  circular,  and  placed  low  down 
near  tbe  alveolar  border ;  upper  iucisors  relatively  small,  in  form  much  as  in  Arctomyn, 
but  more  widely  separated ;  molars  probably  J. 

This  genus  was  tirst  referred  by  its  describer  to  the  order  Edentata,  but  later  was 
considered  as  "allied  to,  if  not  actually  a  member  of,  the  Sciuridw".  The  breadth  and 
depression  of  the  skull  are  said  to  remind  one  of  ArctomyH,  from  which,  however,  it 
differs  in  tbe  contraction  of  the  skull  between  the  orbits,  in  this  respect  more  resembling 
Fiber.  It  seems  also  in  this  and  in  other  respects  to  strongly  recall  I»ckyromy».  Tbe 
lateral  separation  of  tbe  iucisors,  both  superior  and  inferior,  is  referred  to  as  a  marked 
peculiarity.  Known  from  a  single  imperfect  skull  and  one  or  two  mandibular  fragments 
from  the  Bod  Lands  of  Cottonwood  Creek.  -;. 

PSEUDOTOMUS  HUNS  Cope. 

PKudoUmut  hiant  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Pliil.  Soc.  1W72, 407 ;  U.  8.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  6th  Ann.  Rep.  (for  187i), 
187;),  611. 

The  single  imperfect  skull  trom  which  the  present  species  is  known  is  said  to  iiidi- 
isa\»  an  animal  of  "about  the  size  of  an  Agouti".    From  tbe  Fort  Bridger  Eocene. 


MYOMORPHA. 

MURID^. 
Genus  EUMYS  Leidy. 


E»my»  Lkidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  I8.'i6,  90. 

EUMYS  ELEGANS  Leidy. 

A'umyf  eUgatu  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1806,  9U;  1857,  89;  Journ.  Aowl.  Nat.  Sol.  8d  nr.  vli, 
1869,  Mi,  407,  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  12,  la.— Cope,  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv,  Terr,  for  1873, 
1874,  474. 

The  genus  and  species  were  described  by  Or.  Leidy  from  a  specimen  discovered  by 
Dr.  Haydeu  in  tbe  Bad  Lauds  of  Bear  Creek,  "con»iisting  of  a  portion  of  the  left  side 
of  a  lower  jaw".  This  jaw-fragment  is  said  to  indicate  "an  animal  approaching  in 
size  tlie  Brown  Riit  (Mu«  deeutnanvs)'',  and  to  agree  in  form  and  constitution  with  tho 
corresponding  portion  of  the  jaw  of  that  animal. 

EUMYS  LOXODON  Cope. 

Heiperomyt  lozodon  CoPR,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phils.  1874,  150. 

Eumj/i  loxodoH  Copu,  Ann.  Rep.  Cbf.  Eagiuoers,  1874,  605;  ill.  App.  LL,  1. 

Based  ou  un  entire  mandibular  ramus,  with  all  the  teeth  preserved,  from  the  Hanta 
F6  marls.    Similar  to  tbe  E.  elegans  of  Leidy. 

NEOTOMA  MAOISTER  Baird.    See  nnteA,  p.  29 


PALiEONTOLOGICAL  APPENDIX— EXTINCT  HODENTI A.         947 

ARVICOLA  (ISODELTA)  SPEOTHEN  Cope. 

Anicola  tpeothen  Copk,  Proc.  Amer.  Pbll.  8oc.  Philn.  1871,  87,  Bg.  13. 

Described  from  "  the  entire  dentition  of  the  left  ramus  mandibali,  with  a  few  frag- 
ments of  the  iu\jacent  bone",  from  the  Port  Kennedy  bone-cave,  Fenusylvauin. 
Anterior  lower  molar  with  one  less  triangle  "  than  in  any  species  of  the  section  Ami- 
cola  ",  and  hence  reg'\rded  as  representing  a  new  subgenerip  type. 

ARVICOLA  (PITYMYS)  TETKADELTA  Cope.  , 

Jraioola  Mr<ul(i;<a  Cope,  Proo.  Amer.  Phil.  8oc.  Pliila.  1871, 8j,  Ak- l*!.       ^      •.      .  .  ,,  * 

Described  from  a  portion  of  the  skull  embracing  the  second  and  third  upper  molars. 
Differs  from  the  other  known  North  American  Arvicola  in  the  form  of  the  enamel  loops 
of  the  molars.    Port  Kennedy  bone-caves,  Pennsylvania. 

AKVICOLA  (PITYMV8)  DIDELTA  Cope. 

JniooU  didclta  Cope,  Proo.  Amer.  Pliil.  Soc.  Phila.  1871,  89,  fig.  Ifi. 

Described  from  "the  mandibular  rami  of  five  and  the  superior  dentition  of  proba- 
bly three  individuals",  from  the  Port  Kennedy  bone-caves.  Allied  to  Arvicola  (Pilymys) 
pinetornm.  ........ 

ARVICOLA  INVOLUTA  Cope. 

Jrvicola  invoJuta  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  PUil.  Soc.  Phila.  1871,  89,  Bg.  18. 

"Established  on  a  nearly  complete  ramus  mandibuli,  with  the  dentition  perfectly 
))reserved",  from  .the  Port  Kennedy  bone-caves.  It  is  said  to  be  "  nearly  allied  to  the 
A.  pinetorvm,  differing  principally  in  the  form  of  the  anterior  lower  molar".  About  the 
size  of  A.  riparitts. 

ARVICOLA  8IGMODU8  Cope. 

/trvicola  ligmodm  CoPK,  Proo.  Amor.  Phil.  Soo.  Phila.  1871,  90,  fig.  17. 

Based  on  "three  imperfect  mandibular  rami,  two  with  the  dentition  complete,  the 
other  with  the  posterior  molar  only  wanting".  Aboat  the  size  of  A.  ripariua.  Its 
■  baracters  are  said  to  be  near  those  of  "  A.  austera,  Lee." 

ARVICOLA  (ANAPTOGONIA)  HIATIDEN8  Copo. 

Arrfoola  hiatide«$  Cope,  Proo.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  1871,  91,  fig.  18. 

Based  on  sevend  molar  teeth,  which  are  several  times  larger  than  the  correspond- 
ing teeth  of  any  of  the  above-named  species, "  and  suggest  the  genus  Fiber^.  It  is  sug- 
gested that  it  may  not  be  referable  to  either  Arvicola  or  Fiber,  and  that  it  may  require 
to  stand  as  a  separate  genus.    From  the  Port  Kennedy  bone-cares,  Pennsylvania. 


GEOMYID^. 

0E0MT8  BI8ULCATUS  Marth. 

Otomjit  hisulcaltit  Marsh,  Amer.  Junru.  Sci.  and  ArU,  3d  ser.  ii,  Ib/l,  131. 

Apparently  nearly  allied  to  Oeomys  burnariut.    From  Pliocene  strata,  near  Camp 
Tborne,  Loup  Fork,  Northern  Nebraska. 


t.  1 


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948 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMIRICAN  KODENTIA. 


Genus  COLOTAXIS  Copo. 

CololaMt  Coi'B,  Pul.  Bull.  no.  15,  1873, 1.  . 

-'  "Inferior  molars  3;  crown  plicate,  with  two  counected  cusps  with  creacentio  see- 
tion,  on  the  outside,  each  of  which  jjives  rise  to  two  transverse  crests,  which  are 
unconnected.  Of  these  crests,  the  nrteiiur  and  posterior  are  marginal  and  leas  devel- 
oped than  the  median  pair.    Intervaln  deep,  without  cement." 

COLOTAXIS  CEISTATUS  Copo. 

Colotaxu  ariatatua  Cope,  Pall.  Bull.  no.  1&,  1873, 1. 

"Anterior  molar  narrower  than  the  others,  the  cusps  partly  alternating,  the  con- 
necting crests  of  the  exterior  wall  internally  placed,  the  transverse  crest  from  the  pos- 
terior forming  a  Y.  Anterior  cusps  well  separated.  Enamel  of  all  the  molars  smooth." 
Anterior  face  of  incisors  regularly  convex.    i<"roni  the  "Tertiaries  of  the  Plains". 


HYSTRICOMORPHA. 
IIYSTRICIDvE. 


HY8TRIX  VENU8TU8  Leidy.    See  anfcd,  p.  307. 
ERETHIZON  CLOACINUM  Cope.    See  antei,  p.  398. 

,    ,      .-  ;u..=^  CASTOROIDID.^. 

CA8TOROIDE8  0HIENSI8  Foster.    See  aii/«>,  p.  424. 

Incertw  sedi», 
Gknus  AMBLYRHIZA  Cope. 
Amblnrhita  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Ns(.  Sci.  Phila.  1868,  313.    See  qIbo  aii<M,  p.  421. 
AMBLYRHIZA  INl^DATA  Cope. 

AmMj/rkiia  inundata  CoFE,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1868,  313;  Proo.  Amer.  Pbtl.  Soc.  Phila.  1860, 183, 
pi.  iv,  pl.  V,  flg.  1. 

Genus  LOXOMYLU8  Cope. 
Loxomyliu  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  8oo.  Phila.  1869, 186.    (See  also  a«(M,  p.  421.) 
LOXOMYLUS  L0NGIDEN8  Cope. 

Loxomylua  longidena  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.  Id69, 187,  pl.  v,  figs.  2,  3. 
LOXOMYLUS  LATIDEN8  Cope. 
Loxomylua  laiidma  CoPR,  Proo.  Amer.  Phil.  (Soc.  Phila.  1870,  608. 

As  already  noted  on  a  previous  page  of  this  work  (p.  421),  the  genera  A.itblyrhisa  and 
Loxomylm,  together  with  the  species  referred  to  them,  were  based  by  Professor  Co|ms 
{I.  c.)  on  detached  teeth  from  the  bone  breccia  of  caves,  from  Angailla  Island,  West 
Indies,  and  are  as  yet  too  imperfectly  known  to  render  their  iifflnitles  fully  dpparent. 
In  the  structure  of  the  teeth,  they  are  allied  to  the  ChiuchiUidw,  and  also  lo  Cantoroidi- 
da,  nearly  equalling  the  latter  in  size,  to  which  group  they  may  prove  to  be  referable. 


PAL^ONTOLOGIOAL  APPENDIX-EXTINCT  KODENTIA.         949 


HYDROCHCERID^. 

IlYDROCH(ERUS  /K80PI  L«i(lj-.  , 

Oromji  ampi  Leidy,  Proo.  Acart.  Nat.  8oi.  Pbila.  ISM,  841. 

Uydrocharw)  aiopi  Leidy,  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1«)6,  165;  Holmes's  Post- pliocene  Fossils  of  South 
Carolina,  I860,  112,  pi.  xxi,  figs.  S-6|  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  2d  ser.  vii,  1860,  407. 

Described  from  teeth  fountl  in  the  Postplioceno  deposit  of  the  Ashley  Biver, 
near  Charleston,  Sonth  Carolinii. 

GLIRES  DUPLICIDENTATI. 

LEPORID^. 

PAL/EOLAGUS  HAYDKNI  Leidy.    See  antm,  p.  373. 
PALiEOLAOUS  AGAPET1LLU8  Cope.    See  aii/M,  p.  375. 
I'ALiEOLAGUS  TUKGIDU8  Cope.    See  a»M,  p.  375. 
PALiEOLAGUS  TRIPLEX  Cope.    See  antci,  p.  375. 
PANOLAX  SANCTiEFIDEI  Cope.    See  antm,  p.  376. 
PUAOTHERIUM  PALATINUU  Cope.    See  anted,  p.  377. 


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i&'i 


APPENDIX    B. 


MATERIAL 

FOB  A 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NOETH  AMERICAN  MAMMALS. 


Prkpakkd  by  Tkkoiidiir  Oii.l  and  Ellioti'  Coiies. 


Several  yeara  have  paased  siDOe  a  Biblingrapby  of  Nnrtli  American  Haninials  noa  begun  liy  Dr. 
Gill,  and  coutiniieil  with  tbe  oooperutiou  of  Dr.  Cones.  Tlio  design  was  to  make  it  as  complete  as  could 
bo  reasonably  expected,  and  to  include  (a)  all  works  and  papers  on  Mammalia  at  large  published  in 
North  America,  (A)  all  works  and  papers,  wherever  published,  relating  to  North  American  MnmmaU, 
nnd  ((')  such  general  works  or  collateral  special  papers  as  bear  more  or  less  directly  npou  the  subject. 
Pressure  of  other  engagements  upon  eaob  of  the  authors,  however,  obliged  them  to  suspend  the  work  in 
IH74,  and  tbe  material  now  published  represents  simply  the  progress  tbey  had  made  at  that  date  toward 
thii  completion  of  their  plan.  The  Bibliography  is  therefore  not  supposed  to  bo  brought  beyond  1874, 
when  systematic  compilation  of  titles  was  abandoned,  although  a  number  of  titles  of  later  date  bnvo 
been  collated  by  one  of  the  anthors  during  bis  preparation  of  the  index-slips  for  tbe  press.  In  the  full- 
est sense  of  tho  term,  this  compilaticn  is  only  "  material "  for  a  Bibliography ;  tbe  compilers  ore  fully  cog- 
nizant of  its  defects,  and  no  criticism  could  be  more  severe  than  that  which  they  ibemeelves  would  pass  « 
upon  it.  But  even  in  its  present  state,  the  Bibliography  is  much  more  extensive  than  any  hitherto 
prepared ;  it  is  published  in  connection  with  these  Monographs  of  by  far  tho  largest  order  nf  Mammalia, 
that  tbe  material  which  it  represents  may  at  length  become  available  for  all  those  who  are  working  upon 
North  American  Mammalogy ;  and  it  is  believed  that  it  will  be  very  useful  to  all  who  duly  regard  tho 
purport  of  this  explanot-ory  note. 

The  titles  are  arranged  in  chronological  order  under  a  few  beads.  The  first  set  consiHtR  of  general 
and  miscellaneous  publications  on  Mapimalsat  large;  the  second  of  faunal  publications,  or  those  rolatiog 
to  the  Mammals  of  particular  geographical  areas;  while  the  remaining  sets  are  those  of  orders  or  sub- 
ordersof  the  Mammalio.  Tbe  Bibliography  of  American  publications  is  believed  to  be  very  nearly  complete 
down  to  1874  inclusive ;  in  other  respects,  the  work  is  very  imperfect.  Many  of  the  titles,  especially  the 
foreign  ones,  are  taken  at  second  hand,  and  those  which  have  not  been  verified  may  not  be  found  to  be 
literally  correct.    Tbe  titles  of  many  of  the  general  works  are  not  given  in  full. 

A  considerable  part  of  the  Bibliography — that  relating  to  Eeveral  of  the  families  of  tho  Rodcn- 
tla — baa  already  been  presented  on  earlier  pages  of  this  volume,  and  such  titles  are  not  here  duplicjited. 

In  the  labor  of  preparing  this  matter  for  the  press,  which  has  devolved  upon  Dr.  Coues,  much 
assistance  has  been  rendered  by  Mr.  Allen,  who  has  kindly  revised  the  proofs,  adding  some  tith'S,  aud 
making  many  valuable  suggestions.  Very  great  assistance  has  also  been  rendered  by  Mr.  William  Young, 
the  acuonipliahetl  proof-reader  of  tbe  Oovornmeut  Printing  Office,  to  whom  special  thanks  are  due  for 
bia  valuable  services  in  securing  accurate  typography,  and  in  perfecting  the  arrangement  of  tb'!)  titles. 

951 


952 


MONOGUArUS  OF  KORTU  AMERICAN  KOUUSTJA. 


A.-MENEKAI.  AKD  niSCELLANEOIIM  PrBLICATIONCI. 


'P      1l 


i^ 


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I.  lift" 


,ll* 


13S1.— Oeaner,  C— Conr.  Ooanorl  biHtoriiD  ■uinialinm  lib,  i  ile  qiinilrnpoillbiii  vlvlpnriii.  I'olio,  Ti- 
Kiiri,  IfiM. 

1669.— Oesner,  C— AllgeiiHiinea  Tbiorbucb,durrbConr.  Oosnertim  in  lateiniaobvr  Hprncbe  bescbriubcn, 
(liiicb  Conr.  Kmoruin  ina  Dentftcho  llberaetzt.    Folio,     I'raiikf.  KiUti. 

1693.  —Ray,  J.  Syuopaia  metbmllca  unimalium  /^nadnipcdiini  ot  acr|ieiitini  (ronttrii.  Viil);ariiiiii  iioliia 
chnriicteriaticaa,  rariornm  ileacriptioncs  intc^iraa  exhiliena:  cum  liiatorilH  &,  obHcrviitloiiil>ii» 
uimtuiuicia  pcrqiiaiii  cnrloaia.  Fri«niittuiitur  uuouuila  de  duimnliimi  iu  geueru,  huuhu,  ({unera- 
tiiiiiK,  divixionp, &c.  8".  8  p.  I.,  330  pp.,  witb  |)orlrait  opptwile  title.  London:  iin)i«naia8. 
Sinitli  &  R.  Walfurd,  KiOS. 

1704. — Tyson,  B.  A  now  diviaion  of  terreatrial  brnte  animala,  particularly  of  tboao  that  bavo  tboir 
fi'i't  foruicd  like  bauda.     <^  Pbiloa.  Traiia.  Boy.  Soc.  Loudon,  xxiv,  1704,  pp.  t5(.Hi-1573. 

1734-65.— Setw,  A.  Locnplotlaainii  rerun)  natnrallnm  tlipanuruH  accnmta  deacriptio  e.t  iconiliua 
urlilieioHi8.iiuiia  pxprraalo,  per  uiiivoranni  pbyaicea  hiatoriam.    4  vola.    Folio.     IT^l-CV. 

173S. — IilnnEeua,  C.  Cnroli  Linuivi,  Svcci,  Doctoria  Mediciiin),  8yatenia  naturie,  aive  rt'gna  tria  niitunu 
ayatenintice  propoaita  por  clue«e8|  ordines,  genera  Jk,  apecioa.  O  Jeboval  qnnni  auipla  Hunt 
operuTual  Qnam  eaomoia  aapivnter  feciatil  Quam  plena  eat  terra  )ioa«cBaiouo  Tnu!  I'talm. 
civ.  24.  Lugduui  Ilaluvoruni,  apndTheodorum  Ilaak,  1735.  Ex  typograpbia  Joannia  Wilholnil 
de  Groot.     Folio.  7  I.  iiuuunibercd  and  unpagi'd. 

[Tbo  onl.v  copy  of  tbe  original  pdttlon  the  exialeuco  of  which  in  tho  Unitwl  States  in  linown  to  us  ii  in  (be 
library  of  J.  Caraon  Brevoort,  vitq..  of  Urooltlyn.  Tbe  3il  rd.,  pitbliMhe4l  in  Lutio  nnil  Ucrniao,  liy  .T.  J.  L;inKC, 
at  llnlle,  in  1740,  is  a  reprint  of  the  tint.  <See  iH-yonil  for  the  other  cditiont,  under  their  reepeclive  datue.) 
A  textual  reprint  of  tho  first  edition  was  alfio  pnbliBbed  In  8^,  at  Paris,  in  1@30,  by  F6e,  q.  v.] 

'''"''     ANALYSIS.  -:'"'' 

1.  QUADnuPEDlA :— 33  genera. 
J.  Anihropomorplia. — Homo,  Simla,  Bradypua,  3. 

IL  frra.— Uraua,  Leti,  Tigria,  Fclia,  Mnatola,  Didelpbia,  Latra,  Odobisnna,  Pboca,  Ilyicnn, 
Cania,  Melea,  Talpn,  Erinaceua,  Vcapertilio,  15. 

III.  (lliren. — II\atrix,8eiurna,6aator,  Mne,  LepuR,  S(>rex,0. 

IV.  Jiimmla. — Eqnua,  Hippotamna,  Elepbna,  Sua,  4. 

V.  /Vcora.— Cnmelua,  Cervna,  Capra,  Ovie,  Boa,  5. 

1740.— LlDoeeus,  C— Curoli  Lluniei  Naturs  Cnriosorum  Diogeoridis  Seciindi  Syatema  oaturie  in  quo 
iiatiinD  regna  trin,  aocnndum.[!]  Claaaea,  ordinea,  genera,  spcciea,  aygteinatice  prrponuntur. 
Kditio  Bccuuda,  auctior.    Stockbolmite,  apnd  Oottfr.  Kieaowetter,  1740.    6°.    2  p.  I.,  80  pp. 

I  Tbo  5th  ed.  It  a  reprlut  of  the  2d,  and  was  published  by  If.  O.  Agnethler,  at  nalle,  in  i;47  (8°,  68  pp).  It 
contains  tiio  German  oames.] 

ANALYSIS. 
1.  QUADlttlPEDiA:— 32  genera. 

I.  Aiithropomorpha. — Homo,  Simla,  Bradypua,  Hyrmoeopbaga  [not  in  1st  cd.],  4. 

II.  /Vrfc.— Uraua,  Le<i,  Tigria,  Fells,  Mnatela,  Didelpbia,  Lntrn,  Pboca,  Cania,  Melea,  Erinaceua, 
Talpa,  Vespertillo,  13.    [Odoboimis  and  Hyiena  auppreaaed.] 

HI,  Rlires,— H.vatrix,  Lcpns,  Sciurna,Caator,  Mna,  5,    [Sorex  removed  to  Jumenta.] 

IV.  Jumenia, — Elopbos,  Ilippopotamua. Sorex!,KqvnH, Sua, 5. 

V.  fftwa.— Comfln»,Cprvua,  Capra,  Ovia,  Boa,  r>. 
[Two  fienora  suppreaecil;  one  added.l 

1743.— Klnin,  J.  T,  Siimma  dubionim  circa  closacg  qnodrupednra  et  ompbibiornin  in  cclebria  domini 
Carol.  Linutei  ayatemate  naturie ;  aivo  natnralia  quadmpedum  blBto^ia^  promovendn  protlro- 
nina  cnm  prieludio  do  cruatatia.  Adjocti  diacnraua :  I.  De  niminantibua,  II.  D«  periudo  vitn 
bnuianu)  cullato  cum  brulia.    Geitani  et  Lipain,  1743.    Glcditacb.    4°.    L'i  pp.,  2  pi. 

1743-51.— Edwards,  O.    A  natural  biatory  of  uncommon  birda  und  of  aouie  otber  rare  and  undescribed 

animala In  4  parta.    4'^.    London,  1743-51. 

(Pti,pll.l-.'>3!  pt.ii,pll.Sbl05|  pl.Ui,pll.lO«-l!>7i  pt.iT,plLISe-9ll.— Flrlictatran8L,l74S.) 


BIBLIOOU.  APPKNDIX— A.  (JKNEBAL  ANIJ  MISCELLANEOUS.     953 


1744.— Llnncou*,  C.  CiiroU  Llnnicl  Mnilic.  &  Hotmi.  in  Aoail.  IIpHnllKiiBi  ridfiwuirlH  Acml.  Iinpcriallii, 
UpiinlluiiiilH,  8U>ckbnlini'nfii»  iSr  MonniielionnlH  80c.  .Sj'Nidiim  iiutunu  in  i|ui>  |in>|i<>unntnr  niituru) 
ru^ni  tlia  Nucnndum  cIiikhi's,  iinlincH,  Kcnurit  &,  Bpocicn.  r.ililio  (piiirtit  iili  unitori'  iini'iiilula  iV 
audit,  Ao'cHHcrunt  nominnOiUliou.  I'liiiniia,  gnnipliliuii  MichnrllH  Antonii  Djivitl,  blliliiipola-, 
\ia  Ju(nbi'A,  HUb  BiKnii  Culjinil  unrti,  1744.  Cum  ]irivilt'|{io  Teg^H,  H^,  3  p.  1.  [Fniiiliinionta 
■  l)otf»nicn],  xxvil,  [1],  inSjip.,  tab. 

(TI)Ia  tfl  util,  by  I.lnnt^.  'n  Imvu  bi-4>it  udltcMl  liy  n.  .riiNitlPU,  ami  to  \m  tho  nnnw  an  tlin  IM  ml.  <'*  I^r  H.  •liliMluiini. 
A«IJf)ctu  iiiHiitDa  f;.illi4'a.  uiv.m  cum  'J").  It  coutaltiH,  liowiwttr,  in  aildillon  tii  ttm  "  Fiintlanu'iita  lli)Uiil(-a ",  a 
apticiol  IntriHliiollDii  (liy  hiniBolfl,  wlitcti  ronrlutliia  with  tbo  reinarlc  tlmt  It  la  tlit)  Itb  chI.,  roviwU  and  I'tilnrtifit 
(Jam  qiiurtani  caatiifiitain  Iteruin  uuctaiuqiie  LvcUM  ulTero  Utiiiuvolu.— |i.  11}.] 

1747.— Unneeuii,  C.    .  .  .       ay»tcinn  nntnrai.  ...    8°.    8H  pp.    Ilulli),  M.  0.  AKHotlibT,  1747. 

[The  ."itb  u(l.,  n  rcpriut  of  tint  3il,  witli  tbu  (fornian  tiami/a.  Alnruni.  pp.  4'i-51.  Tbu  KBu»ra  are  exactly  tba 
Hamo  OH  in  tbe  3(1  e4l.,  but  aiieilotl  with  v  liiBtitad  <if  u.    Kro  under  1740.) 

174S. — Llnneeus,  C.    Ciinill  Linnntl  Archintr.  Ro);.   Mvd.  nt  Hot   rrn(Ff<fi.  IJpHnT.  HystiMiiii  iiiitiirio  kIh>    . 

titim rMgiiit  triu iiatiinu,  in  cIudkus «t  ur(linL'r<i;en«ru 1 1 Hpiiciis  ruilitotii  tiibiilimpio utiicix  illuHtrutii. 

Cnin  privil(-);io  8.  II.  M.  Svecicio  &   B.  U.  M.  I'olonico)  ao  Klt^toriH  .Siixoii,     Kilitio  itt:xiit, 
y  cDienduta  ut  uuctu.    8tovkbol!iiliu,  luipeniiiitQodofr.  Kieaewuttvri,  1V4U.    b".    iv, tM4pp.,'ip,  1., 

14  1.,7pll. 
(The  lib  od.,  publitfaml  at  I.«lpslfi  (Llpslo})  lu  1748,  is  » textual  roprlnt  of  tho  flth  (•eoanduni  Mxlaiu  Stookbol* 

mloDaem  emeudatatu  6c  autitaiu  edilionoiu),  by  ihu  Bamo  publlBbor,  but  with  tho  Qenuan  popular  uauiea  ilutead 

orSwcMlish.    Tho  6tb  ed.  Routaiun  the  veK*^tAbIo  kiugduui  oDly.] 

17S1. — Kleiu,  J.  T.    laciibl  TbucMlori  Kltin  .  .  .  qvndrvpcdvni  dispoaitio  brovixquu  liititoiin  iiittvialis. 
Lipsio),  upvd  luoam  Sckiuidt,  bibl.  Lvbec,  17.'il.    4^^.     ii  p.  1.,  l'.n-|-l  pp.,  !>  pll.  folded. 
Steller,  O.  W.    De  beatiis  mariuia.     <  Nov.  Comment.  Aoad.  Petropol.  li,  1740  (1751 ),  pp.  889- 
•298,  3  pll. 

1753. — Anon.    Scbanplatz  (Sj'Stematiacber)  aller  eiubeimiscbun  niid  aaaliindiBcbcn  vierfUssigen  Tbiore. 
NUrnbcrg,  nij'i. 
Bill,  J.    An  biatory  of  aDituali).    Folio.    LoDdoD,  17&3. 

17S4. — Brlsson,  M.  J.  Syslime  naturel  du  rfegno  animal,  par  claHses,  families  on  ordreg,  genres  et 
eapiscox.  Avuo  uno  notice  do  tons  lea  uuimaux ;  leu  noiuii  grccs,  lutins  &  viilgaireH,  que  lea 
naturalistea  lenr  ont  donntSs;  lea  oitatiouH  dea  aiitenra  qui  en  ont  £orit;  nue  table  pour  cbai|ue 
clasae,  qui  dtSoigue  la  famillu  on  I'ordre,  le  genre  &  I'vapuce,  de  vbaque  animal.  Ouvrage  enricbl 
de  figures  en  tnillo  douce.  Suivant  la  iii^lbode  do  Klein;  nvco  une  notice  de  celle  de  M. 
Liunieus,  et  I'ordre  des  iioisaons,  soivapt  ladiviaiou  d'Artedi  et  I'ordre  des  oursins  de  mer.  Trad, 
de  I'Allviu.  par  Matb.  Jucq.  Oriuson.    SV.    Baiicbe,  Paris,  1754. 

Klain,  J.  T.  Doutes  ou  observations  de  Mr.  Klein  .  .  .  sur  la  rev<lo  des  animanx,  faite  par  In 
premier  bomuie,  sur  quelques  animaux  des  classes  dos  quadrupi^des  &  ampbibics  dn  syst^me  de 
la  nature  do  M.  Linuwus.  £t  des  remarques  sur  les  cru8tac6e8,  sur  loa  animanx  qui  ruminent, 
&  snr  la  vie  do  I'homme,  compart)  avcc  celle  des  animanx.  Avec  figures.  Oiivrngo  trodnit  % 
da  Latin  .  .  .  [par  Vt,  Al.  Aubert  de  Laobesnaye  des  Bois].  8".  2  p.  1,,  108  pp.,  1  pl.  folded. 
A  Paris,  .  .  .  cbez  CI.  J.  B.  Baiicbe,  .  .  ,  1754. 

UonmuB,  C.    Musenm  8.  R.  M.  Adolpbl  Friderici,  Regis  Saecoruni  ....    Folio.    8tockbolm, 
1754. 

1755. — Johnston,  J.    Theatrnm  universale  omnium  aoimalium  qaadtupedam.    Folio.     Ileilbr.,  1755. 

1756. — Briuon,  M.  J.  Regnum  animalo  in  classes  IX  dtstributnm,  sive  synopsis  metbodica  sistens 
generalem  animalinm  distributioncm  in  classes  IX,  &  daarnm  priinarum  classinm,  qnodru- 
podnm  scilicet  &  cetaceomm,  particnlarem  divisionem  in  ordines,  scctiones,  genera  et  species. 
Cmu  brevl  cujusquo  speciei  dcscriptione,  oitationibus  auotorum  do  iis  tractantium,  nominibus 
eis  ab  ipsis  &  nationibus  impoaitis,  nominibusqno  viilgaribus.  .  .  ,  Cnm  figuris  ajiiois. 
Parisiis,  odRipom  Augnstinorum,  apudCI.  Joannem-BaptistamBanobe,  ,  ,  .  1756.  .  .  .  [Or] 
BrlssoD,  M.  J.  Le  r6gno  animal  divistS  en  IX  classes,  on  m^tbodo  contcnant  lu  division  gdn^rnle 
des  animaux  en  IX  classes,  &  la  division  particnIi6ro  des  donx  premieres  classes,  acavoir  de  celle 
des  qnadrupMes  &  de  celle  dea  c^tac^es,  en  ordres,  sections,  genres  &,  esp^ces.  Auxquelles  on  a 
Joint  uue  coiirte  description  de  cbaqoe  esp^ce,  aveo  lea  citations  des  auteurs  qni  en  ont  traits, 
lea  noma  qu'ils  leurs  out  douuds,  ceux  quo  leura  ont  dunnfis  les  diOVSrentes  nations,  &  Ics  noma 
vulgaires.  ....  Aveo  lignrvs  en  talllo  douce.  A  Paris,  Quay  des  Auguslius,  cbez  CI.  Jeua 
Baptislo  Uuucbe,  1750.    vi,  382  pp.,  1 1.,  'i  tab.,  1  pl. 


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MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


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1756.— Linnasaa,  C Systeiua  natnrie  Bistens  rei^na  tria  natnrie  in  classes  et  ordines  genera  et 

species  redacts  taljiil'sqi.e  (eueis  illnstrnta.  Accednnt  vocabula  Qallica.  Editio  multo  ano- 
tior  &  cmendatior.  Lugduni  Batavorum,  npud  Themlornm  Haak,  1756.  8°.  4  p.  1.,  227  [+ 
1]  pp.,  [index]  9  I.,  8  pi.,  with  4. 1.  explau. 

(Thtii  odltion  ia  rccn|TiiiiMl  by  Llnni  u  the  9th,  and  eald  to  have  bmn  edited  by  Gronovtaa,  ud  to  be  the 
fimne  M  th«  0th,  with  very  few  odditioDa  reapeetInK  the  birda  and  Sahea.  ("Per  Uronovinm.  Pauelaalma  da 
ATibaa,  PiaoibuB,  idem  cnm  6.")] 

ANALYSIS. 
1.  QUADBCPRDIA  [pp.  2-15] : — 34  genera. 

I.  Anthropomorpha.— Homo,  1  sp.;  Siinia,  IG  spp.;  Brndypns,  2  spp.  [3  genera]. 

II.  fen;.— Ursus  2.  Felis  8,  Mnstela  i),  Lutra  2,  Canis  7,  Plioca  2,  Heles  3,  Erinacons  2,  D«sy- 
pus  7,  Talpa  2,  Vespertilio  5  [11  genera]. 

III.  Onl.  Agriee  [not  in  eds.  i-v].— Mymiccophaga  3,  Manis  1  [2  genera]. 

IV.  B/irM.— Hystrix  4,  Sciurns  3,  Lepns  4,  Castor  1,  Mns  11,  Sorex  1,  Didulpbis  2  [7  genera]. 

V.  Ju««ttt<i.— Glephos  1,  Rbinoocros  2,  Hippopotainns  1,  Eqnus  3,  Sub  4  [5  genera]. 

VI.  P«cora.— C'unielns  21,  Mosclins  1,  Cervus  6,  Capra  11,  Ovis  3,  Bob  4  [ti  genera]. 
1757.— Balleu,  J.  8.    Die  Natnrgescliichto  der  Tliiere  in  Btstematischor  Ordnnng.    Die  vierfllssigen 

Tliiere.  Voii  Job.  Sam.  Haller  [HallenJ.  8°.  Berlin,  1757. 
1758-59.— LionaeuB,  C.  Caroli  Linnaei  Equitis  De  Stelli  Polari,  Archiatri  Begii,  Hed.  et  Botan.  Pro- 
fess. Upsal. ;  Hulmens.  Petropol.  Bvrol.  luiper.  Lond.  Monspel.  Tolas.  Florent.  See.  Systema 
natnrie  per  regna  tria  natnra),  secundum  classes,  ordines,  genera,  species,  cnm  characteribus, 
difrerentiis,synonymi8,  locis.  Editio  decima,  reformat  a.  Cnm  privilegio  S:ib  R:e  H:tiB  8ae- 
ci».    Holmio),  Impensis  Direct.  Laurentii  Salvii,  1758-59.    8  vols.    8°, 

Tomua  I.  Regnvm  animate,    2  p.  I.,  pp.  1-824.     1758, 

Tomus  II.  Regnvui  vegetabile.    2  p.  1.,  pp.  82.5-1384.    1759. 

[In  tbla  etUtiun,  the  binomial  ayatem  previoaaly  employed  by  him  In  the  work  entitled  Unaenm  Teaalnlanum 
(175'J),  waa  extended  in  Ita  application  to  all  the  klngdoma  of  nature;  tho  Artedlan  claaaiflcation  of  flabea, 
adopted  In  the  earlier  editlooa,  waa  anpereo<led  by  the  familiar  Llnnnnn  ayatem,  and  the  oetaceaua  wore  for  the 
flrat  time  eliminated  from  (he  claaa  of  flabea  and  (grouped  with  the  viviparona  qnadrupeda  nnder  the  new  claaa 
name  Mammalia.  Thla  edition  waa  reproduced  at  Halle  (Uala)  MaKdebTrgicie,  typie  ct  avrnptlbiia  lo.  lao.  Cvrt. 
1760),  Id  an  exact  reprint  ( Pnofatra  eat  loannea  loacbimva  Langlva),  In  1760,  but  boa  not  been  acknowledged*  aa 
one  of  the  ao-calted  edltiona.  The  reoognlzed  1  ttb  edition  waa  pnbllahed  at  LelpslK  in  176^  and  ia  alao  a  reprint 
of  tho  lOlh,  but  waa  oondcmned  by  Linn6  <"  Furtim  prodllt  Titloaa.    Nil  addltnm  ").] 

1758-64.- Edwards,  O.     Gleanings  of  natural  history.    4°.    London,  1758-64. 

1759,— .^nOH.    Dictionnaire  ra:sonn6  et  univensel  dee  auimanx.    Par  M.D.  L.  C.  D.  B.    4°.    Paris,  1759. 

1760. —Klein,  J.  T.     Klassifli^ation  und  Iturzo  Gesobichte  der  vierfllssigen  Thiere,  ans  dem  Lateiniscben 

Ubersetzt  und  mit  Ziisiilzen   vormebret,  nebst  einer  Vorrede  von  Priedriob  Daniel  Behn, 

....    Lilbeck,  bey  Jonas  Schmidt,  1760.    8°.    38  -(-  [7]  pp.,  1 1.,  5  pll. 
Klein,  J.  T.    NiitUrliche  Ordnnng  und  vcrmebrte  Historie  der  vierfllBsigen  Tbiere,  berausgege- 

ben  von  Gtfr.  Reyger.    Danzig,  Schuster,  1760.     (Berlin,  Voss.) 
1765.- Buffon,  O.  L.  le  Clare,  and  Daubenton,  L.  J.  M.    Ilistoire  naturelle,  g<n6mle  et  particulii^re, 

avec  la  description  dii  cabinet  du  Roi  ....    Vols.  i-xv.    4°.    Paris,  1765. 
[B'ifteen  Tolumeaof  mammalia.] 

1766-68.— Linnesna,  C.  Caroli  a  Linn6,  Equitis  Anr.  de  Stella  Polari,  Archiatri  Regii,  Med.  A,  BotaD. 
Profess.  ITpsal.,  Acad.  Paris.  Upsal.  Ilolmcns.  Fatropol.  Borol.  Imper.  Lond.  Angl.  Mouspel. 
Tolos.  Florent.  Edin.  Bern.  Soc.  Systtma  natn' Ji  per  regna  tria  naturas,  secundum  rlassea, 
ordines,  genera,  species,  cnm  cbaracteribui,  ^ilferentiis,  synonymis,  locis.  Tomus  it-iil]. 
Editio  duodecima,  reformata.  Cum  privilegio  S:i«  .R:[e  M:tis  Snecio)  &  Electoris  SaxoD. 
Uolmio),  impens.  Direct.  Laurentii  Salvii,  1766[-68].    3  vols.    8". 

CONTENIS. 

Tomus  I.  Regnnm  animale.  Pars  1 :  Mammalia,  Aves,  Anipbibia,  Pisces,  pp.  1-633.  1760. 
Pars  2:  Inseota,  Vermes.     1  p.  1.,  pp.  53.1-1328,  11 1.     1767. 

Tomus  H.  Regnnm  vegetabile.    736  pp.,  8  1.     1767. 

TomuB  III.  Regnnm  lapideuni.  Appendix  animalium.  Appendix  vegetabilium.  236  pp., 
10  1.,  3  pll.  folded.     1768. 

(Tho  laat  edition  publlabed  by  Uaai,  which  la  taken  by  aome  naturallata  aa  the  atarilngpolnt  of  tenable  bllio. 
<  Blal  nomenclature,  while  many  prefer  to  go  back  to  the  lOth  ed.  of  173H. 

In  ooBoluaion,  It  may  be  aald  that  the  original  edltiona  reoognUed  by  LtnnA  aa  oompletoly  rovlaad  onea  woi« 
the  Ut  (17MI,  the  'Jd  (1740),  the  6lb  (I74S),  the  lOth  (I7U).  and  the  lath  (I7(l6-Wi). 


.|;  ■■? 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— A.  GENERAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS.     955 


.".  Thonnt  wu  reprinted  at  Halle  in  1740,  *Dd  the  reprint  recoKiiized  aitboM,  nndignln  St  Paria  in  183t. 

The  aecond  was  reprlntnd  at  I'aria  in  1744  (with  modiOeationil,  aa  the  4lb  edition  ;  and  at  Halle  in  1747,  and 
tlio  reiasue  WtUi  aulitoqaently  recognized  oa  the  5ih  edition. 

The  etii  edition  waa  reiaauod  at  Leipiig;,  and  aobaequenti;  known  aa  the  7th  j  and  eloaeljr  folloned  in  the 
edition  of  Leipzig,  recognized  na  the  9th. 
'  The  4th  edition  did  not  contain  the  Animal  Kingdom. 

The  10th  edition  waa  reproduced  at  Hallo  In  1780  (not  reoiigniaed),  and  at  Leipalg  in  176S,  the  last  being 
acknowlwlgeil  aa  the  11th. 

The  mth  edition  Waa  reprinted  at  Vienna  in  1707-70,  and  entitled  the  13th,  but  la  not  eatoemed  aa  one  of  the 
regular  torrent  editions. 

The  later  13th  edition,  in  which  Omelin  brought  together  deaoriptlona  of  ipeoiea  nnrccngnised  by  Linu6  and 
unknown  to  him,  la  noticed  under  the  eilltor's  name  (17d8}.] 

1768, — Bomare,  V.  da. — Dictionnitire  raisonnd  univentel  d'biatoire  natiirello.    4-^.    '^aris,  ITfiK, 
1771.— Pennant,  T.    Synopsif        Miadrnpedg.    8°.    xxv,  384  pp.,  31  pi.    Chester,  printed  by  J.  Monk, 
1771. 


.gUa,  P.    Animali  qnodrnpedi  toiti  dal  natnralo  disargnati,  inciai 
jti  da  Innoo.  Alessandri  e  Piotro  Scataglia,  in  Vencz.    i-iv.    Folio. 


1771-75.— Alewandri,  I.,  u 

e  miniati  co  i  lor  vt:. 

1771-75. 
1772  teq.—BaSoo,  O.  L.  Ir  v'Uero.    Katnrgescbichte  der  vierdlBBigen  Tbiere,  mit  Vermehrungen,  aus 

dem  Fraoziiaiscben  libeirsetzt.    8°.    Berlin,  1772  seq. 
1773-76.— MUller,  P.  L.  S.     Dea  Rittera  Carl  vou  Linnd  voUstiindiges  Nntnraysteiu.    Ausgofertigit 

Vbo  Pbil.  Lndw.  Stat.  MilUer.    i-vi  uod  auppl.    8"^.    NUraberg,  177;>-76. 
1774.— Mfurr],  C.  O.  v.    Herrn.  C.  O.  v.  M.  Nacbricbt  von  don  versobiedenen  Methoden,  die  fierfUssi- 

gen  Tbieire  zii  clossificiren,    <|  Der  Natarforaober,  St,  i,  1774,  pp.  277-383. 
Vioq  d'Asyr,  F.    M6inoire  ear  les  rapports  qui  se  tronvent  entro  lea  uaagea  et  la  atnictore  des 

qoatres  extriinit^  dana  I'bomme  et  dana  lea  quadrnpMes.    <^  M^m.  Acad.  Sci.  Paria,  1774,  pp. 

254-270. 
177S. — BIninenbaoh,  J.  T.    Veraucb  natUrliober  Ordnungea  der  Siingethiere.    <^  GuttingiBcho  Anzeigen 

von  gelebrten  Sachen  nnter  der  Anfaicht  der  Kiinigl.  Geaellacbaft  der  WiaaenticbaftoD,  1775,  ii, 

pp.  12.)7-12.''i9. 
1775  <(].-'  Sohraber,  S.  C.  D.  von.    Dio  |  Siinglbiere  |  in  |  Abbildungen  nncb  der  Natur  |  mit  Beacbrci- 

bnngen.  | 
Frater  Theil.  |  Der  Mensoli.  I  Dor  ASe.  Dar  Makl.  |  Die  FledermaOse.  |  —  |  Erlangen  | 

verlegla  Wolfgang  Waltber  |  1775.— [2  p,  1.,  pp.  1-190,  pll.  (133)  1-02  +  frontisp.  and  1  B,  1  U, 

1C*,3B,  2C,3B,4B,5B,6B,  6C,  6CC,  8B,8C,  8D,  9B,10B,  IOC,  10 D,  UB,  UC,  13B, 

14  B,  14  C,  15  B,  10  B,  19  A,  19  B,  19  C,  ii  B,  22  C,.  23  B,  24  A,  25  B,  25  C,  25  D,  25  E,  20  A,  26  B, 

26  C, 26  D,  28  F,  27  B,  30  A,  31  B,  31  C,  32  A,  32  B,  33  A, 33  B,  33  C,  3d',  38  !t,  38  C,  38  D,  38  E, 

39B,39C,39D,40B,40C,40D,42A,40B,55A,55B,58B,59B,01  A,02A,CJB.] 
Zweiter  Tbell.  |  Oaa  FaiiHbier.  |  Der  Ameiaenfreaaer.  |  Daa  Scbuppeiithier.  Dua  Gilrtel- 

thier.  |  Das  Naabom.  |  Der  Elefant.  Dos  Wallroca.  |  —  |  Erlangen  |  vrrlegta   Wolfgang 

Wttlther.  I  1775.— [(Inol.  title)  pp.  191-280,  pll.  (26)  63-80  +  63  A, 63  B.6:)  C,  04  A,  69  A, 71  B, 

76  A, 77  B.J 

Dritter  Theil.  |  Der  Robbe.  Der  Hand.  |  Die  Katze.  Das  Stinkthier.  Der  Otter.  Die 
Marder.  |  Der  Biir.  Daa  Bentelthier.  |  Der  Maulwurf.  Dio  Spitzniaua.  |  Der  Igel.  |  —  |  Erlan- 
gen I  verlegta  Wolfgang  Wjtlter.  |  1778.— [Title,  pp.  281-590,  pll.  81-105  +  33  B,  85  A,  87  A, 
87 B, 91  A,  91B,92A,92B,  92C,  92  D,  9.1*,  92E,9fl  A,9«  Ao,  9(i  B,  96C,97B,97C,98A,100  A, 
.  >»,  101  A,  101  B,  101  C,  103  A,  103  B,  104  B,  105  A,  105  B,  107  B,  107  C  107  D,  109  A,  110  B, 
110  X.,  '"IB,  113  A,  114  B,  115  B,  116  B,  HOC,  116  D,  116  E,  116  EE,  116  F,  1160,  117  B,  121', 
121  A,  12ft  •  125  C,  125  C  C,  125  D,  126  B,  127  B,  128",  133  A,  133  B,  135  B,  137  B,  141",  141  B, 
141  B»,  141  C,  U:  n,  141  D  D,  141  E,  141  F,  142  B,  142  B*,  142  C,  143  A ,  143  B,  143  C,  143  D,  144-» 
144  A,  144B,  144 C,  .  "'*,  146 B.  149  A,  152  Bo,  152B  b,  162  B  c,  152  Bd,  152  Be,  154  A,  154  B,  155  Ao, 
155A»,  156A0,  155  Ad,  155  ri,  156  A,  158",  159  B,  159  C,  159  D,  160  A,  160  B,  161  B,  165",  165  A.] 

VierterTheil.  I  DaaStaohelthiir.  DieCavi<>.  DerBiber.  |  DieMaQB.  DasMurmeltbier.  Das 
Elcbborn.  Der  Scbliifer.  |  Der  Springer.- Der  Hnae.  |  DerKlippschliefer.  |  —  |  Erlangen  |  ver- 
legta Wolfgang  Walther.  |  1792.-[Title,  pp.  591-936  [  by  err.  ty  p,  636],  pll.  166-240-t- 168  A,  170  B, 
171  B,  172  A,  172  B,  172  C,  173  A,  176  A  o,  176  A,  176  B,  180  A,  181  A,  182  B,  18;l  B,  190  B,  191  A, 
191  B,  198  A,  195  B,  198  B,204  B,  206  A, 206  A  o, 206  B,  210  A, 210  B,  210  C,2I0  0, 210  E,211  B, 
212  B,  213  B,  213  C,213  D,214  A,  214  B,  814  C,  215»,  215  B,  218  C,  215  D,  215  D  d,216  A,  817  B, 


956 


MOKOGBAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


J^IN 


'm% 


217  C,21H  A,  S22  B,  224  B,224  C,224  D,  225  B,227  A,  231  B,  232  A,  233  B,  233  C,  233  D,  233  E, 
233  F,  233  G,  234  B,  235  B,  235  C,  235  D,  23C  B,  236  C,  239  A,  239  B,  239  C,  239  D,  239  E,  240  B, 
240  C] 

Die  I  S)inf;etl)iero  {  in  {  AbbilctuDgen  nacb  der  Natur  j  mil  Begohreibungen  |  vnn  I  Vr.Jobann 
Chi'istian  Dauiel  von  Bcbreber  |  ....  |  nnd  vou  |  Dr.  August  Qoldfasa,  |  ....  |  —  | 
Foi'gesntzt  |  von  |  Or,  Jobann  Andreas  W&gner,  ....    |  —  | 

FUnft«rTbeil.  I  ErsterBand.  I  MoschuBtbier.  Hirecb.  Giraffe.  |  Antilope.  Ziege.  Scbof.  | — 
Nobst  Tafel  241  bi8  294  D'.  Erlaagen,  |  in  der  Expedition  de8  Scbrobor'schen  Siiiigothier-  und 
dc8  Espcr'scben  Scbnietterlingswerlceg,  |  und  in  Commiasion  dor  Palm'soben  Verlagsbucb- 
iiandlung,  I  1836.— [pp.  i-vi  (incl.  title),  937-1472,  pll.  241-294  +242  B,  245  B,  246  B,246  C,  246  D, 
246  o,  247  B,  247  D,  247  E,  247  F,  247  G,  247  H,  248  B,  248  C,  248  D,  248  E,249  B,2.^i2  B,254  B, 
255*,  256  B,  257  A,  257  B,258  B,260  B,263  B,270  B,277  B,  279*,  279  A,  281  B,281  C,281 1>,281  E, 
286  B, 287  A-0, 28S  A, 288  B,  290  B, 291  B, 294  B, 294  C, 294  D, 294  D».] 

FUuftorThull.  |  ZweiturBaud.  |  Rind.  Kameel.  Lama.  |  -  |  NebatTofel295bl8  307A.  |  =  | 
Erlangen,  |  in  der  Expedition  des  Sclireber'ncben  Siiugetbier-  und  des  Esper'scbon  Scbnietter- 
lingswerkes,  |  undiuCouimiiieiou  dcrPulniVbuu  VcrlagHbucbhandlung,  |  1838.— [pp.  i-lv  (iucl. 
title),  1473-1839,  pll.  295-307+295  o,  295  6, 297  a,  297  h,  297  c,  297  d,  298  a,  299  o,  300  6, 302  a,  302  b, 
306  a,  307  a,  307  b,  307  o,  :i07  d,  307  e.] 

Secbster  Tbcil.  |  Uuifaaaeud  die  secbste  und  siebente  Abtbeilnng,  oder  die  E!n-  nnd  Viel- 
l-ufer.  I  Daa  Pferd.  Der  Elephant.  DasNasbom.  |  Daa  Flnsspferd.  Der  Tapir.  Doa  Scbwein, 
I  —  I  Nebat  Tafel  308  bis  328.  |  —  |  Erlangen,  {  in  der  Expedition  dea  Scbreber'achen  8iingc- 
thier-  und  dea  Esper'acben  S^bmetterlingawerkes,  |  und  in  Cummisaion  der  Palm'aoben  Vcrlsga- 
bucbbandlung,  |  1835.  [pp.  i-zvi  (incl.  title),  1-520,  tab.  :)08-328+316  A,  317  A,  317  B,  317  C 
317  D,  317  D  D,  317  E, 317  F,  317  G,  317  H,  319  A,  319  B, 324  A,  325  A, 326  B,  325  B  (bis),  320  A.] 

Siebenter  Tbeil.  |  Die  Ruderfliaaor  nnd  Fiacbzitztbiero.  {  =::  |  Erlangen,  |  in  der  Expedition 
dea  Scbreber'acbun  Situgethior-  und  dea  Eaper'acbun  Schmetteriinganerkea,  |  nnd  in  Cuuiuiia- 
aion  der  Palm'acben  Verlagabucbbandlung,  |  1846.  [pp.  i-viii  (incl.  title),  1-427,  tab.  329-385+ 
330  B,  337  B,  338  B.] 

(Tbo  uambcrof  sptKsiea  described  in  the  preceding  Tolamee,  aooordiDg  to  W»gDer  (vol.  7tP.v),  i8H46,Tii: 
Naj^r 446  Rudernisser 30 


Affen.. 


lis 


Flederthiere 344 

Insekteofreaser 65 

Flcisclifrf  eior 006 

Beutultbiere 87 


Zobnliicker 30 

Einbufer 6 

Dickbftutcr 87 

WiedcrliUuer 14S 


Fiecbiltitblere . 


ImGanzea 1446 


The  original  work  was  publisbefi  In  fasolcnli,  and  tbe  dates  on  (be  tlllrs  are  apparently  thos^  of  tbe  comple- 
tion of  each  Tlieil,  Tbus,  it  appears  by  ountemporary  evidence,  tbat  tbe  first  portion  of  Tbell  III  was  published 
several  years  prior  to  tbe  date  on  tbe  titlt'-page,  and  ancb  is  doubtless  the  case  with  other  portions  of  tbe  work 

See,  also,  1^40.— Wagnrk,  J.  A.  The  Supplementband,  erstn  Abth.  (pp.  vf,  vi,  551),  contains  the  qnadramana 
and  chtmpter&  anil  datea  1840;  iweite  Al)lb.  (pp.  Tiil,55e),  carnlvora,  dates  1841g  drltte  Ablb.  (pp.  llv,6l4|, 
marHuplals  and  part  of  tbo  rodents,  1£43 ;  vierto  Abth.  (pp.  ill,  533),  tbe  reat  of  the  mdenta,  the  edentates,  ruml- 
nauts,  etc.,  1844.    There  in  n  fifth  part  or  volume,  date  1855,  q.  v.] 

1777. — Brxlebeo,  J.  C.  P.  Systema  regni  animalis  per  clasaea,  ordinea,  genera,  apecies,  varietatea,  cum 
eynonyinia  et  biatoria  animulium.  Claaais  I,  Mammalia.  8°.  xlvii,  636  pp.,  3  I.  Lipeim, 
iinpenai1)ua  Weygandiania,  1777.    [Introd.  dated  1776.] 

ITbere  is  question  of  actual  priority  In  many  oases  betwoon  this  work  and  Sohreber's  Mugethiere.] 

Zimmermann,  B.  A.  W.  Sjieciraon  zoologies  geographicio,  qnadrnpedum  domicilia  et  migra- 
tionea  aistecd.  Dedit,  tabulamquo  muudi  zoograpbioam  ai^unxlt  Eberb.  Aug.  Gnilielm.  Zim- 
mermann     Lngduni  Batavornm,  apnd  Theodornni  Haak  et  Socios,  mdcolxxvii.    4°. 

xxiv,  686  pp.,  1  map  folded. 

1778.— Oravmann,  O.  F.  B.  C.  ...  Brevia  introdTotio  in  biatoriam  natTraleni  animaliTm  manima- 
livm  in  vavm  avditorvui,  cvi  aooedit  nomenolutvra  omnivni  hviva  olaatia  civivm,  vno  cvm 
cbaractere  gcnrrieo  et  apeciflco,  denominatione  gormanica,  ao  deaignatione  ioonvm.  16P.  5 
p.  I.,  9U  pp.,  1 1.    Roatocbii,  apvd  lobannem  Cbriatianvm  Koppivm,  1778. 

1778-B3.— Zimmermaiui,  E.  A.  W.  Oeograpbiache  GeBcbiohte  dor  HenHchon  nnd  der  vierfUaaigen 
Thiere.    H°.    3  vols.     1776-83. 

1780.— Storr,  O.  C.  C.    Prodromua  methwli  mammaiiiim.    ...    4°.     43  pp.,  4  tab.    Tttbingen,  1780. 

(8m  OiLL,  nail.  I'hiloa.  goo.  of  Washington  for  Oct.  1874.1 
1781.— Pennant,  T.    A  history  of  qnadrnpeds.    2  vols.  4°,  lat  ed.,  London,  1781 ;  3d  ed.,  1792;  3d  ed., 
1793. 


%  ■  1' 

If  -1  !* 

>■'■  '■          1 ' 

1' 

■■!-■■ 

BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— A.  GENERAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS.      957 


1783. — Hennann,  J.    Talmla  afflnitatiim  nnimnliam  oliin  acadeniicq  epecimine  oditit  nunc  nberiare 
conimeiitario  illnstratit  cum  auiiotationibus  ad  liiutorinni  uatnralem  aniiualiuin  angeudani  faci- 
entibua.    4".    2  p.  1.,  370  [ip.,  1 1,,  3  tub.    Aigeutorati,  imp«U8lii  Job.  Qoorgii  Trvuttel,  biblio- 
polffi,  litis. 
LMamnLp,  I13.J 

1784. — Berohem,  J.  P.  B.  van.  Tableau  dea  animaux  qnadrupMes,  raug^s  aiiivant  T^rdre  de  leura 
rapport*;  et  explication  raisonudu  do  ce  tableau.  <[M<Sm.  Soc.  8ci.  FhjB.  Lausanne,  i,  1784, 
pp.  9-50. 

Boddaert,  P.    Elencbusaniuialinm.    Volnmcn  i.    Sistens  quadruped!  a  bno  UBque  nota,  eoram 

que  varietatea  ad  ductum  naturie,    quantum  6eri  potuit  diaponita.    8".    xxxviii  pp.  (1 1.), 

174  pp.    Roterodami,  apud  C.  R.  Hake,  1784. 

1788.— Blumenbacb,  J.  F.    Ilaudbuch  der  Naturgoschicbte.    Mit  Kupfern.    Dritto  seht  verbesserte 

Ausgabe.    1C°.    xvi  pp.,  3pl.  folded,  71.'>pp.    Gottingen,l>ey  Jobann  Christian Dieterich,  1788. 

1788-93. — Omelin,  3.  F.  Caroli  a  Linn^  Systenia  naturiB  per  regna  trin  natuio),  secundum  clasiiea 
ordines,  genera,  species,  cum  cbaractoribus,  difi'ereutiis,  syi.onymit,  locis.  Ed.  13ma,  aucta, 
reformuta.    b°.    3  v.  iu  0  parts,    41'.J0  pp.    Lipsia),  inipensis  Oeorg.  Umanuvl    Beer,  1788-93. 

[The  tbree  volumes,  being  very  macb  amplified,  were  divided  into  parta,  with  lialf-litlos,  for  biuiling,  vis :— ] 

Tomasl,  [Beguum  aniuiule:  pars  {.(Mammalia;  Aves,  ordines  1-2),  6  p.  1.,  pp.  1-500:  pars 
ii.  (Aves,  ordines  i-^),  1  p.  I.,  pp.  &U1-1032 :  pars  iii.  (Amphibia,  Fisces),  1  p.  I.,  pp.  1033  (Pisces, 
1126)-1516:  pars  iv.  (lusccta,  ordiues  1-2),  1  p.  1.,  pp.. 1517-2224 :  pars  v.  (lusecta, ordines  3-7), 
1  p. l.,pi>. 2225-3020:  paisvi.  (Vermis),  1  p.  1.,  pp,  3021-3910:  pars  vii.  (Indices),  1  p.l.,pp. 
3911-4120.]     1789.    [The  lirst  two  parts  date  1788.] 

Tomus  II.  [Regnnm  vegetabile;  parsi.  1  p.  I.,x1, 884  pp. :  pars  ii.  Ip,  I.,  pp,  885-1661.]    1791- 

Tomns  III.  [Regnnm  lapideom.]    476  pp.,  3  pi.  folded.    1793. 

[Thia  edition  ia  noticed  nnder  the  date  of  17B8  and  the  name  of  Ginelin,  aa  that  naturalist  is  alone  responsible 
for  tlie  incorporation  of  tbe  many  species  desorifaed  sinco  the  last  edition  of  the  Systema  Naturfls  revised  by 
Llnn6.  The  oorapilallon  diaplays  very  little  acquaintance  with  any  branch  of  aooiogy,  and  apeciea.are  inoorpo. 
rated  Into  the  aystem  ia  deflauoe  of  the  cbainctera  of  the  gronpa  to  which  they  are  lefenvd.J 

1792. — Kerr,  R.  The  animal  kingdom  of  Linnieus.  Class  I,  Mammalia.  From  the  edition  of  Prof. 
Omelin.    4^^.    London,  1792. 

Plnel,  P.  Recherches  sar  uue  nonvelle  m^thode  du  classification  des  quadruples,  fondde  sur 
la  structure  m^onique  des  parties  osseuses  qui  servent  h  I'articulaticu  de  la  m&cboire  inf^ri- 
eure.    <Aote8  8oc.  d'Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  i,  1792,  pp.  50-66;  Journ.  de  Piijs.  xi,  1792,  pp.  401-414. 

Teisier,  B.  A.  Sur  la  dur€o  de  la  gestation  dans  les  femelles  d'ouima  ix.  <  Bull,  des  Sci.  Soo. 
Philom.  i,  1792,  pp.  177-178. 

Vioq-d'Aayr,  F.  £nRyclop6die  m6tbodique.  Systdme  anatomique.  Quadruples.  Tome  ii. 
Paris,  obei  Pauckoucke ;  Liige,  chez  Plomteux,  1792. 

[Tho  first  TDlame  is  entitled  "  Enoyolop^die  ni6thodiqae.  Systdme  anatomique.  Diotionnaire  ralsonn6  des 
termes  d'anatomle  et  de  pbysiologiet  par  Hipp.  Cloqnet,  .  .  .  Touie  premier.  A  Paris,  cbes  mme.  veuve 
Agaase,  .  .  .  I8£l".  It  was,  as  will  appear  from  the  dale  of  the  volume  (1st  «d.),  published  long  after' he  first 
volume  of  the  "  Systdme  anatomique  ".J 

1793-96.— Shaw,  Q.  Museum  Leverianuui,  containing  select  spaoimens  ]!rom  the  museam  of  tbe  lata 
Sir  Ashton  Lever,  with  descriptions  in  Latin  and  English.    S  vols.    '1°.    London,  1792-90. 

X795, Q«oSroy  Bt.-HUaire,  I.,  and  Cuvier,  O.    M^moire  sur  une  nonvDlle  division  des  mammifdres, 

et  sur  les  principes  qui  doivent  serrir  de  base  dans  oette  sorte  do  trarail.  <Mag.  Enoyo.  Ire 
ann«e,  tome  Ii,  1795,  pp.  164-190. 

1796.— Retcius,  A.  J.  Animadversiones  in  clasaem  mammalium  Linneaoani,  reap.  Jao.  Sonnerberg. 
4°.    17  pp.    Lund,  1796. 

1796-1800.— Wolf.  J.  Des  Kitters  Carl  von  Linn<S  voUst  iindigen  Natnrsj'stenia ;  Fortsetzung  nacb  der 
13ten  lateinisoben  Ausgabe.    2  vols.    8°.    NUrnberg  1796-1808. 

1796-.1810.— Blnmanbaob,  J.  F.   Abliildnngen  natnrb.  OegenstiiEde.    8".    Qattingen,  1790-1810. 

1797-98.— Cuvlar,  O.   Sur  les  differences  des  cervesux,  considir^es  dans  tons  l>ia  animaux  k  sang  rougth 

<  Bull.  8oe.  Philom.  Patla,  ii,  1797-98,  pp.  17-19, 
1798— Cuviar,  O.    Tableau  6iementairu  de  I'bistoire  naturelle  des  animaux.    Aveo  planches.    8°. 

Paris,  1798. 


958 


MONOGKAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODBNTIA. 


I  ■      i. 


1799.— Dumiril,  A.  M.  C.    Sur  la  foruo  do  dernidre  phulange  den  doigU  dans  les  animaux  roammifirea. 

<  Hull.  8oc.  Philoni.  Paris,  ii,  1799,  pp.  9-10 ;  Reil,  Archiv,  vil,  IHOT,  pp.  301-316. 
Lacjp^de,  B.  O.  B.    Tubloau  des  divisions,  sous-divisions,  ordroa  et  genres  deb  mamuiifbres,  det 

c«tiic<Ss  et  deo  oiseuux.    4''.    Paris,  1799. 
Fenuaut,  T.    Tbouias  Pennant's  nll;;onieine  Ueborsicbt  der  vierfliasigen  Tbiere.    Aas  dem  Eng- 

liscbeu  iibersetzt  uud  mit  Aumerkungen  und  Zusiitzen  versebeD  voD  JobanD  Mnttbiius  Bech- 

stoiu.    Er..iter  Bund.    Mit  Kupfertafelu.     4°.    xxxi,  319  pp.,  34  pll.    Weimar,  im  Verlage  des 

ludustrie-Comptuir's,  1799. 
1800.— Lacip&de,  B.  O.  B.   Classification  des  oiaeaox  et  des  mammlf^res.   <  S^ncea  £cole  Norm.  Pitria, 

viii,  1800,  pp.  1-H6. 
Iiao^pMe,  B.  Q.  B.    Vne  des  formes  principaloa  de  I'bomme,  des  qnadrup6de«,  etc.    <[  Stances 

£cole  Norm.  Paris,  viii,  1800,  pp.  839-!n'2. 
1800-05.— Cuvier,  Q.    Lef  ous  d'anatomie  compart,  recneilliea  et  pnblito  sons  aeii  yenx,  par  O.  Du- 

m6ril  et  O.  L.  Uuvernoy.    5  vols.    8°.     Paris,  1800-05, 

1800-26.— Bbaw,  O.  General  zoology  or  syatematio  natural  biatory,  with  plates  from  the  first  autbur- 
itios  and  most  select  apeciinens,  engraved  principally  by  Mr.  Heath.  [Sp.-cifications.]  Lon- 
don, V.  1-7,  printed  for  G.  Kearsley,  Fleet  street  [v.  8-14,  by  others],  1800-S!6.     14  vols.    8°. 

[Besides  Ibu  eogniTed  title,  ooploil  above,  there  is,  on  the  following  leaf,  a  short  printed  one,  vii:—" Gen* 
oral  loology.  [SpeclllOMtlons.1  London  [pablishora],  180(^il6."  The  later  volamea  vroro  by  Jamee  Fmoole 
Stephenson.] 

1801.— Autenrietb,  J.  H.  F.,  and  Fiioher,  J.  Uuber  das  Beoken  der  Siiugethiere,  Ans  dem  Latein, 
iibersetzt,  nebst  einigen  Auiuerkungen  Ton  Schreger.  '^laenfliilDm-BoaeDmUllera  Beitr.  z, 
Zerglied.  Bd.  ii,  St.  ii,  1801,  pp.  190-1255. 
IiBctpide,  B.  O.  B.  M^muire  sur  nne  nonvelle  table  mtSthodiqne  drs  animanx  h  niammclles. 
<M«ni.  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.  Math,  et  Pbya.  Paris,  iii,  1801,  pp.  469-Wr.^ ,  Wiedem.  Arch.  <•  Zool.  u. 
Zoot.  Bd.  iii,  St.  ii,  1803,  pp.  181-211. 

Lao^pide,  B.  O.B.,  and  CuTier,  O.  La  menagerie  da  Hos^om  d'Histoirc  Natarelle.  Folio. 
Paris,  1801.  , 

Tilmolt,  J.  a.  Haudbncb  der  Nntnrgescbiohto  der  Siiugethiere  and  TSgel,  mit  Inbegriff  der 
Naturgescbicbte  des  Mensoben,  fUr  Deatsohlands  Jugend,  zum  Gebranch  der  obem  Klassen  in 
BUrgerschuleu  etc.    1  Bd.     Mit   7  color.  Kupf.     Neae  Ausg.     Frankfurt   a.    M.,   Bebrens, 

(1799)  1801. 

Vrollk,  O.  Sur  I'nsage  des  monstaches  dans  certains  qnadrupMes.  <  Bull,  Soo.  Philum.  Palis, 
iii,  1801,  p.  11 ;  Voigt's  Mag.  iv,  1803,  p.  110;  Holland.  Mag.  i,  1803,  pp.  297-308. 

1802.— Blumenbaoh,  J.  F.    Verbeasertes  System  der  Siiugethiere.    <  Voigt's  Mag.  iii,  1808,  pp.  678-  83. 

1803. — Autenrietb,  J.  B.  F.     Ueber  das  Becken  der  Siingthicre,  nebst  einigen  Anmerkungen  von  l>r, 
Scbreger.    <  Isenfiamm-BoeenmUllera  Beitr.  Zerglied.  ii,  1803,  pp.  190-355. 
^noii.    Mlaoellaniea  in  natural  history,  viz:  An  improTemeut  in  the  ayatem  of  the  mammalia. 

<  Philoa.  Mag.  xvi,  1803,  pp.  68-75. 

1803-06. — Bewaatianott  A.  Description  de  qnelquea  uouvellea  esp^oea  d'anlmanx  du  li\i»6e  Aaad<S- 
uiique.    <  M6m.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  PtStersb.  i,  1803-06,  pp.  443-449. 

1804.— Bewlok,  T.  A  general  history  of  quadrupeds.  The  figures  engraved  on  wood,  chiefly  copied 
from  the  original  of  T.  Bewick,  by  A.  Anderson.  First  American  edition,  with  an  appendix, 
ci  otainiug  some  American  animals  not  hitherto  described.  New  York,  printed  by  G.  &  It. 
Waite,  Mo.  64  Maiden-Lane,  1804.    8°.    x,  531  pp. 

Duvemoy,  O.  L.  Sur  les  mouvements  de  la  langue  dans  qnelquea  animaux,  particuliircment 
de  la  closae  dea  mammif%rea  et  de  celle  dea  reptilea.  <  Bull.  Soc.  Pbllom.  Faria,  iii,  1804,  pp 
198-201. 

1804-05.— DuTemoy,  O.  L.    Sur  lea  organea  de  la  ddglntition  dans  quelqneii  animanx  ft  Tertdbrea. 

<  Bull.  Fac.  MM.  Paris,  i,  1804-5,  pp.  89-91. 

Du^ernoy,  O.  L.  MtSnioire  aur  I'hymen,  oil  I'ou  d^niontre  que  la  membiane  qui  porte  ce  nom, 
dans  lu  femnie,  existe  dsna  plnaienra  mammit%ro8.  <  Bull.  Fac.  M^d,  Paria,  i,  1804-5,  pp. 
186-189;  Mim.  Savana  Strang.  Paria,  Ii,  181),  pp,  89-100. 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— A.  GENERAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS.     959 


1804  Mg.— Bewick,  T.  A  history  |  of  |  qnadriipeds :  |  cuibelliithed  with  upwards  of  |  340  eogmT- 
ings,  I  chiefly  copied  |  from  |  the  original  of  T.  Bewick  |  by  |  A.  Anderson.  |  —  |  Second  Amer- 
ican, from  the  eighth  London  edition.  |  —  |  Also,  an  addenda,  with  some  animals  not  I 
hitherto  described.  |  —  |  [Vignette.]  |  New  York,  |  T.  W.  Strong,  |  84  Nassau  Street.  |  n.  d. 
1vol.    12°.    i-iv,  5-3R5 pp., many  woodcuts.    (Date  unknown  ;  subsequent  to  1804,  (j.  «.] 

(The  "Addend*  "  In  thii  ed.  (and  probnbly  In  the  earlier  one),  pp.  333-.129,  pretiinied  to  be  by  S.  L.  Mitrblll, 
conalnt  of  GrUtly  Dear,  p.  -JS3,  Hamster  of  Georgia,  p.  336,  Mammoth  of  New  York,  p.  327,  and  yiTlparone  Shark 
of  Long  Island,  p.  338.) 

1809.— Church,  J.  A  cabinet  of  qaadrap<.Kl8;  consisting  of  highly  finished  engravings,  by  James 
Tookey,  from  drawings  by  Julius  Ibbetsson ;  with  historical  and  scientific  descriptions.  2 
vols.    4°.    124  11.  with  45  pll. ;  104  11.  with  39  pll.    London,  1805. 

Bohmldt,  F.  A.    De  inammalinm    ocsophago  atquo  ventricnlo.    Specimen  inanij.  sieilicnm. 
8°.    28  pp.    Halm,  ex  ofBc.  Bath,  1805. 

1806. — Dtim^ril,  A.  M.  C.    Zoologie  analytiqne,  on  m^thode  naturcUo  de  classification  des  animaiix, 
rendne  pins  facile  ik  I'aido  do  tableaux  synoptiques.    8°.    344  pp.    Paris,  Allais,  libraire,  1806. 
nilger,  C.    Einige  Bemcrkuugen  Uber  Cuvier's  £inthcilung  der  RUugethiere.    <^Wied.  Archiv 
-  '  f.  Zool.  u.  Zoot.  Bd.  T,  1806,  pp.  269-274. 

Turton,  W.    A  general  system  of  natnre,  through  the  three  grand  kingdoms  of  auimals,  vege- 
tables, and  minerals,  systematically  divided  into  their  several  classes,  orders,  genera,  species, 
and  varieties,  with  their  habitations,  manners,  economy,  structure,  and  peculiarities.    By  Sir 
■I  Charles  Linn^;  translated  from  Omelin,  Fabricius,  Willdenow,  &c.    Together  with  various 

',  modern  arrangements  and  corrections,  dorivrd  from  the  transactions  of  the  Linnean  and  other 

societies,  as  well  as  from  the  classical  works  of  Shaw,  Tboraton,  Abbot,  Donovan,  Sowerby, 
Latham,  Dillwyn,  Lewin,  Martyn,  Andrews,  Lambert,  &c.,  &c.  With  a  life  of  Linr6,  appro- 
priate copperplates,  and  a  dictionary  oxplanatorj-  of  the  terms  which  occur  in  the  several 
departments  of  natural  history,  by  William  Turton,  H.  D.  London,  printed  for  Lackington, 
Allen  &  Co.,  1806.    8°.    In  7  vols. 

Wiedemann,  C.  R.  W.    Ueber  einige  Eintbeilnngen  der  verschiedenen  Tbierclassen.    <Wied. 
Archiv  Zoul.  n.  Zoot.  v,  1806,  pp.  250-268. 

1807>12.— Cavier,  F.  Essai  sur  de  nonvcanx  caractferes  pour  les  genres  des  mammif^res.  Avec  2  tab, 
<  Ann.  dn  Musfiuni,  t.  ix,  1807,  pp.  105-129;  t.  xii,  1808,  pp.  27-51 ;  t.  xix,  1812,  pp.  268-295. 

1808.— Tledemann,  F.  Zoologie  zu  seinen  Vorlenungen  cntwnrfen.  Enter  Tbeil,  Zoologie  des  Menschen 
and  der  Sangethiere.    8°.    1806. 

1811.— nilger.  C.  ProdromuB  systematis  mamigalium  ot  avium,  additis  termiuis  zoographicis  ntrinsque 
classis  eornmqne  versione  Oermanica.    12".    xviii,  302  pp.    Berolini,  C.  Salfeld,  1811. 

PruneUe, — .    Rechorchessnrle«pb^nom%neset  surles  causes  dn  sommeil  bivernaldequelqnea 
tuammif^rea.    <  Ann,  du  Mns^um,  xviii,  1811,  pp.  20-56,  302-321. 

1811-12.— SaiMy,  J.  A.  Observations  sur  quelqnes  niammifitres  bibernans.  <  M6ni.  Acad.  Turin  pour 
1811-12,  preo.  pp.  1-24;  Roil  ii.  Autenrioth's  Arch.  f.  Physiol,  xii,  18l.'>,  pp.  293-369;  Meckel's 
Deutscb.  Arcb.  f.  Physiol,  iii,  1817,  pp.  131-136. 

181X— Cuvier,  O.  Sur  la  composition  de  la  tste  osseuse  dans  los  animanx  vert<Sbr£s.  <Noov.  Bull, 
des  Hci.  Soc.  Phil,  iii,  1812,  pp.  117-119. 

Nileson,  L.  v.    De  varils  mammalia  disponendi  modis,  resp.  J.  O.  Kemner.    4°.    Lnnd,  1812. 

1813.— CoTler,  T.  Bur  les  facnlt^s  intellectnelles  des  brutes.  <Nout.  Bull.  Soc.  PbiL  Paris,  1813,  pp. 
217-318. 

1819.— Meckel,  J.  F.  Venuoh  eiuer  Entwickelungsgesohichte  der  Centraltheile  des  Nervensystems 
in  den  SSugethleien.  <  Meckel's  Dentuch.  Arch.  f.  d.  Physiol,  i,  1815,  pp.  1-108,  334-422,  589- 
639,  2  pll. 

1816.— BUinville,  M.  B.  D.  de.  Prodrome  d'une  uonvelle  distribution  sysldmatique  du  r^gne  ani- 
mal. <  Nouv.  Bull.  Scl.  Soc.  Philom.  Paris,  1816,  pp.  105-124 ;  Jonni.  Phys.  Chim.  d'Hist.  Nat. 
et  Arts,  Ixxxlii,  Oct.  1816,  pp.  244-207  (Mammiffcres,  pp.  250-251) ;  also  transl.  (VorlBnflge  An- 
nsige  einer  netien  systematiscben  Eintheilung  des  Tbierreiclu,  ....),  Isis  von  Oken,  1818, 
col.  i;i6»-1384. 


I: 


960 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOKTU  AMERICAN  BODBNTIA. 


1816. — Levrault,  F.  G.  Dictionnuire  Hea aoieaces  natnrrlleB,  daiiH  lequrl  on  traite  iii6tlio<liqii«ment  den 
dift'droiiH  AtiTs  do  lu  imtiin',  considdrd.t  suit  en  oux-ni6inKii,  d'aprta  I'^tat  aotuel  de  nos  uuuiiuis- 
HUUCL'B,  Noit  lelativi-iueiit  ii  TutilitiS  qu'eii  puuveiit  rotirer  la  ni^ducinef  I'agriculture^  le  com- 
nierco  et  1o8  arts.  8iiivi  d'nnu  bioftruphio  dcs  jiluiictilrbreB  nntnrnliHteB.  Oiivrage  destiutS  nux 
uiddi'ciuH,  mix  agrieiiltitiirB,  uux  coiuuiurpaiiH,  mix  arliuleB,  aiix  umnufucturiera,  et  ii  touB  coiix 
qui  out  iuf^rfit  ik  connoitro  Icb  product ionn  do  1»  niiture,  leura  caruet6rt'8  e(Su(SriqucH  ct  BpeciB- 
qiicB,  lunr  livn  imtal,  leuiB  propri^t^B  et  leurs  U8agi-B.  Par  plusiourB  profewwurB  du  Jardin  du 
Uoi,  ot  des  principulua  deoliis  do  Paris.  Tonio  promiiT.  Stranbonrg,  V.  Q.  Lovrault,  6ditenr. 
PurlB,  Lo  Normaut,  ruo  de  Seine,  no.  8, 1816.  8^.  Ixii,  1  I.,  uCO,  138  pp. 
Meoksl,  J.  F.  BoitrSgo  zur  BildnngBgescbicbte  des  HerzenB  and  der  Lungen  dor  8tingetbieie. 
<  Meckil's  Duutscb.  Arcb. f.  d. PhyBioI.  ii ,  181G,  pp. 40i!-434. 
1816'  17.— Kubl,  B.    De  lento  puBsu,  quo  uatiira,  in  niamnialiuin  clasBO  nb  nna  specie  ad  alteratn  qiius'. 

progruditur.     <^  Ann.  Acud.  Groniugeu,  181G-17,  pp.  87-125. 
1817.— Cuvier,  O.    Lo  rfcgnu  uuiniul.    4  vols.    8°.    PariB,  1817. 

Fischer,  a.    Do  8,VRtemato  nianimalinm  et  de  uinnmialium  generibuB.    <^  M4m.  See.  Nat.  Hob- 

cou,  V,  1817,  pp,  ;if)8-44(). 
Tiger,  O.  von.    Einigo  Beinerkungcu  Uber  die  Kotb-  und  Hnrnansleerung  bci  neageborncn  Siiu- 

gf'Jiicren.     <^DeutHclie8  Arcblv  Pbysiol.  iii,  1817,  pp.  546-55:1. 
Meckel,  J. F,    BilduugBgescbichto  duB  DurincanalB  dor  Stiugetliiere  nnd  nnmentiicb  des  Men- 

BcbfU.     <  MeckelV  Deutscb.  Arch.  f.  d.  Phyhlol.  iil,  1817,  pp.  1-84,  2  pi. 
Rafineaque,  C.  S.    New  Bpecies  of  niunimirerB  noticed  in  the  Tableaa  M6tbodique  des  Mam- 
mifcres,  by  DuBniuroBt.    <|  Ainer.  Moutbly  Mug.  i,  1817,  pp.  3Gl-36:i. 

.— BlalnvlUe,  M.  H.  D.  de.    Mauiniifures.    (OrgauiBalion.)    < Monvean  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat par 

nue  8oci6ii!  et  do  niituriilist«8  et  d'ngriculleurs,  neuv.  ed.  xix,  1818,  pp,  75-152, 
Wistar,  C.    ObservatiouB  on  those  proceBBee  of  the  ethmoid  bone  wbich  originally  form  the 
spbenoidal  BiuuseB.    <^  Trans.  Am.  Pbilos.  Soc.  Fbila.  a.  ».  i,  no.  xxx,  1818,  pp.  371-374,  pi. 
10,  tigs.  1-3. 
-29.— QeoSroy  St-Hilaire,  £.,  and  Cuvier,  F.   Hlstoire  natqrelle  des  mammiferes,  aveo  des  flgnres 
originuleBcnlumiudcs,  d.  Bsindes  d'aprrs  des  nnimnnx  vivanta.   Par  MM.  Geoffroy  Saint-Hilaire, 
....    et   l'"r<5d<Sric  Cuvicr,    ....   Publi(<e  par  M.  C.  de  Lastcyrie.    Paris,  il  I'im^rimerio 
litbogrupbique  de  C.  do  Lasteyrie,    .  .  ,  .    et  ebez  lea  priucipanx  librairea  de  France  et  do 
I'dtraugcr,  de  I'imprimerie  de  Firmiii  Didot,  1819.    3  vols.    Folio. 
[iMilod  in  parbl,  1619-39.1 
— Kuhl,  H.     lieitrii^ezur  Zoologie  und  vergleichcndcn  Anatomic.    4°.    Frankfurt  am  Main,  ISCO. 
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Ntampe  di  Anneaio  Nobill,  1820-21. 
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DeHuiurest.  Iro  partie,  contenant  lea  ordrcs  dea  Binianes,  des  Quadrup^dea  et  des  CarnaHsieri', 
pp.  viij,  l-2i6,  1820;  2e  partie,  contenant  lea  ordres  des  Rongeurs,  des  £deut(^,  <le8  Puchy- 
dcrnu'B,  deB  Ituminana  et  dis  CiStac^s,  pp.  viii,  277-556;  atlns,  112,  14  pi.,  1822.  !n  1  vol.  4°. 
A  Paris,  cber.  nnne.  venve  Agaase. 

[Au  importfliit  nnd  a'most  iodigpeiisable  j^eneral  trfatlse.  It  forinB  vol.  clxxxil  of  the  EnoycUip^die  ni6- 
tbodique.  There  id  a  cuiupauioii  vuliiino  (t-lxxxlil  uf  Eucycl.  m^th.)  of  nncolnrcd  plates,  by  Datirtx'UtoD  aud 
Deariiuivst,  publiaked  iti  1636.    Witli  (his  volume  of  plates  is  bound  Bounaterre'H  C6tologic,  bearing  dale  1769.] 

1821.— Bowdicb,  T.  B.    An  analyaii  of  the  natural  classilioationa  of  mammalia,  fur  the  iiac  of  students 
and  travellers.    8".     115  pp.,  15  pll.  (4  folded).    Purls,  printed  by  J.  Smith,  1821. 
Oray,  J.  B.    On  the  natural  arraugement  of  vertebroae  animcTs.    [Sect.  1.]    <;Tbo  London 
Medical  Repository,  Monthly  Journal,  and  Review,  xv,  1821,  pp.  296-310. 
[Only  the  niamnialti  were  treated.] 
Oriffitb,  B.    General   and  purtieular  descriptions  of  the  vertebrated  animals,  arranged   oonfor- 
nuibly  to  the  uiwlern  dlscoveriea  and  imprnvementa  in  zoology.    .  ,  .    Order  Carnivora.    8°. 
V -|- 295  )>)).. 64  pi.,  eng.  titli'.    Loudon,  printed  for  Baldwin,  Cradock,  and  Joy,  Paternoster 
Ki>w  ;  Rodwell  and  Martin,  Bond  str  et ;  and  W.  Word,  Strand,  1821. 
1821-22.— Herden,  H.     Kcspunaio  ad  qnosstioneni  r   Cum  in  distribulione  systematica  maniiunlinm 
chaructrres  uiaJuriB  uiomenti  dentea  pro:beant,  petitur  eorumdem  ainpla  et  comparntiva  d<v 
'  ''  Bcriplio  Bcopo  facta,  ut  illoruin  diSerenliia    ....    siuiul  cum  reliquis  notis  cbaraateristicis 

Btabiliantur  classes  ac  ordiuea  ad  quos  uuimulia  ilia  vortebrala  (mammalia)  pertinent.    <^  Ann. 
Acad.  Ganduv.  1821-22. 


1818 


1819 


1820. 
1820 

1820 


18 


KllJLIOGlf.  APPENDIX— A.  OENEltAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS.     9G1 

1822. — Fleming,  J.  Fbilosopby  of  zoology,  or  a  general  view  of  the  structure,  functious,  and  classiO- 
catioD  of  aniuials,  2  voIh.  ti^.  Kdiuburf;!),  1822. 
Salnt-Vinceat,  B.  de.  Dictiouuairc  classiqued'liistoiro  uaturcUc,  par  Muiisieurs  Audouin,  laid. 
BourdoD,  Ad.  BronKniart,  Do  Candolle,  Daudubard  de  F^russac,  A.  DcHiiiouliiis,  Draiiiez,  Kd- 
wardH,  Flourons,  Geoll'roy  de  Suint-llilaire,  A.  Do  Jussiuu,  Kuiitb,  G.  Do  LafuBiii',Lauiouroux, 
Latreille,  Lucas  fils,  Presle-Dnpletuiis,  C.  Pr(SvoBt,  A.  liicbard,  Thi6baut  do  Bcnieaud,  ct  llory 
de  Saint-ViDcent.  Onvrage  dirigd  par  co  dernier  collaborateur,  et  duus  lequol  on  u  njout^, 
pour  lo  porter  au  niveau  de  la  science,  un  grand  uoiubre  d«  mots  qui  n'uvaieut  pu  faire  partio 
de  la  plupart  des  dictionnalres  antdrieurs.  Tome  premier.  Paris,  Ruy  et  Gravicr,  libraires- 
^diteurs.  Qua!  des  Angustins,  no.  55 ;  Baudouin,  frisrea,  libruir^s-dditeurs,  iniprinienrs  de  la  So- 
ci6t6  d'Histoire  Naturelle,  Euo  do  Vangirard,  no.  36,  l&ii.    K^.    xvi,  (i04  pp.,  2  folded  tables. 

1823.— Oken,  L.    Das  Znbnsystem  der  Siiugetbicrc.    <  Isis,  1623,  Lit.  Adz.  pp.  274-350,  mit  Abbildgn. 

Fijdagnel,  — .  Rechercbes  sur  I'organisatlon  et  lo  d6velO|>nemeDt  do  I'oreille  extcrno  cbez 
quelques  animaux.    <  Magcndie's  Juurn.  de  Pbjsiol.  iii,  1823,  ['n.  29-35. 

Wllbrand,  J.  B.  Ueber  die  Familien  der  .Siiugetbiere  und  derViigel.  iusbesondcro  ilber  daa 
gegonseitlge  Vorbalteii  diescr  Familien.  <^  Scbrift.  d.  Gesellrcb.  z.  Uefijrd.  d.  ges.  Nnturwiss. 
zu  Marburg,  Bd.  i,  lri23,  pp.  188-22G;  Fdruss.  Bull.  Sci.  Nat  tome  3,  1824,  pp.  222-224. 

1824.^BaUl7,  B.  M.    M6moire  sur  I'usagc  des  comes  dans  quelques  animaux  et  particuli^rement  dans 

le  buSle.    <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  touio  ii,  1824,  pp.  369-386,  avec  plaucbes. 
Knhl,  B.,  and  Hasselt,  J.  C.  van.    Sur  plusienrs  animaux  vertdbr6s.    <  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  (F6rug- 

sac),  ii,  1824,  pp.  277-280. 
Latreille,  P.  A.    Esquisso  d'une  diHtributicD  gdn^rale  du  riigne  animal.     8°.    22  pp.    Paris,  do 

I'imprimerie  de  mmo,  veuve  Agasse,  1824. 
PrevoBt,  C,  and  Dumaa,  J,  A.    De  la  g6n(!ration  dans  les  maniniif^rcs,ot  des  premiers  indices 

du  dcSveloppemont  de  I'embryon.    <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  iii,  1824,  pp.  113-i;j8,  3  pi. ;  Fror.  Not.  ix, 

no.  188,  1825,  pp.  177-186,  198-201. 
Ritgen.  F.  F.  A.    Natilrlicbe  Kintbeiluug  der  Siiugetbiere.    8<^.    Oiesseu,  MliUor,  1824. 

1825. — Blumenbacb,  3.  F.    A  manual  of  tbo  elements  of  natural  bistory.    Translated  from  tbe  tentb 
German  edition,  by  H.  T.  Gore.    London,  printed  for  W.  Simpkin  &  R.  Marsball,  1825.    b". 
5  p.  1.,  2  pll.,  415,  xiv  pp. 
Cuvier,  F.    Des  dents  des  maumiiiires,  consid^r^es  comme  caracteres  zoologiques.    F.  G.  Le- 
'•;  vrault,<Sditeur,  a  Strasbourg,  ...  182.5.    1vol.    8°.    pp.  Iv.,  2.'">H,  1 1.,  pll.  117  (1-94  90-103,+ 

3  bit,  11  bis,  226i«,  23  A,  23  B,  JJC,  31  bis,  38  A,  38  B,  39  A,  39  B,  43,  8GJi«,  91  bia,  93  bis). 
Cuvier,  F.    Sur  la  domesticity  des  mammiferts,  prdcddcS  de  considerations  sur  les  divers  <5(at8 
des  animaux,  duns  lesquels  il  nous  est  {wssiblo  d'dtudier  lenrs  actions.     <  M6m.  Mns.  Hist. 
■   '     Nat.  Paris,  xiii,  1825,  pp.  405-455;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ix,  1826,  pp.  279-329;  Edinb.  Phil,  Journ.  iii, 
1827,  pp.  303-308;  iv,  1827,  pp.  45-60,  292-298;   Fror.  Not.  xvi,  1827,  col.  180-180,  193-200, 
209-216. 
Gray,  3.  E.    An  outline  of  au  attempt  at  tbe  disposition  of  mammalia  into  tribes  and  families, 
witb  a  list  of  tbe  genera  apparently  appertaining  to  eaeb  tribe.    <^Ann.  of  Pbilos.  n.  s.  vol. 
,  .;  X,  1825,  pp.  337-344  ;  Isis,  1829,  pp.  541-548. 

Latreille,  F.  A.    Families  natnrelles  du  r^gne  animal,  exposdes  succinctement  et  dans  nn  ordre 
■  ■'■  analytique,  avec  I'indication  de  leurs  genres.    ...    8'^.   3p.  l.,570pp.    Paris,  J.-B.  Bailli^re, 

V  librairiu Baudouin  frtres,    ....     1625. 

■;U:i  [LcamammfrdrBRongutonl^B,  et  imm^diatenientaprds  Tordre  den  qaadmraanes,  ee  dMsent  en  denx  brancfaca; 

I'uno  fonn6e  dos  ordrua  auivans;  ChL>iropt(>n>6,  Maranpiauz,  KongRura,  £deDt6B;  I'autro  de  cenx  do  camaaaiera 
et  d'ampbtbiea.  Cette  aecoudo  brancho  ao  UTinino  par  lea  luaumiffirca  ODgiilfia  et  oenx  qni  aont  blp6de8,  ou  loa 
c6tAc£8  (pp.  7, 6).  Gelui  dca  Pacliydcrmca  trois:  IfB  Pcntadactyl'^a,  lea  Aniaodactylea,  lea  6oUp6de8.  Celai  dea 
ruDiinana  trida  autn's:  lea  Inerniea,  loa  PleDlcornoa,  lea  Tublo)rDe8.] 

1826. — Oeoffroy  St.-HUalre,  I.  Considdratinns  g(!n6rales  sur  les  mammlfferes.  Paris,  imprimerio  do 
J.  Tastu,  Avril,  1826.  [Extrait  du  Dictionnaire  Classiqoo  d'Histoire  Natnrelle,  articles  Mam- 
malogie  et  Mamuif^res.    24".     1  p.  1.,  iv,  200  pp.] 

Otto,  A.  VT.  De  animalium  <inorundam  per  Iiiemem  donnicntium  vasis  cephalicis  et  aure 
Interna.  <  Nova  Acta  AcimI.  Loop.  Carol.  Not.  Cur.  xiii.  pt.  i,  1826,  pp.  8.3-80, 1  pi;  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  xi,  1H27,  pp.  70-lU,  1827;  FiSmss.  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  xi,  1627,  pp.  267-870. 

61  IM 


Jit 


R^ 


962 


MONOGKAPOS  OF  NOKTII  AMBUIOAN  ItODENTIA, 


1       I 


■!liLi  i!'i'i;i'i 


:1  i:!i'     . 


i 


1826. — Prevoat,  C,  and  Le  Royer,  —  .     Nolo  eiir  I'nciile  lilire  cotiteuii  dana  I'estomnc  des  herbivorei. 

<  M(!m.  do  la  Soc.  de  I'liys.  nt  d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Geneve,  iit,  t.  8,  Iti'Jfl,  pp.  14:t-137  (sic!  3  pp.). 
1827.— Edmonston,  L.     On  tliu  origin  of  tho  power  of  snapending  respiration  pusaenHed  by  aquatio 
nianininliii  and  birds.    <  Thilog.  Mag.  ii,  18^7,  pp.  126-130;  Fdruss.  Bull.  Sci.  Nut.  xiv,  1828, 
j.p.  11»-11,\ 
Oiiffltb,  B.,  and  otbcrs.   The  animal  kingdom,  arranged  in  conformity  with  it«  organization.   U; 
the  Knrun  Cuvior,   ....  witb  additional  duBcriptiona  of  all  the  Bpecies  hitherto  named,  and  of 

many  not  before  noticed.      By  Edward  Uriffitb London,  George  B.  Whittaker.    The 

class  Mammalia,  arranged  by  Baron  Cuvior,  with  specitlo  descriptions  by  Kdward  Griffith,  P. 
L.  S.,  Miijor  Chorles  Hamilton  Smith,  F.  it.  S.,  and  Edward  Pidgeon.     V&tl.    Vols.  1-v.    8°. 
[Tho  5tli  volume  (pp.  xxvil,  301)  ia  ii  Kooernl  synopala  of  mnuimalH.J 
Lesson,  R.-P.     Mannel  de  mamnialogie,  on  bistoire  natnrellc  dett  mammif£res.    18°.    xv,  441, 

(1)  pp. ;  t  atlas,  80  pll.    Paris,  lioret,  1827. 
Pastr^,  T.     KxposiS  succinct  des  opinions  t^mises  jusqu'iol  sur  la  oanse  de  I'engonrdissement 
p<!riodiqne  (piVprouvent  lea  animaux  appelds  liibernans.    <[  M(!m.  de  la  Soc.  Linn,  de  Paris, 
vi,  1827,  pp.  121-i:t8. 
Rltgen,  F.  F.  A.    Classification  des  manimlRsres.    <C  F6rua8.  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  tome  10, 1827,  pp. 

i:tl-i:i:i. 
Temminok,  C.  J.     Monograpbies  de  nmmmalogie,  on  description  de  quelqnes  genres  de  mam- 
mitercs,  dont  les  especcs  out  &V6  observdes  dans  les  ditTiSrentb'     nusdes  d'Enrope.    In  '2  vols. 
4".    Vol.  i.    Paris,  1827. 
1827-34.— Llcbtenstein,  H.    D.irstellnng  nener  oder  weniger  bekannter  diiugothiere,  in  Abbildungen 

nnd  Keschreibungeu  vi'u  fllofundsechzig  Artcn.    2  vols.    Folio.    Berlin,  1827-34. 
1828.— Oeoffroy  St.-Hllaire,  fi.     lIi<moire  oh  Ton  se  propose  de  rechercber  dans  quels  rapports  de 
structure  orgauiciue  et  de  p»rent<$  sont  entre  enx  les  animaux  des  Ages  bistoriques,  et  vivant 
actnellcment,  ut  les  esp^ces  anttSdiluviennes  et  perdues.     <^  Mdm.  Mas.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  xvii, 
18-W,  pp.20'J-229. 
1829.— Burnett,  O.  T.      Illustrations  of  the  Quadmpeda  or  quadrupeds,  being  the  arrangement  of 
the  true  fonr-fcmted  beasts  indicated  in  outline.    <  Quart.  Jonru.  Sci.  Lit.  and  Arts  (Roy. 
Inst.  Great  Britaiu),  London,  July  to  Dec.  1829,  xxviii,  pp.  336-353;  transl.,  Isis,  1833,  pp. 
'.141-943. 
Comstock,  J.  L.     N.'.tural  history  of  quadrupeds;  with  engravings,  on  a  new  plan,  exhibiting 
their  comparative  size :  adapted  to  the  capacities  of  yontb ;  with  authentic  notes,  illustrating 
the  habits  and  characters  of  the  animals  ;  together  with  reflections,  moral  and  religious ;  de- 
signed for  sabbath  school  libraries,  families,  and  common  schools 12°.    201  pp.    Hart- 
ford, D.  F.  Kobinaou  &.  Co.,  1829. 
Cuvier,  F.     Zoologies mammalogle.    <  Diet,  des  Sci.  Nat.  (F.  G. Levrault.dditear),  lix,  1839, 
pp.  357-r.l9. 

Fischer,  J.  B.  Synopsis  mammalinm.  8°.  xlii,  753  pp.  Stuttgardtito,  sumptibusJ.  G.  Cottee, 
1H29. 

Oeoffroy  St.-Hilaire,  "ti.  Cours  do  I'bistoire  natnrelles  de  raanmiif^rcs, ....  Partie  compre- 
nant  qneli|ues  viies  prdliminnires  de  ]ihilosopbie  natnrelle,  et  I'bistoire  des  singes,  des  makis, 
des  chauve-saiiris  et  de  la  taupe ;  ponvaut  servir  de  complement  il  I'bistoire  naturelle  des 
i|iiadrupt!des  de  Itufl'ou.  8°.  [19  "  lemons"  in  1  vol.,  each  paged  separately,  and  with  40  pages, 
more  or  lees.]    Paris,  Pichon  et  Didier,  dditeurs,  libraires  commissionaires,  1829. 

Minding,  J.  ITeber  die  Kcograpbiscbe  Vertbeilung  der  Stiugetbiere.  4°.  104  pp.  Berlin,  Gns- 
liu'scbe  linchhandlung,  1829.     <  F^^russ.  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  xxi,  1830,  pp.  463-472. 

Pastr^,  T.  De  la  cause  de  I'hybcrnalion  chez  les  animaux  appel6s  dormenrs.  <[Nova  Acta 
Acad.  Leop.  Carol.  Nat.  Cur.  xiv,  pt.  ii,  1829,  pp.  659-669. 

Plagge,  M.  W.  Uebcr  das  Ei  der  Suugethiere  vor  der  Befrnohtuug.  <  Meckel's  Arab.  t.  Anat. 
n.  Phys.  1829,  pp.  193-202,  rait  Abbildgn. 

1830.— Kaup,  3.  J.    Versnch  eluer  natUrlicben  Eiutheilung  der  Siiugethiere.    <  Oken,  Isis,  xxiii,  1830 
col.  799-802. 

Llnnsus,  C.  Editio  prima  reedita,  curante  Antonio-Lanrentto-Apollinario  F£a.  8°.  Sp,  1. 
vi,  HI  pp.,  1  I.    Parisiis,  apud  F.  O.  Levrault,  bibliopolam,  1830. 


B(     f-'i , 


iri!'' 


BIBLIOGR.  AI'PKNDIX— A.  GENEUAL  AND  MIHCELLANEOUS.      <JG3 

1030.— V7agler,  J.  NutUrlicbcH 'Systeni  dor  Ampliibieu,  mit  vornngehcnder  Classification  tier  Siingo- 
tliicro  mid  Vijgel,  ein  neitraf;  zur  vergleichcudon  ZooloRie.  8*^.  vi,  3!)4  pp.,  1  jil.  folded,  1 
ding,  folded.    MUnchcii,  Stiittptart  und  Tubingen,  in  dor  J.  G.  Cotta'scbon  Bncbbandlung,  1830. 

1830-32. — Leuon,  R-P.  Ceutnrie  zoologiiinu  ou  cbolx  d'unimaux  rorea  on  iinparfaitciuent  conuus 
....    Livr.  i-xvi.    8°  or  4".    Paris,  1830-32. 

1831.— Bonaparte,  C.  L.  Snggin  di  una  distribnzione  niotbodicadegli  aniuiali  vortobrati.  <Giornalo 
Arcadico  di  Scienze,  lioma,  xlix,  1831,  pp.  3-77 ;  Appendice,  Hi,  1832  f,  pp.  la'J-aOU  (Udo  It. 
H.  Cat.) ;  transl.,  <  Isis  von  Oken,  1832,  col.  283-32U ;  1833,  col.  1220-1254 1;  also  separate, 
Roma,  presoo  Antonio  Uoulzalur,  78  pp.,  8"^',  1831, 

[The  clRMifioatlon  Rdoptod  in  this  artlcio  In  as  follows:— 
Clahsis  l.—ilammnlia. 
Sunn.AfifilH  I.—Quaitrupeda. 
Bkctio  l.—Vnguiculala.  • 

Ordo  PnmatcB. 
Chiroptera. 

Fone  (an  Ixlivlded  Into  the  orders  llcat'ic  [—  Inaectlvon  amboUtoriii)  and  Fera  In  1833). 
Huraupialia. 
Oliru. 

Bruta.  , 

Sectio  i—Unnulala. 
Ordo  Pecorft. 
BtjUna). 

SUBCLASSIB  II — Biptda. 
Ordo  Cete  (snbdivided  into  the  orderH  Sirenla — which  succeed  Brnto — and  Hydraula  in  1833). 

Clasbis  II.— Mtmotremata. 
Ordo  Tachygloaaa. 
Platypoda.] 
Coleman,  B.     [On  the  propensity  of  domesticated  qnadrnpeds  to  destroy  their  yonog  when 

suffering  under  a  deficieucy  of  milk.]    <^  Proc.  Comm.  Zool.  See.  London,  i,  1831,  p.  57. 
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miffcres.    HP.    Paris,  IKll. 
,       Linz,  H.  O.    Naturgeschicbte  der  Siingelhiere,  nach  Cnvier's  Systeme  bearbeitet.    8°.    xii,  334 
pp.    Gotha,  Becker'scho  Biicblmndhing,  1831. 
MoMurtrie,  H.    The  animal  kingdom  arranged  in  conformity  with  it«  organization.    By  the 
Baron  Cuvier,  and  translate<l  from  the  French,  with  notes  and  additions,  by  H.  McMurtrie, 
M.  D.    4  vols.    8°.    New  York,  Carvill,  1831. 
[Vol.  i  contains  the  Mammnls  and  Hirds.l 
'All    rauz,  D.  M.    Compendio  di  mnmnialogia  odi  storia  natnrale  de' mammiferi  contenente,  i 
k,<iratter^  distintivi,  I'organizzazione,  le  abitudinie  la  claasiUcazione  di  questi  aniinali,  ecn.,  pro- 
oiduto  da  una  introduzioue  storica,  sequito  da  una  biogralia,  da  uua  bibliografia  e  da  un  vucabu- 
lario  di  termini  tecnici.    34  pp.     Milano,  1831. 

1832. — Cuvier,  F.     Histoiro  naturelle  des  mnmmiferes,  pur  F.  Cnvier et  le  dooteur  Dumezille. 

Tome  premier  [ct  second].    18°.    108  pp.,  3  pU. ;  1  title,  100  pp.,  4  pll.    Paris,  1832. 
Oeoffroy  St.-Hilaire,  I.    filudes  zoologiques,  compreuant  Thistoire  et  la  description  d'un  grand 
nombre  d'auimuux  rdcemment  diScouvurt,  et  des  observations  nouvelles  snr  pluulours  genres 
dfiji  conuus.    8°.    Paris,  1832. 
Oeoffroy  St.-HUaire,  I.     Rechercbes  zoologiques  ot  physiologiques  sur  les  variations  de  la 
taille  chez  les  animaux  et  dans  les  races  hnmaines.    <[  M£m.  pr6».  h,  I'Acad.  d.  Sci.  Paris,  Sci. 
Hath,  et  Phys.  iii,  1833,  pp.  503-572 ;  Fror.  Not.  Bd.  xxxvi,  no.  776, 1833,  pp.  65-73 ;  uo.  776,  pp. 
81-89. 
Lyell,  C.     Geograpbiscbo  Vertbeilnug  der  vierfiissigen  Thiere.    <Fror.  Not.  xxxiv,  no.  734, 

1832,  pp.  113-121. 
Wagler,  J.    Nene  Sippen  nnd  Gattungen  der  Sungetbiere  nnd  Vogel.    <|  Isis  von  Oken,  xxv, 

1832,  co).  1218-1235. 

1833.— Coate,  F.    Sur  le  d^vnloppement  des  mammif^res.    <  Institnt,  i,  no.  34, 1833,  pp.  202, 303, 217. 
Coste,  P,  and  Delpeoh,  — .    Rechercbes  snr  la  formation  des  embryous.  <^  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xxviii, 

1833,  pp.  If)8-1H0. 

1834. — Cuvier,  O.  RecherchcH  snr  les  ossemens  fossiles,  oti  I'on  rdtablit  les  caractfires  de  plusienrs 
animaux  dont  les  revolutions  dn  globe  ontdtStriiit  les  espftccB.  4nio<Sd.  Tome  premier.  Paris, 
£dmoud  D'Ooagne,  Miteur,  1834. 


i   -rj 


•r 


I 


I: 


I  i, 


I  h  f 


"it 


Vi 


9G4 


iMONOdllArilS  OF  KOBTII  AMERICAN  iiODBNTIA. 


I.     1 


i«      ; 


1834.—  Duvernoy,  G.  L.   TiiMoniix  dus  ordrnH,  ilea  families,  des  genrea  de  la  claue*  de«  mamniinrM. 

<  IiiHtitut,  ii,  IHHI,  pp.  'jni-aiM;  Ann.  Sci.  Nut.  ix,  183a,  pp.  375-37ti. 

Oeoffroy  Bt-Hilalre,  tt.     Ilmtuiro  nntiirvlln  des  mainmif^res,  cninprenaot  qnnlqnea  vnea  pr6- 

liniiiiiiiri'fl  do  )ililloH(>i>liiu  nntiinOle  ct  I'liintoire  des  singeH,  des  niukis,  des  cliaave-soaris,  et  do 

lataiipp.    ConrH  piofiwiii*  par  .M.  Oeoffroy  8t.-Hilalro,   ....    tP.  47  pp.  +  (lelefon)'2Cpp.,('.2e) 

•M  pp.,  (:!c)  :tl  pp.,  (4e)  :iO  pp.,  (;-.e)  III  pp.,  ((ie)  27  pp.,  (7e)  [VJ  pp.,  (H«)  32  pp.,  (Be)  36  pp.,  (lOe) 

■M  pp.,  (lie)  42  pp.,  (ia<()  38  pp.,(13(.)  :K>  pp.,(14o)  47  pp.,(15«)  40  pp.,(iec)  40  pp.,(17e)  1  p. I. 

IH  jip.,  ( IBu)  40  pp.,  ( lUo)  40  pp.,  3  pll.    Paris,  Libruirie  des  Sciences  M6dicales  do  Jast  Kouvier 

e.t  i;,  I.e  Itoufier,  18"'     [See  above,  sauio  author,  date  1829.] 
Kaup,  J.  3.    Classillcatiuu  der  Siiugetliiere  tiud  Vugel.    8°.    144  pp.,  2  pll.    Uanostodt,  C.  W. 

l^-nke,  1834. 
Kaup,  J.  J.     Versncb  elner  Eintbeilnng  dor  Siingotbiere  iu  Secbs  Stamme  uod  der  Ainpbibien 

in  8ecli8  Or(Innn|;en.     <  Isis  von  Oken,  18;M,  pp.  311-316. 
Miiller,  J.     Ueliur  die   Structnr  der  eigcntbilmlicben  Korpercben  in  der  Milz  eioiger  pflanzen- 

frc^iDM'M.len  .Sanj;ethiero.     <  Miiller's  Arcli.  f.  Anat.  18:14,  pp.  SO-'JO,  1  pi. 
183S.— Coste,  P.     .Snr  la  formation  dii  ]>lacen(a.    <  Compt.  Reud.  Acad.  8ci.  Paris,  1835,  pp.  208-209; 

ln.,liiiit,  iii,  no.  127,  183.%  p.  330. 
Duvernoy,  O.  L.    £liideHHiirlofoie.    De  la  forme  dn  foio  des  mammifi^res.    <  Comptes  Keodos. 

Paris,  i,  183.''),  pp.183-186;  Fror.  Not.  xlvi,  18:.5,  col.  148-iriO;  Ann  Sci.  NsU  Iv,  (ZooL),  1835, 

pp.  2o7-2()U;  Inntitut,  iii,  lKt5,pp.  32.'>-32(). 
Duvernoy,  O.  L.    Tableanx  desordres,  des  families  et  des  genres  de  mammit^res,  adopt^s  ponr 

li!  eoiuH  de  zouIokIu  do  la  fucuU6  des  sciences,  par  M.  Duvernoy ;  r6dig^  sous  ses  yens,  par 

M.  ix;r'ilioullet.    4^.     lU  pp.,  5  tables  folded.    <[Mdm.  Soc.  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  Strasbourg,  ii, 

IKIO. 
Flourens,  M.  J.  P.    Recbercbes  sur  la  structure  da  cordon  ombilical  ct  sur  sa  continnil^  avec 

lefotus.     <ln?titut,  iii,  no.  116,  183.'>,  pp.  247-248;  2e  m(Sm.,  Compt.  Rend.  1830,  pp.  27-28  ; 

Institut,  iii,  no.  118,  1835,  p.  258;  :{c  ludm.  relatif  anz  oiseaux,  Compt.  Bend.  1835,  pp.  lt)0- 

ln2;  Inntitut,  iii,  no.  126,  1835,  p.  324. 
Harlan,  R.     Medical  and  physical  researcbcs :  or  original  memoirs  in  medicine,  surgery,  geol- 

og.' ,  zoology,  &c.    8^.     Philadelphia,  Lydia  R.  Bailey,  ISXi. 

[A  n-priiit  uf  1)19  minor  papers,  many  being  on  mammals.    AmoniE  others,  there  la  a  sjatrmatle  Uat  of  tha 

North  .\iuei-)can  Hpi'ciett.l 

Heusse,  H.  F.    De  nmuimaliuui  dentibus.    <  Diss.  Berollni,  typis  Nietack,  1835,  8°,  40  pp. 
Lereboullet,  A.    Tableaux  des  ordres,  des  families  et  des  genres  de  mammif  ere*,  adopts  pour 

le  cours  de  zuulogie  de  la  faculty  des  sciences  par  M.  Duvernoy,  r6dig6s  sous  scs  yeoz.    <^  M6m. 

Soc.  d'llist.  Nat.  Strasbourg,  ii,  18;15,  10  pp.,  5  tab. 
Swalnson,  "W.    Animals  |  in  |  menageries.  |  Loudon;  |  printed  for  Longman,  Brown,  Green  & 

Loiignianx,  .  .  .     Ui^.     vi  (incl.  tiilo),  376  pp.,  with  71  Bgs. 
Swalnson,  VT. — On  the  natural  history  and  classification  of  qaadrupe<ls 16°.    2  p.  1., 

viir,  377  pp.     London,  printed  for  Lunj;man,  Broirn,  Qreen  &  Longmans,  ....  1835.    <^Tbe 

Cabinet  of  Natural  liiatory,  couduuted  l>y  the  liov.  Dionysius  I^ardner,  ....  assisted  by 

•  minent  sciuntitic  iiicn <C'rbn  Cabinet  Cyclopoidia,  conducted  by  the  Bev.  Dionysius 

Lanltji^r,  ....  — Natural  History. 

Swalnson,  'W.  A  treatise  |  on  {  the  geography  and  classification  |  of  animals.  .  .  .  Lou- 
don, I  printed  for  Longman,  Kees,  Oruic,  Brown,  Green  &.  Longmans,  .  •  •  |  and  John  Taylor, 
...  I  IH'JT).  I  ItP.  viii  (incl.  ung.  title),  367  pp.,  with  56  figs. 
Anon.  The  naturaliHl's  own  book:  comprising  desoriptious  and  authentic  anecdote*  of  qnad- 
rupeilti ;  scientitically  arranged  according  to  the  system  of  Cuv;er.  By  the  author  of  the 
Young  Man's  Own  lluok.  8^.  Eng.  title,  xvi,  :<84  pp.  Philadelphia,  Key  &  Biddle,  1835, 
1839  «'iif.— Wagner,  J.  A.    [Uericbto  Uber  die  Siingcthiere.]     <.lxoh.  Itir  Natnrg. posnm. 

(Thi.  uDnual  rt-porttt  on  tho  progresn  of  iwtonco  contain  many  important  notices  of  American  mammala, «.  g, 
llM.aill  lK.I7,3Uii  I8.li<,4:>i  lMi,3M);  Idfl,  32,  341;  184.5,  Hlj.) 
1036.— Cnvier,  F.     De  l'l)i»toirc  naturcUe  des  c6taci!s,  on  recueil  et  examen  des  fails  dont  se  compose 
riiisUtire  nuturelle  du  ces  unimuiix  ;  avec  un  atlas  do  2iJ  planches.    8''.    Paris,  18B0. 
Otven,  R.     [Reference  to    Hunter's  opiniou  respecting  the  productive  powers  of  hybrids.] 

<  I'tih:.  ZiH)l.  Soc.  London,  iv,  I83t>,  p.  85. 

Vigors,  N.  A.     [Remarks  upon  the  pro<luotive  powers  of  female  hybrids.]    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc 
l»nilou,  iv,  1836,  pp.  84-85. 


I<V! 


UIBLIOOK.  AITKNDIX— A.  GENKHAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS.     965 


<<- 

In 

e) 

) 

I. 
Dr 


5, 


1837.— Otay,  J.  B.  l>'8cil|itioii«  of  8oine  new  or  litllo  kuowii  iiininiiiiilin,  princiinilly  in  tlio  Hritish 
MuHcuni  collection.  <Cbarl8W.  Mag.  Niit.  lliHt.  i,  1h;I7,  |.|>.  r.77-M7 ;  Arch,  fllr  Nature,  v, 
ISW,  pp.  )81-1U4. 

Relohert,  C.  B.  Uelier  die  VlHCDrnUioKon  diir  Wirbeltliicro  ini  Allncnieiiion  iinil  ilcrcn  Miilii- 
nioitiliDHon  bei  den  Vogoln  nnd  Siingctbioren.    <  Arcbiv  Aniit.  (MIIIIit'h),  IH'ff, pp.  IW-\M. 

Wilson,  J.  The  u..'nrAl  history  of  qiindrnpetU  and  whalcH;  being  tbi>  nrticlo  "Mumnmlin" 
from  the  7tb  cd.  of  lU.  lincyclopaxliu  Uritanuica.  Willi  above  1.10  illiiHtrations.  4".  H  p.  1., 
pp.  7;t-l!»'.!,  pll.  cccxxviii-cccxliv.    Edinbnrgb,  Adam  &  CbarlcH  Black,  1«)7. 

1837-38.— Brescbet,  O.,  and Oluge,  — .  RechercbcH  siir  la  utriicture  des  monibranes  de  I'lvnf  do8  nnmi- 
niiftircs.  <Conipt.  Rond.  Acad.  Sci.  PariN,  vi,  ISItH,  pp.  7U-SK  (iivco  planches) ;  InHlitut,  vi, 
no.  2-24, 18;i8,  pp.  43-44  (avec  figures) ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  'ie  s6r.  Zool.  viii,  1H:J7,  pp.  !H4-Si!i8 ;  Fror. 
Not.  Bd.  V,  no.  106, 18U8,  pp.  277,278. 

1838.— Bonaparte,  C.L.  Nouvelle  rlansiflcatiou  d«8  animnux  vert<ibr<S8.  < Revuo  Zoologiquc,  i,  18;!8, 
pp.  208-217, 

Bonaparte,  C.L.  Synopsis  vertebra  torn  m  systematis.  <Nnovi  Aniiali  dello  Scienzo  Natu- 
rali,  anno  i,  tonio  ii,  Ilolognii,  WiS,  jip.  lO.Vl;!;!  (Classis  i,  Mammalia,  pp.  IWi-H'.l);  Annali 
Medico  cbirurgicl  de!  Dolt.  Teleuiaco  Metaxi  (Roiua),  i,  1839,  pp.  211-220,  2(i8-27U  (Ude  R.  8. 
Cat.) ;  Isis  von  Oken,  1839,  col.  84H-861. 

[After  tbo  dUffnoflis  of  the  bmueh  ("  provinolo")  follow  "Clmuium  ilistiiictlo"  {p.  lOfi),  "CIsMiH  i,  Mnramn. 
lU "  (•llafiDoaig,  p.  106);  "UrdlDum  dintrlbiitlo"  (with  dlagimsls,  pp.  107-110);  and,  lastly,  "Index  famUlarnm 
et  ■ubtanillUrnni "  (pp.  111-113).  A  like  n-qtiencii  is  adoptnd  for  the  othiircliuMm  ( Avi^a,  Amphlbin,  and  Pliirca). 
The  nmnimalB  are  divided  Into  41  faiuUits  and  75  Bubfaniilit-s,  uiouolypiv  fanillicH  being  rcpreat-nled  by  aubfam. 
iliea  of  e(iiial  cxteat-l 

Comte,  A.  Cours  de  pbilosopble  positive,  (i  v.  8".  Paris,  Dacliclier,  18—.  >Tomo  3e, 
coiitoaaul  la  pbilosopbie  cbiuii(inu  et  Ja  pbilosupbie  biologi(ine,  1838,  G&O  pp. 

Iieuret,  F.  Anatomie  compar^o  du  systftme  uorveux  considdriSo  dans  aes  rapportii  areo  I'intelli- 
geuce.    8°.    2  vols.    Paris,  J  -B.  Bailliiire  et  flls,  1838-.'>7. 

Ogllby,  W.  Observations  on  "  Rules  for  nomenclature  ".  <  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1838,  pp.  ISO- 
IS?,  27.';-284. 

1838-39.— Dug^B,  A.  Traitd  de  pbysiologio  compariSe  de  I'homme  et  des  animaux.  Aveo  plancbca 
lithograpbi^es.  3  vols.  Montpellier,  cbcz  Louis  Castel,  1838-39.  Tome  ler,.xviii,  &2C  pp., 
frontispiece,  table,  0  pll.,  1838.  Tome  2e,  x,  636  pp.,  12  pll.,  1838.  Tome  3e,  viii,  494  pp., 
witb  portrait,  18^.  [Vertebratea  named  sous-r^gne  dea  Uomiuiairea  (i,  15) ;  mammala,  classe 
dea  Hoministes  (i,  18).] 

Lesson,  R.-P.,  and  Qamot,  P.    Mastologiom^tbodiqne.   <^  Revue  Zool.  D6o.  1838,  Mars  1839. 

Owen,  R.  On  the  structure  of  teeth  and  the  resemblance  of  ivory  to  bone,  aa  illustrated  by 
microscopical  examination  of  the  teeth  of  man  and  of  various  existing  and  extinct  animala. 
<  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  18.38,  pt.  2,  pp.  13!J-1C0|  Fror.  Notizcii,  viii,  1838,  col.  0.')-73,  86-89;  Am. 
Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  xxxv,  1839,  p.  507. 

1839.— Bachman,  J.  Observations  on  the  changes  of  colour  in  birda  and  quadrupeds.  <  Trans.  Am. 
I'hilos.  Soc.  Phila.  vi,  1839,  art.  iv,  pp.  197-2.39. 

Bonaparte,  C.  L.  Prodomus  ayatematis  maatozoologltc  Caroli  Luciani  Bonaparte  Muxiuiani 
principis.  <C_  Aonali  Medioo-chirnrgici  del  Dott.  Telemoco  Metaxii,  Roma,  ii,  1839,  pp.  221-227, 
28U-286  (lide  K.  8.);  Nnovi  Annali  delle  Scienze  Naturali,  anno  ii,  tomo  iii,  Bologna,  1840,  pp. 
300-312 ;  Xaia  von  Oken,  1841,  col.  5W)-597. 

[The  diagnoaea  of  the  orders  and  including  gronpa  are  repeated  from  the  earlier  article  (1838) ;  but  iuterca- 
Uted  therewith,  and  fonoing  an  nnbrokeu  series,  are  the  diagnoses  of  the  faniiitea  and  Bnbfamiltea,  which  are 
the  aamo  as  those  enumeratttt  in  the  ''  Index  faniiiiarum  et  subfamiliaruni  "  of  tfae  earlier  article.  The  groups 
Placentalia  and  Iniplaeentali.-i  are,  however,  designated  "series"  instead  of  "aubclassea",  and  the  EducabilUi 
nnd  Ineflueabilia  "aubclaasea"  instead  ol  "aeetions";  the  nubfaniiliea  15  and  10,  33  and  95,  and  .'i3  nnd  54, 
are  aeverally  roveraed  in  poaitioD  witli  reaiiect  to  each  other.] 

Cuvier,  F.  (Joiisid<Sratious  aur  lY^tiiile  dcs  iictions  des  animaux  snivies  d'on  programme d'un 
cours  siir  la  nature  des  aniiuuux  et  sur  leur  Education.  <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xii  (Zool.),  1839, 
pp.  141-147;  Froriep,  Notizen,  xiv,  1810,  337-344. 

Oray,  J.  B.    On  some  new  or  littlo  known  nianimalia.    <  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1839,  pp.  884-287. 


960 


MONOGICAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMEltlCAN  KODENTIA. 


1839. — Auon.  \[\M^m^^  iia(nr*'ne  lU'o  niiimniix  liw  pliin  roinuri|iiul)I(>H  tlii  In  claRNn  cI^h  innnimifiAn'H  (qiin* 
dnipt'tk'H  ft  c(^tiic'4^);  pur  im  imtiiruliHtv  dii  niiim^iiiii ;  orndo  tie  Miixuntu  tl^nnm  iranimaux, 
ili'MiinrM'H  I't  Kriiv«^t>H  par  C  Ftuiic,  puiiilni  d'hiHtoiru  iiHturullu.    12^.    U  p.  1.,  viii,  23'^  pp.,  1*^  ptl. 

I'llliH,  .1.  SllMlHIHl,  \KVJ. 

[Uetxi^nlzi'H  "HCUH  cluHtt  <lt-N  OriilllHMliOttlloa"  p.vU,  and  "  Dldelpbe*  6l<mtb£rodaotylca  "  p.'JIJ.ot  "  II.  iiyn- 
ilni-tyleH"  p.  "il'i,  nntl  niluptit  (lamt,  <>r  Ulainvillt^  p.  vl). 
1839-57. — Leuret,  F.,  and  Oratiolet,  P.    Anutunuu  coinpiir^^o  dii  HyHt^iiio  nnrvuiix  conHid6r6  daim  ac« 
nippnrtB  uvrc  rintolliijeiico.     '.i  voU.     Vat'ih,  J.-H.  KuilUdre  ct  ilU,  IWJO-T)?. 

[Atkadeaa  planohea  (16aalQ6«)S d'aprte nutar*  et  icrav6efl.  rarta,J.-B.  BiilllUre  et  Ala,  183fi-57.  FuHo,  pp 
60 .  pll.  30.J 

1839-64. — Blalnville,  R.  M.  D.  de.  0flt<^ographieoudt)8oriptioii  iconograpbiqne  coniparfSedu  Hquelett« 
»t  du  HyHti'inv  dentaire  do«  ^laIIlUlif^^o«  r^centH  et  fiMHilwi  pour  twrvir  do  batw  ii  la  zoidogio  et 
iV  la  ^f^otoKU)  par  H.  M.  I)iicn>tay  de  Itlainville.  .  .  .  Ouvrago  acconipa^iK^  dn  :t23 
plaiichfN  litlin};raphi<^i!HfH>UH  Ha  direction  jiur  M.  J.  C.  Weruer,  pointre  du  MuMiuui  d'HiBtoirts 
Nattirelle  de  PurU,  pr6c<5di^  d'une  <^tude  siir  la  vie  et  les  travaux  do  M.  de  HlainviUo,  par  M.  P. 
Picard.    Text,  4^,  4  v.;  atlaH,  fol.,  4  v.    Paris,  J.  H.  Bailliferoet  Ills,  lri39-(^». 

I  I'libliHhtMl  tu  twenty  aix  faaciculea  ;  the  flritt  twenty-five  under  the  title  :  "  OstdogrApbte  ;  on,  deacriptlon 
iooDogrnplihiiieroinparee  du  aquetotte  et  du  ayHt^nM>  ileutairo  dca  clnij  ulaAat^a  d'aulmaiix  vertt'tbrBa  rAcenta  et 
fuaailea,  pour  acrvir  de  base  4  la  zihiIokIo  et  ti  la  fi6nl»Kle  par  H.  II.  U.  liitcrotay  du  HUiUTiUe  ....  Out- 
ra^fl  accompaKTiA  de  planrbea  liihoKrapblAiia  Bimn  aA  dlrecti(>n  par  M.  J.  ('.  Worner  ....    I'aria,  Artbua 

Itertrand [lK)t>-.V>].    Tbu  tweuty-Mixth  and  laat  fnacloule  waa  iaaued  with  tbe  «pft<aMitle  abovn 

given,  titles  furthefiinr  votumeaof  text  4nd  I'ourof  plntei,  table  of  cooteuta  and  index,  by  the  llaillierea,  in  18()4. 

Tbe  i-ul|Mible  nei^lect  of  the  pubtirtbera  tn  ifive  the  datea  of  publicatiuu  of  the  aeveral  faaclcalea  haa  dnubt- 
li'M  devolved  opim  many  Invealittatora,  aa  upon  the  writer,  maob  trouble  and  annoyanue  iu  ancertaiuiDK  them, 
and  to  auve  to  othorn  sintilar  tri'Uble,  a  collation  la  here  preNent4>d,  tbe  dataH  havin);  chlelly  been  aacertalned 
Ironi  Wagner'a  annual  reiMirta  in  the  "  Aroblv  litr  Nainrf{iiHchichte".  The  appearance  of  Hncoeialve  fuacleulea 
line  not  bettn  noticed  in  the  "  lliblio;{mphii>  de  la  rriinoe". 

The  titlen  of  the  rt'Hpective  tuonognipbii  fi>vi-u  bidow  iire  tboao  at  tbe  upper  fonrtU  of  the  firat  page  of  each 
monograph,  and  which  are  the  only  npecia!  titles  pnblinbed. 

Tbe  work  li  more  remarkable  aa  a  methodical  n^pertory  of  facta  reapectinfc  aniM^rOeial  oateologtcal  detaila 
than  aa  a  dlK^st  exhlblliug  acute  appreciation  of  the  value  and  aubordlnation  of  cb  'racterii  and  (heir  taxonoml- 
cal  application,  or  orthodox  viewa  respectinn  claaaitlcation  and  tbe  getdi^ioal  euc-t  a..Iod  if  animala— tbe  con- 
current  views  of  the  moat  recent  and  ajiprored  inveatif:ntf>rR  beliiji  the  atauilard.  Tie  '  genera",  it  must  bo 
remembered,  nre  genorftlly  dbont  equal  io  extent  to  the  faraUlea  now  genomll;  auu|>ted  t 


Toroe  premier  j  Primates- Secandat^a  |  Aveo  atlaa  de  &9  planrhen.    [7  pp  +  0  parts  *  aa  below :— 1 
Atlaa— Tome  premier  j  comim'^de  SOplAuchea  |  PrimalM— 84-uuudat6a.   [ip.  1.  +  5  parts,  viz:— ] 
[A  titlepatfe  with  the  more  general  title  (see  above)  and  the  addition  :*"  Manmilf^ree— Tome  premier" 
waa  iaaued  witii  the  tirst  raacicule  in  "  lKt9  ",  and  another  with  the  modification   "  Uammifdroa.— Primates: 
Pitbocus.    Cel)U8.    l.emur."  In  "  lt'41 ",  but  both  are  auperaeded  by  the  tpeeitU  title  issued  for  the  first  vol- 
ume witli  thetwouty-aixth  faacicule  ) 

(Etude  sur  la  vie  et  lea  travaux  de  M.  de  Dlalnville,  par  M.  P.  KIcard.)    [1864.  -ccxxUI.  pp.  <  F.  xxvl.] 
([J..]    Du  I'oateographio  en  j{6u6ral.    <  Oal6of(raphle  dos  mjunrolf6rea,  pp.  10-47.)    [IH3t).— 47  pp.     <  F.  f.] 
([B.]    Ost^ographle  dua  Primat^a.— Sur  le^  prlmattNs  en  gt^n^nU  «t  aur  lea  singes  {IHUueiu)  en  partionlter.) 
[I8;i9.-5app.  llpl.     <F.  1.  (+pl.  Ibi»and5  6w.     <  F.  xxv,  1855.)! 

(A  tecondary  gffieral  title  fur  tfae  Primate  waa  iaaued  as  the  firat  pagea  (p.  1=^1.  1)  of  tbe  preoeding,  viz: 
"OHt^-oftrapbie  des  mammir^rea  do  I'ordre  dea  Primate,  anivie  de  recfaerchen  anr  I'histoire  de  la  science  \ 
leur  6ganl,  tea  princiitea  de  leur  claaaiflcation,  leur  distribution  g^ographlqne  actuelle  et  leur  aDoiennet6  jh  Ia 
Hurface  de  la  terre."] 

(rC.)    fMii^osraphie  dea  Primntft.t— Sapatona  (0*&iMt )     (IPOT.— 31  pp.  0  pi.  -F.  ii.] 
(I  A]    (>Mtt'-0};rBphiedpBp.-imatV>.4— Mukls<7>mui).)     |IKJ». — 18  pp.  II  pi.  <  F.  iii.) 

i[K  ]  &I6moire  Rur  la  veritable  place  de  I'Aye-Aye  daca  la  i4irie  dea  mnnimlf^rea.  Ln  4  la  Soci6t^  philoma- 
tlque,  lo  10  mui  1816  )     |  IKI9.— 40  pp.  <  F.  iii. -Plate  <  F.  iii.— Plate=pl.  5  <  Z>.J 

([F.)    De  raDc:iennei6  dea  Priinatra  h  la  surface  do  la  terro.)    68  pp.    {If^O.J     <  F.  ir.—Sana  pUnobea.] 
<|<7  1    OHt6ogniphiede§CheIn>pli^rr8(r«iMr(Uio.  I^).)    (1839.— 104  pp.  15  pi.    <F.  v.] 
(|£f.]     OsK^ograpbio   des  Maniroif^ree  inaectlvorea  (Talpa,  Sortx  et  Eiir%aoeut,  L.}.)     [1840—115  pp.  11 
pl.--=F.vi.] 

Tome  deiixi^me  |  .^^uudatAa  |  Avec  atlaa  de  117  planches.     [viiL  pp.  +  9  parts.} 
Atlaa— Tome  deuxij'me  I  compost  de  117  planchee  I  Secundal6a.    I'-l  p.  t. -f  8parta,  vix:— ) 
{\l.\    Oat^ugrapbie  doa  CamaiMiera.    ri>'40.— 85  pp.     <  P.  vii.l 

[A  tecondarj/  title  fur  the  Carnaasiera  (I-Q)  waa  iMSUod  as  the  first  pages  (p.  I  ~  1.  1)  of  the  preceding, 
viz  :  "  Ost^ograpbie  dea  Camaaaiera,  pr6<-^>4lee  de  conaidtrationa  aur  I'bistoire  de  la  acleuce  h  leur  ^ganl,  lea 
prlucipes  de  leur  claasifiuation,  leur  dlHtribution  g^ograpbtquo  aotnelle,  et  aaiTle  de  reohervhee  aur  lonr 
aDciennet6  k  la  surface  de  la  terre."] 

{[J.]    Dea  Phoques  (6.  PAooa,  L  ).)     [1840.— .M  pp.  10  pi.  <  F.  vii.) 


*Tbe  "parts''  la  each  monograph  or  series  diatiDguiabed  by  a  special  and  complete  pagination  or  numeration  of  platoa. 


ninLIOOR.  AIM'KNDIX-A.  OICNKHAL  AND  MI8CKLLANHOUS.      U(',7 

((K  1    Del  Oiim  («.  f  VjtMl)    (IMl.-M  pp.  IB  pi.  -^F.  vlll,  ] 

(I  ;„|   itaii  I'out  oiifH  (II.  suburni).)   imi.-i'j:i  pp.  in  pi.  -  V.  ii.  (+  pi.  n  <  f.  i,  im  i 

IWilh  till"  l'.ii«lrnli>  wan  Imiiml  »  gtntral  llllr  IImiIiihI  IIjui:    "  Muiuiuif6ri».— Ciunaulon :  |  Vimportllio 

Tftlpft.    Sorcx.    Krinncciii.    liiiK-a.    TJrHim.    SuliiirniiH IMI." 

(|JI.  I    DmMuhUO.mk..  afiuteta,  I.. ). )    |IH4a.-«:ipp,  i.lp|.  .,F.  X.] 

(1^1    I)<«i  Vlvorri\«.l    |l««.— IdOpp.  i:i  pi.  r  F.  xl.| 

(10.)   l>p»  Kciu )   |iH4a.— imipp.  1  f„iii,.(itui).  iiipi. .- F.  ill.  ( I  pl.sc)  <  p.  i«v.,  I8;»).| 

(M'.  I    I)t«('mil«.  I    |IBM.-l(iOpp.  IB  pi.  ,^F.  Illl.  I 

(IV.  I    Den  lljrdnm)    (im4.-«l  pp.  B  pi. .»  F.  ilv.  | 

TiimotrulnKlrur  l(iiml<'rniil''»|  Avi'i'ulluilc'M  plulii'liKH.    (vlll  pp.  |   riparta.) 

AtlaH—Tnnit'  troUK'nio  |  coniptwi''  <l<'  51  pliuirlii'M  (  gujttttrnatiVH.     ['4  p.  I.  ]  Apartii,  vis  :— ] 

(IK.  or  A  I     Ui'-  f.K'pliullI*  I    |li<4,'i.-;i(i7  pp.  18  pi.  »  F.  xvl.j 

(l*orr.l    1)11  Dlnotlicirliim.)    Ilifri.— <M  pp.:i  pi. -F.ivll.l 

(jr.orCl    Uei  Unwiiliua  (IIuII'kiO,  (Manaliu,  Scopuli),  uii  nravlgradiH  aquatliiuos.)    |IM4.— 140  pp.  II 

pi.  .-F.  IV.  I 

(in    I>i'«Diimaii«(nii(Toii),  (;/,(rai).l    |lM,-i._.17  pp.  :i  pi.      F.  xvlll.l 

II  V.  or  X  1  .l)i«  lllnncWroB  (IlulV.inl,  (((.  Ilhiiuicfrot.l,. ).)    (ISW.-'ifJ  pp.  14  pi.  =F.  ii,  ) 

(l-Taml  liiili'liitl>'t«>l.*|    Maiiuuni|ililiMlu  Cluival,  ».  i^ijuui.  I    1WI4.     [BO  pp.    <F.xi»l.l 

Tnmo  niiatri(''liif— Qiiatrrnatrft— MaMoiitV-H  |  A\t-v.  allaa  iln  0:i  plnnrlii'H.     (vlll  pp.  f  B  porta.  1 

Atlaa— Tcmici  i|iuilrli''mi'  |  i'.miipo«6  ili'  93  pliinolii'a  |  (jllJlt('rIlntl^'— Mnlilciitiia.    |3  p.  1.  +  II  parta.) 

(|r.|    Dea  Pultcutlierluina,  l.iiplilodiina,  Autliracotlit'tiuniH,  <;bo«ruputaniuH.)    (1B40.~1(H)  pp.  g^- 3-f  ;i  .f  1 

(-  15)  pL  =.  F.  xil.l 

(|«.  1    Dea  Taplra  lUiifliin).   (O.  Tnpina,  IlriaaMi). )    [1840.— 58  pp.fl  pi. -;F.  xli.  1 

HAA.  ]    Siir  liv  lIlp|Hi|Kilunji^a  (llntriiii),  {llijipopolamuM,    L. )  ut  li  a  CuuliiiiiH  (Dufluu),  (flu,  L.).|    1B4T. 

(24H  pp.8  -w  !l  [^nj  pi.  <  F.  xill  I 

i[BU.]    IK>8  Anuplutli6rluniR  ((i.  t'uvlcr)  tt  mir  lua  gvurca  plila  on  luoliia  iliflureuta : 
IMO.  |155pp.»pl.;-F.nlU.| 

XipliiHliin,    I  Mfryrnp<ilaniiiH,  )    Falconer  I't  Cautt'loy.  I 

Diclioliuiui,  {   ti.  Ciivier,  IB'J'J.  Illppoh.vim,  ^       1B47. 

.'  '  ^  AiluplH,         I  PaloplotliuTiiiiii,  I 

Cliall('otli<'riiilii,J.Knup.lB:i:i.  I)li  liinlon,  ILOwcii,  iBIBk 

CuliiothOriiiDi,  UrurunI,  18*-!.%.  ]Iyu|K)luiuua.      / 

MIcroclioorua,  So.  f  W(hm1,  lB4fi. 
{[CO.  ]    IVa  Riiniliiajta  (I'eeora,  L. )  on  ^6ii6ral  et  rli  partlculliir  doa  Clianieatix,  ilea  LamoSi  BtllTon.  (0.  Co- 

tlw(lu,L)    IBM.    (131  pp.5pl.--F.xilv.l 

([1>I).\    OaUSograplilu  dca  Pareaaoui  (llradiiput,h.).)    |I840.— 04  pp.6  pi.  =:F.  t.) 

(LA'A\    (Imeral  titlii.]    PtiblUmtion  poathutue.— Explication  dca  planchca  aiiivautoa. 

PlLll'^ltBH.     Gcnroa.     Oorillii,  iSnillodon,  Hciiinia,  ArctoniyR,CHat(>r.  Caprom.vR,  Myopotamna,  Ilyatrlx,  (^avin, 

E<iuua,  Cuniclupardalia,  Myrniecupliafca,  Macrottierinm,  Megatherium,  Gt,vptu<luD,  Tuxodon,  Elaamottiurium, 

Ma<:ruuchoiila  et  KrAtipea  qui  a'y  rattaclicnt. 

SutiAHMlFfeliKS.    Gcnro  Crocodiliia  et  i;roiipoa  K6n6rlqne8  Tolaina. 

OBT^ozOAIltRB.    Hl>nilfloatiou  deaoa  diicrADudanaluadivnraeacIaaaoaduco  typo.  1^55.  [€3pp.  41pl.]    Table 
''-  alpbati^tlqau  dea  quatre  voluiuea.    1B65.     [Ixvi  pp.  <  F.  xxvi.J 

1840. — BlalnviUe,  H.  M.  D.  de.  Coimidi^ratiaiiB  g(:u6raloH  Biir  lex  aiiiniaiix  ot  leiir  cloasiiicatiou. 
<Dict.  Sci.  Not.,  SupplfSment,  IP40. 

1840-SS. — VTagner,  J.  A.  Die  Sungtbiure  iu  Abbildiingou  uBcU  der  Nntiir,  init  ISesclireiljiiiigon,  .  .  . 
FortgeHOtzt  vod  Dr.  Jobaan  Andreas  Wugner,  .  .  .  Snpplumeiitbnnd  [iniit.  unit,  lit  infra]. 
liite-4to  Abtb.,  Erlangoii,  iu  dor  Kxiiedition  dcs  Scbrober'scben  SUugtbier-  iind  dcH  Kspet*- 
Hcbuu  Scbuietterliogsworlica  und  iu  Couiuiiasion  dor  Palui'scbou  Verlagsbucbliaudluug,  1H40. 

CONTKNTS. 

Ente  Abtbeilung ;  Die  Affen  und  Flicdcrthiero.    1840.    [xiv,  (1),  vi,  551  pp.] 

Zweite  Abtbeilnug:  Die  Ranbtbioro.    1841.    [viii,  558  pp.] 

Dritto  Abtbeilung:  Die  Benteltbiere und  Nagor  (ergt«r  Abschnitt).    1843.    [xiv,  C14pp.] 

Vierte  Abtbeilung :  Die  Nager  (zwoiter  Abecboitt),  Zabnlllcker,  Eiiibufcr,  Dickbiiuter  und 
Wiederkiiuer.    1«44.    [xii,  S'il  pp.] 

Flinrto  Abtbeilung :  Die  AfFen,  Zabnliicker,  Bonteltbiere,  Hufthiero,  lusektonfresser  und 
Handflllgler.    1855.    [xxvi,  810  pp.] 


*  The  Orat  aerloa  of  letters  la  given  in  the  Hat  of  uionogmpba  oppoaite  title-pages,  and  the  aeoood  in  the  table  of  con- 
touts  of  the  3d  volume. 

I  The  oaeograpby  of  the  original  la  ooplod. 


I 


9G8 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1841. — Bonaparte,  C.  L.    Anew  pjHtciiintic  nrinngeroent  of  veitebrated  animals.    <TrauB.  Linn. 

Sue.  London,  xviii,  1H41,  pp.  a47-;t04  (Clonsis  i,  Miinininliu,  pp.  247-25S). 

[In  mvincurp,  this  is  cflHcntinlly  »iiuilar  to  the  "  BynopHis  Tertcbratorum  Hyatematlii",  but*  "  Conspflotna  fanii- 

liaruin  i-t  RtibfuiniliBrutn  ",  wllb  din^niiM'H  o'.  the  j;roupB,  If  places  tlm  "  ludex  ".    As  in  tho  laaC,  the  gTonps 

IMnct'Utalia  ami  Iniplact'titalia  arp  itesignatpd  "  RtTiea"  and  tho  Edurwbilia  and  Ini-dut-abilia  "aiibclasttoa",  and 

tbo  seiiiioiK'e  of  tbo  Hiibfaniilii-a  l.'i  and  tfi,  ;{H  and  39,  M  and  S.'i,  are  acvcrolly  rcvtjraed.    Compared  with  the  flrat 

iiiranKetnrnl,  the  Ili]>|Hipntnn)ioa,  Khtnocerontioa,  and  Tapirtna  are  IraDsfors  irom  the  Elophantida]  to  the 

Siiidii' ;  a  ni-w  Hnlifiiinily  ('.i.1)  Dinotherion  funniOK  with  (24)  Elepbantina,  the  Elephantidee,  is  inturposed,  whereby 

a  total  of  41  t'Ainilii'H  and  Tti  Hnbfamiliea  resnlta.    Those  motltflcatlons  indicate  the  author's  emendatiotia  since 

1K19,  and  thiTefure  tint  tho  status  of  the  article  at  tho  date  of  "reodiDg".] 
Coates,  B.  H.    [On  thouaeof  tbesutureaof  the  oraDinm.]    <^ Free.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  i,  1841, 

pp.  69-71. 
Fennell,  J.  H.    A  iiatnral  history  omritisb  and  forei|;n  qnadrnpeds;  containing  many  moclcrn 

discoveries,  original  oheervations,  and  numerous  anecdotes.    S°.    zv,  5&(i  pp.,  200  woodcuts. 

Loudon,  Joseph  Thomas,  1441. 
Jones,  T.  R.    A  general  outline  of  the  animal  kingdom,  and  manual  of  comparative  .inatomy. 

8".    xiv,  732  pp.,  :i;«j  figs.    London,  J.  Van  Voorst,  1841. 
MartiD,  W.  C.  L.    A  general  introduction  to^he  natural  history  of  niammiferons  animals,  with 

a  parlicnlar  view  of  the  physical  history  of  man,  and  the  more  closely  allied  genera  of  the 

order  Q'Tdruniftnu,  or  monkeys.    IIIn^trated  with  296  anatomical,  osteological, and  other  inci- 

tleutnl  engravings  on  wood,  and  12  full-plate  representations  of  animals,  drawn  by  William 

Harvey.    8°.    1  p.  I.,  .'^^4,'>  jip.,  12  pi.    London,  Wright  &  Co.,  1841. 
Pompper,  H.    Die  Siitigethierc,  Viigel  und  Aniphiliien,  uach  ihror  geographiscbeu  Vorbreitnng 

titbeliarihch  /tibaniniengestellt.     4^'.     Ix^ipzig,  1H41. 
1842.— Duvernoy,0.  L.     SuppK^tnent  histoiitino  pour  les  ui^moires ,  " Sur  les  dents  des  mammifitres." 

<  Cdiuptes  Ketidus,  Paris,  xv,  1842,  pp.  1000-1006. 
Qrajr,  J.  E.    Descriptions  of  some  new  genera  and  fifty  unrecorded  species  of  mammalia.    <^  Ann. 

Mag.  N.  H.  X,  1842,  pp.  25.'-.-267. 
Lesson,  R.  P.     Nouveau  tableau  du  ligno  animal.    Mammifiires.     8".    3  p.  1.,  204  pp.    Paris, 

A.  liertraud,  1842. 
Meyer,  O.  H.    Uebcr  das  Suugcthicroi.    <  Archiv  fiir  Anot.  1843,  pp.  17-18. 
Schinz,  H.  R.    Ueber  seine  Synopsis Mamnialium.    <  Verhaiidlgn.  d.  Schweiz.  naturf.  Gesellsch. 

27.  Vcrsiiniinlg.  Altdorf,  1842,  pp.  116-125. 
Smith,  C,  H.    The  naturalist's  libra>'y.    Edited  by  Sir  William  Jardine,  Bart.    Vol.  xv.    Mam- 
malia.   ltitro<lnctiou  to  niamnialiii.     1S°.    Eng.  title,  4  p.  1.,  pp.  17-313,  portrait  of  Drury, 

30  col.  pll.    Ediubnrgh,  W.  H.  Lizars  [1812]. 
1843.— Blschoff,  T.  L.  W.     Ueber  die  crste  Bildung  des  CenlralDervensystems  bei  SSugethieren,  mit 

Berlicksichtiguug  dcr  kritischen  Beleuchtnng  moiner  Beobacbtnngen  durch  Herrn  Dri  Rei- 

chert.    Mit  1  Taf.    <  Mailer's  Arch.  f.  Anat.  1843,  pp.  252-275. 
Gray,  J.  B.    Descriptions  of  sonio  new  genera  r.m!  species  of  mammalia  in  the  British  Museum 

collection.     <  Ann.  Meg.  N.  H.  xi,  1843,  pp.  117-119, 
Oray,  J.  B.    Liat  of  the  specimens  of  mammalia  iu  the  collection  of  the  British  Musenm. 

Printed  by  order  of  tho  trustees.    16°.    xxviii,  216  pp.    London,  1843. 
Bays,  I.     [On  papers  relating  to  Koch's  rollecticii.]    <  Proc.  Am.  Pbiloa.  Soo.  Phila.  ii,  1843, 

lip.  2<i4-26<i. 

Owen,  R.    Letter  on  U.  Iturlan's  notice  of  new  fossil  maiumalia.    <^  Am.  Jonm.  Sci.  and  Arts, 

xliv,  1843,  pp.  341-34.'). 

Waterhouse,  Q.  R.    Observations  on  the  classification  of  the  mammalia.    <^  Ann.  Mag.  Nab 

Hist,  xii,  1843,  pp.  399-412 ;  Hep.  Brit.  Assoc.  1843  (pt.  2),  pp.  65-67  ;  Nuovi  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ill, 

1845,  pp.  371-386. 
1844.— Blschoff,  T.  L.  TV.     Keclierches  sur  la  mittnrntiiiu  ot  la  chute  p^irimliqne  du  I'cuuf  de  I'homma 

et  des  niiiiiimifi^res.    Avec  0  planches.     <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3e  s6t.  Zool.  tuuiu  ii,  1844,  pp.  104-164. 
'  Bonaparte,  C.  L.    Rpoehio  genernin  del  ainteiua  musto-zoologico.     <[Kiuniime  degli  Scienziati 

Itaiiaui,  utti  dolla  prima  riuuiune,  Luccn,  1844,  pp.  323-356. 
Bourgery,  J.  M.     .Sttr  les  ttinsHes  cimiparutivi's  <|U0  pri^wiitcnt  dans  I'linmnie  et  qnrlqties  ani- 

ninux  iiiiitiiniili'reH  lus  dillV't'eiits  orgatics  iitii  ci>ni|iosetit  le  systime  iierveux.    <^  Compt.  Bend. 

Aciid.  Sii.  I'ariM,  tonic  xix,  1H44,  pp.  603-607 ;  Itistitut,  xii,  no.  .'i6l,  1844,  p.  321. 


M 


BIBLIOGB.  APPENDIX— A.  GENEliAL  AND  MISCELLANEOITS.      909 

18*4'— Milne-Bdwards,  H.  ConsidiSrotionB  sur  quelqnos  iirincipes  rclatifs  !i  ]a  clagsificatioii  natiiroUa 
ties  aiiimnux,  ct.  pins  pnrticulibrement  snr  la  distribntioii  iii6tho(lique  ties  niaiiimilfcrcs.  <  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  So  8(5iifi,  Zoologie,  toniu  i,  J844,pp.  fi.>-99,  Willi  folded  tah. 
Fouchet,  F.  A.  Reclierclies  snr  la  progression  et  I'^tat  du  (liildo  seminal  dans  Ics  organes  gioi- 
tanx  des  fenielles  dug  inaininifiSres.  ■<  Conip.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  xix,  1844,  pp.  i:i6S-1363 ; 
lustitnt,  xii,  no.  57:),  lH4t,  p.  i,U. 

1844-45. — Schlnz,  H.  R.  Systematisuhea  Verzcichniss  aller  bis  jetet  bokanutcn  Siiiigethiorc,  oder 
Synopsis  Maiuinaliuni,  nach  deni  Cuvier'scbon  Syslcm.  2  vols.  8°.  Vol.  i,  1844,  pp.  iv,  574. 
NuiUtrag  znm  crstcn  Bande,  51  pp.    Vol.  ii,  1845,  Solotburn.    Jent  nnd  Gassmnnn,  1844-45. 

1845.— Bourgery,  J.  M.    Snr  Textrdniitd  c(5pbaliqno  dn  grand  synipathiqno  dans  I'homnie  ot  lea  ani- 
tnanx  maniiniffcres.     <  Compt.  Bend.  Acad.  Sci.  Pari.s,  tomo  xx,  1845,  pp.  1014-lOaO. 
GeotCrotr  St.-Hilaire,  I.    Clussilication  paralMliqno  des  niaminiffcres.    <Conipt.  Rend.  Acnd. 
Sel.  Pai-is,  1845,  xx,  pp.  757-7C1 ;  Pror.  N.  Not.  Bd.  S4, 1845,  no.  744,  pp.  273-277. 

1845-51.— Wagner,  J.  A.  Die  geographiscLe  Verbreitung  derSiiugethicre.  Mit  9  Karten.  Abtb.  i.<; 
Abbandl. d.  matb.-pbys.  CI.  d.  K.  Bayr.  Akad.  d.  \Vi»s.  1845,  iv,  Abtli  ',  pp.  1-146, 184  j  Abtb.  ii.  < 
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1846.— Bremont,  fi.  de.  Ilistoiro  natnrelle  des  aniniaax  depnis  I'homme  JDsqn'a  la  baleine,  etc.  8°. 
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D'Orblgny,  C.  Dictionuaire  nniversol  d'liistoire  naturoUe,  rtSsumaut  et  coniplt^taut  tuus  les 
faits  priSsent^s  paries  cncyclop6dies,  Ics  anciens  dietiounaires  scicntiliqnes,  lescuuvres  com- 
plittes  de  Bnflbn,  et  les  nioillours  traiti!s  sp6ciaux  sur  les  diversus  branches  des  sciences  natn- 
rolles; — donnant  la  description  des  6trGS  et  des  divers  pbenomfcues  de  la  nature,  l'($tymoiogia 
et  la  deOnition  des  noms  scientiQqnes,  et  les  principales  applications  des  corp,s  organiqnes  et 
inorganiqnes,  il  I'agriculture,  Ma  mddecine,  aux  arts  industriels,  etc. ;  ....  Dlrigd  par  H. 
Charle8D'0rbigiiy,etenricbid'unniagnilique  atlasdeplanchesgravdessnracier.  8°.  808pp. 
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1846-47. — VTeber,  E.  H.  Ueber  den  Drscensna  testiculorum  bei  den  Mcnscben  uud  bei  einigen  Siin- 
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1846-48. — Waterhouae,  Q.  R.    A  natnral  history  of  the  mammalia.    3  vols     8°.    Vol.  i,  Maraupiata 
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[A  rsre  luid  not  woll  known  troAttso,  contalnlni;  iloocriptiouA  or  mnny  now  npocicH  of  North  Ameriosa 
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er.  .ifipp.  ,     , 


1:1 


i  ' 


'-•^    M 


970 


MONOGRArnS  OP  NORTE  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


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MONOOllAPnS  OV  NOIlXn  AMEIUCAN  KODENTIA. 


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1854.— Owen,  R.    Tho  principal  forms  of  tho  skolotou  and  the  teeth.    8°.    pp.  xv,  339,  flgg.  76.   Phila- 
delphia, Blunchard  &  Lea,  1854. 
[From  LoDflou  ciUtiuii,  which  formed  p.irt  of  the  series  entitled  "Orr's  Circle  of  tlie  ScioDces".! 
Peters,  W.,   and  Lichtenstein,   H.    Uebcr  none  raerkwilrdigo  Biiagetbiere  des  Kuniglichen 
Zoologisehen  Museums:  1.  Uober  die   Gattung  Centurio,  Gray,  uud  eiuo  ueno  Art  dorselben 
von  Cuba  (C.  Ilavogularis).    3,   Ueher  Hyonycteiis,  eine  neuo  Gattung  von  Fledertbieren  ans 
Puerto  Cabollo  (II.  diselfera).    3.  Ueber  Autilope  leucotis,  eine  neue  Art  ans  dem  nordiistli- 
che»  Africa.    <  Abbandl.  K.  Akad.  Wis.  Berlin,  1854,  pp.  81-90;  Bericht,  Berlin,  1854,  pp. 
334-337. 
Reissner,  B.    Beicrii.^o  ziir  Kitnntniss  dor  Ilaare  des  Mensoheu  nud  der  SUugethiere.    Mit  3 
lithofjr.  Taf.    8^.    75  [ip.    Breslan,  Trowent  u.  Granios,  1854. 
1854-55. — Q-srvai},  P.    Histoiro  naturello  des  nianimtft»ros  nvec  I'indicatiou  de  lours  moours,  et  do 

leurs  rapports  aveo  les  arts,  le  cunmierco  otragriculture 8°.    3  vols. 

Iiopartio,    [Iiitrodnctiiiu,  Primates,  Cli(Siri>pti'res,  Insectivores,  Koiigeurs.]     ....    Palis, 
L.  Curmer,    ....    18.">4.    xxiv,  418  pp.,  1  1.,  18  col.  pll.,  11  uiicol.  pll. 

3tipariie.    [Carrilvoqos,  ProUoscidieus,  Jumentds,  Bisulqnes,  £dont(3s,  Muisnpiaux,  Mono- 
treiiies,  Ph(KiueH,  Siri^uidos  et  C<5taci5s.     Poris,  L.  Curmor,  ....     1835.    3  p.  I.,  344  pp.,  40 
cul.  pll.,  30  uncol.  pll. 
1855. — Dareste,  C.     Troisleme  m^^moirn  siir  los  circonvolutions  du  cervean   cliez   los  mammifbres. 
<  Ann.  Hoi.  Nat.  ii,  1*5  (ZdoI.),  pp.  65-111 ;  Couqites  Uendus,  Paris,  xl,  1855,  pp.  083-686. 
Fitziuger,  L.  J.    \Vissi'nscbartlich-[iupuluro  Natnrgesebiehto  der  Siingetbiero  in  ihrcn  siimintli- 
chon  llanptformen.    Nel)st  einer  Kinloitung  in  der  Naturgpschichte  ilberhaupt  and  in  die 
Lolire  von  den  Thien-ii  inHlivsniidero.    Kin  Hlilfslmcb  filr  Lelircr,  auch  beim  Unterricht  dor 
lilindeii.    H-.    viii,  4lf.l  pp.    Wien,  1855.    (Leipzig,  Urockhans.) 
Oiebel,  C.  O.    Arteiizalil  iler  L  biT  der  Siingetliiorc.    <  Zoitsohr.  gcsnmnit.  Naturw.  Hallo,  vi, 

H.'..'.,  iqi.  -.'4-39. 
Oiebel,  C.   O.     Die  .S.'in^.  tliiero  in  zoulogisehor,  unatoniiseker  nnd   paliiontologisoher  Bezio- 
liuMg,  nnifatsend  dar^estellt.     8\     xii,  1108  pp.     Leipzig,  Verlag  von  Andirosius  Abel,  1855. 
[ThiMliito  iiMsi.>'noit  ii  tbatof  tbooomplotion  of  the  work,  whioti  was  piibliabed  Id  numbers,  befffnnlng  sevenU 


BIBLlOGll.  APPENDIX- A.  GENERAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS.      973 


18SS- 


18S6.- 


1855.— Qratiolet,  P.    Snr  (luolqucs  differences  quo  prfSsento  rorgnriisation  dn  cervean  dans  Ics  nni- 
nittux  u\iiiiiuiili'ic8.    <  lustitut,  xxiii,  1805,  pp.  489-432. 
Kneeland,  8 ,  jr.    [On  the  stetility  of  hybrid  races.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soo,  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1855, 

pp.  aao-ais. 

Puoheran,  .T.    Not«  snr  I'diiuatuur  zoologiiiuo.    <  Rov.  et  Mag.  Zool.  vii,  185,"),  pp.  304-',l08. 

Reichenbach,  A.  B.  I'ralctisolie  Naturgesobichto  des  Monschou  und  der  Siingetliicro.  FUr 
Oebildete  allor  Stiindo.  Mit  in  Stahl  gcstocbanen  nnd  nntnrgetren  colorirten  Abbililgii.  an!' 
UlTaf.  Neuo  Ausg.  (mit  nenoin  Titol).  4°.  807  pp.  Leipzig,  Gebhardt  &Koislaud,  (134.5- 
50)  1855. 

Wagner,  J.  A.  DieSiingetliierein  AbbildnngonnachderNatnr,  mitBeschrcibungon  von  .  .  .  . 
Fortgesetzt  von  Dr.  Johann  Andreas  Wagner.  .  .  .  Suppleincntband.  FUnfte  Abtheilung : 
Die  Affen,  ZabnlUcker,  Beutelthiero,  Haustbiere,  Insektenfresser  nnd  HandflUglor.  4°.  xxvi, 
pp.  KJ7-810,  witb  pll.  22-51.  Leipzig,  Verlag  von  T.  D.  Weigcl,  1855. 
[ComplDlIng  n  work  liogoD  lu  lT7.i.  Seo  that  dlto,  Schkedeb,  J.  0.  D.  v.,  and  1840.  Waoxkb,  J.  A.] 
-56.— Honsel,  R.  Beitriige  zur  Kcnntnies  fossiler  Siingethiere,  Inscctenfresser  nnd  Nagetbiere 
der  Diluviultbruiatlon.  <  Zeitscbr.  Dentscb.  Geo).  Gcsell.  vii,  IH55,  pp.  458-501;  viii,  1850, 
pp.  2;i)-2'J0,  UfiO-703. 

>■— Agassiz,  Ii.    [On  tbo  goooral  characters  of  orders  in  the  classification  of  the  animal  kingdom.] 

<  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.  iii,  1856,  p.  340. 
BiUlll,  C.  B.    Odtoologidolios  ans  dom  Parisor  PJlanzengarten.    Mit  11  Tafeln  vnm  Verf.  uach 

der  Natnr  gezeichnet  nnd  anf  Stein  radirt.    4°.    pp.  xiv,  76,  xliii.    Wien,  1850.    (Leipzig, 
Urockbans  in  Comm.) 

Burnett,  W.  I.    On  tbe  blood-corpnsolebolding  cells,  and  their  relation  to  the  spleen.    <  Proc. 

Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  vii,  1856,  pp.  824-230. 
Burnett,  W.  I.    Ou  tbe  formation  and  functions  of  tbe  allantois.    <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv. 

Sci.  vii,  1850,  pp.  200-203. 
Burnett,  W.  I.    Ou  the  formation  and  mode  of  development  of  tbo  renal  organs  in  vertebrata. 

<C,  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  vii,  1850,  pp.  184-199. 
Hannover,  A.     Uuber  die  Eutwickclung  nnd  den  Ban  des  SUngetbierzabns.     Mit  8  Taf. 

<  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Leop.  Carol.  Nat.  Cur.  xxv,  pt.  ii,  1856,  pp.  805-930,  pll.  xxii-xxix. 
Kneeland,  S.,j>.    On  the  sterility  of  many  of  tbo  varieties  of  the  domestic  fowl  and  of  hybrid 

races  gouerally.     <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  ix,  WJJO,  pp.  240-250. 
'.—Agassis,  L.  [J.  R].     Contributions  to  tbo  natural  history  of  tbo  United  States  of  America. 

First  monograph.     Vol.  i.    [Essay  on  classiticatinn.]    187  pp.    1857. 
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ihren  Bliuimtlichen  Hauptformen.  Nebst  ciner  Einleitnng in  dinNaturgcsobichto  Uberbanpt  nnd 

Unterricbt  der  lilindun.    1.  Bd.,  1.-4.  Ueft.    4".    45  chromo-litbograpb  plates.    Wien,  1857. 
Jager,  O.    Osteologische  Bemerknngon.    <Acad.  Cojs.  Leop.  Nova  Acta,  xxvi,  1857,  pp.  87- 

134. 
Joly,  N,  and  Lavocat,  A.    Nouvello  ddmonstration  do  la  coalescence  dn  metacarpier  ou  ni6tatar- 

sinr  dn  ponce  avec  la  prenli^ro  pbalango  do  co  doigt.    <C  Coniptes  Rendus  Ac.kd.  Sci.  Paris, 

xliv,  1857,  pp.  1223-1224 ;  Institnt,  xxv,  no.  \2S4, 1857,  pp.  199-200. 

V7elulaud,  D.  F.    Ou  tbe  names  of  animals  and  plants,  witli  reference  to  tlio  origin  of  bin- 

gnages  and  to  ttie  countries  where  nations  passed  their  childhood.    <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv. 

Sci.  18,-.7,  pp.  193-197. 
Weinland,  D.  F.    On  series  in  tbe  animal  kingdom.    <Froc.  Bosion  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  1857, 

pp.  112-114. 
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Adv.  Soi.  28tli  meeting,  1858,  pp.  123-124. 
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H<<r.  toini'  ix,  18.">8,  pp.  270-315,  5  pll. 

Kessler,  H.    Eiuigo  mamnmlugisclie  Notizen.    <  Bnll.  Soo.  Imp.  Natnr,  Mosoon,  xxzi,  1858, 
pp.  5(i7-rp«0. 

Lartet,  B,    Snr  les  migrations  ancicnncs  des  mammifbros  do  I'dpoquo  actoello.    '<^  Compt.  Bend. 
Acad.  Soi.  Paris,  xlvi,  1«58,  pp.  409-414.  , 


18S7.- 


1858.- 


974 


MONOGUAPHS  OF  NOKTII  AMKKICAN  KODENTIA. 


1858.— Mirteiu,  E.  von.     nenicrkung  llbnr  cinigo  Sunijotliiiiro  in  geogmpbischor  nnd  hiHtorisclier 
liezi.liiiiif;.     <  Arcliiv  f.  Nntiirg.  24.  Jiihrg.  185H,  pp.  111-144. 

Owen,  R.  Oii  Ihi'  cliiiiiictcrs,  priiicipliw  of  liiviaion,  mid  primary  groups  of  I lio  cluss  iiianinmlia. 
<  Am.  .lour  Scj.  ami  ArtB  ('.'),  xxv,  \K>I',  art.  ii,  pp.  T-IH,  art.  xvii,  pp.  177-198;  Joiirii.  rroc. 
I-iiin.  (NIC.  London,  Zool.  ii,  I8.X,  pp.  l-:i7. 

Owen,  R.    On  tliu  cdamiilication  of  tlio  nnuiinialio.    <  Can.  Nat.  anil  Oeol.  iil,  1858,  pp.  51-63. 
1859.— Agabsiz,  A.    An  essay  on  climsilicalion.    8°.    viii,  1181  pp.    LoDdon,  Loogman,  Ilronn,  Green, 
hongmaun  &.  Roberts,  and  Triibner  &  Co.,  1859. 

[.\n  edition  uf  tho  chmiv  in  ttio  "  Cofilrlbutiona  ",  witb  Iht^  addition  of  "A  new  chapter  [BoctlonJ  npon  the 
rateiioi  i<'H  of  aiiulntry  ",  pn'fnci',  and  iudex,  tint  without  a  tablti  of  oontenta.] 

Cornay,  J.  E.  rrincipcs  d'adiSnisation  ou  trailC'  de  I'liblation  des  glandes  nidoricunesqui  cotn- 
inuiiiiineiit,  par  lonr  B<'or6tion  plttsoii  nioins  f6lide,  nn  mauvais  goftt  atix  especes  aninialtta 
aliinentaires  ft  donnent  uue  odeiir  iuBupportablo  ikiix  eapitceH  d'agrtJment,  et  exposition  g6n6- 
ralu  des  legles  it  snivre  dans  I'ani^lioration  de  la  ebair  des  aniinanx.  12°.  lU8pp.,with  1 
folded  pi.     Paris,  LiM;  libraire  de  la  faciiiKi  de  uii^deuine,  le  15  Juillet  18riO. 

Oiebel,  C.  O.  Die  Natiirgeschiebtedi's  Thierreicbs.  Krster  Hand.  I>ie  Siiugethiere.  Mit  OjTi 
Abliildiin^i'n.     4\     Liipzin,  Verlag  von  Otto  Wigand,  Irtri!). 

[AtHo  eiititlfd  "  l>il^  dri'i  Ri'Iclui  dor  Natur.     In  drei  AbllieiluujEou.    Mit8tX)0  Abbildiiuseii.    KrHto  Abthoi- 
lixDn:  l)ii>  Natnr^oHchit-liti' dcA  Ttilerrcictifl Brstor  Itaiid.    ].i«ipzlK,  Vorlae  von  Otto  Wtgantl,  IK.'ii>."] 

Ovren,  R.  On  the  classification  and  geograpbicul  distribution  of  tlio  ivamnnilia,  being  the  lec- 
ture on  Sir  Itobert  UeatleV  fonndatiou,  delivered  before  the  University  of  Canibridgt*,  in  the 
Senalellonse,  May  10,  18.V,l.  To  which  is  added  an  appendix  "  On  the  Gorilla,"  and  'On  the 
extinction  and  trausinntution  of  species."  <  Can.  Journ.  Ind.  8ci.  and  Art,  v,  1859,  pp.  58-59. 
(Also  separate,  8 ',  2  p.  1.,  10;!  pp.,  London,  John  W.  Parker  and  Son,  1859.) 

Palacky,  J.    I'eliersiclit  der  geographischeu  Verbreiiung  dor  Siiugethiere.    <^  Lotos,  9.  Jabrg. 
18ri9,  pp.  17li-181. 
I860.— Hincks,  VT.    Ueinurks  ou  the  classiticutiou  of  luummalia.    <  Can.  Journ.  Ind.  Sci.  and  Art,n.  a. 
V,  IrtiO,  pp  512-51(i. 

Pucheran,  J.  Des  caract^^es  /.ouIiigiqneB  des  tnanmiifitres  dans  leurs  rapports  aveo  les  fonctions 
lie  loeouiotion.  <  Coniptes  Itendiis,  Paris,  1, 18t>0,  pp.  1045-1048 ;  Institut,  xxviii,  18(i0,  pp.  206- 
207  ;  Mem.  Aead.  .Sci.  Lisboa,  ii,  1800,  p.  2. 

Owen,  R.    Pulu'ontology  or  a  synteniatic  sntnmary  of  extinct  animals  and  their  geological  rela- 
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1860-61.— FItzinger,   L.   J.     Wissenschaftlich-popiiliire  Naturgeschichtc  der   Siiugethiere   in  ihren 
yiiuiuitlicheu  Hauptfornien.    Nebst  einer  Kinleitung  in  die  Naturi^eschichteUberhaupt  und  in 
die  Lehro  von  den  Tliiereu  insbesondcre.    (>  vols., 8'^ ;  Dilderatlas,  4",  etitbaUend  248  Abbilduu- 
gen,  1  title.    Wien,  aiis  der  kaiserlich-koniglichen  Hof-  und  Staatsdruckerei,  1660-61. 
[Cniniiare  anted,  saino  aulbor,  under  dates  1655  and  16^7.] 
1861. — KolUker,  A.    Kntwiekluugsgeschiclite  dus  Menschen  und  der  hiiheren  Tbiore.    Akademisohe 
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Wilbclm  Kngclinann,  l"^!!!. 

'Wolf,  J.,  und  Sclater,  P.  L.  Zoolo;;ieal  sketches  by  Joseph  Wolf.  Made  for  the  Zoological 
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and  Company,  printsellcrs  to  Hur  Majesty,  IHIU. 

[  First  Reries,  witb  platen  of  («)  the  eyi-ft  (FeliH  eyra),  (12)  tlie  CanwtiaD  iyiix  (Felia  CAnadrrHia),  (i4l  the  baa- 
HariK  (HaasjiriB  pnluta),  (IH)  lbi>  walran  {Tricbt'cliiia  rof>n)arui«i,  (111)  the  Wapiti  dei'r  (Cervnd  cauadeuaia),  i'iO)  tlie 
white-tailed  deer  (Cervna  Icnciinis).    Seeoiid  seriea,  with  platea  of  (S)  the  yHunarundi  cat  (Fclia  yaguaruudi), 
(21))  the  t^llareil  peccary  (Dicolyles  t4lr(llmtUH^) 

1861-62.— Jager,  O.     Pilier  i\m  Skelet.     <Schrift.  Ver.  nuturw.  Kinut.  Wiec,  ii,  18«l-6i,  pp.  137-177. 
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I A  wrieN  of  iKipnIar  eawiyH  vi  liifh  appeared  in  liie  New  Mtintltty  Magazine,  nnder  the  editorahlp  ol  Theodore 

IIiHiii  and  Tliniuiu*  It.Mid.] 

Oiilllvet,  O.  On  the  red  corpuscles  of  the  blood  of  v(>rt<brata,  and  on  thn  7.oological  im|M)rl 
of  the  nucleus,  with  plans  of  their  strnctnri',  form,  niid  size  (on  a  uniform  scale),  in  many  of  the 
dilli'ieiit  oidiTH.     <  I'loc.  Zool.  .Soc.  Loudon,  MVi,  pp.  91-103. 


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SohSpfi;  — .    [Ueber  eine  Aiizabl  Gebnrten  verschiedener  Siiugetbiero  etc.]    Zool.  Gart.  1863, 

p.  66. 
Snndevall,  C.  J.    Die  Thiero  des  Aristotelcs  von  den  Klassen  dor  Siiugetbiero,  Vogel,  Eepti- 
lien  nnd  Insecten.    Uebersetzt  ans  deni  Scbwediscben,    12°.    242  pp.    Stockholm,  1863. 
(Mammalia,  pp.  3'i-'JH.] 
Wilder,  B.  O.    On  morphology  and  teleology,  especially  in  the  limbs  of  mammalia.    <  Mem. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1863,  pp.  46-tO. 
Zahn, — .    [Noliz  illier  den  Bun  und  die  Mechauik  des  Kllenbogengeleuks  einiger  Siiu^^otbiere 
etc.]    <  Wiirzbnrger  ntrw.  Zeitschrift,  iv,  1863,  p.  12. 
1864 — Dana,  J.  D.    Tbo  classification    of  animals,  based  on  the  principle  of  cepbalization.    No.  iii. 
Classification  of  herbivores.    [No.  ii  relates  wholly  to  insects.]    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts, 
2d  series,  xxxvii,  March,  1864,  art.  xiii,  pp.  157-183. 
Oegenbaur,  C.    [On  the  epistornalla  of  mammalia.]    <^  Jenaiscbe  Zeitschr.  i,  1864,  p.  75. 
Huxley,  T.  H.    Ueports  of  Professor  Huxley's  lectures  on  "  The  structure  and  clossiUcation  of 
the  Maninialiii",  Uelivcred  at  the  Boyal  College  of  Surgeons.    <  Med.  Times  and  Qaz.  1864, 
i  and  ii,  viz:— 

Lecture  i-ix.  Anthropiiii.    [1,153:  Distinctive  characters  and  skeleton,    ii,  177:  Muscles. 

iii,  20;  Extreniilies.    iv,  229;  v,  256:  Brain,     vi,  284:  Teeth  and  organt  of  reproduction,    vii, 

;)12 :  Development,    viii,  343 ;  ix,  :i69 :  Variations  and  number  of  species.] 

Lecture  x-xix.  Antbropomorphu.    [  (Troglodytes  nigcr.)    x,  :!9fij  xi,  428;  xii,  456:  Skele- 

V  ton  and  muscles,    xiii,  486:  Larynx,  Teeth,  Brain.    xiv,,'i09:  Organs  of  reproduction, doveloj)- 

nient,  variations. Troglodytes  gorilla,  xiv,  509 ;  xv,  537  ;  xvi,  664. (Simla  satyrus.)    xvi, 

564;  xvii,  .')95;  xviii,  617. (Ilylobates.)    xviii,  617  ;  xix,647. (Characteristics  of  Antbro- 
pomorphu.)   xix,li47.] 
L<M:ture  xx-xxi.  Cynopitbeoina.    Vol.  i,  p.  671 ;  vol.  ii,  pp.  18,  40,  93,  123. 
Lecture  xxii-xxiii.  I'latyrbini.    pp.  93,  PJ.'i.  ^ 

Lecture  xxiii.  Arctopithecini.    p.  124.  "^     . 

'  Lectiiro  xxiv.  'lemnrine  Cheiromylni.    Recapitulation,    p.  145. 


:io 


i 


976 


MONOGRAPnS  OV  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1 

■  I 
1, 

ii 

1 

! 

1864.— Peters,  W.    Uebnr  einige  neae  Siingothiere,    <[Mouat8beT.  Acad.  WIsu.  Berlin,  Jane  20,  18C4, 

jip.  ;iHi-:irt.|. 

FoBche,  H.    DiiH  l.elioii  dcr  IIuuHtbiore  uud  iliro  Stellung  zcrFaniilio,8taatandder  Lundwirth- 

schul'l.    B".    Gloguii,  ItilH. 
Soeva,  O.    [New  uit^tbod  of  mounting  skeletons.]    <Proo.  Boston  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  x,  lijC4, 

pp.  74-7"). 

1865.-     orueliua  C.    DirZiiK- mid  Wandertliioro.    8°.    341pp.    Berlin,  18C5. 

I'Diu  Huthnr  trcatH  it)  (tystnmatic  order  of  the  aiiliuals.  from  tbe  mammalia  to  the  molluBon,Af  vhicb  perlotlleal 
or  iHuliiteil  luigriitluuH  aro  known.] 

Oeltei'S,  O.    [  llntoniuchungun  iiber  Quhirn  und  RUckenmark  dea  Menschen  uud  der  SUugetliiero.] 

Witli  G  pi.     Urniuisclinoig,  lti65. 
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Dum^ril,  A.    Ufs  nniiiiaiix  utiles  il  rbomnio,  programme  d'un  coiirs  de  zootecbnio  ou  zoologie 

nppliiiii<)e.    <  M6rn.  .Sue.  Imp.  Sci.  Nat.  Cberbourg,  xi,  18(i5,  pp.  a29-i02. 

[Wiihuul  entoriug  into  a  ilotailutl  enuiuoration  of  animals  niefut  to  man,  the  author  showa  in  wliat  various 

vayn  man  tlerivea  bem-flt  from  tbo  animal  creation.] 
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ill  iiimi.    <[  Nut.  Hi.st.  Rev.  v,  Irt-S,  pp.  !>45-567,  with  11  figs. 
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No.  v.  On  the  luiiscnlar  unatoiny  of  tbe  seal.     <[  Proc.  Eoy.  Irisb  Acad.  1865,  pp.  85-101, 

with  woodcuts. 
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Aimt.  i,  1865,  p.  402. 

Lucae,  J.  C.  C.  Die  Hand  und  der  Fuss.  Ein  Ueitrag  zur  vcrgleicbenden  Osteologio  der 
McnHclion,  Afl'eu  und  Buutcltbiere.  ^  Abbaudl.  Senckviib.  uaturforscb.  Ges.  v,  1865,  pp.  1275-332, 
with  4  i>l. 

Pagenstecher,  H.  A.    [On  tbe  geograpbicnl  distribution  of  animals.]    <^  Zool.  Oart.  1865,  p.  280. 

Schmidt,  M.    [Ou  tbo  liibornntion  of  mammalia.]    <^  Zool.  Gart.  1865,  p.  293. 

SchTnreigger-Seidel,  — .    [Uiuljamunklirporoben  mobrerer  Siiugethiere.]    <^  Arcb.  f.  mic  Anat. 
i,  Irii;5,  p.  ;!U9. 
1865-66.— Odenius,  M.  V.    [Contribution  tu  a  knowledge  of  tbe  anatomical  structure  of  labial  vibris- 
sa!.]    <;Act.  L'uiv.  Lundenaia,  1865-66,  pp.  1-27,  1  pi. 

1865-67.— Pucheran,  J.  Indications  que  pent  fournier  la  g<Sologie  ponrl'cxplicationdosdilfdreucesqiie 
prdsentent  les  faunes  uctuelies.  <[  Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zuologie,  1865,  pp.  0-15,  33-40,  05-74,  97- 
115,  161-170,  103-r>7,2.'5-240, 289-295;  1860, pp,  1-fl,  81-88, 129-139,  241-255;  1867,  pp.l61-l(i9, 
1U7-199,  257-271. 

1866.— iJana,  J.  D.  <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  2d  series,  xli,  1866,  pp.  163- 

Oniber,  W.  [Ou  tbe  epitrucbleo-ancuneal  muscle  of  man  and  mammalia.]  St.  Petersburg, 
1866.    PI.  i-iii. 

[From  M<3m.  do  I'Acnd.  vol.  x.] 
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(i),  liv,  18G6,  pp.  3;i5-341,  1  pi. 
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<T!ie  Liincot,  1866,  i,  viz  :— 
Lecture  i-iv.     Sirenia.     pp.  157-l.W,  180, 214-215, 239.  ,.  .         . 

Lecture  iv-ix.     Cetacea.     pp.  239,  268,  291,  324-325,  350,  381. 
Lecture  x-xi.    Pinnipedia.    pp.  434-435,  465-460.  -    ■ ..; , 

Lecture  xii.    D  ig.     p.  607. 
Ligbtbody,  'W.  H.     [Itlicroscopio  anatomy  of  tbe  cornea.]    <  Clat^'"  Joi)-:..  Anat.  Pbys.  1866, 

pp.  15-3(),  pll.  i-iii. 
Loewenberg,  — .    [Tlie  lamina  spiralis  of  tbe  organ  of  bearing  of  man   and  mammalia.] 

<  Koliiu.  Jouru.  Anat.  Pbys.  iii,  1860,  p.  C04,  pi.  xix-xx. 
Murray,  A.    Hi'ni.irks  on   tbe  minor  characters  of  mammalia.    -^Proo.  Zool,  Soc.  London, 
liji.  146-147  {5  lines). 

[Simply  callH  a',  tciituin  to  tlie  Htructuro  of  the  hulr  and  form  of  the  dung  as  eharaotera] 


BIHLIOGR.  APPENDIX— A.  GENERAL  AND  MISCELLANF.OUS.     977 


1866.— Owen,  R    On  tlio  nnntoniy  of  vertebrates.   3  vols.   ep.    Londnn,  LonKiuana,  Green  &.  Co.,  11^. 
Vol.  i.    riHlies  nnil  roptilvH,    xlii,  (>f)0  pp.,  with  4.VJ  ftng. 
Vol.  ii.    Itirds  and  uiainmnls.    viii,  Til'i  pp.,  wiili  100  ligg.,  2  tables  folded. 
Vol.  ili.    Mammals,    x,  Uir>  pp.,  with  Ol'.l  l\gg. 

Peremeachko,  — .    [On  the  structure  of  tlio  bypopbysia   cerebri  of  man  and  mammalia.] 

<  C'entralbl.  f.  rt.  med.  Wiss.  ItfCC,  no.  4ti. 

RoUeaton,  O.    On  the  placental  structures  of  the  tenreo  (Centetes  eoaudatns)  and  those  of 

certain  otbor  mammalia ;  with  remarks  on  the  value  uf  the  placental  system  of  classlUcatiou. 

lam.    <  Trans.  Zool.  Soo.  London,  v,  1860,  art.  vii,  pp.  285-310,  pi.  &0. 
Bander,  J.    [On  the  Bi((nificanco  of  the  anterior  cerebral  commiBsnro  of  mammalia.]    <^  Rci- 

cbert's  Arebiv,  1800,  pp.  750-750;  Sitz.  Gcsellscb.  naturf.  Frcuudi-,  Herlin,  Nov.  SO,  1800. 
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180(i,  pp.  a57-2.'')8,  3.'i0-358. 
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lid.  (>,  1800,  pp.  xxi-xxii. 
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Brandt,  J.  F.    Zougeo^iaphischo  und  puh^eontologische  Heitriigo.    <[Verhandl.  Mineral.  U» 

aellsch.  St.  Petersb.  ii ;  also  separately  printed,  St.  Petereb.  1867,  8",  258  pp. 
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Peters,  W.    Note  on  the  homology  of  the  tympanic  bone.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1807, 

Petera  W.    Ueber  die  bei  Boutelthioren  im  Entwicklungszuslande  vorkommendo  V^erbindung 

des  Os  tympanieam  mit  dem  Unterkiefer,  als  einen  neuen  Beweis  fiir  die  Ucbereinatimmung 

dieses  Knocbens  mit  dem  Os  quadratnm  der  Ubrigeu  Wirbelthiere.    <  Monatsber.  Ak.  Wiss. 

Berlin,  1867,  pp.  725-729. 
Wyman,  J.    On  symmetry  and  homology  in  limbs.    <  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  June,  1807. 
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Erster  Band.    I.  Iliilfte.    Wirbelthiere,  bearbeitet  von  J.  Victor  Cams.    8°.    Bogen  1-27.    I. 

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vi,  1868,  pp.  30-31. 
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wioke,  .  .  .  1868.  liv 

Vol.  i.  Fauna  antiqna  sivaliusis. 

Vol.  ii.  Mastodon,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  ossiferous  caves,  primeval  man  and  his  cotomporaries. 
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naturw.  Jabrcsh.  18(18,  pp.  71-171. 
0.2  M 


'-  'Kr^-f 


5)78 


MONUOUAIMIS  OK  NOIM'II  AMlUtK^AN  RODKNTIA. 


.'  V  i  '  (!'! 


yiM 


kl'''  :     ■    '   I 


m 


1868. — Legros,  C.     Milmnin-  mir  rmmtomiit  ct  la  pIiVHiciloKin  (In  tiinii  (<r<>ctile  dann  If*  nrKant-o  K^iiitnnz 

(li-H  iiiainiriif(>r('S,  dcH  oiHt'itux  t)t  du  qnclqneH  niitreH  vi-Tt^hr^s.     <^  liobiu.  Joiiro.  Aiiat.  irt  I'liyit. 

1H/>H,  pp.  l-'id,  pi.  1-,1. 
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iv,  lrf<W,  i»p.  .^5Ii-.'>*»i),  witli  woodcuts. 
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tlin  dontitiou  of  lliu  niiilu  (Tulpa  europiun)  and  of  tlio  badgnr  (Melea  taxuii).    <|  Jonni.  Anat. 

and  I'liyH.  iii,  IBCiS,  pp.  73-HO. 
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Muwum.    8°.    viii,  137  pp.    London,  printed  by  order  of  the  trustees,  1870. 

Hasse,  C.    Anatomische  Studien.    ErsteaHeft.    8°.    892  pp.,  with  319  woodcuts.    Leipzig,  1870. 

Jeffries,  B.  J     [On  nccoiuinodation  in  the  eye.]    <^  Proc.  Boston  Soc. Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1870, p.  208. 


miJLlOGK.  APPENDIX— A.  OENEUAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS.      97<) 


1870.— Murie,  J.    Oil  8OI1I0  nbiiorinni  »iiil  ilmciiBeil  denial  ooiidilioiiH  in  nnimiilB.    No.  ii.    <TrniiM. 
Oiloiitul.  Sue,  (Jr.  liiit.  ii,  1H70,  pp.  2,")7-!i;i7,  witli  1  pi.  (mouth  of  liippopot:iniii»)iiii<l  woixkutH. 
Nuhn,  A.    Ueber  die  MngoDformoii  dor  WirbiUhlero.    <  Arcliiv  Auut.  I'hjs.  1870,  pp. ;w;!-;)4.^i, 
2  pU. 

Btieda,  L.    8tudlun  ilber  dns  conlrule  Ncrreuiiyatoiu  d«r  Wlrbeltlilorn.    <ZoitBcbr.  wina.  Zoo), 
xxl,  1870,  pp.a73-4G6,  pll.  17-!iO. 

Winiwarter,  A.  v.    UntcrsuchniiKou  UImt  dii>  Gebii'i.solinccku  det  Siingctblcre.    <  Sitz.  niatb.- 
imt.  CI.  K.  Akiul.  Wias.  VVieii  (1),  1x1,  1870,  pp.  (W;i-714, 1  pi. 

'Wood,  X    On  a  ^roup  of  varietiea  of  the  iiiiihcIus  of  tlie  buiuau  neck,  Blionldor,  and  obest,  nltb 
tbuirlrausitionnl  forma aad  bomologicain  tbo  mnmniulia.    <Pbil.  TrsDR.  clx,  1870,  pp.  83-11(t, 
:t  pll. 
1871.— Diet],  M.J.    ITntenucbiiugeD  ilber  Toatbnare.    <  Wion.  SitZKabcr.  Ixiv,  lS71,pp.(!2-7li,  witli 
2  pll. 

Flower,  W.  H.    Notes  on  tbo.flrat  or  uiilk-dentition  of  tbo  oiummalia.    <  Trana.  Odoutol.  8o«. 
iii,  1871,  pp.  yil-2:i2. 

Flower,  W.  H.    On  the  conueotion  of  tbo  liyoid  nrcli  Willi  tbecraniuai.    <[Rep,  Brit.  Aaauc. 
(1870),  1871,  Tiuna.  of  tbo  Sections,  pp.  lUfi,  l;)7. 

Oarner,  R.    OompariMou  of  tbe  thomoic  and  pelvic  limbs  in  ninmnialin.    <Rep.  Brit.  Aaaoc. 
( 1870),  1871,  Trans,  of  tbo  Sections,  pp.  I;t7-l;i9. 

QUI,  T.  On  tbo  cbaracteriatics  of  tbo  primary  groups  of  tbo  class  of  mnnimala.  <^  Proo.  Am. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  ix,  pp.  — ;  Am.  Nut.  v,  Sept.  1871,pp.  5a(5-r)3;). 

Huxley,  T.  B.  A  mnnnal  of  tbe  auatotuy  of  vcrtebratcd  aiiiDia}s.  Ib*^.  viii,  &10  pp.,  liO  flgg. 
Loudon,  J.  &  A.  Churchill,  187 1. 

Mivart,  St.  O.    On  the  vertebrate  skeleton.     <  Trans.  Linn.  Soo.  xxvii,  1871,  pp.  3ti9-398,  pi.  Ki. 

TroBohel,  F.  H.    Handbnch  dor  Zoologie.    7te  Aufl.    8°.    788  pp.    Berlin,  1871. 

Waterton,  C.  Essays  on  natural  bietory,  Edited,  with  a  life  of  tbo  author,  by  Norman  Moore, 
U.  A.    8°.    vii,  631  pp.,  with  engravings.    London,  1871. 

Wilder,  B.  O.    Intermembral  homologies.    <  Proc.  Boston  Soo.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1871,  pp.  l&l- 
188, 30'J-33a,  33tM20. 
1872.— Allen,  H.    [On  the  appoadlcular  akoleton  of  vertebrates,]    < Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Fhila.  1872, 
pp.  42-45. 

Darwin,  C.  Tbe  expreasion  of  the  emotiona  in  man  and  animnla.  1G°.  374  pp.,  with  photo- 
graphic and  other  illustrations,    London,  1872. 

Ercolani, — .  De  la  portion  matcrnelle  du  placenta  chez  Ics  mamniin>res.  <^  Jouru.  do  Zool,  i, 
1H72,  pp.  472-480,  pi.  xxiv. 

Flower,  W.  H.    Lectures  on  the  comparative  anatomy  of  the  organs  of  digestion  of  tbe  mam- 
malia, delivered  at  tbe  Uoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England  in  February  and  March,  1872. 
'  y:'.  Published  iu  the  Medical  Times  and  Gazette,  1872,  nos.  1130  (Feb.  24),  1132, 1134, 113(),  113'5, 

1140, 1142, 1144, 1146, 1149, 1101, 11,13, 1157, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1170, 1172  (Dec.  11). 

OervaiB,  P.  Mdmoiro  sur  les  formes  c^rdbrolea  proprea  &  diffdrents  groupea  de  mammif  i^res. 
<  Journ.  de  Zool.  i.  1872,  pp.  425-409,  pi.  20-23. 

[A  memoir  on  tho  ocroliral  forms  of  ToxodoD,  Ptoropodide,  Oftleopitbeoas,  Eriuacelds,  TupalA,  Centetes,  Eri- 
culus,  Macroscelis,  Typotberium,  Tra<;uluH,  il^wmosuliiiH,  Oroodon,  CaiDotheriam,  Uymx,  Ondatra,  Sciaropterua, 
Dipua,  Spalax,  Arctom.>  a,  Pedetea,  Myopotaroua,  Synpttien-a,  Lagoetomtia,  Hyatrix,  CtclotteDya,  Daayprocta,  Ily. 
droobmraa,  and  Cavia.] 

Oill,  T.  Smiihaouian  Miacellaueons  Collectiona.  230.  Arrangement  of  the  familiea  of  mam- 
mals. With  analytical  tables.  Prepared  for  tbe  Smilhsoniau  luatitution.  Washington:  pab- 
lishcd  by  tbo  Smithsonian  Institution.    November,  1872.    8<^.    pp.  i-vi,  1-98. 

Bouzeaa,  J.  C.  £tndcs  sur  les  faculties  nientales  dcs  animaux  compor^es  i^  celles  de  I'hommo. 
8".    2  vols.    364  pp. ;  644  pp.    Mons,  1872. 

Monrell,  Q.  H.  The  student's  manual  of  comparative  anatomy  and  guide  to  disaection.  De- 
signed for  tbo  use  of  schools  and  of  junior  students  in  tbo  nniveisitiea.  Part  1.  Mammalia 
(anatomy  and  disaoctiuu).  6"^.  vii,  269  pp.,  2  tables.  Loudon,  Longman  &-  Co. ;  Oxford, 
Thus.  Sbrimptoii  &  Sou,  1872. 
1873. — Agasaiz,  L.  The  structure  and  growth  of  domesticated  animals.  <Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  pp. 
641-fl.">7,  figg.  1.14-173. 


im 


{IHO 


M(»N()(!UAnirt  or  NOUTII  AMKItl(;AN  ItODKNTIA. 


W\ 

m 


r-  'i  ■d 


1873.— OllI,  T.    The  nnmlMT  of  clniwra  of  vi'rtobriiten  iiiiil  tlii'ir  iinliiriil  ri'lHliuim.    <Aim-r.  J<iuru. 

Mil.  jiiiil  Attn.  vi,Ui'«.  1W3. 
Gray,  J.  B.    Unuil-liHt  of  the  ctlciitutii,  thick-itkinned  uiiil  niminniit  nimiinmlH  In  tlio  Dritinli 

MiiBBHiu.   Forty-two platpH of iikulls,  Ac.  B".    vii,  n(ii>p.,4aiill.(l-41 +  '2;i<i).    London,  iiriiitoa 

by  urdur  of  tlio  trustees  of  Ibo  Uritlxli  Museum,  liSl'.i. 
Wilder,  B.  O.    I'rcsent  aspect  of  tlio  rini'stiou  of  iutemienibral  homologies.    <rroc.  Am. 

Ahiwc.  Adv.  8ci.  xxll,  lrt73,  p.  30:j. 
1874.—"  A.  J.  C."    Albinos  [of  various  manimitls  and  birds.]     <  Anier.  Sports.  Feb.  81,  1874. 

Chatln,  J.    Keclii'rolies  pour  servir  h  I'histolre  anntomlqno  des  gluudes  odorautvs  des  umuiuil- 

fiTvs.     <  Ann.  Hci.  Nut.  5e  a6t.  xix,  pp.  1-135,  pi.  i-lx. 
Cope,  B.  D.    On  the  lioniologies  and  origin  of  tUo  typos  of  niolitr  teeth  of  roaminalia  edncn- 

bilia.    4"^.    Ul  pp.,  1 1.,  witk  89  woodcuta  iu  text.    Pliilodelplila,  printed  (or  the  author,  March, 

1874. 
Milne-Bdwarda,  A.     Anualcs  dcs  sciences  nntnrrllFH  |  Ciu(|nl^nlu  nfiie  |  Zoologio  at  pal6on- 

tologie,  caiii|irvnuus  rauuloniio,   la  phjniologie,  la  clu^sitication  et  I'historio  nntnrelle  des 

aniuiaux  publide  sous  la  direction  de  M.  Milue-Kdwurds   |  Tome  xix.  |  I'arls  |  librairiude  U. 

Musson  ....  1874. 
Olglioll,  B.  H.     Recborcbes  sur  In  distrlbntion  g^ugrnphiqne  g^norule,  on  corologie,  den  animunx 

V('rt<!br<^ii:  3<'r(<giun,bur6i>-aui6ricaino, et4*  r(^iou,6ihiopi(|ue  (Unllcttinodullahtocieti^Ueogni- 

lit-n  Itulinna,  t.  xi,  pp.  381-3<>(>,  av.  1  carte  iu-plauo.     Uome,  1B74).    <^  Jourii.  de  Zool.  iii,  1874, 

iirt.  Ix,  p.  3ri4. 
Oill,  T.    The  number  of  classes  of  vertebrates  and  their  mutual  relalioos.    <  Ann.  and  Mng. 

Nat.  Hist.  (4),  xiii,  Jan.,  1874,  pp.  71-73. 
Matey,  B.  J.    AdIuiuI  mechanism.    A  treatise  on  terrestrial  and  aerial  mechanism.    New  Yuik, 

U.  Apploiou  &  Co.,  1874. 

[ElovfDth  volume  of  Appelton's  TotemfitioDal  Scientific  Scries.] 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Small  size  of  the  brain  in  tertiary  mammals.    <^  Conn.  Acad.  Arig  and  Sci.Jnno, 

1674;  Anu.  aud  Mag.  Nat.  Uist.  (4),  xiv,  Aug.  1874,  107  pp.;  Joom.de  Zool.  Iii,  1874,  pp. 

386-327. 
Sclater,  P.  L.    The  geographical  distribution  of  mammals.     <^  Science  Lectures  for  tho  People, 

no.  r>,  filh  series,  1874,  pp.  U7-84.     18^. 
Teutlebsu,  B.  V.     Uuber  Kanmuskeln  und  Kanmechanismus  bei  den  Wirbeltbleron.    <^Archiv 

Naturg.  40.  Juhrg.  1874,  pp.  79-111,  pi.  2. 
Wilder,  B.  Q.    The  pectoral  muscles  of  mammalia.    <  Proo.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  6ci.  xxii,  1874,  pp. 

3U0-307. 
VTUder,  B.  O.    Tho  outer  cerebral  fiwinrea  of  ninmmalin  (especially  the  earnivora)  and  the 

limits  of  their  homology.    <Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  xxii,  1874,  pp.  814-834. 
Wol(  J.,  and  BlUot,  D.  O.    The  life  and  habits  of  wild  animals.    Illustrated  by  designs  by 

Joseph  Wolf.    Engraved  by  J.  W.  nud  Edvaid  'Whjmper.    With  discriptive  letterpress  by 

Daniel  Gimud  Elliot,  F.  L.  8.,  F.  Z.  8.    4''.    5  p.  I.,"72  pp.,  1  I.,  30  pll.     London,  Alexander 

Haomillan  &  Co.,  1874 ;  New  York,  Harper  &  Brothers,  1874. 

[With  iilntcB  of  (7)  tho  female  wupiti  luid  pnroa  ("Ktratciij:  »«■»««  Strength")  i  (OHlie  J«gnar("TlicSlo«la")i 
(18)  tho  mile  wspitl  and  »o1th  ("A  K»ce  for  I.ifi> ")  i  (IM  hiton  und  (trliily  bcnr  <"Rlv«l  Mon«rch»").J 
^non.    Have  animals  souls f    Am.  Spoils.  Dec.  19, 1874. 

[From  Atlantic  Monthly.) 
^itoM.    Longevity  of  animals.    <  Am.  Sports.  Mar.  7, 1874.         .  .I'ii-.'i^-i'foji!    ,'?  J1!0       ' 

1875.  -Sclater,  P.  L.    On  several  rare  or  little-known  mammals  now  or  lately  living  in  the  Society's 

Collection.    <  rroc.  Zmil.  8oc.  London,  1875,  pp.  417-483,  pi.  xlvil-li. 

1876.  —Dana,  J.  D.    Cephallzution  a  fundamental  principle  in  the  development  of  the  system  of  uiii- 

lual  life.    <  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  3il  ser.  iii,  Oct.  1870,  pp.  845-201. 
OIU,  T.    On  the  "Prodromus  mcthodi  mammalinm"  of  Storr.    <  Bull.  Philos.  Soc.  of  Wash- 
ington, Got.  1874,  pub.  1870,  pp.  1-15 ;  ohw  published  separately,  8°,  1  p.  I.,  xv  pp. 

I  An  olabomto  eicnraua  on  thi>  oxtremeljr  rare  treatiH.  Now  generic  nnmca  attributable  to  Slorr  ar«  Pro- 
colms,  I'halanger,  Moloe.  Giilo,  Melllvora,  Nasiia,  Procyon,  II}iciia,  Olli,  Lagomya,  Procania, Catophractiia,  I'lio. 
liJittus,  Arlca,  Taurns,  Diodon.] 

1877.— Garman,  S.  W.    On  a  variation  in  the  colors  of  animals.    <  Proc.  Amer.  Asaoo.  Adv.  8cl.  xxv, 

1K77,  pp.  187 -'.>04. 


milLKKlU.  APIMONDIX-ll.  IWUNAL  I'UIILICATIONS. 


UHl 


B.-FAI7NAL    PlinLICATIONS.- 


1032.— Morton,  T.    Npw  KtikUhIi  Cnimiui.    mmi.  4  .    Londim,  1(!;W. 

|l!i'|irlnt  In  Kiirc.i'ii  lllntnrlrnl  Trni'.in,  vol.  II  { 
1C36.— Sccard-Thdodat,  F.  O.     lliBtiiini  dii  Caniuln.     Ili\    rnrU,  lOnfl. 

( lliiTii  Un  rii'iHJi  cdltiuu  ol'lHiii,  n  liiirnl  npiiiil,  iiidiculiiiK  pauluutliiii  urtboortKlnal  and glvlnn fic^liullo 
of  tlio  tUl  t-pano.) 

1C31. — Eornacdez,  F.    lioriiiii  inciliciinini  novic  lliH|miiiir  (lii'iiutiriiH,  new  |iliiiilnriitii,  aiiiiiiiilliim,  iniiii- 

riiliiiiu  iiicxicaiiuriiiii  liisloriii,  ix  Friiuc.  lluriiiiuUi'/.  rclntiuiiibiiH  u  Nardu  Ant.  llicchu ('iiIIl'i ta. 

I'ollu.    UoMi.  UITiI. 
1072.— Joaalyn,  J.     Nuw  KiiKlniiil'H  rnrllii'H,  iliHcovcnd  in  IjirclH,  licablH,  llblii'H,  Ncrpi'iiln,  and  plunlH  uF 

that  coniitry.     If.     London,  IllT'J. 
1694.— Clayton,  J.    Uu  tbu  buostii  and  Ber)icnls  of  Virginia.    <riiiloii.  Tran».  xvii,  no.  UtO,  l(VJ4,  pp. 

V21-I.K,. 
1698.— Hotinepio,  R.  P.  L.  de.     Nonvello  dl^cunvi'itu  d'un  tib»  grand  pn;it  aitn6  dunH  rj\jn^i'ii|iir. 

Anmttrduni,  Hi'J8. 
1703.  — La  Bontan,  C, /Jurou  dr.    VoyugcH  dans  I'Anitriquo  deM.C.  Baron  do  la  Iloutuu.    !2  voIh.    I'i". 

La  Httju,  170a. 
1709.  — L^iwaoD,  J.    A  nuw  voyage  to  Curoliua.    4°.    London,  1709. 
1711.— Iinraon,  J.     Description  of  North  Caroliuu.    London,  1711. 

Marten,  F.    Voyagu  to  Spitzbcrgen  and  Greenland.    8°.    London,  1711. 
1712.— IiaWBOD,  J.     Biwchrelbnng  dbr  Trovinz  Carolina;  ttuti  deni  Lngl.    8°.    Hamburg,  171'.j. 
1718.— LiwaoQ,  J.     History  of  Carolina,  &c.    4°.    171H. 
1731-43.— Catesby,  M.    Thu  natural  history  of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  thultaliama  Islands:  containing 

tlio  tlguroH  of  birds,  beasts,  llshcs,  serpfnls,  insects,  and  plants:  particularly,  the  forcst-trocs, 

shrubs,  and  other   plants,  not   hilhrrto   discrihcd,  or  very  iucornclly  lignrcd  by  authors. 

Together  with  their  description  in  Lnglish  and  Trench.    2  vols.    Folio.    Londou,  vol.  i,  n\il ; 

vol.  ii,  1743,    pp.  xii,  xliv,  2GU;  1200  pi.  and  map.    tid  cd.  lTi;4,  rcvitcd  by  Ucurge  Fdwurds. 
1737.— Brlckell,  J.    Thu  natural  history  of  North  Carolina.    8^.    vii,  408  pp.    Dubliu,  17117. 
1741. — Bgede-Saabye,  B.    [Description  of  Gricnland,  etc.]    4°.    Kji.binhavn,  1741 ;  Eng.  tronsl.  4", 

Londou,  1745 ;  French  transi.  H°,  Copenhagen  and  Geti^ve,  17U3 ;  Germ,  transl.  t'\  lierlin,  17(i3. 
1744. — Cbatlevoix,  F.  F.  X  de.    Uistoiro  ct  descriptiou  g(!u^ralo  do  la  Kouvelle  Franco,   i-iii.   Folio. 

Paris,  1744. 
Dobba,  A.    An  account  of  the  conntrles  adjoining  to  Hudson's  Bay.    4°.    London,  1744. 
1748.— Bllia,  H.    Voyage  to  Hudsou'slisy  in  iLuDuhhsaud  Calii'oinia  ....  in  tho  years  1746 and  1747. 

8^.    Londou,  1748. 
17S0. — BUls,  B.    lleiso  nach  HudsonB  Moorhnsen.    8°.    Oscttiugcn,  17r>0, 

17S9. — Kalm,  P.     Bojchroihung  dor  Reise  nach  deni  in'irdli'lien  America,    i-iii. 
[Saiuo,  trnnslated  by  J  .  It.  Turttcr,  wilb  Qoten  nnd  plates  by  FiirMtcr.    3  vuU.    tp, 
1765. — Crauz,  D.    Histcrio  von  Grunlaud.    8°.    1765. 

1772.— Forater,  J.  R.    Accoun  t  of  several  quadrupeds  sent  fruni  Hudson's  Bay. 
Ixii,  1778,  art.  xxviii,  pp.  ;t70-;l81. 

t'L'wtmty  spuclcs,  wHb  deaciiptivo  nui]  btof;rapblcal  matter.} 
1774. — Du  PiatE,  Le  P.    The  history  of  Louisiana,  or  the  western  parts  of  Virginia  and  Carolina,  con- 
taining u  desoriptiou  of  the  countricH  that  liu  on  both  sides  of  thu  river  Mississippi,  with  an 
.:  account  of  the  sottlonionts,  inhabitants,  soil,  climatu  and  products.     Translated  from    the 

French  of  M.  lu  Page  du  Pratz  [8=.     3  vols.     Paris,  1758].    A  new  edition.    8".    London,  1774- 
[C'outiiliia  notices  of  various  Nortb  American  mammals.] 
1776.— Romans,  R.    Natural  history  of  Florida.    8°.    New  York,  1776. 
1777. — Cbailevoix,  P.  P.  Z.  de.    Histoiro  du  la  Nouvellc  France,  avcc  lo  Jonrnal  d'nn  voyage  dans 

rAniiSrique  soptentrionale.    I'JP.    Paris,  1777. 
1770. — Carver,  J.    Travels  in  North  America,   by  J.  Carver,  esq.,  in  the  yenra  1766,  1707  and  1768. 
London,  1778. 

[There  are  Bubseiiuent  editions.]   -*'-'-' 


8".    Goottingen,  1759. 
Loudon,  1170-11.1 

<^Philos.  Trans.  Loud. 


::l!) 


I: 


III'' 


It! 


m 


982 


MONOGUAl'Iia  OV  NORTH  AMBllICAN  KODENTFA. 


1780.— Fabricius,  O.  I'.ivnii  Om:iiliinclic.-i,  Hystnniutico  Histens  iinimiilia  Grojnlandia!  occidcntalis  Iii>c- 
Ic^iivs  iniliij^atrt,  (inoiiil  iioiiien  Hpi'cilicvni,  trivial",  vernacvlvnitivo ;  sjiioiijina  uvcUirvm 
plvriviii,  (l('»cri|)ticiii(^rii,  liwviii,  victvin,  gt'Horatioiuini,  iiionw,  vsvii',  captvraimivo  siiigvli, 
jirovt  (lotfgendi  occaniii  fvil,  inaximiKive  parte  sccviidvin  propriaa  observationes  Olhonia  Vah- 
ricii  luiniBr-' cvangelii,  qvoudaiii  (irujiilaiidi»  ad  coloiiiaiu  Fiidorichbhaab,  .  .  .  Hafuiaj  ot 
Lipitiu),  iinpcnsiH  loiuiiiiM  Outtlob  Kothu.    .     .    .    indcclxxx.    8^. 

1780  ?— Hiitchlns,  — .    MS.  aocoiint  ol  ifudwjii's  May,  written  about  the  year  1780. 

IThls  in  Muiil  to  liiive  fiirniHliiMl  Mr.  IVtiiiiuit  with  i-iucli  iufonnatiim  respectiiiK  tlie  lunmiuAlogy  of  tbo  n^ton.] 

1782.-  Jefferson,  T.  Noten  on  the  .State  of  Virginia;  written  in  the  year  1781,  somewhat  corrected  and 
enlarged  in  tbo  winter  of  17di,  for  the  use  of  a  foreigner  of  distinction,  in  answer  to  certain 
queries  proposed  by  him  respecting  1.  Its  boundaries.  2.  Uivers.  3.  Seaports.  4.  Mount- 
ains, &c.     [I'aris,]  mtlcelxxxii.     pp.  ;!9I.     S'^. 

[Tbis  Int  ml.  of  .ri'tViTsim's  "  Kotcm  "  was  |iriiit«(l  in  I'nris  for  privntc  circulation  (SOO  copica)  withont  title, 
pago,  and  Ih  not  to  be  rrRardoil  as  publialiod.  I  have  not  soi'n  a  copy  i  above  titio  is  i|uated  from  liartlott's  Cat.i 
loguo  of  tliii  Library  of  .rohndaitor  Brown.  From  tbis  cauio  a  French  version,  n6(i;  some  say  also  nss.  For 
GircuinstauccH  ot  the  work  prior  to  tbe  n.|>iilar  publication  of  the  English  ud.,  sue  Iiartlctt,up.cit.,  192;  and 
esiiecially  Randall's  Life  of  .kllerson,  v(j|.  I,  p.  411  (b^,  New  York,  1838).— The  dale,  HeS,  is  supposed  to  bo  that 
of  preparation,  not  of  printing,  of  the  work.    Tli  re  hav.i  been  nunienius  imprints;  O'Cal'agfaan's  list  of  tbera 

(with  some  additional  data)  Is  as  follows;— lod.  of  Hc^i,  without  a  title-page,  SOU  copies  (privately  printed] Phil. 

ndelphbl,  nn.*!  [supiHjsed  to  bo  merely  circulation  there  of  some  of  the  co])ies  of  17t^2ed.| French  version,  8°, 

I'tt  is,  ntf5,  and  Paris,  Karrois,  nB(i.—Ho,  Loudon,  Stoekdale,  lie?  [tbe  first  properK-  published  ed.  from  which 
Jelfeison's list  of  niaiuiuals  acquires datej.  -  «o,  Plilladelpliia,  Priehard  &.  Hall.  1788,  Pbiledolphia,  1792.— Philadel- 
phia, Carey,  l;94.— S",  Baltimore,  IPOO.— >.o,  New  York,  Davis,  1801  [called  tbe  "  :ld  Amer.  ed.",  which  it  is  notj 

fi'^,  Pliilailelpldi),  Itawle,  1801,  "  1st  hot-proased  ed. "—Boston,  Carlisle,  lyoi,  the  8th  Anicr.  ed.— lb°,  Boston,  Spmgue, 
IriK,  till)  Uth  Amor,  ed.— irp,  Trentou,  Wilson  &  Blackwell,  1801.  -Now  York,  1804.— 12",  Philndeli.Uia,  Hugan  &■ 
Tlioinpson,  Idl.'i.- Boston,  18».— l(i».  Best  'U,  18)2 — 8°,  Kichiuond,  Kimdolph,  1853;  also,  6°,  Washington,  1854, 
lieins  In  vol.  viii  of  .relTerson's  "  Works".] 

1784.— Cook,  J.    Voyage  to  the  Pacific  Oc-cau  in  1776-1780,  performed  under  the  direction  of  Cantata 
Cools;.    ;i  vols.    4°.     London,  1784. 
Pennant,  T.    Arctic  zoology.    Vol.  i,  Introduction,    Class  i,  Quadrupeds.    4°.    Kng.  title,  4  pi., 
cc  m>.,  3 1.,  18.1  pp.,  froutisp.,  8  pi.     Loudon,  printed  by  Henry  Hughs,  ui.dcc  Izxxiv. 
[The  whole  work,  in  3  vols.,  dates  nj'4-e7.    1  a  2d  ed.  In  3  vols.  4°,  1792.] 

1704-92.— Belknap,  J.     History  of  New  Ilampshii       .<  vols.    B".    Philadelphia  and  Boston.    2d  cd., 

8  J.     lioston,  1813. 
1786.— Jefferson,  T.     Observations  |  siir  |  La  Virginie,  |  par  M.  J  "  *  •.  |  Trnduitcs  do  I'anglois  |  [par 
l'Abb6  Morellet.]  |  [Vignette.]  |  ix  Paris,  |  chez  Barrois,  [etc.]  |  —  |  178C.    lS°(f).    5!  p.  l.,pp. 
viii,  2U0, 1 1.  map,  tab.    [Contieut  uuo  listo  des  mainiiiif  fties  do  la  Virginie.] 

[  A  copy  of  tlu'  privately  printed  edition  of  1782  having  been  surreptitionaly  obtained,  this  French  versioi!  wan 
made,  printed,  and  published  in  advance  of  the  authentic  KngHnh  td.  of  1787.  See  what  is  said  under  besds  of 
theeils- of  1782  and  1787.  TboFreecb  version  is  utter'y  condemned  by  JeflFerson.  (SeeKandaH'sLife,  vol.  i,  p.  .114.)) 
1787.— Jefferson,  T.  Notes  |  on  the  I  State  of  Virginia.  |  Written  by  Thomas  Jeflersou.  |  Illustrated 
with  I  a  map,  ineliiiling  the  S(at<.s  of  Virginia,  |  Mary-  |  land,  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania. 
I  —  I  8°.  London:  {  printed  fat  .lohu  Stoekdale,  opposite  |  Burlingt  ii-House,  Piccadilly,  j 
uulcelxxxvii.  1  vol.  b".  2  p.  1.,  38*  pp.,  map  and  folded  table.  [Contains  a  nominal  list  of 
nnimals  of  the  State.] 

[The  origiual  draft,  of  this  work,  which  hears  date  17P2,  was  imprinted  (900  copies)  for  private  cironlntion, 
without  tltle-pa;;e,  and  eann  .t  lie  considered  as  published.  There  was  an  anonymous  French  version  in  1780. 
Tbe  KiiKlisb  ed.  of  1787  being  the  llrst  one  published  with  sanction  of  the  ntith')r,  and  avowetl  by  him,  is  the  une 
fnun  wliieb  Jelferson's  list  of  tbe  mammals  aci[ulres  ita  proper  date.    (See  tbe  etls.  of  17^2  and  17841.)] 

Zlmmermanu,  B.  A.  VT.  I'ennant's  arctische  Zoologie.— TliiergOBchichte  der  nordlicheu  Pnlar- 
liiuder  ans  deni  Knglishen  des  llerrn  Tboin.  Pennant,  mit  Aumerkuugeu  uud  Zusiitzeu  durch 
E.  A.  W.  Zlmmermanu.    2  vols.    4^.     Leipzig,  1787. 

1790.— IJeares,  J.    Voyages  to  the  northwest  coast  of  Am       a  iu  1788     id  1789.    4°.    London,  1790. 

1794.— Williams,  S.     Natural  and  civil  history  of  Veimout.    8°.    Walpolo,  N.  H.,  1794.    2  cd.  2  vols. 
ti'^.     Burlington,  Vt.,  ia'». 

1804.— Duralde,  M.     Alistraet  of  ii  eommunicatioii  relative  to  fossil  b)lle.^  etc.,  of  the  county  of  Ope- 

loiisus  west  of  the  Mis'«is8i[>pi  to  Mr.  William  Dunbar  of  the  Natchez,  anil  by  him  transmitted 

to  tbo  society.    <Tr;iuB.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  vi,  1804,  no,  x,  pp.  .Vi-Gd. 

Watkins,  J.    Notices  of  the  niitura'  history  of  the  nn"- '  -iily  parts  of  Lor-sinna,  in  a  letter  from 

j/r.  ,Iohu  Watkins  to  Dr.  Barton.     <  Trans.  Am,  I'u4.  j.  Soc.  Phila.  vi,  no.  xiv,  1804, ,  p.  69-72, 


^?^S: 


V-XJ 


IJinLIOGIi.  ArPENI)IX-ll.  r.M'NAL  rUDLlCAT10N\S. 


5»83 


1807.— Qars,  P.  A  Jimriml  |  of  llii'  |  voynROM  nml  tnivils  |  of  :i  corpN  of  .liHcovrry,  |  imkIit  Hi.'  loin- 
iimnil  (ifl'aiit.  I.i'wis  and  Capl.  |  Claikr  of  (li,.  army  of  dii'  I'oiii-d  Stales,  |  IVoni  |  {Iw  iu.miIi 
of  llio  river  MiBMoiui  tliroiitjli   the  |  interior  part.s  of  Norlli  Aiiiei  i.'a  |  to  llie  I'.ieille  n, can,  | 

<lnrinnlln5yeiunlf(l4,  IMI.-i.A  MW.  |  l;ontainln^;  |  an  anil tie  relalioirof  ihemoV  inlirehlniK 

traiiHiietionH  I  ilnriiiK  tlio  exinMlilion,— a  dewriplion  of  llie  eonntiy,—  |  and  an  aeionnl  ol  iin 
InlialiitftiilH,  Hoil,  climatu,  ciirioHitiea  |  and  ve«elalile  anil  animal  prodiieliouH.  |  —  |  lly  Pal- 
rick  Gas-H,  I  one  of  the  perKniis  emiiloyed  on  the  expedilioii.  |  —  |  Willi  ^'iMiijrapliieal  and  ex- 
planatory  miteH  |  liy  tliu  publislier.  |  —  |  [CopyriKlit  meiireil  iiceordinK  to  law.  |  |  I'itlHliiimli,  | 
printed  by  Ziulok  Oaiiiur,  |  for  David  M'Keelian,  pnl)li«lier  anil  (  piopiielor,  ....  IHi;.  |  I 
vol.  12".  i-viii,  y-Wi'i  pp.  (No  ilhistraiioim.) 
|Ther«nre«evpral  latrr  eillllons.    Tbci  iHiok  n<fim  In  viirlmiii  iniimiiiiilH /xiuoii.    S'l.  I,<^^>l>  iinil  <'linl.i',  IHli  | 

Hoame,  8.  .lonriu-y  to  tlin  norlliern  ocean,  liy  Samuel  lleariiu,  in  the  yeaiH  17(i',l,  I77II,  1771, 
and  1772.     London,  1H07. 

1808.— Cuvler,  G.  l)e«  os  foHsilcs  troiivfcs  daim  rAm<5ri(|iii)  sopteiitrioimlu,  <,J»nrn.  du  I'liyn.  Ixvii, 
le08,  pp.  Xll-SU;!. 

1811.— Ree»,  T.  Travels  on  the  Mi8»onrl  and  Aiknnsaw,  by  Liuntouant  Pike,  iu  l«Or.  and  1B0«.  i:diti-d 
by  T.  Keen,  esq.    London,  HU. 

1814.— Brackeuridge,  H.  M.    Views  of  LonlNlanit.    ...     8°.    Pittsburg,  ISU. 

IiewiB,  M.,  and  Clarke,  W.  History  |  of  |  tlio  expedition  |  under  the  command  of  |  Cap- 
tains Lewis  and  Clark,  |  to  |  the  sonrces  of  the  Missouri,  |  tuenee  |  across  the  Hoeky  Mount- 
ains I  anil  down  the  |  river  Colnmliia  to  the  PaciHc  Ocean.  |  Performed  dnriiif;  Hie  yeuin 
1H04-5-C.  I  By  order  of  the  |  governmont  of  the  United  States.  |  Propareil  for  the  piess  |  by 
Paul  Allen,  esqnire.  |  In  two  volumes.  |  Vol.  I-[1I].  |  Philadelphia,  |  publisbid  by  Kiadford 
and  luskeop;  and  |  Abm.  H.  Inskeep,  Newyork.  |  .1.  Maxwell,  gninter.  |  lull.  S  voir*.  8". 
Vol.1,  i-xxviii,  1-470  pp.,  maps.  Vol.11,  i-ix,  l-r>*Jpp.,  maps.  (>  Vol.  II,  Chiip.  VM,  "  A 
general  description  of  the  beasts,  birds,  and  plants,  &,c,  found  by  the  party  in  this  expedition  ", 
pp.  H8-201.) 

[This  ia  tbo  original  o<l.  of  the  aiilhenlic  narrativo  ;  there  are  many  olhera  litter,  7.  r.  See  eHpitcisIly  C'oiiea, 
Hull.  TT.  S.  Qenl.  Siirv.  no.  6,  Sd  aer.  187l>,  pp.  417-444,  for  an  aceouutof  thcac  books,  and  of  uanieroiiH  apnrtoua  or 
coDiteml  puhlicationa  relatinfE  to  I  be  travels  of  these  oxplorvirs. 

Cootains  pamm,  nnil  particularly  at  the  place  above  specially  Indicated,  an  acconnt  of  namerons  mammaN 
observed  in  the  region  traversed  ;  none  under  binomial  names ;  some  of  the  nccoanta  are  onr  orlglDat  notices 
of  species.  The  mammalogioal  matter  h  import.inl,  as  the  basis  of  various  binominal  siteeies,  especially  of  Onl 
and  Kadnesque.J 

Levris,  M.,  and  Clarke,  '^/.    Travels  |  to  the  {  sonrco  of  the  Missouri  Kiver  |  and  across  thu 

American  continent  |  to  the  |  Pacific  Ocean.  |  Performed  |  by  order  of  the  government  of  the 

United  States,  |  in  the  yenrs  1804,  1805,  and  IH06.  \  —  |  By  Captaius  Lewis  and  Clatki'.  |  —  | 

Published  from  the  otUcial  report,  |  and  |  illnstrated  by  aina]i  of  the  route,  |  and  o  her  maps. 

I  —  I  London  :  |  printed  for  Ijongmau,  Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  and  Drown,  |  Paternoster-Kow,  | 

—  11814.  Ouc  vol.  4".  i-xxiv,l-(il);i  pp.,  1  folding  and  i;  fnll-piigc  maps.  (>  Chap.  XXIV, 
"A  general  description  of  the  beasts,  birds,  and  plants,  &c.,  fonnd  by  the  party  in  this  ex- 
pedition", pp.  450-480.) 

IKearly  identlt.-al,  except  in  form,  with  *,hBorig.  ed.  of  same  date,  7.  p.] 

1815,  -Lewis,  M.,  and  Clarke,  W.  Travels  |  to  the  sonrce  of  |  the  Missonri  River  |  and  across 
the  I  American  continent  |  to  I  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  Performed  by  order  of  |  the  government  of 
the  United  States,  |  in  the,  years  1804, 1805,  and  1806.  |  —  |  By  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke.  | 

—  I  Published  from  tho  odlcial  report,  |  and  illnstroted  by  ■•.  mni>  of  the  route,  |  and  other 
maps.  I  —  I  A  new  edition,  in  three  volnmes.  |  Vol.  I,  [II,  '1-  I  —  i  London:  |  printed  for 
Longman,  Hurst,  Keea,  Orme,  and  Brown,  |  Paternoslcr-K(  1815.  :)  vols.  8".  Vol.  I,  pp. 
i-xxvi,  1  I.  not  paged,  1-411,  maps  11.  Vol,  II,  pp.  i-xii,  1  I,  maps  3.  Vcd.  J!i,  pp.  i-xii, 
l-;«)4.  (>  Vol.  Ill,  Chap.  XXIV,  "  A  general  description  of  the  beasi  .irds,  plants,  &.C.,  found 
by  the  party  in  this  expedition",  pp.  1-73.) 

(Except  Ml  form,  and  in  some  minor  details  of  lypography  incident  to  rfselting  of  tho  typo,  this  is  identical 
with  the  4^  edition  of  1HI4,  7.  o.    It  was  reinsneil,  Ir^l?.] 

Lewis,  M.,  <ind  Clarke,  W.  "Tiigebneh  e.  Entdecknngsreiso  dnrch  Nord\morika  in  d. 
■lahreii  1804-(>.  Ans  d.  Kngl  v.  Weylaud.  Mit  1  Karte."  <Neue  Bibliothek  der  wichtigstcu 
Beschreibnngen  n.  s.  w.  (Weimar,  gr.-W'^  Bd.  i,  1815). 

ITitto  Ufa  Ciermau  vcrsiun,  tpiotcil  fiom  Kayser.    See  the  origlual,  1814.1 


1 


■r-  J-' 


984 


MONOGHAPUS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


4 


m 


lQlS-!!0. — Ord,  O.  "  A  iiniverBuI  geograpliy,  or  a  viuw  of  tbo  preseut  stuto  of  tlio  known  world. 
Ori){itiiilly  minpilRd  by  William  Uutlirio,  esq. ;  the  (wtronomical  part  liy  James  Ferguson. 
.S<'eoii(l  American  wlition,  2  vols.  8vo.  Philadelphia,  1H15.  Third  American  edition,  2  vols.  8vo. 
and  one  of  nrnps,  riiiladelphin,  Ilenjamin  Warner,  UiO." 

frill)  foregoiDg  copied  fniui  Bainl.  Tho  work  is  raro.  The  only  copy  I  have  seen  i*^  entitled  :  "  A  now  |  peo. 
Kiapliical,  I  liiatorienl,  j  and  comiuercial  trrftuninr;  |  aud  pruBent  BtAto  of  tho  j  AOToral  kiogdonia  of  tbo  world.  | 
CuntalninK  [[....)  .TohuMin  nud  ^y|l^nlT.  V<d.  ii,  I'hiladelpbia,  161S."  Thia  may  Dot  bo  exactly  tbo 
annio  book  m  cited  by  Itnird;  it  coUHlstH  of  prel.  pp.,  pp.  l-4iO:),  maps,  and  baa  Ord'a  zoological  matter  at  pp. 
300-361,  aa  eite.^  by  Daird.  Mr.  Ord'H  work  hero  conaiata  of  compllud  nomiual  liata  of  vortobrntea,  in  wbieh 
aclenlific  nnmea  are  originally  imposed  npon  nearly  all  tbo  apeeiea  deacribed  by  Lewia  and  Clarke,  followoil  by 
deacriptiona  of  many  of  them,  lu  tho  3d  ed,  alMive  e'.iod  Iroiu  Il.iird,  tbo  liata  of  nyatematio  nnines  are  omitted, 
but  Ibe  other  zoological  matter  ia  retained  at  pp.  141-180  of  vol.  i;  Mr.  Ord'a  nanio,  however,  ta  not  given.] 

1816-18.— Lewis,  M.,  and  Clarke,  W.  Keize  {  uuar  |  de  lirouneu  van  don  Miasouri,  |  eu  door 
hot  vosto  land  van  America  |  nnar  du  Zuidzoo.  |  Gediinn  op  luxt  van  de  rcgnring  dor  Vorce- 
nigdo  Statcn  van  America,  |  in  do  jaren  1804,  lri05  eu  IBOfi.  |  Door  do  Kapitoins  |  Lewis  eu 
Clarke.  |  Met  ecno  kaart  |  —  |  Uit  het  Engelsch  vertaald  door  |  N.  O.  Van  Kampeu.  |  —  | 
Eersto,  [twcede,  derdo  on  hiatsto,]  deel.  |  •  |  To  Dordrecht,  |  bij  A.  Blnssd  &  Zuon,  |  181G 
[1817,1818].  .Ivols.  8°.  V.  1. 1,  I81fi,  pp.  i-xxxii,  l-a!)8,  map.  Vol.  II,  1817,  pp.  i-viii,  1-31)0. 
Vol.  Ill,  1818,  pp.  i-xii,  l-3;i5. 

[Thia  appears  to  bo  a  fair  and  complete  version,  probably  made  from  tho  English  3.vol.  editioD  of  1819,  q,  r.] 

1817  (prior /o).—Le  Raye,  C.    Journal  of  Charles  Lo  Raye,  etc. 

[1  cite  from  memory  a  rare  book  1  have  seen ;  contains  a  curious  figure  of  Autiloea"^.] 

1317.— Bradbury,  J.  T-vcls  iu  the  interior  oi  Ncrth  America  in  the  years  1809, 1810,  and  1811.  8° 
Liverpool,  18i/. 

Lewis,  &!.,  nnd  Clarke,  W.    Travels,  etc. 

(An  Irish  edition  of  tbo  work  ;  i  vols.  8°,  Dublin,  J.Christie  1817.    Said  to  lie  like  the  ori|;:ual.J 
RaOnesque,  C.  S.    Descriptions  of  seven  new  genera  of  North  American  quadrupeds.    <[  Amor. 
Monthly  Mog.  ii,  1817,  pp.  44-4C. 

[Mazama,  Diploatoma,  ]).  44  ;  Ueomya,  Cynomys,  Aniaonyx,  Mynomus,  p.  45;  Lynx,  p.  40.] 

1010. — Rafinesque,  C.  S.     Further  discoveries  in  natural  history,  made  during  ajourney  through  the 
Western  Slates.     <Auier.  Monthly  Mag.  iii,  1818,  pp.  445, 44(). 
IMnFC'ilus  leucopns,  M.  nigricans,  etc.] 
1319 —Leach,  W.  E.    Notice  of  some  animals  from  the  arctic  regions.    <  Thomson,  Ann.  Phil,  siii, 
1811),  pp.  (iO-til. 
Rafinesque,  C.  S.      Prodrome  do  soizantc-dlx  nouveaux  genres  d'auimanx  dtScnuverts  dans 
I'intdrieur  des  fitats-Uuis  d'Am<!rique,  durant  I'anu^e  1818.     •<  Journ.  do  Phys.  Ixxxviii,  181U, 
pp.  417-429. 
Warden,  D.  B.    A  statistical,  politir.tl,  and  historical  account  of  tho  Uaitod  States  of  North 

America By  I).  H.  Warden.    3  vols.    8^'.    Edinburgh,  1819. 

INumcroua  compiled  uotloca  of  North  American  mammals.] 

1820. — Harmon,  D.  W.     A  jonrual  of  voyoges  and  travels  in  the  interior  of  North  America,  between 
the  4(th  and  58th  degrees  of  latitude,  by  Daniel  William  Harmon,  a  partner  iu  the  North  West 
Company.    Andover,  1820. 
Rafinesque,  C.  S.    Annals  of  nature,  or  annual  synopsis  of  new  genera  and  species  of  animals, 

plants  &c.  discovered  in  North  America.    8*^.    Pamphl.     1820. 
Warden,  D.  B.    Description  statistique,  historique  et  (mlitique  ues  £tats-Unis  dol'Amdrique 
seplentrionale,  depuis  Tepoquo  des  premiers  6tablisseiuen8  jusqn'ji  nos  jours ;  par  D.  U.  War- 
den, .  .  .    Edition  traduito  Kur  cello  d'Angelterre,  .  .  .    5  vols.    8".    Paris,  1820. 

[Tome  V,  chap.  .\ix,  "Boa  quadrup6dea  on  mammifftres  dca  £tatB-Unis ",  pp. 60<MJ4d.    Many  changes  intro- 
duced from  tbo  English  edition.) 

1821— Schoolcraft,  H.  R.    Travels  to  tho  sources  of  tho  Missouri  Kiver.    Albany,  1621. 

1823.— Sabine,  3.  Narrative  of  ajourney  (first)  to  the  shores  of  the  ymlat  seas  in  1819-1822.  By  Cap- 
tain Franklin 4".    London,  1823, 

(Appendix,  mammals,  by  .T.  Sabine.] 
Say,  T.    Account  of  an  expedition  from  Pittsburgh  to  tho  Rocky  Monntolns,  performed  in  tho 
y(>ars  1819  and  '20,  under  the  commund  of  Mnjijr  Htephou  II.  Long.    Compiled  by  Udwiu 
James.    2  vols.        '.    Philadelphia,  1823. 

ICuntoiiiB  numerous  important  notices  and  original  descriptions  of  mammals,  by  Thomas  Say.l 


i? 


BIDLIOGU.  APPENI)1X-I5.  FAUNAL  PUBLICATIONS. 


1)85 


1823.— SooroBby,  W.    Jwiriiiil  of  n  voyaae  t"  "i"  "or'bcrii  wlmIo(i»Ii«ry 1vol.    8- .    Eiliu- 

Ijiiruli,  H-JI). 

|/!iiolu;:ical  apiMudli  on  tbo  mammals  of  GnH-nUncl.    Uui  gnunlamllcna,  Traill,  n.  r>p  ,  p.  417  ] 
1824.— Sabine,  B.    Journal  of  n  voyage  for  tliu  illscovery  of  n  norlliwcst  pnnnijic  from  llio  Alliintic  to 

till'  I'licilic,  i)crforiiU'd  in  tliu  years  1810  niiil  1>*.>0,  in  Ills  MiijeBty'.s  nhipH  Ihclaand  (iripi.r.     Uy 

Ciilit.  \V.  K.  Tarry:  with  a  scluntific  apiiendix a  vols.    4".     London,  I*.M ,Sup|de- 

nient  to  the  appendix Vertubriita.    liy  Edward  Sabine.    4>^.    London,  IK-.M. 

182S.— Harlan,  R.    Taiina  Americana :  being  a  description  of  tlie  niammiferonB  animiila  inhabiting 

North  America.    W^.    aid  pp.,  1  1.    riiilaUeli>bia,  published  by  Anthony  I'inley,  J.  Ilnrding, 

printer,  IttJ'. 
RlohardsoD,  J.    Journal  of  n  second  voyage  for  the  diBcovery  of  ft  northwest  passage  from  the 

Atlantic  to  the  rucilie,  performed  in  iJiil-'i:)  in  His  Majesty's  ships  Fury  and  Hecla.    Hy 

Capt,  W.  E.  Parry.    4".    London,  18^4.— Appendix:  Vertebratn,  by  Dr.  .1.  liichardhon.    4'-'. 

London,  1825. 
1826-28.— Qodman.  J.  D.    American  natural  history.    Vol.  i  [vol.  ii].     Parti.    Mastology.    Pliiladel- 

Iibia,  H.  C.  Carey  and  I.  Lea,  Chestnut-street,  U.  Wright,  printer,  18!20.    [8°.     Vol.  i,  eng. 

title,  xvi+ 17-362  pp.,  21  pU.;  vol.  ii,  eng.  title,  331  pp.,  19  idl.]    Vol.  iii.    Parti.    Mastology. 

Philadulphift,  Carey,  Lea  &  Carey,  Chestnut-street,  1838.    [Eng.  title,  2fi4  pp.,  9  pU.] 

(Tiio  fom^oing  is  tlie  orifrioai  oilllitm,  now  a  ratlior  rare  work.    A  Heconil  rditiou.  In  ihrre  vols.  8°,  van 

published  iu  IS'Jl,  at  Philadelphia,  by  Stod<l.-irt  &  Athcrton.    It  In  supposed  to  bavo  bren  priutml  from  the  nrlK- 

ioal  stereotypes,  as  thero  appears  to  bo  no  ullorotiun.    Thci-o  la  at  litast  oiio  other  edition,  of  mneh  later  dat4>.J 

1827.— Harlan,  R.    Notice  of  certain  jireparcd  specimens  of  qniidrnpeds  in  the  pcssessioii  of  a  genClo- 
man  lately  returned  to  Philadelphia  fiom  his  travels  in  the  United  States  and  Territo. as. 
<  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sti.  Phila.  vi,  1827,  pp.  ri5-5C. 
Liohtenstein,  K.  M.  H.    Erliiuternngen  der  Nachrichten  rtcs  Franc.  Hernaude/,  von  don  vier- 
filssigeu  Thieren  Neuspaniena.    <  Abhandl.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Derliu,  1827,  pp.  KI-129. 

1028.— Richardson,  J.  Short  characters  of  a  few  ijuaurnpeds  procured  oti  Captain  Franklin's  late  ex- 
pedition.   <Thc  Zoological  .lournal,  iii,  no.  12,  Jan.-Ajir.  1828,  pp.  51C-520. 

[AH  but  3  of  the  13  spp.  desisribetl  are  new,  these  short  notices  anticipating  the  fuller  descriptions  in  the 
Fn.  Cor.-Alu.  It39.  Sorex  forsteri,  p.  TAG;  S.  palustlis,  Arvicola  iKirenlis,  A.  (Lemmus)  lietvoliis,  Myuxus  drum- 
mundii,  p.  517;  Cricettis  talpoidns.  Mils  lenropus  fRaf),  Arct^miys  prninesa  tPenn.),  p.  Sl^j  A.  tSlHTmopliilus) 
lat4>nilis,  ficiurns  (Tamias)  quadrivltlatns,  ^^teromrs  sabrliiuB,  P.  alpinns,  p.  519;  Lepus  tLngomys)  piiuceps, 
p.  iXI.    Ropablished,  F^rnss.  Bull,  iviii,  1(30,  pp.  103-103;  Isis  Ton  (Ikon,  1B30.  pp.  I343-1344.| 

1823.- Kaup,  J.  J.  Skizzirto  Eutwickelnngs-Gescbicbtti  uud  natUrlichcs  System  der  europiiischcu 
Tliierwelt.  8°.  Darmstadt,  192D. 
Richardson,  J,  Fauna  |  Biireall-Americana ;  |  or  the  |  zoology  |  of  the  |  northern  parts  |  f  | 
British  Anierica;  |  containing  descriptions  of  the  objects  of  natural  history  collected  on  the 
late  northern  land  |  expeditions,  under  command  of  Captain  Sir  John  Franklin, li.N.  |  lly  |  John 
Bicbard80U,M.  D,,F.  R.  S.,  F.  L.S.  I  ...  |  surgeon  and  naturalist  to  the  expeditious.  {  Assist»l 
by  I  William  Swainson,  F.  K.  S,,  F.  L.  S.,  &c.,  |  and  the  Reverend  William  Kirby,  M.  A,,  F.  R. 
S.,  F.  L.8.,  &c.  I  —  I  Illustrated  by  numerous  plates.  |  —  |  Published  under  the  authority  of 
^ .  the  right  honourable  tbo  secretary  of  |  state  for  colonial  affairs.  {  —  |  London :  |  John  Murray, 

Albemarlo-strcot.  |  —  |  mdcccxxix. 
Part  first,  containing  the  quadrupeds.    By  John  Richardson,    pp.  xlii,  1 1.,  300,  pll.  27.    4°. 
[One  of  tbo  most  important  works  ever  published  on  North  American  mammals ;  for  many  years  a  principal 
source  of  our  information  respectioK  thoso  of  Arctic  America,  and  continuing  to  br    standard  trcatise-l 

1829-33. — Eschscholtz,  P.  Zoologischer  Atlns,  enthaltend  Abhi!  hiiigen  und  Beschreibungen  nener 
Thierarteii,  wUhrend  ....  in  den  Jabren  1623-2C  beobachtet  vou  Dr.  Friedr.  Eschschollz. 
Folio.    Berlin,  i-iii,  182!;,  iv.  1831;  v,  1833. 

|Tho  last  pan,  posthumnus,  odiled  by  l)r.  M.  11.  liathkc,  contains  doicrlpHons  and  flguroa  of  Canis  oobropni, 
Arctomys  caligata,  Oris  nivicola,  etc.] 

1830.—  Oapper,  — .  Observations  on  the  quadrupeds  found  in  the  district  of  Upper  Canada  extending 
between  York  and  Lake  Simcoo,  with  the  view  of  illustrating  their  geographical  distribution, 
OS  well  as  of  describing  some  species  hitherto  unnoticed,    <Zool.  Journ.  v,  1830,  pp.  201-207, 

[Sorcx  talpotdea,  Crlcetas  myoid«b,  etc.] 
103r  31.— Richardson,  J.    [Birds   ond   mammalia  collected  during  the  lost  arctic  I.-ind  expoditiuu 
under  Sir  John  Franklin.]    <  Proc.  Comin.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  i,  1830-31,  p.  132. 


986 


MONOGllArnS  OF  KOllTU  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


1030- 


1831. 


1831 


1832 
1833 


1834 


1833 


1836 


1837, 


1839 


33.— Cnbiiii't  of  nudirnl  liiBtory  and  Ainpriciui  rural  Kj«)rt8.     Willi  illnHtrotioiiH.     It  vols.     4". 
I'liilacltlpliia.     I'lililihliod  by  J.  &  T.  UmiKlity.     Vol.  i,  IKIO;  ii,  IKW;  iii,  parts  i-iv,  IK!:). 

[A  iHvt}  iMHtk,  iif  Hcini-wii'nttllo  character,  routuiimip  many  aiiroiiiilH  anil  colontl  jilaeHof  Ntirlli  Aincrirac 
iiiimimalH.  vU\    'J'br  artii-Ic"  havo  liopn  fully  IimIcxi'iI  for  the  preBi'iit  hihliocraiihy.) 
—Ellsworth,  H.  L.     Notes  on  tliu  wild  animals  ui  Illinois.     <  111.  Mai;.  July,  IKU  ;  Featlierston- 
liaii(,irs  Moiitli.  Am.  Joiirii.  Cii'ol.  and  Nat.  Sci.  Oct.  IHItl ;  Illiuois  in  18'.t7,  pp.  — . 
Wcgler,  J.    Kiiiigi!  Miltbuilungen  iibtr  Tliicru  Mcxioos.     <^  Isis,  xxiv,  18:il,  uol.  OlO-KS. 
-36.— 'Wagaer,  J.  A.     Iliitriij^o  ziir  KeHiituiss  dur  wariublUtiguu  Wirbeltbioro  American.    <^Ab- 

banfll.  Miiii.  bun,  ii,  18:)l-;!(j,  pp.  417-olO. 
— Cox,  R.     AdviMitur™  on  tb«  Colnmbia  Kivor.    8".    Now  York,  18IU. 
-41.— Bonaparte,  C.  L.     Icoiiogralia  dclln  fanim  Italii'a,  per  1«  qnnttro  classi  degli  aiiiniali  verte- 

brati.    Toiuo  i,  Mainmil't'ri  «  uccelli.    Folio,    Kouia,  18^12-41. 
— Brandt,  J.  F.     I'rodronnis  descriptionis  Rnininliniii  ab  II,  Mcrtennio  obsi>rvatorum.    <^Acad. 
Sci.  Uocunil.  St.  P<5tor8b.  18:14,  pp.  a01-a<(). 
Harlan,  R.    Critical  notices  of  varions  organic  remnino  hitherto  diocovcred  in  North  America. 
<  Trans.  Geol.  Soo.  Pcuiia.  i,  1834,  pp.  46-112. 
— Bennett,  B.  T.    Saugothiero  aus  Californieii  und  Mexico.    <^  Isis,  1KV>,  pp.  524-525. 
Robs,  J.  C.    Appendix  to  the  narrative  of  a  second  voyage  in  search  of  a  northwest  passage, 
and  of  a  residence  in  the  arctic  regions.    By  Sir  John  Koss.    .  .  .     1vol.    4°.    London,  ISJIT). 
[iDcliidinK  ncrLuut  of  the  ob.lretH  in  the  several  departmtutB  of  natniAl  hiatory  a,.'eD  and  discovered  duriDK 
the  expoditioD,  by  Captain  James  Clark  lUiaa,  R.  N.) 
Troost,  O.    Oil  the  organic  reaiaius  wbicli  characterize  the  transition  series  of  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi.    <  Trans.  OeOl.  800.  Penna.  i,  18;t,'>,  pp.  248-250. 
— Btatidt,  J.  F.    Conspectus  se^tiouuin,  genermn,  anb-genernm  et  specieriim  novornm,  qna)  in 
fasuiculo  priini  Prodromi  descriptiouem  aniiualiuin  a  Mertensio  lu  orbis  terrariim  circuuiuavi- 
gatioue  obaervatoriim  rcperiuntnr.     <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  v  (Zool.),  Iftifi,  pp.  180-188. 
King,  R.     Narrative  of  a  journey  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  in  18;i:l-:i5,  nnder  the  com- 
uiaiiil  of  Captaiu  Back,  IJ.  N.     By  Richard  King,  M.  R.  C.  S.     ...    2  vols.     12°.    Lonilon, 
Richard  Beutley,  18:«j. 

[  Voticea  Barren-ground  Itoludeer,  Arctomys  okanoganus,  etc.] 
Richardson,  J.    Narrative  of  the  Arctic  laud  expeditiim  to  the  month  of  the  Great  Fish  River 
and  along  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  the  years  18:).1,  1834,  and  1835;  by  Captain  Back, 
R.  N.    ...    8'^.     [Other  copies  in  4°.]    London,  mdcccxxxvi.    pp.  i-x,  1 1.,  1-663.    Map  and 
plates. 

[Appendix  contains  zooloxioAl  remArks  by  John  Richardson.] 
—Bell,  T.     A  history  of  British  qniulrupeds,  including  the  cetacea.    .  .  .    Illustrated  by    early 
2UU  woodcuts.    8'^.     xviii,  526  pp.     London,  John  Van  Voorst, .  .  .  1837. 
Oervals,  P.    8ur  les  aniuiaux  mammiforcs  des  Antilles.    <|  Sue.  Philom.  Extr.  Procbs.  Verb. 
is;i7,  pp.  107-108;  luslitut,  v,  no.  218,  lKi7,  pp.  253-254;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2e  B«Sr.  viii,  18:J7,  pii. 

Richardson,  J.    Report  uu  North  American  zoology.    <[  Sixth  Ann.  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc,  for  1836, 
18;!7,  pp.  121-2-^4. 

(An  inii)ortAnt  cnmnientary  on,  and  digest  of,  the  then  state  of  our  knowledge  on  the  Bul^eot.  Some  now 
apet'ieM  are  deeorihed.l 

— Bachman,  J.    Description  of  several  new  species  of  American  quadrupeds.     <^Journ.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  viii,  18.«),  pp.  57-73. 
Bachman,  J.    List  of  (luailriijii^d')  procured  by  Mr.  Townscnd,  and  sent  to  the  Academy  of 

Natural  Sciences.     <  .Imirii.  Acivd.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  viii,  18;i!),  pp.  7:1-74. 
Bachman,  J.    Additional  species  to  the  list  of  Mr.  Townsoud's  quadrupeds.    <^Journ.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  viii,  18:i!),  pp.  lOl-lOo. 

Baer,  K.  B.  von.    IJeber  die  Iliiuligkeit  dor  Oewitler  in  den  Folar-Regtonon.    <  Poggond.  Annal. 
xlviii,  18:19,  pp.  <)01-010. 

Darvrin,  C.    Narrative  of  the  surveying  voyages  of  his  mo,|e8ty'8  ships  Hecla  and  Beagle.    .  .  . 
Ill  tliree  volumes.     Vol.  iii.     8'^.     pp.  xiv,  fiir,,  (i[rg.     I^ndon,  1K19. 

[TI)iHVulu;iie)ia'4Hee(ilid:)iy  title:  "  Vol.  III.— .lournui  and  leiiiariiR.  tSja-IH;ifi.  Ily  Ch'iili'a  Darwin.  .  .  .  " 
Coiilaiiih  iiiiiiortunt  notices  of  animaln.  There  ia  an  Aiuorican  tKlition,  2  vols.  Hi''.  New  Yolk,  Harper  & 
ItrotheiH,  IHtii.  1 


DIIJLKKiK.  APPENDIX-n.  FAUNAL  PUBLICATIONS. 


1>H7 


1839.— Eydouz,  P.,  atui  Oervais,  P.  Vi).vnt;<'  autonr  dii  ninndo  wir  l»  rairvotto  ,\t>  IVial  l.ii  lavi.riii', 
]>i'nilaiit  li'B  .inii(<.'s  lH30-3:i,  ...  Toiii.;  v.  ZooloRio  par  MM.  I'.vilcmx  et  (iorviiid.  H'.  I'aiiH, 
liiilninil,  IKii). 


Gray,  J.  E.    Uescriptiuus  of  some  luauiinulia  (liocovirod  in  Cuba  by  \V.  8.  MaoLouy. 
Nut.  llmt.  iv,  18:i!),  pp.  1-7. 

Richardson,  J.    Tho  zoolofjy  of  Capt.  liecchi'y's  voyago.    ...    4" 


Ann. 


1040- 
1041.- 


London,  1h;13. 
[.MatunmlLi  by  Ur.  J.  Kiubanlouu.] 

Towusend,  J.  K.  Narrative  of  a' jonriioy  aoroHs  th«  Rooky  Monntaina  to  the  Colnnibiu  I!ivi>r, 
and  a  viHit  to  tho  .Sandwich  Islanda,  Cliili,  Ac,  with  a  scicntilio  appendix,  lly  .1.  K.  Town- 
send.    8'-'.     Philadelphia,  1830. 

1839-41.— MazlmlUai],  — .    Reise  in  daa  inncre  Nord-Ainerioa,  in  don  Juhren  IKKJ  big  1K14,  voii  Maxi 
uiilian  Trinz /,u  Wicd.    a  vols.    4".    Coblonz,  J.  Hoclsthor,  vol.  I,  ITO'.I;  vol.  ii,  IHll. 

[N'umfToiu  importniit  notl(-4-«  of  North  Atnorioan  mnnimals.  The  EogliHli  trauBlatinn,  in  1  viil.  V,  and  Ihit 
Fronch,  in  3  vols.  H**,  abrldgo,  or  Rcarcoly  reproduce,  this  matter.]     ^ 

1R40.— De  Kay,  J.  B.     Letter  from  J.  E.  De  Kay,  of  the  zoological  department.  May  7,  l«ii).    <  Stale  of 
New  York,  ....    Communication  from  the  govornor,  transmitting  several  rejiorts  relative  tu 
the  geological  snrvey  of  the  State,  1840,  i>p.  — . 
[A  mpro  list  of  apccica,  of  no  value. 1 

De  Kay,  J.  B.     Report  of  J.  E.  I)e  Kay,  of  the  zoological  departmtsiit.    [On  tho  fanna  of  Now 
York.    December  20,  1839.]    <  lb. 
[A  list  like  the  preceding.] 
Emmons,  B.     Report  on  tho  quadrupeds  of  MaasacbusottH.    8°.    Cambridgo,  1H40. 

1840-41.  -Low,  D.  IllustratioHH  of  tho  breeds  of  tho  domestic  animals  of  Great  liritnin.  13  parts  and 
supplementary  pari.  With  56  coloured  plates  from  dravpiugs  by  W.  Nicholson  4 '.  Loudon, 
Longman,  Brown  &  Co.,  1840-41. 

-44.— 'Waterhouse,  O.  R.    Tho  zoology  of  H.  M.  8.  Besglo.    4".    London,  1840-44. 
[Mammalia  by  G.  K.  Waterhouao.l 

L. — Audubon,  J.  J.,  antf  Bacbman,  J.    Descriptions  of  now  species  of  North  American  qnndrupeds. 
<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  i,  1841,  pp.  92-103. 

Audubon,  J.  J.,  and  Bachman,  J.  Oesciii  lions  of  now  species  of  quadrupeds  iubabitiug  North 
America.    <  Juu:n.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  PhiU.  vili,  1841,  pp.  280-32:1. 

Bydouz,  P.,  and  Souleyet,  — .  Voyage  autonrdu  mondo,  oidcnt*^  pendant  los  anni^es  1H3()  et 
1837,  Bur  la  corvette  La  Bouite Paris,  1839-44.  8°.  Zoologio,  par  Eydoux  ot  Sou- 
leyet, 1641. 

Lund,  P.  V.    BlikpaaBrasiliensDyrcverdon <  Kongl.  Dansko  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Naturv. 

och  Math.  Afhandl.  viii,  1841. 

1842.— De  Kay,  J.  E.    Zoology  of  Now  York,  or  the  Now  York  fauna.    By  James  E.  Do  Kay.    Pan.  i. 

Mammalia.    4°.    Albany,  1842.    [Many  plates.] 

{ n«^Hido8  doRCriptioDH,  biographical  nuticon,  and  6gnrea  of  tho  animals  of  tho  States,  lists  of  extra-llmiial 
spi^cies  are  given,  including  all  those  thun  known  to  iuliabit  North  America.  Tho  work  hna  not  been  recog- 
nized 08  of  high  aothoiily,  nor  has  it  exercised  much  intluence  uimn  tho  progress  of  tho  fcieuce.J 

Esclirloht,  D.  P.  Jngttngelsor  pns  Nacbbehvalen  eller  Ishiondernes  Andarnefia,  racrileriM'n 
Uogling.    <  Forhiiniil.  Skand.  N.'.tnrtorsk.  3.  Mote,  1842,  pp.  651-C58 ;  Isis,  1845,  pp.  4;(7-440. 

Harlan,  R.  Notice  of  two  new  fossil  inannnalK  from  Brnnswick  Canal,  Georgia;  with  observa- 
tions on  uomc  of  the  fossil  quadrupeds  of  tho  United  States.  <  Am.  Jouru,  Sci.  and  Art«, 
xliii,  1842,  pp.  141-144. 

Hays,  L  [Remarks  on  Prof.  Owen's  paper  on  Missouri  fossils.]  <^Proo.  Am.  Philos,  Sue. 
Phila.  ii,  1842,  pp.  183,  184. 

Llnslfiy,  J.  H.  A  catalogue  of  the  mamiuitlia  of  Coanecticut,  arranged  according  to  their  nat- 
ural families.    <  Am.  .Jouni.  Sci.  and  Arts,  xliii,  1842,  pp.  345-354. 

1842-73. — Levrls,  M.,  anil  Clarke,  W.  History  |  of  |  tho  expedition  |  under  tho  command  of  Cap- 
tains Lewis  and  Claike,  j  tu  j  the  raurces  of  the  Missouri,  thence  across  the  Ko(;ky  |  Mouiit- 
aina,  and  down  the  river  Columbia  to  tho  |  Pacific  Ocean  :  performed  during  the  |  yeiirs 
1804, 1805, 1800,  |  by  order  of  f  ho  |  govormneut  of  tho  United  States,  |  Prepared  for  the  press  | 


l| 


UHH 


MONCXJUAl'IIS  OF  KOKTII  AMEIIICAN  IJODENTIA. 


'III 


1  'i!^ 


ill  ■  ' 


I)y  I';iiil  Alli'n,  oiiq.  |  Reviiieil  ami  nbriilged  by  tho  omission  uf  unimportant  do-  |  tailH,  willian 
iuticHluclion  and  ncitt'n,  |  liy  Archibald  M'Vicltar.  |  In  two  volumi'X.  |  Vol.  i[-ii].  |  New  York, 
llar|iiTA  liiiillirr.H,  puliliHliciH,  |  I'rankliii  8iiiiaro,  IHfiS. 

I'rwn  vdIb.  If^,  WHIM'  iif  llu'  i»«ui!fl  I'otnitDi;  pai  t  of  Ilaipcr'n  »  tIpb.  "  The  Ffttnily  Lilirnry".  Vol.  i.  pp.  i-vi, 
i*-v'.  vii-li,  .Vi-ini,  :l  maps.  Vol.  II,  pp.  i-i,  ll-;j!t.'(.  3  mnpfl.  (  >VoI.  11,  ApiMiiiilix,  "FiirtluT  oiiiinieratiuQ  noil 
dcm-riptldti  of  (lio  qua(lru|M>ilH,  I>ir(l8.  IIhIius,  mill  ptiintH  uotlctiil  iliirinc  the  OTipoilition",  pp.  .'):t9-:i79.) 

MKiiiuniiiiti  of  ibi)  ilaU'H  of  tl:o  kuccohhjvo  imiiliiH,  tuoHt  of  wlilcti  oolmiflleil  of  2,M)  copleH: — Si^ptembcr,  1H43  ; 
jHiiimi.v.  I««;  Miiv,  l''43;.I»nn«r.v,  IM;  July,  IM.'i;  April,  1817;  M»y,  IS-'iOi  Aiijsioit,  IR'il ;  Jiini>,  1«55|  April, 
IH.'pK;  Novrmlur,  laiMi  Fiilinmry,  leiW;  March,  1H71  (vol.  II);  April,  18711  (rol.  il  ;  February,  1874  (vol.  Il);  De- 
OMiiibor.  lH7.'t  (vol.  i) ;  tn  all  foiirU^tiu  Uhuoh  of  tlio  wliolo  work,  uiiilor  a^xlocu  ililfcronl  ilati'H. 

'I'hiH  in  nil  f'llltoriul  ttliililKiiH'nt,  or  ilit^'t-nl,  of  (Iin  orit^liinl  of  If  14,  <].  v.,  filthfolly  anil,  on  tho  whole,  ,)uill- 
rioimlv  eMriilotl.  The  iiatiiral-liiHtory  chii|iter.  bpRldert  lieinjt  relcfjutcd  loan  fll>peililix,  ia  tratiH[»oHeil  an  to  Ita 
liotftiileal  anil  7.oolof:ical  piirtloiiH.  1;  in  liillhtTlnoro  abiitl^ed  at  the  Cllltor'a  itiHiTotlon,  the  omintilonH  Ih'Id^ 
in<licnte.il  hy  aHtoriika.  A  new  ft-uture  is  fiKit-notu  rel'uruncea  to  the  pagivi  of  the  lioily  of  the  work  on  which 
the  Tariona  hikh-Iim  were  before  rj.nntioiieil.  Tbia  in  a  valuable  set  of  oreM.reforcnoea,  for  tho  narrativu  au* 
eouiita  8cutt4}red  througii  the  work  are  ufleu  no  luaa  iniportanl  than  tho  foruial  noticca  tlieniaelvcu.J 

1043. — Harlan,  R.    Koinarki*  on  I'rof.  Owen's  letter.    [Abont  Harlan's  notice  of  new  fossil  mamnmliii.] 

<  Am.  .lonrn.  8ci.  and  Arts,  xlv,  1843,  pp.  l!08-ail. 
1843-45. — Gray,  J.  B.    Zoology  of  tbu  voyage  of  II.  M.  8.  Sulplinr,  nuder  the  oommnnd  of  Captain  Sir 

Edward  liulcber Parts  i,  ii.    Mammalia.    Uy  J.  E.  Gray.    4'^.    Londou,  1643-45. 

1044.— Oregg,  J.    Cnniincrce  of  tbe  prairies,    a  vols.    13°.    Pbiladvlpbia,  1844. 

[CnntftinH  intoreatiog  noticea  of  Bome  of  tho  larger  matumalaof  tbeplaina: — blaon,  elk,  deer,  bear,  wolvoi, 
prairie-ilogB,  eto.J 

Schubert,  O.  H.  llitthoilnng  von  Corrcspondenzen  nits  Labratlor  [ilbor  seine  Landsangetbiore, 
WasHcr,  Laud-  und  Straudviigel].  <  Mlincbcn.  Hull.  Akad.  1H44,  col.  121-1'20,  l:ia-133; 
MUncbcn.  Uelvbrto  Auz.  xviii,  1844,  col.  418-42'.^, 

1845. — Fucheran,  J.  Description  do  quelquos  mawmiffcres  amtJricaiiis.  <^  Revue  Zool.  viii,  1845,  pp. 
3;i,-)-3:)7, 3()y-:i73. 

1846. — Carpenter,  "W.  M.  Remarks  on  some  fossil  bones  recently  brought  to  New  Orleans  from 
Tennessee  aud  from  Texas.  <|  Aui.  Jouru.  Sci.  and  Alts  (W),  i,  184(i,  art.  xii,  pp.  244-2C0,  with 
4  U.g. 

Falconer,  H ,  and  Cautley,  P.  T.     Fauna  antiqna  sivalensis,  being  the  fossil  zoology  of  tbo 

Sewalib  Hills,  in  tho  north  of  India [Edited  by  Hngh  Falconer.]    Letterpress.-' Part  i. 

I'roboscideo.    8^.    61  pp.    Loudon,  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  Go  Cornbill,  1846. 

Oodmnn,  J.  D.  American  natural  history To  which  is  added  his  last  work,  The  ram- 
bles of  a  naturalist,  with  a  biographical  sketch  of  tbu  author.  In  2  volumes.  3<1  ed.  Phila- 
delphia, Uriiib  Hunt  &  Son,  1844!.  Vol.  i,  eiig.  title,  345  pp.  (xiii  +  332),  37  pU.  Vol.  ii,  eng. 
title.  3:J7  pp.,  22  pll. 

Hallowell,  E.  [Descriptioti  of  tbe  locality  whence  a  collection  of  fossil  bones  presented  to  tbe 
academy  by  Mr.  Win.  Paunoasi  had  been  obtained,  and  au  enumeration  of  the  same.]  <^Proc. 
Aca»l.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iii,  1846,  p.  130. 

Owen,  R.  Observations  on  ceitain  fossils  from  the  collection  of  the  Aciulemy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia.    <  Prop.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci;  Philo.  iii,  1846,  pp.  93-96. 

1846-54. — Avidubon,  J.  J.,  and  Baobman,  J.    The  viviparous  quadrupeds  of  North  Americo 

New  York,  1846-04.  3  vols.  Roy.  8^.  Vol.  i,pt.b.  by  J.  J.  Audubon,  1846,  pp.  xiv,  1,389,  pll.  1-50. 
Vol.  ii,  i.ub.  by  V.  G.  Audubon,  1851,  title,  pp.  334,  1  1.,  pll.  51-100.  Vol.  iii,  pub.  by  same, 
1853-54  (.;ntitl(tl  "  Tbe  quadrupeds  of  North  America",  date  1854  on  title-page),  1  p.  1.,  pi),  v, 
348,  pll.  101-15!5. 

(Tlie  iilatoB  of  thia  work  are  aaiil  to  have  Iwen  originally  pnbliBhed  la  numbera,  in  oblong  foiio,  witbont  text, 
beginning  an  far  back  aa  1H40.    The  platen  in  the  eilitii^u  aliove  given  am  in  roy.  6'',  Interealatcil  with  the  text. 

Auother  mlition  or  reprint,  in  roy  6",  platca  intercalatiMl,  apiieaia,  pub.  by  V.  G.  Aniliibon,  in  numhora, 
lM51-ri4,  lieai^neil  to  Im  lioiinil  inllTo'i.  Tho  copy  examined  in  as  fultowa: — "The  qnailmpeds  of  Norili  Amer- 
ica ...  .  Vol.  i.  New  York,  pubiisbert  hy  V.  G.  Audubon.  18."il  ",  pp.  i-viii,  1-;184,  pll.  l-OO.;  Vol.  ii  (no  titlopage), 
pp.  1-334, 1  1„  pll  51-100.  Vol.  iii,  1854,  t  p  1.,  pp.  I-T,  1-348,  pll.  101-1,'>5.  Vols,  ii  and  ill  thun  neeni  to  bo  identlejil 
with  the  originals.  Thongh  vol.  ill  Is  dated  18J4,  pp.  l-'.!54  are  said  to  have  appeared  Ui  1853,  the  remainder 
bil854. 

These  authors  treat  of  197  apecica,  of  whieh  abont  l(iO  are  flgnrod.  Few  are  here  dciicribed  oa  new,  the 
origiitiil  iloHeripIioiia  having  moatly  appeared  elnewliere.  See  c.  */.  under  datea  Ifv'.O  and  1841.  Tho  teeboical 
portions  ol  tbe  woriK  are  Bitppoaed  to  ho  mainly  Rltribiitahh^  to  Baebmiin,  the  otiier  inillior  having:  aitendol',  to 
the  illustratluiia  and  porliona  of  the  biographical  matter.    Many  of  the  plates  were  drawn  by  J.  W  Audnbon.) 


I  i  if 


aaBBiiB"-"r'W!? 


lUniilOC.K.  AIM'KNIMX-I!.  rAHNAI.  IMIIMCATIONS. 


'.•S<» 


1847.— Nilssoii,   8.     SkandlimviNk    faiiim ViirRtii   Mm:    l)iiu'K(1jiir.'ii.     Amiiii  inmiiUi-liid.i 

iippliiljan.     H>\     1  p.  1.,  xviii,(:r,(lpp.    Liiiiil,  trjokt  pii  Bokliaiulliir.'ii  f.  \V.  K.  (il.iinp-.  I  ,,iIiik. 
iiti  DciliiiKskii  IldUtijcki'iirt,  lpi|7. 

Oweii,  R  Olimivutioim  (in  ccrliiiii  fimail  Iwiics  from  tho  collection  of  (lie  Acailcniv  of  Natnrnl 
Kcicnces  of  I'liiladclphia.     <  Jourii.  Acuil.  Nut.  8ci.  I'liilu.  ('J),  i,  IH17,  art.  iii,  pp.  IM-'JO,  pi.  II, 

1847-48.— Wagner,  J.  A.  licitrii;,'o  7,nr  Koiintnisa  <lcr  Siinnctliioro  Ainiirika'B.  Alitli.  i,:ipll.  <  Ali- 
lianill.  il.  nmtb.-iilijB.  CI.  d.  K.  Hiiyr.  Akail.  v,  Abtli.  1,  1847,  pp.  ll'J-'20H ;  2.  Abtli.  I!  pll.  iUid.  v, 
Ablh.  a,  IHIH,  pp.  'JG'J-aa-.'  i  X  Abtli.  1  pi.  ibid,  v,  Abtli.  2,  IbW,  pp.  4U5-1H0. 

1848.— Le  Conte,  J.  L.  Notice  of  five  now  spocica  of  foiwll  iiminiunlla  from  lUiuoia.  <  Am.  Joiirii. 
Sci.  and  ArtH  (2),  v,  1848,  art.  xvi,  pp.  102-1U>,  witb  :t  IIkk. 

Peale,  T.  R.  United  Slates  |  cxplorhiK  expedition.  1  Uarmn  the  yearn  |  1838,  IKK),  1H40,  1N4I, 
1H42.  I  Under  the  command  of  |  Charles  WilkcH.U.  H.N.  |  —  |  Vid.  viii.  |  —  |  Mammalia  ami  or- 
iiitlioloKy.  I  Uy  |  Titian  U.  I'eale,  |  one  of  the  natiiraliBtn  of  the  expedition,  |  niembiT  of  the 
American  IMiilosophical  Society,  of  the  Academy  of  |  Natural  ScionccH  of  I'bibidelpliia,  etu. 
etc.  I  —  I  Philadelphia:  |  printed  by  C. Sherman.  |  1848.  Text,  h",xxvi,  IT  :i:i8|ip.,20  woodcc; 
" atlas,  I'olio, Ixxxiv  pll.",  but  the  atlaB does  not  W'em  to  have  appeared.    (See  18,'iM,  Casbin, .1.] 

1849.- Holbrook,  J.  B.  [Catalogue  of  the  mammals  of  the  State  of  OeorRia.]  <  Statist  lea  of  the  Stato 
of  (ieornia.  Savannah,  W.  Thorne  Williams,  184'J.  (Catalo({ne  of  the  fauna  and  lloia  of  the 
State  of  Oeornia.    Prepared  for  this  work  by  eminent  uaturaliBts.) 

Roemer  P.    Texas.     8*^.     lionn,  1849. 

(CoDtaiiiA  a  \l%\  of  mnmmals  {fiO  Hjip,,  pp.  4G2-^G4)  and  other  notcH  lii  Dio  Ronornl  toxt-l 

1850.— Baird,  S.  P.  On  the  bone  caves  of  Peanaylvanio.  <Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  ii,  IrtriO,  pp. 
;i52-;i5!j. 

Ootild,  J.  Low  state  of  dovolopnient  of  mammals  and  birds  in  Anstraliu  and  New  Zealand. 
<  Am  Jcmin.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  x,  ISiO,  p.  124.     • 

Ora7,  'i.  B.  Narrative  of  au  expedition  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Seas  in  184fi  and  1847.  By 
.Tohu  Kae.    With  a  zoological  appendix  in  part  by  J.  G.  Qniy.    London,  1850. 

Leidy,  J.    On  some  fossils  from  Missonri.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  v,  18.W,  pp.  121-122. 
[UbiDoceroa  uebraskonbis,  n.  sp. ;  A^riocIi(Bni8  (d.  g.)  ADtlquuH,  n.  sp.;  PaliDotlioriam  balrdil,  n.  itp.] 

Cambury,  Lord.  The  first  discovery  (probably)  of  fossil  Imnes  and  teeth  in  the  State  of  New 
York.  [Abstract  from  Weld's  History  of  the  Boyal  Society,  vol.  i,  p.  42L]  <  Third  Ann.  Uep. 
Ueg.  Univ.  N.  Y.  18C0,  p.  156. 

Thompson,  7i.    An  account  of  some  fossil  bones  found  in  Vermont  in  making  excavations  for 
;  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad.    <^Ain.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  ix,  1850,  art.  xxviii, 

pp.  250-2tia,  with  13  flgg. 
:j':''^        Wyman,  J.    Notice  of  fossil  bones  from  the  neighborhood  of  Memphis,  Tenn.    <[Ain.  Joorn. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  (2),  x,  18u0,  an.  viii,  pp.  50-64,  witb  5  flgg. 
'    ''        Wyman,  J.    Notice  of  remains  of  vertebrated  animals  found  at  Richmond,  Vik    <^Ain.  Jouru. 
Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  x,  1850,  pp.  228-2;»,  with  9  figg. 
(MamniaU.  pp.  2M-i!33.] 

1851.— Baer,  K.  B.  von.  Uoricht  tlber  einif^  ichthyologlacho  Nebcnbeschiiftigungen  anf  der  Reise  an 
den  Peipus,  vom  Bndo  Aprils  bis  Anfang  Junis.    <  Bull.  Sci.  St.  P^tersb.  ix,  ISSI,  col.  'i^>'.t-'M'i. 

Burnett,  W.  I.    [Notes  on  the  fauna  of  the  pine  barrens  of  Upper  South  Carolina.]    <  Proc. 

Boston  Soe.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  1851,  pp.  115-118. 
Banis,  E.    List  of  birds  and  mammalia  tbund  on  the  Mi»souri  River  troaa  Fort  Leavenworth 
,  to  Fort  Union,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone  River.    <  Fifth  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst.  1851, 

pp.  136-1.18.  ,.,,.     .  ,  . 

[Mamni»llii,p.  138.) 

Hind,  J.  R.  Brief  notices  [chiefly  statisMcalJ  of  the  fur-bearing  animals  in  Rupert's  Land  and 
Canada.  <  Report  on  the  exploration  of  the  country  ln'tween  Lake  Superior  and  Red  River 
Settlement,  1858,  pp.  401-405.    [Kxtraetud  from  Rep.  of  the  Jurors,  Kxhib.  of  All  Nations, 

la-.L] 


>!  '.    * 


1  'M   '    ;i|i^ 
'■HP 


«90 


MONOCllAl'US  OF  NOIiTII  A.MlililCAN  ItODKNTIA. 


IMIBI::! 


1852  — Dairi],  S.  F.  An  cspcditidri  to  tlip  viillcy  <if  llic  flri'ut  Halt  T.iiki'  iif  ri.ili,  iiK  IniliiiK  n  iloscrip- 
tioti  <il'  ilH  ^iM)^ni[tliy,  iiatiirul  liihtory,  iiiiil  iiuiutuIh,  anil  an  iiiutl^Hiu  itf  iti  watcrH,  with  nil 
aiilliinlii!  a(  Toiiiit  of  tlic  Moriiioii  siatliMui'iit,  &c.  Ity  Howard  Slansbuiy,  cuiit.  coriw  topo- 
grajtliical  (Mii^iiit'tTH.    *2  vuU,  H    (ono  lUiilirariii^  ttio  maps).     I'liilailclpliia,  lt^.Vi. 

(Tho  iirt«t>(llnK  titlt-  in  t'mt  iii'  a  HOjianih!  ("lil'.Dii  i«»tm5il  frotii  thr  hiuiio  «t)ri,-(ityi»'  platra  bh  tlir  (^inrt'rnmrnt 
pilition.  Tlio  latter  ln-ars  tlii'  tillf  of  "  Kxiiloralion  am)  Hurvoy  uf  tin  valley  nf  tlio  tin-at  Halt  Lake  ol'  IMali, 
llicluiliuti  a  recttiilialHMauee  ut  a  uew  rtiiitt^  tbroilKli  tlut  Uocky  ^louutailia.  Uy  Ilowartl  StaUHbuiy,  cupt  coiv* 
(up<i(jrtti>hlettl  eiifiiuitera.  IVlntiMl  tiy  uriliir  nf  tbti  Seiiatf)  ot  tliu  L'niteil  Stated.  I'liilatlulpblu,  Llpiilnciitt, 
(traliilHi  &  Co.,  IH5a."  (An  eilitluu  of  the  saniii  work  waB  Hiibsequeutly  piinted  by  llio  rublie  i'rlnter  for  the 
llnime  of  UeproiHMitatlveM  In  18:>:i.  This  Is  miioU  iiiforior  In  tyingrapliy  and  iUiiatralioUH )  The  7.ooln|{iciil 
{wrtioii  of  StanHbiirv'H  riiHtrt  was  pubUabi^tl  In  a  Mtparate  jmiuplilet  by  tlio  Sinilbwiuiau  ledtitntlou,  froiu  tbo 
aanie  «t<*reotyiH'  ptatoi,  antler  tbo  title  of  "Zoology  of  tlie  valley  of  tbe  tlrcat  Salt  Lake  of  I'tab.    Maniiuala,  by 

5  F.  Ilalril,  4c.  Kitiaoteil  froio  C»pt.  U.  StanBbnry'n  rcijort  to  tbe  I'ulleil  Htatea  S.iiate.  Slarcb  10.  IflO'J."  e". 
I'bilndelpbia,  I.ipplncott,  (iranibo  &  Co.,  Juno,  ibi-J.  'Ihe  entile  work  waa  iiilLlisbeil  eaily  iu  1853.  Tlio 
painpblot  uilition  of  tbo  aoolo}{y  waa  pnbliabiHl  and  diatributuil  in  June,  \S^i.—iItaird.t  I 

Le  Coute,  J.  [Additional  ruiuurks  ou  souio  fuueil  iiaobyderuia  fruui  llliuuia.]  <rroc.  Acotl. 
Nut.  Sci.  PUilo.  vi,  185a,  pp.  5G-07. 

Leidy,  J.  Tbo  aneieut  fauua  of  Nebraska:  or,  a  (Icseriptioii  of  rcmaiiiB  of  extinct  niammulia 
and  cliuloiiia,  from  the  Mauvaisvs  'IVrrca  of  NuliraHka.  (Acctiptod  for  pnblicatiou  December, 
I8j'J.)  [WaBbingtou,18G;!f]  [4°.  118  pp.,  a4i)ll.,  witb  4  1.  oxplau.]  <  Vol.  vi,Siiii',bsouiuu 
Coutributious  to  Kuun ledge,  vi,  art.  — . 

Leidy,  J.  Report  upon  boiiih  fossil  mammalia  and  chelonia  from  Nebraska.  '"^Gth  Ann.  Rep. 
SuiithH.  Inst.  1802,  pp.  lia-o,'>. 

Richardson,  J.  Tho  zoology  of  tho  vojago  of  II.  M.  8.  Herald,  under  tbo  coniniaud  of  Captain 
Ilunry  Kellett,  U.  N.  V.  B.,  during  tho  years  1845-51 4^'.  London,  Keeve  &  Co.  Fos- 
sil nmuiniula,  by  Sir  .John  Uichardson. 

[  Many  plates  iUustratiutf  the  outoology  of  fossil  and  recent  ruiuinaDta  of  the  arctic  region.] 

Toussenel,  A.  Passional  zoology ;  or  spirit  of  the  beasts  of  Franco  ....  Translated  by  M. 
EdgewortI:  Lazarus,  M.  D.,and  inscribed  to  tbe  glory  of  the  chaso,  the  pretervation  of  our 
game,  ami  tho  religion    of  tbe  "Wilde".    ia°.    :158  jip.     New  York,  published  by  Fowlers 

6  Wells,  1852. 

Warren,  J.  C.  [On  the  F.ppelsheim  fossils,  and  Diuotherinm  gigantenra.]  ^Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
Arts  and  Sci.  ii,  1852,  pp.  305-310. 

1853. — Baer,  K.  B.  von.  Mittcrialien  za  eiuer  Qeschicbte  dcs  Fiscbfangcs  iu  Russland  and  den  angriiii- 
zeiiden  Meeren.     <  Bull.  Sei.  St.  P6tersb.  xi,  1853,  col.  225-254,  257-!i88. 

Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  various  fossil  teeth.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philo.  vi,  1853,  p.  241. 
lIliluuB  americanus,  Hlpparion  Touuatam,  Oro  jiys  lesopi,  Enbrodya  autiquus,  Ereptodon  priscus.] 

Leidy,  J.  [Itcmarks  on  a  collection  of  fossil  mammalia  and  cbelonia,  from  the  Mauvaises  Terren 
of  Nebraska.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vi,  1853,  pp.  392-.'t94. 

Middendor^  A.  T.  v.  Sibirischo  Reise.  Band  ii.  Thoil  2.  Wirbelthiere.  Frste  Liefemng. 
4".     St.  Petersburg.  Kaiserl.  Akud,  der  Wisscnscb.,  1853. 

Thompson,  Z.  Natural  |  history  of  Vermont,  ',  with  |  numerous  engravings,  {  and  an  |  appen- 
dix. I  1853.  I  .  .  .  Burlington,  published  by  the  author,  |  Stacy  &  Jameson,  printers,  |  1853. 
1  map.  8°.  2  p.  1.,  224  +  G4  jip.,  1  1.,  1  map  folded.  Mammals,  pp.  23-50;  api>eudix,  pp. 
11-20. 

Woodhouse,  S.  "W.    Report  of  an  expedition  down  tbo  Zutli  and  Colorado  Rivers.    By  Cap- 
tain L.  Sitgreaves,  corps  of  topographical  engineers.   8^.    Washington,  1853.    pp.  198,  pll.  xxi. 
[Mamnials,  by  8.  W.  Woodlionsr,  pp.  43-57,  pll.  I-S.— Other  copies  date  1854.] 

1854.— BurmelBter,  H.  Systematische  Uobersicht  |  dor  |  Thiero  Brasilicns,  |  welehe  |  wiihrend  cinor 
Reise  durch  dio  Provinzen  von  Rio  de  Janeiro  uud  Minas  geraes  |  gesaiumolt  oder  beobacutet 
I  wurden  |  von  |  Dr.  Ileriiiann  Burmeistor,  |  .  .  .  .  |  Erster  Theil.  |  Siiugethiere  (Mam- 
malia). I  Berlin,  18.'i4.  |  ....  |  8°.  x,  342  pp.  Zweitor  Theil.  Viigel  (Avcs). 
Le  Conte,  J.  L.  Notice  of  American  animals,  formerly  known,  but  now  forgotten  or  lust.  <^  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1854,  pp.  8-14. 
[Meniiualfl,  pp.  8-11.) 

Le  Conte,  J.  L.  [Remarks  on  a  fragment  of  the  jaw  of  a  new  pachyderm  from  (bo  tertiary  of 
Virginia.]    <  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.  Philo.  vii,  1854,  p.  (!U. 


iHii 


■  ■Hiwiipnwvmi' 


ninLior.R.  ArPKNnix— n.  fafnal  immmjcations. 


991 


1894. — Leidy,  •!.     Nnliic  nf  Honii'  fnK»il  Ihiiu'H  iVincoviti'iI  liy  Mr.  Kninrin  A.  I.inrKr  in  tlir  liiiiikH  iif  Ihf 
(Jliiu  UiviT,  lii(llani).     <  I'fcic.  Acud.  NbI.  .Sii.  I'liilii.  vii,  ln.")l,  pji.  IIKI-'JOI. 

Leidy,  J.  [  IvViniiiks  on  wviral  liwBilii  iiidicutiiiK  iirw  »i>i)cii»  of  i-xtiuil  iimiiiiiinliu.  1  <  I'nw 
Acud.  Nut.  8(i.  I'liilu.  vii,  lfr>4,  p.  'M. 

Leidy,  J.  Synopsis  of  cxliiict  nmmmnlin,  the  rt>inalnii  of  which  h»vo  hocn  dlsoovrri'd  in  tlii> 
(MKcnii  fornmtions  of  Ni'braHkii.    <  I'roo.  Acnd.  Nnt.  Sci.  I'hilH.  vii,  lWi4,  pp.  Iu<l-lfi7. 

Marcy,  R.  B.  ICsplonilioii  of  the  Ucd  Kivnr  of  LouiBiiuin,  in  tho  ynir  IHW.  Ity  Kiindolph  II. 
Marcy,  captain  tilth  infantry.  United  HlatcH  army.  Annihted  liy  (leoi((e  II.  McC'lellun,  lirevet 
captain  Unitwl  States  en);inuer8.  Wjtli  reports  on  the  natnriU  hiittory  of  the  ronnlry,  and 
unmerons  illnstrations.  Washington,  Ileverly  Tneker,  Senate  printer.  H^.  IKA.  >  Appen- 
dix r.    Zoolojiy.     Muiunials.     liy  C'liptaiu  li.  11.  Miircy. 

18SS.— Balid,  8.  P.     Chaiacteristies  of  sonionowspeciesof  North  Anicriean  inannnaliii,e(illeeled  chietly 

In  connection  with  the  U.  8.  surveys  of  u  railroad  route  to  llie  I'aeilic.     <^  I'kh'.  Aiad.  Nut. 

Hei.  I'hihi.  vii,  1H:.5,  pp.  IHil-liaO. 

Baird,  S.  F.    Characteristics  of  sonio  new  spcciei  of  inaniiualiui'idli'ited  hy  thelT.  S,  and  Mexiiun 

boundary  survey,  Major  W.  H.  Knioiy,  II.  8.  A.,  conunissiouer.    <rroc.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sii.  I'liilu. 

vii,  1855,  pp.  •,i;)i-;i3;t. 

Baird,  S.  F.    'l^io  U.  8.  naval  astronntnical  exprdition  to  the  southern   liiinisphere. dnriiiK  the 

years  lH4'J-'50-'51-'."ii.      Lieut.  J.  M.   (Jilliss,  superintendent \Vushiu){toii,  A.  ().  I'. 

Nicholson,  printer,   nidccclv.    4°.    ^  Appendix  F.    Zoology.    Maininuls.    Hy  M.  1''.  llalrd.    pp. 
ir>:i-171,pl.  xi. 

[Includps  a  syDotiynintic  list  of  mamainlfi  fouiitl  In  Cliill.  pp.  lf)3-171,  nnil  p1att<  of  ('li)Atiiyplinriiii  trnncntiiH.) 

Brandt,  J.  F.  Keitriixo  zur  nithern  Keuntniss  der  SitU);uthier»  linsslniid's.  Von  .1.  1''.  Ilrandt. 
<Mdni.  Acnd.  St.  I'6tcrsb.  Go  s6rie,  Sciences  matht^niatiqnes,  physii|ues,  et  nalnrelles,  t.  ix, 
'ie  partie,  Scioucus  iiaturullcs,  t.  vii lHu5,  Zuologie  et  iihysiologie,  pp.  l-:ili5. 

1NIIA1.T! 

1.  AbhftiidlaDg:  St3lhiit«tJindiKe  Mltthnllungnn  UlHtrden  JloMern  Ban  clcs  Zoboln  (Jftutt'/a  riMIinn  rnr.  uia/tea 

uud  anur'cana)  lai  VurttU'luli  luit  ilom  (Ion  Baam-  unil  SteinnmrdiTH.    (Mit  4  Tat.)    p.  '2. 
3.  Abbaudluiig:  Die  Ilan,1t1iit[lur(le9  Eurii])iiiHcLoii  und  AHlatittrlii'ii  UiiHalumrs.  mit  ))f»iii<t4^rpr  Hezii>liiiiig 
I  attf  die  Oi^acliichte  lhr«r  ICnttU'cbuTig,  lliro  Synonymio  inid  |{t«ot?'''>pbiHcbo  YtTbri^Uung.    p.  33. 

3.  Abbaudlung:  BoltrUge  zur  uiibnro  K' BntniifH  dor  Gatlimg  (^UHtor. 

1.  Aafsatz:  Uiit«rHticliung  dur  Fragu,  ul>  dur  Ull)i,r  Amerika'a  vuu  doiu  den  Europaiacb.ABiatiicben  Con- 

tluentSBpeelHscli  VHrscbindeii  Roi?    (Mlt:)Taf)    ji.  43. 
fi.  Aufsatz:  Uubt^r  die  Variation  einzolnor  KnuchoD  des  BllwracbfiilcU,  aln  arblagPOdeR  BnUplul  der 

zuwoilou  sebr  iH'tittcbtlicbeD,  individuelleu  gpstaUlicbuD  Abwelcbungder  Sohiidelknoebeii  eiuzeliit*r 

Tbiurarteu.    p.  67. 

4.  Abb'indlUDg:  I'.lickoauf  diealliiialigen  FnitAcbriltetn  derOruppirnngdor  NflgerniitBpeclellernezlohniig 

auf  die  GoHcbic'bte  der  Gattuug  Castor,  bumindera  dca  altweltllcbeu  Itlbera.    p.  71. 

5.  AbbaodluDg:  UnterancbuDgenUburdlecrauiologiHcboii  Eutwickeluugsfltufuu  nridiliedavoDlierzuleiloiidmi 

VorwaudtMcbaftcii  und  CloaDifi'jalioiiiin  der  Nagerder  Jetstzeit,  mlt  besouderor  Bezicbung  aut  die 
Gattung  Caalor.    (Mit  1>2  Iilbii;;rapbirt6u  Tafuln.)    p.  133. 
1.  Thell :  Craniologixcbe  Cbiirnktoriatlk  dwr  Ordnuog  dor  Nager.    p.  129. 
3.  Thoil:  Craolologiacbo  Charakterlstik  der  eiuzolnoo  Nagorgriippoa.    p.  1:18. 
'  6.  Abbnndlung:  Bernerkuiigen  iibor  die  BezeicbuuDgdes  altffeltUcbou  Bibers  uud  Caatoriiima  Ih-i  vpriu-bi<i. 

doDeu  Vulkaalainnion.    p.  :)37. 
7.  Abhandlnng :  Bcitriigo  zur  Kiiontniae  dea  Bibcrs  bci  den  Araborn.    p.  343. 

a.  Abbaudlnug:  Mittbeilungen  iiber  den  Blber,  wobl  rlcbtlgor  die  Fiacb-  und  Moerotter,  aua  uliioealBrhcn 
Scbriftatellcrn  uacb  Stanialaua  Juliou.    p.  357. 
Nacbtriigo.    p.  301. 

Oeoffroy  St.-Hilaire,  I.    Voyage  autonr  du  mondo  sur  la  frf'gato  La  Vienna,  coniinand<So  par 
Aliol  dii  Petit  Tbouars.   Zoologio.  Vertebrata.   Mamuiif^rea,  par  M.  Isidore  OeoU'roy  St.-Hilaire. 
1  vol.    8^.    Paris,  Gide  ot  J.  Baudry,  \8.V>. 
[Folio  atlas  previously  pnbliaboO  J 

Head,  J.  F.  Suuie  remarks  3U  the  iialurul  history  of  the  country  about  Fort  Ripley,  Minne- 
sota.   <9th  Ann.  Kep.  Smiths.  Inst.  1855,  pp.  291-293. 

Kennicott,  R.  Catalogue  of  animals  observed  in  Cook  Connty,  Illinois.  <;  Trans.  111.  State 
Agric.  Soc.  i,  for  ia')3-54,  1855,  pp.  577-580.     [48  species.] 


Strang,  J.  J.    Some  remarks  on  the  natural  history  of  Ilcaver  Islands,  Michigan. 
Kop.  Smiths.  Inst.  1855,  pp.  282-288. 


<  9th  Ann. 


W)2 


MONOdUAI'IlH  OF  NOllTII  AMKRICAN  UODKNTfA. 


18S0.-  BiirmeUtcr,  H.     I'.ilitiitcriiii^'i'ii  ziir  I'miiiii  IlniMillriiH,  cntlinltfuil  AlibiMiitis^n  nixt  aa^flllir- 
lii  III'  I't'Mtlirriliiiiifcin  iieniirutlvr  iiii|{<'ull|!uiiil  livkauiiler  Tblerarteu  voii  Dr.  lierin.  Uanii«iat«r. 

I  vol.     I'lilio.     llt'iliri,  inMi. 

Jones,  J.    IiiviMlipitioiiH,  itlii'iniciil  nnd  i>livHi<>l<>K<<'"'i  "''■'l'^'"  '"  I'Tluiii  American  vertebralo. 

I'liilucli'lpliia,  IHTili.    4'^.    xi,  I'M  |i|i,    :-  SinitliH.  C'out.  to  Kiiuw1cmI|;u,  viii,  art.  Ti. 
Leldy,  J.     Duscriplicin  of  iioiiik  niiniiiiiH  of  extinct  niaiuniulla.    <^  Juum.  Acatl.  Nat.  8ci.  Philu. 

CM  Hcr.),  ii,  IHM,  nrt.  xiv,  pp.  UiO-171,  pll.  15-17. 
Leldy,  J.    NoticoH  of  extinct  vurt«l>ratu,  ilinoovcrtul  by  P.  V.  ILkydon,  dnrinf;  th«  rxpcdition  In 

tbB  »ii)ux  coniitry,  nnilur  tbe  coniiuaml  of  Lieut.  (1  K.  Wurrou.     <  Froc.  Acail.  Nat.  Hci.  Hbila. 

viii,  lK''>(i,  pp.  :ili,:il'.j. 
Iictdy,  J.     NoticeH  of  reniiiinH  of  extinct  ninmmnlia,  diitonvnreil  by  V.  V.  Hayden,  in  Nrbraaka 

Territory.     <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  I'hilu.  viii,  Ih;,)},  pji.  Hrt-'JO. 
Leidy,  J.     Noticen  of  remuius  of  extinct  vertelirutod  nuimala,  diacovored  by  Prof.  E.  KmmonH. 

<  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liibi.  viii,  W)!!,  pp.  '.>i5, '450. 
lOryctf^rocntas  oerDutlilttiis,  ii.  Hp.,  dfscribod  p.  '255,] 

Xtflldy,  J.    Noticea  of  renminH  of  extinct  vortcbrated  aniinala  of  New  Jcntey,  eolle<-t<y|  by  Pn>f. 
t'lMik,  of  tlie  State  geolo({ici>l  survey,  Hiulor  the  direction  of  l)r.  W.  Kitcbell.    <  I'roc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Mci.  I'uiltt.  viii,  IKiO,  pp.  a20,2«l. 
IMacrnpliocik  allaulica,  n.  ap.,  (leBoiibed  p.  3130.) 

Leldy,  J.  Noticea  of  aevcral  |{<">"rn  of  extinct  inanimaJia,  previonaly  lea*  perfectly  character- 
ized.   <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  viii,  IWiC,  pp.  77,  91, 9i. 

Leldy,  J.  Noticea  of  aome  remaina  of  extinct  niaininalia,  recently  diacovertd  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hay- 
den  ill  the  Uud  Landa  of  Nebraska.    <^ I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  viii,  IHOn,  p.  .'lO. 

Fncheran,  J.     Kaaai  de  d6teriuination  du  curnct6re  inuoiqiie  dc  I'Euroiie  et  dn  nord  de  I'Aaie. 

<  Institut,  xxiv,  1850,  pp.  28a,  283. 

Bclater,  P.  L.  Lint  of  inainiuala  and  birds  collected  by  Mr.  Dridgea  in  the  Ticiniiy  of  the  town 
of  Uavid  in  tbe  province  of  Cliiriqui  in  the  state  of  Punanio.  <  Proc.  Zool.  8oc.  LoDdoo,  zzit, 
18»i,  pp.  13d-14:<. 

1857.— Balrd,  S.  F.    Catalogiieof  North  American  mainnials,  chiefly  in  the  Masenmof  tbe  Smitbaonian 
Institution.    4°.    21pp.    Woahington,  Sniithsouian  lustilution,  July,  1«&7. 

Balrd,  B.  F.  Reports  of  explorations  and  surveya  to  ascertain  the  moat  practicable  and  econom- 
ical route  fur  a  railroad  from  the  Mississippi  River  to  the  PuciBc  Ocean.  Made  nnder  tbe 
direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War  in  ISb^-Hd,  according  to  ucts  of  Congress  of  March  :<,  185.1, 
May  ill,  1854,  and  August  5,  lSo4.  Vol.  viii.  4^^,  pp.  i-xlvii,  1-757,  pll.  i-lx.  Washington,  Bev- 
erly Tncker,  printer,  1857. 

(The  ooDtenta  uf  this  volume  (wtiich  ia  "  Part  1 "  of  a  "  Oeneral  report  on  tbo  foology  of  th«  mtptbI  Pacific 
Kailroad  rontoa")  coualst  entirely  of  "  MnrnmaU,  by  Speiicvr  F.  Baird".  It  la  a  work  othcrvbe  kw.wa  ax 
"  Mammala  of  North  Americti  ",  tbo  text  harlng  been  relaaned,  in  1850,  with  tbe  platea,  and  with  tbe  platea  of 
tbe  otber  voliimoa  of  I'liciflo  Rjiilniad  reports,  and  otbera. 

It  la  a  aystematic  account  of  tbo  mamuiala  (excluaive  of  Cetacea,  Cbiropten,  Sireoia,  acd  Plnnipcdia)  of 
Nortb  Ainnrira,  About  320  In  number,  and  la  by  fur  tbe  moat  iniportaut  and  moat  aotiioritatire  titatiae  which 
baa  ever  appeare<l  npou  the  subject.] 

[Bluings,  E.]  Gleanings  in  tbe  natural  history  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Territories,  by  tbe  arctic 
voyagers,    [anon.]    <  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  ii,  1857,  art.  xxi.  pp.  170-185,  185, 186,  le«-l88,  172- 

178. 

BlaaiuB,  J.  H.    Naturgcschichte  der  Siiugethiere  Deutschlandg  oud  der  angrenzenden  Liinder 

von  Mittelenropa 8°.    vi  (including  2  titles),  549  pp.,  200  figg.  in  text.    Brarn- 

sehwcig,  Dnick  nnd  Verlag  von  Friedrich  Vieweg  nnd  Sohu,  1857.  Alto  etititltd :  Fannader 
Wirlx-ltbiere  Deutschlands  und  der  angrenzenden  Liinder  tou  Mitteletuopa.  ....  Enter 
Hand,  SUugetbiere,  uiit  zuhlreichen  Abbildungou  iiu  Tcxte, 

Kemp,  A.  F.  Notes  on  the  Bermudas  and  their  natural  history,  with  apecial  reference  to  their 
marine  algte.    <^Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  ii,  1857,  art.  xix,  pp.  145-156. 

Kenulcott,  R.     Tbo  quudrupeds  of  Illinois  injurious  and  beneficial  to  the  farmer.    <^  Rep.  of 

the  Commissioner  of  Patents  for  the  Year  185C,  Agriculture,  1857,  pp.  52-110,  pll.  v-xiv. 
Le  Conte,  J.  L.     Descriptions  of  several  new  mammals  from  Western  Africa.    <  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.-j.  ix,  1857,  pp.  10-11. 


,.^- 


fe*».'s«ww««?SS 


>;1||. 


HinhUMllt.  Al'I'KNIUX-ll.  KAl'NAL  I'l'ltlJCATIONS. 


i»t>:i 


1857.— Leldy,  J.    hiMt  of  extinct  vi-rti'bnvt.i,  llii<  rcmnliiH  of  wliiili  Imvo  lioi>n  illwdvcrnl  In  ttio  rculnri 

111' till' MiKMiiiiii  llivor:   Willi  rciimrliH  mi  t licit  n<<>l"Kii«l  iiKi'.     <  I'rm'.  Ariiil.  Nal.  Mri.  I'liilii. 

I«,i7,  [ip.  W-l)l. 
liOidy,  J.    RKtillcutlon  of  Iho  ri'fi'rn- wh  of  certiiiii  of  llic  iiliiict  iiiiiiiiiualinti  gviiorn  uf  Ne- 

lii'MHkii.     <  I'lor.  Ai/iil.  Nut.  iSii.  I'ljilii.  Ih.'iT,  p.  17.'i. 
Newbarry,  J.  S.     Ui'|)ortH  of  cxplontiioiiH  uihI  Hiir\i'}a  to  itwvrlaiii  tli«  iiuMt  priknt.lr»lili<  and 

pconomiciil  roiitii  for  a  railroiiil  ficnii  iIki  MlnaiHiilppI  Klvcrtu  lh«  raoillo  Uia-aii.    Vol.  vl.    4^. 

WiiHliiiiKloii,  IH.'i7. 

(Tlil«  tliii  Hlitli    viiiiiiiii'  uf  llh>  I'liiillo  lUilroiiil  lli'iHirlii  nonliilnii  nii  lm|><>rtiiiit  und  InlKnvilinii  mtlcln, 

cliltUy  liinjirAphlral,  iiu  tht>  Mnlii'iiHlit  iif  ('jtlirnnilii  uikI  On-KMii,  by  l>r.  .f.  H.  Ni'wlMTry,  Im'IU|{  |t|i.  :)6'7J  (wllb 

^  lililti>fi)  or  tliu  n-lMirl  liptHi  llio  /iiujoiu'  ot  lliu  lUiutf,  .    t')iii|).  1  of  ihi.  >J  of  purl  iv  uf  tliu  viiliiniti.) 

Reliihardt,  J.  FortcKnclito  over  (Jriinluiulx  I'utliHlyr,  Kiiglo  ok  KIhUo,  ....  <[  Uink,  II., 
(Iriiulaiiil,  ){(!OKmpliiik  ng  Htatixlik  liiiitkruvi't.     KJiilwnhavn,  1H;i7. 

(Ki'lirltihxl  irrolii  luiiuo  tyiirn)  witlj  rmt  of  naOirnl  liUtiiry  III  llii<  fullonlaK  work  :— "  Niliirlilitiirlafci'  lllilini! 
Ill  nil  Ueakrlvi'lau  at  (/riiuliiuil,  af  J.  llolnhinll,  J.  C.  H<!lill><lUi,  O.  A .  I,.  Miircli.  C.  V.  I.iltlmu,  J.  l.iui|i<v,  II 

Kink ICJulK'nliarn,  Lniiln  Kli^liin  llo)iirykki>rl,  IKi7."    |i|>.  90-97. 

'I'hu  same  lltt  (but  wllboiit  tlio  rvluroncwi  to  authnrilluH)  was  traiiitlatiHl  null  pubtlaliiMl  In  "  Btit^la  (Aiitoa 
vutil  Uriinlanil  i;«ngrapliliicli  iiail  atatiatlacb  twachrlaben.  Aua  ilkiilacbna  lju«llunaobrin<sii.  Htuttfiart,  J.  (1. 
Cotta'ai'btr  Vurlaff,  IWIO,'  | 

1890.— Balrd,  S.  F.  [On  luuiuiuitlii  uf  North  Auiurjca.]  <  Am.  Juiiru.  Hoi.  anil  ArtH,  itil  Rer.,  xxvl,  t8&tl, 
pp.  I4:l-I  Ki. 

(('roiu  Aim.  Man.  Nat.  Illat.  May,  {tan.) 

Cawia,  J.  United  Htnteti  |  explurinK  expedition.  |  During  tbe  years  IKM,  IKK),  IMO,  IIMI,  laiS. 
I  Under  tlio  coinmuiid  of  |  Charles  Wilkea,  U.  H.  N.  |  —  | 

Vol,  viii.  I  —  I  Mammalogy  |  and  |  ornitbolugy.  |  lly  |  John  Cowin,  |  uieniberof  the  Acaileniy 
of  Natural  Hctencex  of  Philadelphia;  of  the  American  I'hilnwiphical  tjociety;  of  the  National 
luatitute;  of  the  Natural  Hiittory  Society  of  CharleHton;  of  the  Lyceum  |  of  Natural  Iliatory 
of  Now  York ;  of  the  Natural  Hiiitory  Society  of  Montreal ;  |  corrcapondiiig  iiieuihcr  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London;  honorary  {  member  of  the  United  Society  of  Uerman  Ornitholo- 
gists, etc.  I  With  a  folio  atlas.  |  —  |  Philadelphia;  |  J.  1).  Lippincott  &,  Co,  |  l85lj.  Text,  4°, 
viii,  4(3ti  pp.    Atlas,  folio,  'i  p.  1.,  42  col.  pll.    [See  IMS,  Tkalk,  T.  It.] 

Hayden,  F.  V.  Preliminary  report  of  explorations  in  Nebraska  and  Dakota,  in  the  years  1855- 
'56-'u7,  by  Lieut.  0.  K.  Warren,  ...    8".    Washington,  1858.    pp.  !«. 

[Above  title  taken  from  tbe  aeparate  reprint  of  1875;  oootalna  aiianuotatwl  list  of  rnanimala  I47app.),  pp.  90-95 
(original  pagination  pp.  132-137),  by  I>r.  Ilai'doo.  It  ia  anbsunlially  tbe  aauie  aa  tbat  published  lu  IM4.  Sec 
tbia  date,  Havuk.v,  i'.  V  .J 

Bayea,  1. 1.  Observations  upon  the  practicability  of  reaching  the  north  pole.  With  a  map. 
<  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  8ci.  xii,  1858,  pp.  B34-254. 

Holmes,  F.  S.  Second  edition  |  —  |  Remains  of  domestic  animals  discoveretl  among  post-pleio- 
eene  fossils  in  South  Carolina.  |  —  |  Also,  extracts  from  a  paper  by  Professor  Leidy,  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  a  letter  by  Professor  Agassi  z.  Charleston,  S.  C.  James  &  Williams,  printers. 
1858.    8°.    10.  pp. 

Leidy,  J.    Notice  of  remains  of  extinct  vortebrata,  fVom  the  valley  of  tho  Niobrara  Uiver, 

collected  tiuring  the  exploring  expedHiou  of  1857,  in  Nebraska,  under  the  command  of  Lieut. 

G.  K.  Warren,  U.  8.  Top.  Eng.,  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  geologist  to  the  expedition.    <  Proc. 
.     ,  Acad.  Nat,  8i.i.  Phila.  1858,  pp.  20-29. 

Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  fossil  mammalia  from  Nebraska.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila,  1858, 

p.  7. 
Tomes,  R  F.    Motes  oo  a  collection  of  mammalia  made  by  Mr.  Fraser  at  OnaliqQiza.    <  Proo. 

Zool.  Soc.  London,  xxvi,  1858,  pp.  .546-549. 

1859.— Balrd,  8.  F.  Mammals  of  North  America;  the  descriptions  of  species  based  chiefly  on  the  col- 
lections in  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  ....  with  eighty-seven  plates  and 
origiual  flgures,  illustrating  the  genera  and  species,  and  including  details  of  external  form 

•y  aud  osteology.    4°.    4  p.  1.,  xi-xxxiv,  l-7t4  pp.,  with  87  pll.    Philadelphia,  J.  It.  Lippincott  & 

Co.,  1859. 

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1839.— Balrd,  B.  Z*.  I'liitril  StatcH  ami  Mexican  boundary  mirvoy.  ...  Vul.  it,  part  ii.  4".  Wniih- 
iuKtoii,  IrtoO.  Mammala  o(  tlio  bouii<Iary,  liy  Spencer  F.  Iluiril,  with  uutca  by  tbe  noturatiaU 
of  tlio  Burvey.     Ilein);  i>p.  IM'fi,  pll.  1-5J7. 

CrreutNiif  r>7  Hpp.,  nmiiy  of  which  aio  lli;timl  cithor  on  platoa  of  Iho  wholti  aniiunl  or  of  doUllaof  rxtemal 
rmtu,  or  t>t  Hktitl't.  'Ui(>w>  ^ihitfH  »IIi>twiii<I  r<triiii'«l  pjrt  of  tho  llliiAira'.lipnii  of  ItaiHrs  UsanuaU  of  North 
AiuiTirn.  I 
Baird,  B.  F.,  nnrf  Kennerly,  C  B.  R.  Kopiirlii  of  rxplnrMlionii  anil  anrveya  In  aoferlain  the 
muRt  practicable  and  rcunoniicnl  mutt'  for  it  rnilrnail  from  llie  MiBaimippi  Kiver  to  Ibr  I'aciHo 
Ocean  ....   Vol.  x.    4°.    WaabinRton,  IHr.'.t. 

[(.'ontJllDS  the  following  arllclcs  on  maiuniala*— 

Uaiki),  8.  V.  Re|)ort  of  Lti  ut.  E.  Q.  lleckwitb  ....  Zaolo|<lral  Report,  No.  I.  K«port  on 
maminalii  collected  by  the  anrvey.    pp.  5-1),  nrltb  3  pll. 

This  article  iM'toDgfl  to  the  ri-port  in  vol.  ii, 

Kf.n.nkiii.v,  C  II.  K.  lieiMirt  ....  by  l.ietit.  A.  \V.  Wbipplo.  Tart  vi.  Zoological  Report. 
No. !{.    Re[>ort  on  ninintnalii  collcclod  on  tlin  Hurvey.    pp.  II-IH,  witli  I!  pll. 

Haird,  S.  F.  Report  ....  by  Lient.  R.  H.  Williamson.  Purt  iv.  Zuolofticul  Report.  No. 
3.     Report  on  niaminals  of  the  route,    pp.  Hl-»i. 

Thaae  reports  are  rather  of  aperfiiaetory  charart^tr,  aa  oflloialUiea  of  the  pnblicatlon,  chlf  fly  raluahle  for  tba 
platea.  The  malce-up  of  this  tenth  rolamo  of  the  PaeiHo  lUilroail  lEeporta  la  aorh  that  it  miitht  bo  atyled  "  Tho 
Bibliojirapher'a  Deapair";  it  oootaina  aboat  SO  (Itffi'nut  titlv-paj;ea,  and  a  corrrspondlDg  naulwr  of  Ui0!er«nl 
pagiuattous.) 

Holmes,  F.  8.  D6bria  d'animatrx  dnnieatiqueii  m(llan|;(^8  arec  des  fomilea  po(t-pllocin<.a  dan* 
la  Caroline  du  Bud.    (Transl.)     <  Bibl.  Univ.  Arcbivea,  v,  18.MI,  pp.  37-41. 

Leidy,  J.  [On  extinct  vertebrates  of  Nebraska.]  <  I'roc.  Am.  Pbiloe.  Boo.  Phila.  tII,  1859,  pp. 
10,11. 

Leldy,  J.    [Remarks  on  Dromatheriuiu  .'vlveatre  and  otber  foaaila  from  Chatham  Conoty,  N.  C] 

<  Proc.  Acod.  Nat.  8ci.  Pbila.  1859,  p.  lb." 

Moore,  T.  J.    List  of  tnamranls  and  birds  colt  -itrd  by  Hr.  Joseph  Leyland  in  Honduras,  Belize, 
and  Uaateniala.     <Proc.  Znol.  8oe.  lx>ndon,  xxvii,  1859,  pp.  50-65. 
1859-60.— Thomaa,  C.     ManiinalH  of  Illinois.    Catalogue.     <  Trans.  III.  State  Agrio.  Soc.  iv.  lt^59-00, 
pp.  fi5I-0i!l.    [5<l  Hpecies  enumerated.] 

I860.— Cooper,  J.  O.,  Buckley,  O.,  and  Oibba,  O.    Reports  of  explorations  and  surveys  to  ascertain 
the  most  practiciblo  aiid  economical  route  for  a  railroad  froir.  tho  Mississippi  River  to  tho 
PaciHo  Ocean  ....    Vol.  xil.    Book  [or  part]  ii.    4'^.    Washingtoo,  1860. 
[The  Tolumo  contains  :— 

CouFKii,  J.  Q.    Report  on  the  mammals  collectcc^  on  tbe  survey.    Being  chap,  i  of  no.  Sof 
part  iii,  or  the  Zoological  part.    pp.  7:<-8H. 
BucKl.KY,  O.    [Report  on  matumals,  continued.]     Being  chap,  ii  of  the  same.    pp.  89-100. 
8i'CKi.Kr,  O.,  and  Oibbs,  Q.    [Report  on  mammals,  continued.]    Being  chap,  iii  of  the  same, 
pp.  107-138. 

Four  pUtfS  with  these  reports.    The  book  was  relssned  under  title  of  "NaKirsJ  DIatory  of  Waablngtoa  Ter- 
ritory".] 
Du  Challlu,  P.  B.    [Descriptions  of  ton  new  specie*  of  mammals  discovered  by  him  in  western 

equatorial  Africa.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vii,  18(X),  pp.  a9<t-3(M,  :i5a-367. 
Leldy,  J.    Extinct  vertebrata  from  the  Jndith  River  and  great  lignite  formations  of  Nebrosk*. 
[18.'>9.]    <  Trans.  Am.  Philoa.  Soo.  Phila.  n.  m.  xi,  18(i0,  art.  xiii,  pp.  130-154,  pll.  8-11. 
(Uamma'a,  pp.  ISO-IMI 
Puoheran,  J.    Caract^res  gi^nt^raux  de  la  niainmalogie  de  I'Europe  et  do  nord  de  l'Am<riqne  ek 

de  I'Asie.    <  Institnt,  xxvlii,  1800,  pp.  141-143. 
Wagner,  J.  A.    IJeber  fossile  Htiugethierknoehen  nas  der  Umgegend  des  Cblmborasso.    <^8lt- 
zuDgsber.  Milnchnn,  1800,  pp.  330-338. 
1861.— Cooper,  J.  O.    Now  Californian  animals,    [i  B.  Known  species  of  animals  new  to  California.] 

<  Proe.  Cala.  Acud.  Nat.  8ci.  1801,  pp.  118-lii3. 

Roee,  B.  P  A.i  account  of  the  animals  useful,  in  an  ooonumio  point  of  view,  to  the  varioiM 
Chippewyan  tribes.    <  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  vi,  1801,  art.  xxiii,  pp.  433-444. 

Roaa,  B.  R.  Libt  of  species  of  mammitls  and  birds  collectetl  in  Hackenxie's  River  District 
during  laO-Ol.     <  Catiad.  Nat.  and  Ueol.  vi,  1801,  pp.  441, 44ti.    [17  spp.  of  mammals.] 

Roes,  B.  R.     A  popular  treatise  on  the  fur-lieariiig  animals  of  the  Mackenzie's  River  District. 

<  Cauud.  Nat.  anil  Ueol.  vi,  Jan.  1801,  pp.  5-30. 


BlBLIOttR.  APPENDIX— B.  FAUNAL  PITBLIOATIONS. 


995 


1661.— Tomea,  R.  P.    Nutcs  on  a  coll«ction  of  mninmala  ma  lo  by  tbo  Into  Mr.  Oabnni  in  Jamaica. 

<  I'roc.  Znol.  8oc.  London,  l««;i,  pp.  KJ-fil),  pi.  xiii. 

1861-63.— MaxlmllUo,  — .    VcrzeicUniBS  ilcr,  nnf  winer  Koiso  in  Nonl-America  bcobacli(et«u  Siiugo- 

tIii«ro.    <  Arcliiv  fUr  NatiirK.  xxvii,  1801,  pp.  lHl-iJ«8,  pU.  Iv,  v,  vi ;  xxviii,  ItiOS,  pp.  65-VM, 

pi.  viii.    (Also  publishcil  Bopnrati'Iy,  S°,  Ucrlin,  1H02.) 
1862.— Ball,  A.    On  tbo  inninmals  nr.il  birds  of  the  district  of  Montreal.     <  Can.  Nat.  and  Oeol.  Infii, 

vii,  art.  iv,  pp.  44-7d;  art.  xxx,  pp.2Kt-317;  ort.  xxxiil,  pp.  :il4-37«;  art.  xxxlx,  pp.  401-430. 
Bayden,  P.  V.    On  the  K^logy  nnd  natural  history  of  the  Upper  Missouri.    [Manioialia,  pt. 

iii,  cbap.  xv,  pp.  tW-LW.]    <  Trans.  Amcr.  Pbilos.  8oo.  xii,  ISfiB. 
(ItepuliliibodsepanUiljamlor  (lie  Mmo  tlilt-,  viibsnbtltlo,  "B«lDg  the  aubiUnce  of  a  n-port  nuds  to  Liout. 

O.  K.  Wurrcn,  T.  E ,  U.  8.  A."    t".    Phitalriphia,  IMS.] 
Bitobcook,  — .   [On  tbo  niamnialiaof  Maine.]   <  Proc.  Portland  Soc.  i,ia'i2,  p. 05.  (62  species.) 
Maximilian,  — .    Vorzoiobniss  der  aiif  seiner  Heise  in  Nord-Amorika  IieolmcIit«ten  8iin|{ethiere 

von  Maziniilian  PriuKen  zu  Wicd.    Mit  4  Tafeln.     8".    2-10  pp.,  pll.  iv,  v,  vl,  viii.    Uerlin, 

Nicolaischo  Verlags-Bucbbaudlnn);  (G.  Pertba),  1862. 
[S«p«rmt«bilraok  siu  Arch,  fllr  Nktnrg] 
Roaa,  B.  R,    List  of  mammals,  binls,  and  eg|^  observed  in  tbe  Mackenzie's  River  District,  with 

notices.     <Can.  Nat.  and  Ocol.  vli,  1862,  art.  xiii,  pp.  laT-liVi. 
Roaa,  B.  R.    [On  tbo  mammalia  of  tbe  Mackenzie  Kiver  District.  ]    <  Not.  Hist.  Ilcv.  1862,  pp. 

a«!» .    (4-J  species.) 

Roa>,  B.  R.    On  tbe  mammals,  birds,  etc.,  of  tbo  Mackenzie  Blver  District.    <  Nat,  Hist.  Rev. 

1862,  art.  xxvil,  pp.  269-2U0. 
VerrUl,  A.  B.    Mammals  observed  at  Anticosti  during  tho  sninmer  of  1861.    <  Proc.  Boston 

8oc.  Nat.  Hist,  iz,  Dec.  1862,  pp.  IX>,  136. 
Wayne, — .    Fonr  years  In  British  Columbia  and  Vancouver  Island:  an  account  of  tbeir  forests, 

rivers,  coasts,  ^old  fields,  and  resources  for  ciilonisation.    London,  1862.    [Mammals,  p.  44.] 
1864.— Dawkina,  W.  B.    On  tbe  Rbostic  beds  and  tbo  white  lias  of  Western  and  Central  Somerset,  and 

on  tbo  discovery  of  a  new  foesil  mammal  in  tbe  gray-marl-stones  bentatb  tho  bone-bed. 

<  Am.  Jonrn.  8ci.  and  Arts  (2),  1864,  xxxviii,  pp.  284,285. 

OUplo,  J.  B.  On  iutroduced  species  of  Nova  Scotia.  <[  Proc.  and  Trans.  Nova  Scotian  Inst.  Nat. 
Sci.  Halifax,  il,  pt.  i,  1864,  art.  vii,  pp.  60-68. 

OUptn,  J.  B.  On  tbe  mammalia  of  Nova  Scotia,  No.  ii.  <[  Proc.  and  Trans.  Nova  Scotian  Inst. 
Nat.  Soi.  Halifax,  i,  1864,  art.  i,  pp.  8-15. 

Malmgren,  A,  J.  Beobachtungen  und  Anzeichnnngon  Uber  die  Siiagethier-Fauna  Fiumarkens 
nnd  Spitsbergens.     <[  Arcliiv  fllr  Natnrg.  1864,  pp.  63-97. 

Newton,  A.    Notes  on  tbe  zoology  of  Spitzbergen.    <^  Proc,  Zool.  Soc.  Nov.  8, 1804,  pp.  494-502. 

Small,  B.  B.   The  animals  of  North  America.    Mammals,    8^.    112  pp.  with  woodcnta.    Mont- 
real, 1864. 
[A  poorpopoUrscooiintof  Canadlaa  mammala,  llloiinited  by  rode  woodouta.] 
186S.— DuTH,  J.  B.   Some  additions  to  the  game  of  Nova  Scotia.    <  Trans,  and  Proc.  Nova  Scotian  Inst 
Nat.  Sol.  Halifax,  ii,  pt.  iii,  1865,  art.  vii,  pp.  59-69. 

Feilner,  J.  Exploration  in  Upper  California  in  1860,  under  tbo  auspices  of  tbo  Smithsonian  In- 
stitntiou.    <  Ann.  Kep.  Smiths.  Inst,  for  1864,  1865,  pp.  421-430. 

Oerraia,  P.  Animanx  nauvoaux  on  ran*  reoneillies  p<  lant  I'exp^dition  dans  les  parties  cen- 
traleade  I'Am^riqne  du  8ud,de  Rio  do  Janeiro  &Lima,  oi  do  Lima  au  Para;  exdcuUSo  par  ordra 
du  goavernomont  (Vanfais  pendant  les  anuses  1843  ^  1847,  sous  la  direction  du  oomto  Francii 

de  Coatblnau  ....    Mammifitres,  par  M.  Paul  Gervais 3  P-  L,  HU  PP-,  20  pll.    Paris, 

chez  P.  Bertrand 186S.    <  CiSTKLMAU  (Francois  do  Laporte,  Comte  de).    Kxp&lition 

dans  lea  parties  centrales  de  I'AmlSrique  du  Sad,  de  Rio  do  Janeiro  Ik  Lima,  et  deliimaau  Para. 
7e  partie.    Zoologie. 

Boy,  P.  R.  Journal  of  an  exploration  of  Western  Missouri  In  1854,  under  the  auspices  of  tbe 
Smithaouian  Institution.    <  Ann.  Rep.  Smiths.  Inst,  for  1864, 1865,  pp.  431-438. 

Maofla,  — .  Vanoonver  Island  and  British  Columbia.  London,  1865.  [21  spcoies  of  mammalia 
at  p.  297.] 

Bauaaure,  B.  de.  Note  sur  qnelques  mammifitrea  du  Moxique.  <[Rcv.  el.  Mag.  Zool.  xii,  pp. 
3-11,  .5:1-57, 97-1 10, 241-254, 281-293, 377-3KI,  425-431, 458-f ,  479-494.  [Date  or  dates  uncertain.] 


J 'nil 


It 


I 


'I 


i»90 

106S.- 


'^ONOGKAI'IIS  OF  NORTH  AMEUICAN  RODKNTIA. 


-Baniaure,  H.  de.    N'ntn  Knii|il<<nicntniro  iinr  Ico  ninmiiiin<rcR  ilii  Hexiqne.    <  Ituv.  ct.  Mng  Zoo), 

Sfpt.  HliTi,  pp.  'JTiT-'JO'.'.    (St'n  prco'iliiiK  title.) 

Dclater,  P.  L.    Tlin  inniiimals  of  Soiitb  America.    <  Quart.  Jour.  8«i.  Oct.  ttJ6S,  pp.  fiOS-CSI, 
Willi  a  litlii)|;i'.  Hkutcli. 

Wymon,  J.    I.O11  fiiMil  iiianiiimliu  from  the  Anikta  uf  |\'rii.  ]    <  Pnic.  liiiiiton  Hoc.  Nat.  Hist,  x, 
lt«M,  pp.  lO.I-lOT. 

X86fi.— OUplD,  J.  B.    Ou  the  inamnmlin  of  Nova  Scolia,  Nc.  ill.    <  Proo.  and  Tranii.  Nova  Scotian  Inat. 
Nat.  Sci.  Halifax,  ii,  IWiti.art  I,  pp.  8-1(1. 

Lord,  J.  K.     The  naturalist  In  Vancouver  laland  and  Uritiah  Columbia,    ii  vols.    6°.    308  pp.; 
375  pp.     London,  11470. 

Wall,  S.     List  of  vcrtobratca  observed  at  Okak,  Labrador,  by  Key.  Samuel  Welz,  with  anno- 
tations b;  A.  M.  Packard,  jr.     <  Prac.  Uoaton  80c.  Nat.  Hist,  x,  lH«t6,  pp.  364-36U. 
(.Msmmalia,  pp.  tKU.il6«,  »J!>-3n.| 

1867.— Cope,  B.  D.    An  addition  to  the  '■ertobrote  fauna  of  the  miocene  period  of  the  Unltetl  States. 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1HU7,  pp.  UiS-lMi. 

Cope,  B.  D.    [Remarks  on  four  species  of  extinct  miocene  mammalia.]    <^  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Pblla.  lBb7,  pp.  131-132. 

Cope,  B.  D.     [Remarks  on  the  contents  of  cavea  of  Southwestern  Virginia.]    <  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1MC7,  pp.  137-138. 

Coue»  B.    Notes  oi<  a  collection  of  mammals  ttom  Arizona.   <^  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol,  Pblla.  ISGt, 

pp.  I3:i-I30. 
Couea,  B.     The  <ia>ulrupeds  of  Arizona.    <  Am.  Nat.  i,  1867,  pp.  361-393,  3S1-363,  393-400, 

531-541. 
Oundlaob,  J.     Rovista  y  catalogo  de  loa  mamiferos  Cubanos.    <  Repert.  Fis.-Nat.  de  Cuba,  ii, 

1H«7  1,  pp.  40-56. 
Hall,  A.    On  the  mammals  and  birds  of  the  District  of  Montreal.    <  Can.  Nat  uid  Oeol.  vi, 

lri(!7  T,  art.  xxil,  pp.  3B4-3I6. 
Henael,  R.    Ueltriige  zur  Kenntniss  der  Thierwelt  Brasiliens.    <  Zool.  Oart.  1867,  pp.  390-393, 

1101-374. 
Jerdon,  T.  C.    The  mammals  of  India ;  a  natural  history  of  all  the  animals  known  to  inhabit 

continental  luilia.    ti'^.    31!)  pp.     Koorkeo,  1867. 
Middandotfl  A.  von.  Sibirisohe  Relse.  Band  I  v.    Ueberslcbt  der  Natur  Nord- und  Ost-Sibirlens 

Theil  ii,  entte  LiBferung.    Die  Thierwelt  Sibiriens.    4<'.    785-1094  pp.    St.  Petenburg,  1867. 
Bumner,  C.    [On  fura  and  the  fur  trade  of  Alaska.]    <  Speech  on  the  cession  of  Russian 

Auierio  to  the  United  States.    6'^.    Washington,  1867.    (p.37.) 

1868.— Abbott,  C.  C.    Catalogue  of  vertebrate  animals  of  New  Jersey <^QeoIogy  of  New 

Jemey.     By  authority  of  the  legltlature.    Qeoiige  II.  Cook,  State  geologist,  .  .  .  1868 — Ap- 
pendix K,  or  pp.  7ftl-8;)0. 
BlcSunora.A  S.    [On  luammals  from  Burn.    Babiruasa  afflnis,  Cervos  molnceensis,  and  Auox 

depi'tSHicornis.  J    <  Proc.  Boston  80c.  Nat.  Hist,  xil,  I8U8,  pp.  817,818. 
Brown,  R.— On  the  mammalian  fauna  of  Greenland.    <_  Proc.  Zool.  So..  London,  1868,  pp.  330- 

■J6-i,  pll.  30-:il. 
Cooper.  J.  a.    The  fauna  of  Montana  Territory.    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1868,  pp.  538-538. 
'  Cope,  B.  D.    [Olmervations  on  tJie  living  inhabitanta  of  oavea  In  Sonthwestern  Virginia.] 

<  Proc.  Acuil.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1808,  pp.  85-80. 
*  [  Nmitonia  olMervod.  1 

Cope,  B.  D.    [Observations  on  some  vertebrata  ttom  Lower  California  and  Nevada,]    <^  Proo. 
-  .  Acad.  Nut.  Sul.  Phila.  1808,  p.  3. 

1  ArTlcolA  oiirtala,  u.  sp.,  dpMrtliril ;  I,aKoiDyi  prfnoeps  found  near  Ut.  38°.] 
Brnat,  A.    [SynoiMis  of  the  iiiauimnllB  of  Venezuela.]    <^Boletln  de  la  Sooicdad  de  Clonciaa 

r.-icuM  y  Natiiraivii  du  Caracas,  18C8,  p. ;I3. 
OUpln,  J.  B.    On  the  mammalia  of  Nova  Scotia,  No.  Iv.    < Proc.  and  Traoa.  Nova Seotian  Inst, 
Nat.  iki.  iialKUx,  II,  1H68,  art.  vii,  pp.  58-00. 


m 


UlliLlOOB.  APPENDIX— IJ.  PAUNAL  IMJIJLICATION8. 


997 


nl. 
!I, 

I, 
»t. 


1868.— Laldy,  J.    Notion  of  miiio  vertebrate  rcnuiiui  from  Hardin  County,  Texas.    <  I'roc.  Acail.  N'Ht. 
Sci.  I'liiln.  IMW,  pp.  174-170. 

MUU*r,  J.  W.    Hyateuiutiiicbe*  Verzoichnimdcr  Wirbultbioru  Mexico'H.     IW  pp. 
Fuel,  R.    TravvU  and  odventurea  ia  South  and  Cuntrul  America.    Now  Yick,  IHGS.    (Sec  pp.  7 1, 
'.'!»,  SHM.) 

Qaannentedt,  — .  Ant4M:kninf;nr  on  Djurlifvct  i  liibavxt  nivllan  SpitzlwrKen  och  Girmland. 
[Memoir  on  Ibu  aniipal  life  of  tbo  polar  iteit  lutween  Hpitzbergen  and  Uroenland.]  <  Kong. 
SvoD8ka  Vot.  Akail,  lIand)in|;Ar,  vii,  1868. 

Sproat,  — ,    Sccnea  and  atudiua  of  aavago  life.    London,  18C3.    [Cbapter  on  the  chaao  in  Van- 
couver Island.] 
1869.— Allan,  J.  A.    Catalogue  of  the  mamnmla  of  MamachusettR,  vitb  a  critical  rcvlaiona^tlio  apecica. 

<  Hull.  Mna.  Comp.  Zuol.  i,  no.  8,  18H9,  pp.  I4;i-aw. 

(An  Important  meiu^lr,  In  wliirli  many  of  the  bofnru  nwoflnlsMl  Dominal  hp«g1m  aro  retluond  In  ayDoDynia. 
In  luauy  caoea,  oa  notably  tlioae  of  the  Suriclde  and  Uuatelldtf),  the  criticlama  am  pxtvnded  and  olaltoraio.) 

'  Browo,  R.    [On  tbo  uianinialian  fanna  of  Nortbwest  America.]    <  Rep.  Krit.  Aaaoc.  Adv.  Sci. 

Kxeter,  186U,  p.  1011. 

Cooper,  J.  a.    Tbe  naturalut  in  California.    <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  leiB,  pp.  189-189, 470-481. 
Cooper,  J.  O.    Notes  on  tbe  fauna  of  the  Up))er  Miawuri.    <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  l&Xt,  pp.  894-290. 
Cope,  E.  D.    [Iteoiarlu  on  foaalla  from  tbe  Southern  Statoa.]    <  t'rac.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn. 

lwf)9,  p.  3. 
Cope,  n  D.    Third  contribution  to  tbe  fauna  of  the  niiocenc  period  of  tbe  United  Slate*. 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1869,  pp.  tf-l!i. 

Crooiie,  — .    The  natural  wealth  of  California.    San  Franciaco,  1869. 
(Synnpaiaof  the  mnmnialia,  pp.  tlJMtll.l 

Duji% — .  [Liistof  mammalia  observed  in  tlie  republic  of  Mexico.]  <  La  Naturaleza,  Periodico 
CientlHco  do  la  Socicdad  Hexicitna  do  Hiatoria  Natural,  entrega  vii,  1869, p.  1^.    [38  aiiecica.] 

Fatia  V.    "  Vertebrate  foona  of  Switzerland.    £ntcr  Band,  Situgetbicre.   Oenisve  &.  B&le,  1869." 

Frantiina,  A.  tod.  Die  Siiagethiere  Costarica'a,  ein  Beitrag  zur  Knnntnias  der  geograpbiacbon 
Verbreitnng  dcr  Siiugotbiere  America's.    <  Archiv  fWr  Naturg.  1869,  pp.  247-325. 

Oilpin,  J.  B.  On  tbe  mammali*  of  Nova  Scotia.  ...  No,  vi,  [Castoridie,  Murldte.]  <  Trans. 
NovaSootian  Inst.  Nat.  Sol.  Halifax,  ii.pt.iv,  1869, art.  i,  pp.  8-17. 

Benael,  R.  Beitriigo  znr  Kenntnias  dcr  Tbiervelt  Braailiens.  <  Zoot.  Oarton,  166!),  pp.  16-19, 
33-40, 135-:4U,  289-298, 328-:i:l6. 

Iteidy,  J.  Notice  of  aome  extinct  vertebrates  from  Wyoming  and  Dakota.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat 
Sci.  Phila.  1869,  pp.  63-67. 

Leidy,  J,  Tbi>  extinct  mammalian  fauna  of  Dakota  and  Nebraska,  including  an  account  of 
■ome  allied  forma  from  other  localities,  together  with  a  synopsis  of  the  mamniallan  remains  of 
North  An.irica Preceded  with  an  introduction  on  the  geology  of  the  tertiary  forma- 
tions of  Dakota  and  Nebraska,  by  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.  D.  Philadelphia,  1869.  =:i  Jonrn.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  2(1  aeries.  Philadelphia:  published  for  the  Academy,  by  J.  B.  Lippiucotl 
&.  Co.,  1869.  4°.  472  pp.,  30  pll.,  1  map. 
1870.-  Allen,  J.  A.  Notes  on  tbe  mammals  of  Iowa.  <  Proc.  Host.  Hoc.  M.  tl.  xiii,  Deo.  15, 1860,  pp. 
178-194.  (Pab.  Feb.  1870 ;  also  sep.  panipb.  of  18  pp.) 
(48  >p.  tmted,  with  tilonraphlwl  aal  crltioal  ootaa.] 

Brandt,  F.  Slbcrip,  under  the  title  "Neue  Unteraucbungen  Uber  die  in  don  altaiaoben  Iloblen 
nnfgefyindenen  SUugethierreste,  ein  Beitrag  zur  qnatemUren  Fanna  dos  Rnssisohen  Reiches." 

<  IWI.  Biol,  vii,  1870,  pp.  359-438;  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  PfStemb.  xv,  pp.  147-902. 

Brandel,  F.    Tbe  fiinna  of  Peoria.    (Being  pp.  217-223,  chap,  xxxix,  of  the  ■■  History  of  Peoria, 

Illinois",  by  Chaa.Ballancn.)    16".    Peoria,  1870. 
(A  liarvly  aanotatad  Uatof  mamaula  on  p.  8t8.1 
Cope,  B.  D.    Observations  on  the  fanna  of  the  Southern  Alleghaiiiea.    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1870,  pp. 

:".«-402. 
Delondre,  A.    Notes  aur  qnelqnea  mammif^re*  du  GroBnland.    <  Bull.  Boo.  Ir.ip.  Zool.  d'Acclim. 

(2),  vii,  1870, pp. 92,93. 
Oilpin,  J.  B.     On  the  mammalia  of  Nova  Scotia,  No.  v.     [llrsns,  Scinridw.]    <  Proc.  and 

Trans.  Nova  Sootian  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.  Halifax,  ii,  loVo,  art.  i,  pp.  8-18. 


1 


'!l- 


998 


MONOGRAPHS  OP  NORTfl  AMERICAN  fiODENTIA. 


1870.— Oilplo,  J.  B.    OiillinmnnininlianfNoTaHcatia.  .  .  .    No.vii.    [Miiridnt.llyttriciiliit.]   <Traa«. 
Niivu  Hootinn  Inst.  N»t.  Hci.  Ilulifux,  ii,  IH70,  pt.  iv,  IWO.nrt.  vii,  pp.  83-03,  with  pinte. 

Lankester,  B.  R.    Swim  inamninlia.    <^  Can.  Nat.  and  Q.  J.  S.  d.  r.  v,  1870,  pp.  104-107. 

[UepriDtAil  from  "  Nature".] 
Leldy,  J.    Tlio  extinct  manininliaD  fnnna  of  Dakota  and  Nebraska.    <  Am.  Jonro.  8ci.  and  Arti 

(«),  xlix,  1870,  p.  a74. 
Leidy,  J.    [On  foasil  niamuialian  bonea  from  Dakota  and  Nebraaka.]    <Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8oi. 
I'liilo.  1H70,  pp.  6,1,06. 
lUliiDorerottd  nml  Aelntvdont  fumu  Indloatoil.J 
Leidy,  3.    [On  foiwil  inanimnliau  reniaina  from  Idaho,  Utah,  and  Oregon.]    '<^Proo.  Acad,  Nat. 

8ci.  rUila.  1H70,  pp.  66,67. 
Leidy,  J.    [On  fossil  luauinialian  roiuains  from  Illinois]    <[  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Fhila.  1870, 
p.  13. 
jHeffsloHyx,  UUoD,  Plslj^ioni,  Procyon,  soil  AdoumIoo  rvmaioi  iodlosled  ) 
Leidy,  J.    [Uu  fossils  from  Bridge  Creek,  Oregon.]    <  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  8ei.  Pbila.  1870,  pp. 
111-113. 

(Oreodcm  saperbiu,  Lophtndon  oecidentslit,  BhiDocarot  ap.,  sod  AnrhilbMinn  oordool  deMribtd.) 
Leidy,  J.    [Ou  fossils  from  Church  Unttea,  Wyoming.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  pp. 
113,114. 

(rslrBoayop*  palndoma,  Miorosna  oQapldstnR.  and  Notharctoa  tffDebrMns  dcacrlbed.) 
Leldy,  J.     [On  fossils  from  Sweetwater  Kiver,  Wyoming.]     <^I'roc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sol.  Pbila. 
1870,  pp.  109, 110. 

IMerycocbceraa  niitloaa,  Lophiodun  modostaa,  sad  Hyopsodna  pftnolus  indlooted.) 

Leidy,  X    [On  fossils  from  the  Ticlnit;  of  Burlington,  Knns.,  and  from  the  Koeky  Hoontaioa.] 

<  Proc.  Acad.  N.it.  Sci.  Phila.  1870,  p.  (K>. 
{Bison  smericsnaat  foasilis  Indicated.} 

Leidy,  J.    [On  the  rolntioou  of  European  and  Anierioan  fanna.]    '^  Proo.  Actwi.  Nat.  Sci.  Phils. 

1870,  pp.  78, 73. 

1871.— Allen,  J.  A.    The  funna  of  thejfrairies.    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  pp.  4-9. 

Allen,  J.  A.    Ou  the  mammals  and  winter  birds  of  East  Florida,  with  an  examination  of  cer- 
tain assumed  specific  characters  in  birds,  and  a  sketch  of  the  bird-faunn  of  Eastern  North 
America.    <  Bull.  Mns.  Comp.  Zool.  ii,  no.  3, 1871,  pp.  161-450,  pll.  4-8,  with  41. 
[Chiefly  omUbologlosl,  bat  Inoludinn  Important  notloes  sod  orltlolaiua  of  maaiinQU.) 

Brewer,  W.  H.  Animal  life  in  the  Rocky  Mountnina  of  Colorado.  <^  Am.  Nat.  t,  1871,  pp. 
220-843. 

Couea,  B.  Notes  on  the  natural  history  of  Fort  Macon,  N.  C,  and  vicinity.  (No.  1.)  <  Proe. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1871,  pp.  18-49.    [Mammals,  pp.  18-18.] 

Bayo,  Vr.  J.  Notes  on  the  range  of  some  of  the  animals  la  America  at  the  time  of  the  arrival 
of  the  white  men.    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  pp.  387-398. 

Leidy,  J,  [On  a  small  collection  of  mammalian  foaails  from  California.]  ^  Proo.  Aoad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Pbila.  1871,  p.  &0. 

Leidy,  J.  [Kemains  of  extinct  mammals  from  Wyoming.]  <  Free.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1871, 
pp.  113-116. 

Leidy,  J.  [Remarka  on  donation  of  foasili  from  Wyoming.]  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. Phila.  1871, 
p.  197. 

Leldy,  S.    [Romarka  on  fossil  vertebrates  from  Wyoming.]     <Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila. 

1871,  pp.  888, 229. 

StevenaOD,  J.  A  list  of  mammals  and  birds  collected  in  Wyoming  Territory,  by  Mr.  It.  D. 
Schmidt  and  Mr.  James  Stevenson,  during  the  expedition  of  1870.  <  Rep.  U.  8.  Qeol.  Borv. 
Terr,  for  1870,  187 1 ,  pp.  401 ,  468.    [83  sp.  ] 

1872.— Bnihin,  T.  A.    Dio  von  mir  bis  Jetzt  in  nnd  nni  Nen-Cuin  [Wisconsin]  beobachteten  Siingethiore. 

<  Zool.  Osrt.  xiii,  1872,  pp.  251,858. 

Cnpplea,  Sfn.  O.    Singular  creatures,  and  how  they  were  fonnd;  being  stories  and  stndiea 

from  the  domestic  zoology  of  a  Scotch  parish 8''.    333  pp.,  4  pll.    Boston,  Lee  A 

Bhepard,  publishers;  New  York,  Lee,  Shepard  &.  Dillingham,  1873. 


,!#-■ 


^i.i. 


BlllLlOOlJ.  APPENDIX-U.  FAUNAL  PUnUCATIONS. 


999 


1873.— OawiOD,  J.  W.  NoIoh  |  mi  tlia  |  ]io«t-|ilioo<>n<>  KCMilKgy  |  iif  |  Canada;  |  with  iBpocial  reference 
to  the  coiulitiuiiH  of  |  acciiiiiiilatinii  of  thr  ili)|i(mitii  anil  the  |  marine  life  of  the  jicriiMl.  |  lly  J, 
W.  Dawiiou,  LU  1).,F.  R.  8.,  1'.  0.  S.  |  principal  of  McGill  llniventily,  Montreal.  |  (Krom  the 
Canadian  Natiiraliat,  new  aeries,  vol.  vi.)  |  Montreal:  printed  hy  Mitohcll  A.  Wilaon.  |  1H72. 
ll'Jpp.,7pll. 

QUpin,  J.  B.    On  thnnianiroaliaof  Noru8cntla.    ILopim,  llangifer.]    <  I'roc.  and  TrauH.  Nova 

8eotian  luat.  Nat.  8ci.  Halifax,  iil,  lH*'i,  art.  vi,  pp.  40-(il. 
OUpin,  J.  B.    Un  the  mammalia  of  Nnva  Hootiu.    [  Aleen  ]     <  I'roc.  and  Trans.  Nova  8cutiau 
t  Inst.  Nat.  8oi.  Halifax,  iii,  |H7'2,  art.  iv,  pp.  lUU-Wli. 

[45  spMiea  njcogoixed  in  tlio  whole  wriea  of  puperH.) 
Leldy,  S.    [Notice  of  donation  of  fossils,  etc.,  from  Wyoming.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Philo. 

18r>.i,  pp.367,tH!8. 
Leidy,  J.    [On  eonio  new  species  of  fossil  mammalia  from  Wyoming.  ]    <  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.  1872,  pp.  167-lGU. 
Leldy,  3.    [liemarka  on  fossil  mammalia  from  Wyoming.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Vfli, 

pp.  lM0-a4a. 
Leldy,  J.    [Remarks on  mammalian  fossils  from  Wyoming.]    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philo.  lt)73, 

pp.  iy-8l. 
Iieidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  fossils  from  Wyoming.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1878,  p.  377. 
Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  some  extinct  mammals.]    <[  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  1872,  pp.  37, 38. 
laeidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  some  extinct  vertebrates.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1872,  pp.  3S-40. 

1873.— Bmhin,  T.  A.    Zoologische  Hittheilungen  aus  Wisconsin.    <  Zool,Gart.xiv,  1873,  pp.  431,433. 
(Brief  sud  sllxbt  notes  oo  a  few  mammals.l 
Cope,  B.  D.    On  some  new  extinct  mammalia  from  the  tertiary  of  tho  plains.    :=  Palasontolog- 
ical  Ilultotin,  no.  14,  published  July  2.'i,  1873. 
{AlurodoQ  miuteliaus,  Acerntberiam  raegalodus.] 
Cope,  B.  D.    Sur  les  on^nl6s  it  pied  conrts  do  I'docitne  du  Wyoming  (fitats-Unis).    <  Journ.  do 

Kool.  Paris,  ii,  1873,  pp.  168-185,  pi.  7. 
BlUott,B.  W.    Report  on  the  Pry  biloT  group,  or  Seal  Islands    (Alaska.    By  Henry  W.  Elliott, 
Assistant  Agent  Treasury  Department.    Oblong  4°.    6!>  I.,  48  photo,  pll.,  3  photo,  maps,  with 
paged  printed  aoroas  lengthwise.    Washington,  Government  Printing  Oflloe,  1873. 
(Ooly  about  IQO  ooplos  prlated.] 
OervaU,  P.    Bemarques  gar  la  fauna  snd-am(!ricaine,  nccompagndes  de  d^Ltils  anatomiques 
relatifs  i,  qnelqnes-uns  de  sea  types  le  plus  caraetbristiques.    <[  Comptes  Reudus  Acad.  Sci. 

Paris,  Ixxvii,  1873,  pp.  478 ;  Journ.  do  Zool.  Paris,  ii,  1873,  pp.  478-487. 

Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  extinct  mammals  from  California.]    <[  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1873, 

pp.  359, 860. 
Merrlam,  C.  B.    Report  on  the  mammals  and  birds  of  the  expedition.    <  Sixth  Aun.  Rop.  U. 
S.  Oeol.  Snrv. Terr,  for  1878,  1873,  pp. 661-CU9,  with  a  fig.    [28  sp.] 
1874. — Allen,  J.  A.    Notes  on  the  mammals  of  portions  of  Kansas,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah. 
<  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  vi,  Mar.-Apr.  1874,  pp.  43-65.     (Pub.  May,  1874.) 

(Foar  distinct  lists  of  msmnials  observed  in  tbe  regions  named  in  tbtt  title,  with  important  notes  ou  their 
bsblts,  distribatlon,  eto.J 
Allen,  J.  A.  Notes  on  the  natural  history  of  portions  of  Dakota  and  Montana  Territories,  being 
tho  substance  of  a  report  tu  tho  Secretary  of  War,  on  the  collections  made  by  the  North  Pocitio 
Railroad  expedition  of  1873,  Gen.  D.  S.  Stanley,  commander.  <  Proc.  BoBt.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist, 
xvii,  June,  1874,  pp.  33  seq.    (Also  sep.  paniph.  of  61  pp.,  8<^,  Boston,  1874.) 

(Msmmsis,  pp.d6-43,  pp.  6-U  of  the  reprint.    Important  notes  on  bsbits,  distribntioD,  etc.   3lspp.| 
Ameat  A.  B.    Mammalia  of  Minnesota.    <Oull.  Minnesota  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1874,  pp.  68-71. 

Bell,  T.    A  history  of  British  quadrupeds,  including  the  cotacea 3d  ed.  revised  and 

partly  re-written  by  the  author,  assisted  by  Robert  F.  Tomes,  ....  and  Edward  Richard 

Alston London,  John  Van  Voorst,    ....    m.dcco.lxxiv.    8°.    iviii,  474  pp.,  with 

160figg. 
Cope,  B.  D.   Notes  on  the  Santa  V6  marU,  and  some  of  the  contained  vertebrate  fossils.    <  Proo. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1874,  pp.  147-152. 

(Msrlps  nambinnus,  p. 347;  Coaoryx  raniosus,  p.  146;  C.  teres,  lleepcromys  loxodoo,  p.  ISO;  I'anolsx  sane- 
taeHdei,  p.  1)1, spp.  nu.J 


1(.X)0 


MONOOKAPUS  OF  NORTU  AMERICAN  ItODENTIA. 


i'W-M 


liiiii 


*;:,        :il 


1074  —Cope,  B.  D.    Kepnrt  on  (Ih-  MratiKTu|>liy  ami  pUoceno  vcrtnbrain  pali'oiitoloKjr  of  Nortbeni 
Coliirmlo.    <  Kiill.  C.  S.  (loil.  Miirv.  iid,  7,>rii/  wiriiw,  pp.  'J-'iH.    I'lib.  Jnii.  21,  1H74. 

I  [lippiiilH'rimu  luiiiicUM',  l*niUibi|)|iu«  liilirtpAUM,  r.  ifJiinrtuH,  Pruomni'liiii  «ki;{uUiiU«iia,  V.  hvleruduntiM,  If vry* 
C4MluB^«ninill'i<r,  MeniitlH'rliini<i{.ii.)  Iwmurlnam,  llypertrA^iliu  trUnwUluii,  Blutberliim  rniuMnm,  tpp.  no.) 
Cope,  B.  D.    Ruview  ur  tli»  vvrUibrata  of  thu  crotacuniu  pvrlixl  fuuntl  west  of  (he  Miwluippl 

Kiver.    <  Ball.  IJ.  8.  Ouol.  8urv.  no.  'i.flrti  mrkm,  1874,  pp.  :i-61. 
Cope,  B.  D.    The  snvocaaiun  of  life  lii  North  America.    <  Ano.  Hag.  N.  II.  4th  aer.  xiii,  1874, 

pp.  3ii;-;i.ii. 

I  Ifa'priiilvtl  fmoi  tlx  rk<nn  M<mtbl;,  Feb.  Ili14.) 
Oaane,  R.   Tliu  fjiiiiiaof  tlmCnrnliniM  twiihnndrtMl  year*  ago.    ^^  Am.  Bporte.  Sept.  10, 1874. 

ll-Utrat'iB  fruiu  l.awMon'H  Nat.  HUt.of  the  <'ftn>Unaa.) 
Oundlach,  J.     Ciitalogtio  diis  niaiuniifi^ree  dn  I'llu  do  Cnim,    (Kl  Artist*,  t.  ii,  IWr.  8;  Ue- 
iiioriait  mibre  U  Hist.  Nut.  dv  la  lata  do  Cuba,  t.  i,p.  :I0;  Aun.de  la  Boo,  Eap.do  Hittoria  Nat,  de 
Madrid,  t.i. p. ani.  1873.)     <  Jonni.de  Zool.lll,  1874,art.xliv,  p.83l. 
Blttell,  J.  S.    Tlie  rpaniirooH  of  Cnlit'ornin,  comprising  the  sooiety,  climate,  laliibrity,  acenery, 
commerc'o,  and  iuduatry  ol  the  State.  .  .  .    6tb  ed.,  rewritten.     lii°.    zxix,(l),  443  pp.    Ban 
Kniiirim.H>,  A.  Koinjin  &  Co.,  lt:'74. 
I  UMiimala,  pp.  31.V3I)4  | 

Loclclogton,  W.  N.    Not  iceof  a  comuinnlcation  from  ....  containing  ootet  on  the  mammals 

and  birds  of  (.'uliforuia.     <  Proc.  Zim>I.  S»o.  London,  1*^4,  p.  129. 
Bcamniaii,  C.  M.    Tbo  niariuo  niaiumals  of  the  uorlh-weBtcm  coast  of  North  America,  deKril)«<l 

un<l  illimtrat«il ;  together  with  tin  account  of  the  American  whole  lishery.    By  Churlea  M. 

8<  iimmnn,  captain  U.  8.  revenue  marine.     4°.    3111,  v  pp.,  27  pll.     Ban  Francisco,  John  H. 

Carni.viy  »V  Co.;  New  York,  O.  P.  Pntnam's  Sons,  1874. 
I'l'M  alR  I'liif  tly  uf  r4«t««'a.  Imt  lDclud««  amla  sDil  a^a  nttvr.) 

Jnoii.    (lumc  animals  of  Colorado.     [From  Denver  (Colorado)  Times.]     <^Am.  Sports.  Jan. 

7,  1874. 

Anon.    Tbo  hunter  nalnrnlist  in  Caoada.    <  Forest  and  Stream  of 22,  1874. 

I  Ext«n<le<1  iMit«a  on  the  mamuinla.] 

AiioH.    Nuwfoundlund— it«  licasts,  birds,  and  Bsbcs.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  May  21,  1874. 
187S.— Brown,  R.   On  the  mnninialian  fauna  of  Greenland.   <Man.  Nat.  Hist.  ...  of  Oreenland,  .  .  . 
l»7.->,  pp.  1-34.    (8".    London.) 
I  lt*^priDt«4[  from  Prno.  Zool.  Hoc.  London,  May  W,  1PM,  wiib  corrrctlona  and  annotatlona  Vj  tb«  sntber.) 

Couea,  B.,  and  Tarrow,  B.  C.  Engineer  Department,  Unlte<l  States  Army.  |  —  |  Report  |  upon 
I  geographical  and  geological  |  explorations  and  surveys  |  west  of  the  one  hundredth  meri- 
dian, I  in  charge  of  |  First  Lieut.  Goo.  M.  Wheeler,  |  Corps  of  Engineers,  IJ.  B.  Army,  |  nnder 
the  direction  of  |  Brig.-Oen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  B.  Army.  |  Published  by 
authority  of  Hon.  W.  W.  Belknap,  Secretary  of  War,  |  in  accordance  with  act  of  Congress  of 
.lune  2.3, 1874,  and  February  15,  1875.  |  In  six  volumes,  accompaniml  by  one  topographical 
and  one  |  geological  atlas.  |  —  |  Vol.  v. — Zoology.  |  —  |  Washington :  |  Government  Printing 
Office.  I  1H7.'>.     4 J.     IO-.JI  pp.,  xlv  pll. 

[Chapter  i.— \otea  iipnn  gooKmpblcal  distribntiun  ai\d  Tsrlation  wtth  reffsrd  to  the  xoology  of  the  Wcotam 
t^nit«dSt«t«AaareUt«flnioropartltialarly  tomammalsuid  blrda.  By 'Dr.  11.  C. Tarrow.  pp.  11^-34.  (^lutpter  ii.— 
Itoport  upon  tlio  ooHuctloDa  of  nnunmala  niatlo  in  iwrtiona  of  Nevada,  t7tab,  Califoniia,  Colorado,  Now  Meaioo, 
and  AHiooa,  during  thu  years  IK7I,  \»n,  11173,  and  1671.  Dy  Ur.  Elliott  Coaea  and  Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow,  pp.  3S-I9>. 
The  wlH)le  volume  waa  not  puldfabed  until  the  year  following  (he  oetenalble  date,  the  flrat  iaane  of  oopioa 
fi-iim  tlie  printiugoflice  bavins  ^>een  made  in  Hepteraber,  le7<L  Chap,  11  conoiata of  a  ceneral  tfr*liae  npon  the 
n'Mumalaortbv  aouthweatern  iiurtlouaof  the  Unlloil  Rtatea,  including  many  not  eollecteil  by  tbo  Survey,  and 
outbrat-va  alaoa  moaugrapii  uf  Ibu  CbinipteiiAof  North  America.  I'rominence  ia  given  throughout  the  article 
to  ayuonynialic  liata  of  the  apecloa,  theae  being  rooro  extenalve  than  any  provloualy  collated.  The  text  relat.'a 
uuiuly  to  tho  habit*  and  gmigraphical  diatribulion  of  tlie  apecios,  but  the  charactera  of  the  apeeles  and  higher 
groupa  of  the  Biita  an  given,  mainly  upon  the  baala  of  Harriaon  Allen'a  memoir.] 

Blliott,  H.  \7.  A  reimrt  upon  the  couditloii  of  affairs  in  the  Territory  of  Alaska.  By  Henry 
W.  Elliott.    »\    277  pp,     Washington,  Government  Printing  OfHoe,  1875. 

(A  moclitte<l  repriutuf  hia oblong  4*^  report,  which  la  praetleally  Inareeaalble.  t'tanp.T,  on  the  Sea  Otter i 
rhap.  vil.  on  th  >  Kur  Kealj  both  very  Iniiunant  contribullunn  to  the  knowledge  of  the  inliject.1 
Orlnnell,  O.  B.  Kiiglumir  DepartTnent,  U.  S.  Army.  |  —  |  Heport  |  of  a  |  reconnaissance  j  of 
llie  I  Dlitck  UIIU  of  Dakota,  |  made  in  the  summer  of  1874.  |  By  William  Luillow,  |  [etc.] 
WushinKt.iin,  tldvi-rnment  Printing  OfUce,  1875.  I  1  vol.  4°.  121  pp.  >  Zoological  Bepurt.  Uy 
George  Bird  Gi'inni'll.  Chapter  i.  Maniinals,  pp.  79-84. 
trioi'.l-uiKua  uu  34  app.) 


>i^ 


BIBLIOOlt.  APPENDIX— 0.  PU1MATE8. 


10()l 


1875.— OUnUier,  A.  Inatriictioua  (ur  iiiakiiiK  obacrvntlonr  on,  iiiiil  cullectinK  apoeiiiixnii  of,  tbe  iiiiiiii- 
iiialiii  [iiul  iiicliKltiig  ci'Uci'a]  u(  Oriiciiland.  <  Iiiatr.  for  I'liu  of  Hvi,  Expixl.  to  Arct.  KeKiium, 
im&,  pp.  »0-3U.    (»°.    I.oiidoii.) 

Oaburn,  W.    HitinnialH  of  the  Kautua  plaina,    <  Oltaerver  of  Niiture  (newapa|M<r  putilialuil  at 
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1  AODoUtHl  liti  of  M  ippl 

Relnhardt,  J.    Note  on  adililional  mammala  of  OreoDlniii).    ...   <Man.  Nat.  Iliat.   ...   of 
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1876.— Allan,  J.  A.    Di'acription  of  aoinc  rcnmiiiH  (if  uii  oxtiiict  a|M.-clra  of  wolf  and  iin  extinct  aporiiii 
of  deur  from  tliu   lead  region  of  tlio  Upjicr  llitaiMlppi.    <  Anivr.  Journ.  tjcl.  and  Arts,  'M 
a«r.  xi,  no.  nt,  .lun.  IHTCi,  pp.  47-,M. 

ICanla  tnlnilMlppteniilH,  Crrviiii  wliltnpyl,  ipp.  nD.,  p.  40.) 
Allan,  J.  A.    OcoKnipbiual  variation  ainoiig  North  Anicrii-an  nmnitnnlH,  rapccially  in  rcapeot  to 
alzn.     <  Hull.  U.  8.  Oeol.  Kurv.  Torr.  vol.  ii,  no.  4,  pp.  3«»-344.    (I'ub.  Aug.  4,  l«7ti.) 
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[  Allan,  J.  A.    Ooograpliical  variation  amonK  North  American  niainmala,  wpoclally  In  mpeol  to 

aixu.     <  Amor.  Nat.  x,  18711,  pp.  (I85-<I!27. 

\.lbllrtcl/nm  Dull.  IT.  8.  Grol.  Hanr.  Ti-r.  Tol.  II,  no.  i,  pp.  3IW-344  1 

Carpsntar,  W.  L.    Field  notea  on  the  natural  blatory  of  tbe  llig  Horn  Mountaina  [Montana]. 

<  Korwat  and  Htrenni,  Nov.  8, 1«76, 
Cotiai,  B.    An  account  of  tho  varhina  piiblicationB  relating  to  the  travela  of  Lowiaand  Clarke, 
with  a  oominentary  on  the  zoological  loanlta  of  their  exiieditioii.    <^  Dull.  V.  H.  Oeol.  and 
Oeug.  Surr.  Terr.  uo.  0,*.2d  aor.  pp.  417-444  (t^,  Wasbington,  Government  Printing  OIHce,  Feb- 
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(Tti6  mammala  ami  binla  dea«rlbed  by  thrae  autbora  are  diacuaaod  and  lilcnlifltNl  na  far  aa  pracllcablf.) 
CMbaon,  W.  B.    The  complete  American  trnpper,  or  tho  tricka  of  trapping  and  trap-making. 
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trato<l  by  the  author,  an  artiat  by  profeaaion.    Now  York,  James  Miller,  publiaber,  1874. 
1 .1  very  atlraotlve  anti  aa)ful  trMtlae,  of  popular  oharaeter.] 
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puUliahed  till  IHH.) 
.  [\n  auDototod  llat  of  30  app.,  coBtaining  many  intareatlng  obaervaUona  on  tbe  bablta  of  the  mammala  of 
Southern  Calirornia  and  ailjacent  iaUoda.] 
Jordan,  D.  B.    Manual  of  tho  vortebratca  of  the  nortbora  United  Statea,  including  the  diatrict 
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(/<VvM  Tbe  London  Field.l 
1877.-  Couper,  W.    Notes  on  mammala  of  Canaila.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  June  14,  1877. 
Murphy,  J.  M.    The  bunting  flelda  of  Wyoming.    <  Rod  and  Gun,  Dec.  30, 1877. 
[Stookwall,0.  A.]   The  fauna  of  Michigan,   [jMotdas.  "Archer".]   <  Forest  and  Stream  of  May 
3  and  earliur,  1877. 
[Annotated  llat  of  mammala.] 

C.-PRIIHATCS. 

1817 Uookal,  jr.  F.    Beitrag  inr  Entnickelungageachichto  der  menseblichen  ZShne.    <  Deatschea 

Archiv  fUr  Phys.  ill,  1817,  pp.  556-674. 

1818.— Mitohill,  B.  L.  The  original  inhabitants  of  America  shown  to  be  of  tbe  same  family  and  line* 
age  niih  those  of  Asia.  <  Phil.  Mag.  (Tillocb's),  xlviii,  1816,  pp.  4-8;  lais  von  Oken,  1818, 
col.  315-319. 

1821. — Orifllth,  B.  General  and  particninr  descriptions  of  the  vertcbrateil  animala,  arranged  conform- 
ably lo  the  inodorn  diacovories  and  improvements  in  zoology Onlor  Quadrnmana 

[and]  order  Quatlrnmembria.- London :  printed  for  Baldwin,  Cradook,  and  Joy,    ....    and 

Rodwell  and  Martin mdocoxxi.    [8".    Quadrumana,  (eng.  title)  vii,  143  pp.,  34  pll. ; 

(juodruiuouibria,  (oug.  title)  v,  'J!X>  jip.  04  pll,] 


ir 


1002 


MONOOllArilS  OF  NORTH  AMKUICAN  UOUENTIA. 


li 

i 

Hi:! 
j   '  ■ 

i! 

i! 

1026  —Harlan,  R.    Dcwiiption  nf  an  lioniinpliriHlitu  nrniiK  nntiiiiK  [Iljlobatcii  coiicolor,  n. up.],  lutrly 

liviiiK  III  riiiliuli'lpliiu.    <  Joiirn.  Ariiil.  Nat.  Kci.  J'liila.  v,  ItfM,  pp.  •/'/0-'iM\,  pll.  IklO. 
1D29.— Baer,  K.  B.  tod.    l^ttru  mir  Ut  foriiiiitlnii  iIc  Tci'iir  iliiiis  IVapice  liumaino  et  dana  leg  niainnii- 

fiTi'H.     <  I{..pprt.  Annl.  Pliysiol.  vll,  lHi«,  pp.  156-818. 
1834.— Barlan,  R.     Deitcriptioii  of  a  fi|>ei'ii<ii  uf  nrang  [Hlniia  (llylubaloa)  lioolook],  (Void  the  Nortb- 
KiiMti'i'ii  I'roviiiio  of  llritish  Eoiit  India,  lately  thu  Kiugdom  uf  Amsuiu.    <^TranH.  Aui.  I'bilua. 
Sor.  I'bilu.  iv,  no.  iii,  IKM,  pp.  Z'J-!>'.I,  pi.  a. 
Lewis,  W.,  jr.    DfRcriptiau  uf  a  gibbou  [IlylobateafuMUa,  d.  sp.].   <^  Boiton  Joura.  Mat.  Uiit. 
I,  pt.  II,  lrt34,  art.  iii,pp.  32-40. 
1836.— Owen,  R.    [On  tbu  morbid  appnaratico  observed  in  tbo  disaoction  of  tho  cbimpanzce  (Slniia 

troKl<Nl,vto(i,  IJnii.).]    <  Vtac.  Z  ml.  8oo.  London,  H;1G,  pp.  41-1:1. 
1043.— Savage,  T.  B.    Obwrvaliuns  on  tbo  external  cbaraoutm  and  babita  of  tbe  Troglotlytes  niger, 

Ueoir.    IlyTbomnH  y.  Suvagc,  M.  D And  on  it«  organization,  by  Jeffries  Wynian, 

}I.  D.    <  lUmtun  Juurn.  Mat.  Iliat.  iv,  no.  iii,  April,  H43,  art.  xxx,  pp.  3C'2-3Mi. 
1849.— Lund,  P.  W.    Hiir  I'nntiqniKS  de  la  race  ani<<ricaiuD  et  sur  les  r.-ipports  qn'un  peat  liii  snpposer 
uvec  U'H  raceH  do  rnncieii  mondo.     <  Cmnptos  Keudus  Acad.  8ci.  Paris,  zx,  1845,  pp.  1308-1370; 
Froriep,  Notizou,  xxxv,  1845,  col.  lOI-lKt. 
1847.— Savage,  T.  B.    [On  tbo  external  cbaractera  and  babits  orTrDglo<l;tea  gorilla.]    <  Troc.  Boston 
Hoc.  Nat.  Hiat.  ii,  1847,  pp.  245,240. 
Savage,  T.  S,,  and  Wyman,  J.    Notice  of  tbo  external  cbaractera  and  habita  of  Troglodytes 

gorilla,  a  now  species  of  orang  fnini  tbo  Gaboon  River,  by  Thomas  C.  Savage,  II.  1) 

Oiteology  of  tbe  same,  by  Jeffries  Wyman,  M.  D <  Boston  Joum.  Nat.  Hie'.,  v,  no. 

iv,  Deo.  1847,  art.  xxxiv,  pp.  417-441,  pll.  40-43. 
Wyman,  J.    [On  the  oateological  characters  of  Troglodytes  gorilla  ]    <|  Proo.  Boatnu  8oo.  Nat. 

Iliat.  ii,  1847,  pp.  246,347. 
Wyman,  J.    [On  Prof.  Otvou's  opinion  reapecling  the  identity  of  the  gorilla  with  an  a'lnlt 
chimpanzee.]    <^Proo.  Boston  8oo.  Nat.  Iliat.  ii,  1847,  p.  249. 
1848.— Cassin,  J.    [Remarks  ou  tho  inanagemout  of  monkeys  iu  captivity.]    <^  Proc,  Acad.  Mat.  8cl. 
Phila.  iv,  1848,  pp.  3-4. 
Ballo^vell,  B.    Notes  of  tho  post  mortem  appears  jces  observed  in  a  Cynooepbalnu  porcariua, 
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tho  nienHgcrio  in  Philadelphia.     <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  1848,  pp. 62, 63. 
Lesion,  R.-F.    fltudea  aur  les  mammif^rea  primates.    <  Revue  Zuol.  xi,  1848,  pp.  IT&-V70, 191- 

210,  223-235,255-260. 
Wyman,  J.    A  new  species  of  Troglodytes.    <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  v,  1848,  pp.  106, 107. 
1849.— Hallowell,  B.    Notes  of  tho  poat  mortem  appearances  of  a  Cynocopbalus  which  died  in  the 
menagerie  at  Philadelphia.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  1849,  pp.  151-152. 
Leldy,  J.    [On  tbe  existence  of  tbo  intermaxillary  bone  in  the  embryo  of  tbe  human  subject.] 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  1849,  pp.  145-147,  with  £  figg. 
Morton,  S.  O.    Observations  on  the  size  of  tbe  brain  in  various  roees  and  families  of  man, 

<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  1849,  pp.  221-224,  with  table. 
Savage,  T.  S.    A  description  of  tlie  characters  and  habits  of  Troglodytes  gorilla.    <  Am.  Joum. 

Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  viii,  1849,  pp.  141, 142. 
Wyman,  J.    [On  tbo  gorilla.]    <  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  nnd  Sci.  ii,  1849,  p.  164. 
18S0.— Morton,  8.  O.    [Continuation  of  memoir  on  site  of  brain  in  tbe  races  of  man.]    <^  Proo.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  v,  1850,  pp.  1,  2,  30-32. 
Wyman,  J.     A  description  of  two  additional  crania  of  tho  Eng<-ena  (Troglodytes  gorilla. 
Savage)  from  Oaboon,  Africa.     <  Am.  Joum  Sol.  and  Arts  (2),  ix,  1850,  art.  vii,  pp.  34-45. 
1891.— Kneeland,  B,}r.    ["Poea  tho  human  lumbar  vertebra  devol&p  a  ribf]    <  Proo.  Boston  Soc. 

Not.  Iliat.  iv,  1851,  p,).  120-129. 
1852.— Kneeland,  S.,  jr.    [On  a  skeleton  nf  the  great  chimpanzee.  Troglodytes  gorilla.]    <  Proc.  Bos- 
ton Boo.  Nat.  iliat.  iv,  18.V2,  pp.  2O!>,210. 
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uiDLior.it.  ArrnNDix— c.  I'uiMATKa 


1003 


1854— Owen,  R.    On  (lui  nnllirupaid  ai>m.     <  Cnn.  Joarn.  HI,  ia'i4,  pp.  100, 110. 

Wagner,  R.     l.'ulM^r  Mutim^lioiiitcbupfuDK  untl  Heivlunaiibataiiz.     <  Uontwb,  Nuturf.  Vvnaiiiinl. 
Ilui'k'lit  xxii,  1».^>4,  |>|i.  l.'i-'^l. 

185S.— Keep,  W.  O.    [On  miporiiiininrikry  t<ifltli  in  miin.]    <  I'roo.  Diiiiton  Soc.  Nat.  Hint,  v,  1H,V.,  p.  l.'iO. 
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Wyman,  J.    [Acconntof  theillaMotlon  of  n  black  cbimpantoe  (Trnglodytoa  oigpr).]    <  Pron, 
lloston  8i>c.  Nut.  Hint,  v,  IBSfi,  pp. 274, 1475. 

Wyman,  J.   [Oiia"iiponKy  •lineasoof  tbubuncHoftboheail"  lna}onn((Cynoo«plinluii.]   <rroo. 
l<o«ton  Soc.  Nat.  Hiat.  v,  18,".i,  p.^Tfi. 

Wyman,  J.    [On  aniivruuiiiarary  tcctb  in  Troglody ti-«  gurilln.]  <  Proc.  lloaton  Soc.  Nat.  Illat.  v, 
IHXt,  p.  I(i0. 

18S6.— Brooka,  C.    I.awH  of  reproiluctiop,  conalilersd  with  partlonlnr  rofurenoo  to  tbo  iutormarrlagii  of 
tirat  coualna.    <^  Priic.  Am.  Aaaoo.  Adv.  8oi.  iz,  IKWi,  pp.  u:u>-2lli. 
Dareate,  C.     Sur  quel(|uea  caraclttrea  ipio  pri<acntp  le  crrvran  ilea  aingoa.     <  Inatitut,  xxiv, 
1800,  p.  17. 
'  Olbaon,  Cdpl.    [Account  of  oranga.]    <  Proc.  Iloatou  Soc.  Nat.  HIbI.  vl,  IWlfl,  p.  71. 

Holmberg,  B.  J.    Kthnograpbiacbe  SUizicn  Ub«r  die  YGIker  dua  liuaaiacbcu  America.    <  ilel> 
"'  aiugfora,  Acta  Sue.  8ci.  Fcnn.  iv,  leu^,  pii.!2t!l-4'21. 

Wyman,  J.    [On  n  fourth  molar  in  tbe  akuluton  of  tlie  cbiuipanzeo  in  tbe  Uoaton  Society'a 
Cabioet.]    <  Proc.  Uoaton  Soc.  Nut.  Iliat.  vl,  1H.'>G,  p.  4.'>, 
1897. — Meigs,  J.  A.    Catalogue  of  human  crania,  in  tbe  collection  of  tbe  Academy  of  Natural  Scicncea 

of  Pbilndclpbla :  baau<l  ui>ou  tbo  third  edition  of  Dr.  Morton'a  "Catalogue  of  Skulla",  &.c 

H°.     112  pp.,  many  woodouta.    Philadelphia,  J.  P.  Lippincutt  &  Co.,  Iti.'i7. 
Winalow,  C.  F.    [On  tbo  fragment  of  a  human  cranium  found  in  California,  180  feet  below  tbe 
aurfuce  of  Toble  Mountain.]    <  Proc.  Daaton  Soc.  Nat.  lllat.  vl,  1857,  pp.  a7«,  279. 
1.8S8.— Warren,  J.  M.    [On  tbe  brain  of  a  chimpanzee.]    <Prao.  Uoaton  Boo.  Nat.  Uiat,  vl,  1808,  p. 
375. 
Wyman,  J.    [On  a  human  foitua  in  the  third  week.]    <  Proc.  Uoaton  Soc.  Nat.  Hlit.  vl,  18ri8, 
p.  33«. 
18S9. — Warren,  J.  M.    [On  the  gorilla,  chimpanzee,  and  orang.]    <^  Proc.  Uoaton  Soc.  Nat.  Iliat. 
vii,  1059,  pp.  53, 54. 
Wyman,  J.    [On  the  gorilla  collection  of  M.  Da  ChaiUu.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Illat.  vii, 
1859,  pp.  211-813. 
1860. — Du  Challln,  P.  B.   [On  tbe  habitii  and  diatributiou  of  tbe  gorilla  and  other  anthropoid  apca.] 

<  Proc.  Uoaton  Soc.  Not.  Hlat.  vii,  1800,  pp.  270, 277. 

KneeUmd,  8.,  jr.    [On  two  albino  children.]    <  Proc.  Uoaton  Soc.  Nut.  Iliat.  vii,  1860,  p.  276. 
1861. — Gray,  J.  B.    On  tbe  height  of  the  gorilla.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arte  (2),  xxzii,  18G1,  pp.  437, 
438. 

(Ksprinted  from  the  AtheanDm,  September  14,  leiil,  p.  348.] 
Otis,  J.  B.    [On  aome  bones  of  tbo  gorilla  obtained  by  him  in  weetem  equatorial  Africa.] 

<  Proo.  Uoaton  Soc.  Nat.  Illat.  Tin,  1861,  pp.  217, 218. 

Owen,  R.    On  some  objects  of  natural  biatory  [Troglodytes]  from  the  collection  of  H.  Da 

Chaillu.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  ArU  (2),  xxxii,  1861,  pp.  435-438. 
[KeprlDted  fVoiii  tbe  Athomeum,  September  14.  IMl.J 
Bolster,  P.  L.    Note  upon  tbe  northern  limit  of  tbe  quadrnmana  in  the  new  world.    <  Nat. 

Hiat.  Rev.  1861,  art.  Hi,  pp.  507-510. 
Slack,  J.  B.    Description  of  a  new  qnodramanons  mammal  of  the  genus  Hidas  [M,  elegantulua]. 

<  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Pbila.  1861,  pp.  463, 464. 

Slack,  3.  B.    [On  a  species  of  the  Lemuridn,  called  Otolicnus  apioalia  by  Dn  ChaiUu.  ]    <  Proo. 

Acid.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1861,  p.  153. 
Wilder,  B.  O.    Coutribntiona  to  the  comparative  myology  of  tbo  chimpanzee.    <  Uoaton  Jonm. 

Not.  Hiat.  vii,  no.  ii,  July,  1861,  art.  vi,  pp.  3';2-384. 
1862.— Bolmea,  O.  W.    [Development  of  tbe  human  embryo.]    <  Proo.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Iliat.  iz,  186ei, 

p.  185.  • 


1(M)4 


MONOOKAl'US  OF  NORTH  AMBUICAN  llODKNTIA. 


10C3.— Owen,  R.    Oii  tlin  i!>Hil(>){ii'nl  HiKiiiHcanco  of  tbn  lirnin  «u<l  liiiili  uhnrMitnrii  nf  nmn,  with  i«- 

iiiatkHoii  the  viut  of  thu  hritlii  ufthu  ((uriUii.     <Aiii.  Juiirii.  Hui.  nnil  Artii(ii),  xxxlv,  1H(U,  pp. 

HU-U'i. 
Sauf  jrd,  L.  J.    The  Korillo.    <  Am.  Jouro.  8ci.  •ml  ArU  ^•i),  xxxlli,  IHflJ,  art.  vii,  pp.  4(MM. 
Slack,  J.  H.    Miiiiu)(rapb  of  lh»  prubvunilo-taileil  i|iiiwlruiiiaD».    <  I'nic.  Aoad.  Nat.  Hoi.  i'bila. 

iHtw,  pp.  .'•H)7-:>ui. 
Slnok,  J.  B.    [  Komarka  on  the  Uorllla  ooatnueloept,  n.  »p.]   <  Proo.  Aood.  Nat.  Se\.  Pbilii.  IM?, 

pp.  I.V.I,  llM). 
Wagoort  R.     U|ioii  the  r'.ructurc  of  the  brain  in   'innaiiil  nionkcyH.  aii<l  itiiliearlngiiiHiii  nlmwi- 

llintinii,  withapi'ciitl  infurmivii  to  the  viowaof  Ot     <.  Huxley,  and  Umtlolet.    <^  Am.  Jouru.  Hoi. 

mill  Aria  {--l),  xxxiv,  1802,  art.  xvli,  pp.  Irttt-lOO. 
[I'riini  Art-lilv  f.  Nalur({rM'liii'litr,  .lahrtf.  IMI.) 
Wilder,  B.  O.    [On  a  live  Traglo<l;t«a  nigv.]    <rroo.  Beaton  Gov.  Nat.  Hiat.  Ix,  lR<i2,  pp. 

li;i-ll.'.. 
Wilder,  B.  O.    L<'ii   tbo  inniwiilar  iliirt-rciicra  U'tweou  tbo  limba  of  man  ami  qnadmnmna.] 

<  I'rix-.  Iltwiiiii  S;)C.  Niil.  lliat.  ix,  VO-i,  pp.  ;M" . 

Wymao,  J.    [On  aoni«  of  tiio  pboMo  of  ilovelnpniout  in  the  exterior  of  tbo  human  body.] 

<  I'roc.  Hnaton  Siw.  Nut.  lliat.  ix,  IWrtU,  pp.  1*-—. 

1863-66.  -  Barkow,  B.    VrrKltiiclK'nilo  Mnrplmlogio  dea  Menachun  uud  der  menacheuiibullohen  AflTen. 

Itr.alun,ii,  l'*-^;  iii,  lB<ir>;  iv,  Irtifi.     [H] 
1063.— Biucka,  M.  B.    The  Kiiriliii  [:  runinrka  on  the  dlacuaaion  between  I'mfa.  Owen,  Huxley,  ItuUea- 

ton,  niid  Flower,  in  IMi].    <  Ciin.  Jonrn.  Ind.  8ci.  and  Art,  n.  a.  vii,  1H(M,  pp.  Hl.V^llO. 
Wagner,  R.    Creation  uf  man,  and  aubatauco  of  the  mlud.    (Tranalatiou.)    <^  Anthroiwl.  Re- 

vii'w,  i,  isf>;i,  pp.  2y7-a;ia. 

Wymu,  J.    [Ohaerrntloua  on  the  eraoium  of  a  young  gorilla.]    <^  Proo.  Iloaton  Soc.  Nat.  IlUt. 

Ix,  iHc:i,  p.  ao;t. 

1864.— Blake,  C.  C.    On  the  ayo'lactyloiia  condition  of  the  band  in  man  and  the  anthropoid  apee. 
<^Can.  Jonrn.  lod.  Sim.  and  Art,  n.  a.  Ix,  18G4,  pp.  5*2,  fkl. 
I  I'miii  Kr|>.  BrlL  Amuo.  Ailr.  Sul.| 
Flow«r,  W.  B.    On  the  brain  of  the  red  howling  monkey  (Myoetesaenlonlua, Linn.).   <[Proo. 

Zunl.  Boc.  London,  1604,  pp.  335-338,  pi.  xxix. 
Tucker,  D.    On  ci-rtain  nioilern  viewa  concerning  the  ordinal  arrangement  of  the  higher  mam- 

nmlin  [i.  r.  Piiinntea].     <^Can.  Jonrn.  Ind.  8ci.  and  Art,  n.  a.  ix,  1804,  pp.  154-170. 
Kdllorial.    Caata  of  variona  parta  of  the  atructure  of  the  gorilla.    <^  Am.  Joum.  8oi.  and  Arta 
(4)  xxxviii,  IWM,  pp.  !»2,a!):i. 
1869  —White,  J.  C.   [Kelation  of  man  to  higher  apea.]   <  Pmc.  Boaton  Soc.  Nat.  Hiat.  x,  lt;65,  pp.OO,  100. 

.  1866  —Wood,  J.    On  the  rauacica  of  the  aboolder  and  arm  of  man.    <  Ciark'a  Jonrn.  Anat.  and  Phya. 
lH»ifi,  pp.  44-59. 
1867.— Allen,  B.    [ Remnrka  on  tbo  tertiary  occipital  condyle  in  man.]    < Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila. 
18U7,  p.  137. 
Jackaoo,  J.  B.  B.    [On  perforation  of  the  hnmerua  in  man.]    <Proo.  Boeton  Soc.  Nat.  Hiat.  zi, 
lH<i7,  p.  113. 

Parrille,  B.  de.    [Tranalatiou  of  an  account  of  tbo  capture  of  a  gorilla.    By  Dr.  8.  L.  Abbot] 

<  Proo.  IJoeton  Soc.  Nat.  lliat.  xi,  1«67,  pp.  137-13U. 
Reade,  W.     [On  the  habits  of  the  gorilla.]     <  Proc.  Boaton  8oo.  Nat.  Hiat.  xi,  1807,  p.  113. 
Black,  J.  B.    Mamroalogioal  notices.    [On  apcciea  of  primates.]    <^  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila. 

18U7,  pp.  :M-38. 
WUder,  B.  O.    [On  the  alleged  gorilla  and  ■<  What  la  iir  in  New  York.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Boo. 

Nut.  Hiat.  xi,  1H(!7,  pp.  :t0!>,306. 
1068.— WUder,  B.  O.    Kxtra  digita.    <  Publicationa  of  tbo  Mass.  Medical  Society,  vol.  ii,  no.  3;  also 

aep.  pauipb.  19  pp.,  wiHidcuts. 
1070.— Leidy,  J.    [On  the  reversed  vlacera  of  a  human  auhject.]    <  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870, 

p.  l:l4. 

1073.— Cope,  B.  D.    [Intolligenco  lu  monkeya.]    <Proo.  Acad.  N.>t.  Sci.  Phila.  1872,  pp.  40,41 ;  Am. 
Nal.  vi,  187a,  pp.  371,372. 


'  ■  i 


!;l 


lUHUOOn.  AIM'HNDIX— I),  VV.UJR  {PIHSII'K1>I.\).  1005 

1872.— OaiTals.  P.     M<>molro  nnr  1™  rciriiira  (•(<i<(liriil«H  pr(i|iri>ii  iV  ronlrc  ili'»  Ii^iiiiiick,  n('roiii|iii((iT<' do 
ri-iiiuri|iii>H  Hiir  )u  i-luHHilirulinii  iln  ci^k  iiiiiiiuiiix,     '.^  Jniiri).  ili<  /imiI.  i,  |N7>.>,  )i|»,  U  *.7,  pi.  *J. 
Oerval*.  P.    Siii-  liii  iiwuiiiiciiU  il'iinimiiiix  nwiii'llliii  iluim  li'a  cuvorncii  ili<  lliiiiuiuM'-ltoiiiiM',  |iri>ii 
Mi-iiloii,  uvirc  nil  iH|iii'U'tt<i  liiiuiuiii  ruiiioiiUiit  i^  IV'iKii|iift  pr6liiiilurii|ii<>.     <  Jiiurii.  ilt'  /ihiI.  i,  pp. 

Nicholson,  H.  A.     Hi-tiiiit  Hi'lirlloo  in  iiinii.     <Citn.  Nut.  niiil  Q.  J.  H.  ii.  n.  vi,  Wi,  pp.  41II-.I.VJ. 
1873.— WlUlanu,  H.  B.    t'oinpariMin  u(  Hid  inunclcn  or  llio  clii'loniuii  ami  linninii  «liouliliT-Kiril!ci. 

<'rr»liii.  I'ouiK'cliviit  Acml.  ArU  lUiil  Hcl.  ii,  lH7li  (IHTIt),  iirl.  x,  pp.  Illll-iUI?,  pil.  IJ,  III. 
1874.— Chapman,  B.  C.    UiKposltioii  of  Inlimitnnit  ilnral,  otc,  in  AU'lim  ;;i'<in'rci\l  (Ktilil)  iiiiil  MiKurmt 
rhtwiia  (Uomnnreat).    <  I'l-oo.  Acitil.  Nnt.  Mci.  IMiilii.  1H74,  p.  IM,  pi.  i:i,  t\gn.  1,'i. 
Chapmao,  H.  C.     Klrxor  lirovls  (llgitornm  in  Atcli'n  groflmyi  (ItuU').    <  Vtm:.  Acad.  N'ul.  He\. 

IMiiltt.  Ih;4,  pp.  U1,1>.'>,  pi.  14. 
Oervali,  P.     l>i^ulii  ■nrniiiu<^iuireii  olwerviSes  clicz  un  gorille.    <^  Juurn.  tin  Zoul.  iii,  1H74,  pp. 

IIU-IWI,  pi.  vi. 
Basep,  H.    Oriitin  of  the  "  tailiKl  tnati".    <  Proo.  Bontoti  8oc.  lint  Hint,  xvi,  IM74,  p.  IIKI. 
187S.— BoldeD,  J.  B.    Tbo  npider-iuonkr.vii  ut  Oiitral  Turk.     <  Aiiiorionn  S|HirtHinaii,  March  1:1,  lH7r>. 
1876. — Bamaid,  W.  B.    Oliwrvationa  on  the  lueiiibral  inusonlutioii  of  Hiiniii  iwtyrnH  (oraiiK)  i»i<l  tlin 
ciimpurative  myology  uf  mail  and  tlio  apea.    <Proo.  Amcr.  Anoo.  Adv.  Bel.  xxiv,  ItCO,  pp. 
118- U4,  age- 
Baaaela,  B.    The  liiiinaii  remain*  found  ainong  Iho  ancient  riiiPH  of  Sonthwriitoni  C'lilnnido 

anil  New  Mexico.    <  Bull.  V.  8.  Qeol.  .Surv.  vol.  ii,  no.  1,  Mnr.  t!l,  1H7G,  pp.  il-Ki,  pll.  Z\-<JS). 
Moore,  — .    A  gorilla  in  Kngland.    <  Anier.  Nat.  x,  1876,  pp.  C27,  fltW. 
(rniD  Tbe  Lmilon  Tlnua  of  June  XI,  1870.] 


D.-FCRiE  (FI88IPEDIA). 


16S7.— BarthoUnoa,  T.    Anatnme  gulonia.    <  Hint.  Ana'.  Cent,  iv,  IG.'ir,  pp.  S93-8(M, 

1713, — Barraain,  — .    Iliatorio  d'un  animal  nommt^  carcajou  en  AnKSriquc,  et  obaervationa  anr  I'orignao 

et  le  caribou.    <  MAm.  Acad.  8«i.  Paria,  1713,  pp.  13-14. 
1733.— DnTamoy,  O.  3.    Obaervation  aur  I'anai  de  la  bellette.    <^  itita,  Acad.  8ci.  Paris,  ii,  17:13,  pp. 

(!,7. 
1747.— Zjlnnaraih  C.    Ueikrifuing  pii  et  Amerikanak  Diur,  aom  liana  Koogl.  HSghet  gifvit  til  nnderaiik- 

ning.    <  Kongl.  Bvenaka  Vetenak.  Aktul.  Ilandl,  viii,  1747,  p.  377. 
(Tbe  aabaeqiieot  Trocyoa  lotor,  aoct] 
1749,— Stellar,  O.  W.    Deaoriptio  Lntrie  marinot.    An  Lutra  marina  Marcgravii  Icya  aive  Carlgucibciu 

lirnailienaium  T   Rntbenia  Dobr  Kamtachatzkai,  Itelmoeoia  Kaiko.    <  Nov.  Coum,  Acad.  Petrop. 

ii,  1749,  pp.  .367-:H>8,  cam  tub. 
17S9  7— Lacha^  J.    OcachreibnDgeinea flnnlaohen  kleinen  Tbierea,  Tabcnri  gennnnt  [Pat«riaa  Intreola], 

nebat  Anmerkuugen  Uber  ein  nnderea  Tbier  von  der  Hermelingattiing.    <^  Abband.  Hcbwud. 

Akad.  fUr  1750,  xxi,  pp.  898-996. 
1767. — Oi"Ui«iia,  X  B.    Vom  Maatola  guloue  L.  (Quio  borealia).    <  Drontlieim.  Oeaellach.  Scbrifl.  iii, 

,  pp.  183,  184,  with  fig. 
1769. — buiaanatMdt,  A.  J.    Pereguana,  nova  Unatelie  apcciea.    <  Not.  Comm.  Aood.  Petrop.  xtv,  i,  1769, 

pp.  441-455. 
1770  7— Mutla,  J.  C.    Dai  Tbier  Viverra  pntoriua  [Conepatas  mapnrito].    <  Abhandl.  Schwe<1.  Akad. 

nir  1770,  xxxii,  pp.  68-77. 
1773  7— OanbexK,  O.    Uericht  von  etnem  Jiirf  oder  Vielfraaa,  der  Jung  gefangen  and  bia  ina  andero  Jabr 

gefUttert  ward.    <  Abhandl  Scbwed.  Aknd.  Illr  1773,  xxxv,  pp.  801-807. 
1773  ?— ^iolataD,  J.    Anmerkungen  Uber  den  Jiirf.    <Abliandl.  Schwed.  Akad.  ftlr  1773,  xxxv,  pp^ 

216  v^^n. 
1773  7— Lindwall,  S.    Beachreibung  dea  Tbierea  Jiirf  oder  Vivlfraai  (Gnio).    <  Abhandl.  Sohwed.  Akad. 

fllr  1773,  XXXV,  pp.  808-aif>,  with  8  pll. 
1774.— TXTUte,  O.    Aco4iunt  of  the  houae-martiu  or  martlet  [Hualela  foinn].    <  Philos.  Trana  Ixiv, 

1774,  pp.  19<i-801. 


f    ' 


1006 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA, 


1779.— Leske,  N.  U.    nescliicibnoK  ilea  amerikaniBcben  Lucbses  [Folia  boreulis].    <  Sammlnngen  i. 

I'lijs.  11.  Niiiurg.  i,  1779,  p.  3'<!.'). 

1784.— QlabD,  H.  C.    Oni  deu  grijulnndake  Ilunil.    <  Nyo  Saml.  Norgke  Vid.  Selak.  Skrift.  i,  1764,  pp. 

1785.— Hellenius,  C.  N.    llokrifnini;  Crvcr  snumuBcn,  Miiatdn  uivalia,  L.    <  KoiiK.  Akad.  Nya  Haodl. 

Stockh.  vi,  17a-),  pp.  212-2-20. 
1787-89.— Hunter,  J.    Obscrvntioiia  tending  to  aliew  that  the  wolf,  Jackal  and  dog  are  all  of  the  same 

spocies.    <  f'hilos.  Traoa.  ixxvii,  1787,  pp.  253-206 ;  aappletuentary  letter,  ibid,  Izxix,  17S9,  pp. 

IIX),  101. 
1788.— Fabiiclus,  O.    Beakrivning  over  Fit^ldraoveu  (Cania  IngopaaV    <K.  DoDak.  Belak.  Skrift.  N. 

Saml.  D.  :t,  1788,  pp.  421-448. 

1794.— Kennedy,  I.    Uuber  die  VervrandtscUaft  d^a  Fucliaea  mit  deni  Hando.    <Nene  Abhandl.  d, 

llair.  Akod.  Pliiloa.  vi,  1794,  p.  217. 
1796.— Home,  B.,  and  Menzies,  A.    A  dracriptioD  of  llio  oiiatomy  of  the  ccn  otter.     <Phi1oa.  Trnng. 

1790,  pt.  ii,  pp.  3HC-:i94,  pll.  3. 
1799.— Heckewelder,  J.    A  letter  from  Mr.  John  Ileokewelder  to   lienjamiii  Smith  Ilarlou,  M.  D. 

Containing  an  acconnt  of  an  animal  called  the  big  naked  bear.    <TrauH.  Am.  Philoa.  Soo. 

I'hila.  iv,  no.  xxxi,  1799,  pp.  200-262. 
1803  ?— BeauvoU,  P.  de.   Sur  le  renanl  et  le  lapiu  d'Am€ri(ino.    <  Bull.  Soo.  Pbilom.  ii,  pp.  137, 138. 
1803.— Barton.  B.  S.    [On  Indian  doge.]    <  Tilloch'a  Phil.  Mag.  xv,  1803,  pp.  1-9, 1.'16-142. 
1804.— Ghsoffroy  St.-Hllaire,  £.    Monvementa  du  la  mdnugerie,  article  oik  I'on  fait  connnltre  qnelquei 

faita  nonveaux  relatifa  i^  I'hiatoire  n.itnrelle  du  Jaguar,  dn  paca,  dii  vantonr  royal,  dee  cbiens- 

mulets  et  de  I'agoati.     <  Ann.  Mns.  Hist.  Nat.  Paria,  iv,  1804,  \  p.  94-104. 
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1810.- Cuvler,  F.  Recherches  snr  lea  differences  d'organisation  qui  existent  eutre  lea  races  dee  ohiens 
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1811. — Cuvler,  F.  Becherchee  aur  les  caroctftrea  oat<So1ogique8  qui  diatinguent  lea  princ:palee  races  da 
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1815.— BlainvUIe,  M.  H.  D.  de.    [MurTouragria  derAm^riquo.]    <  Journ.  de  Phyo.  lxxxi,1815,  p.  416. 
Clinton,  Da  W.    An  introdnctory  disconrae,  delivered  co  the  4tb  of  Hay,  1814.    <^ Trans.  Lit. 
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I"  NoteO"  {pp.  114-116)  isderoted  to  a  dUcauion  of  the  Amerioon  b«ari.] 

1817.— Cuvler,  F.     [Sur  le  reuardfauve  de  la  Virgiuie.]    <  Diet,  des  Sci.  Nat.  viii,  1817,  p.  568. 
1819.— RaSneaque,  C.  8.    Description  of  a  new  species  of  marten  [Mnstela  vnlpitia].    '^  Am.  Jonrn. 
8ci.  i,  1819,  pp.  82-84  ;  Pbilos.  Hag.  liii,  1819,  pp.  411,412. 

1821. — Orlffitb,  B.    Cluaa  Quadrimembria,  order  Caniivora.    General   and  particular  description  of 
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1823. — Cuvler,  F.    [Snr  la  loutre  dn  Canada  et  la  loutre  de  la  Caroline,  L.  canadensis  et  L.  lataxina.] 

<  Diet.  Class.  d'Hist.  Nat.  zxvii,  1823,  p.  242. 
Cuvler,  F.    [Sur  la  marte  des  Hurona,  Huatela  huro.]    <  Diet.  Claas.  d'Hiat.  Nat.  zxix,  18S3, 

p.  2r.(i. 
Oebler,  F.    [Hustela  alpina  n.  ap.]    <  H(Sm.  Soc.  Nat.  Uosoan,  vi,  1833,  pp.  313,814;  F<mas. 

Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  iv,  1825,  pp.  419,420. 
Home,  B.    [On  the  sknll  and  penis  bone  of  Eubydni  Intria.]     <^  Leetnres  oo  Comp.  Anat.  ii, 

lH2-,pp.  — ,  pll.  7,  20;  iv,  1823,  pi.  117. 


m  'i-m 


Iffi 


mULlOOU.  APPKN1)1X-I).  VEIMO  (FISSil  EUIA). 


1007 


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Traill,  T.  S.  Uuiiir>rk»  oa  some  of  tlio  Amurlcau  auiinaU  of  tlio  gonns  KuUa,  particularly  on  tlie 
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Dull.  Sci.  Nat.  i,  lb'<.i4,  pp.  174,  IT,".. 

[Seo  kIho  op.  cit.  iii,  p.  107,  F,  uuicntor,  F.  pnnta.l 
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Oray,  J.  B.    On  tbo  geunslTrHus,  Cuvier,  nitb  its  divisions  into  subgenera.    <^  Tliuuison's  Ann, 

Philos.  r,  ISA".,  pp.  5i»-C-i. 
Hon&eld,  T.    Doscriplion  of  tbe  Ilelarctos  euryspilus;  exbibitiu);  in  the  bear  from  tbe  islnnd 
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Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  vi,  1835,  pp.  G'Ji>,400|  Isis,  1830,  pp.  lOaS-lO-i?. 

1827.— Chiidren,  J.  O.    On  tbo  Ksquiniaux  <<og.    <  Znol.  Journ.  iii,  IH'J7,  pp.  &t-!JO,  1  pi. ;  I'drnss. 

Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  xiii,  IHiS,  p.  :i5l. 
1828.— Wiegmann,  A.  F.  A.    Ucbtr  nierkwUrdige  Bastardo  von  Wulf  nnd  Hand.    <Isis  vou  Oken, 

ixi,18'iH,  col.  l)-24, 1)05. 
1829.— Brehm,  L.    Wo  stammt  dio  Ilanskatzo  lier  T    <  Isis,  18-39,  pp.  C39, 640. 

Dureau  da  la  Malle,  — .    Beslimmung  der  Tbiererten,  welubo  dnn  Griecben  under  dem  gennri- 

schen  Namen  ^a^v,  den  Romern  nnter  dem  Namon  Mastela  bekannt  waren.    <^  Fror.  Nut.  Bd. 

la,  no.  544,  1829,  pp.  241-250. 
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Akoh.    Anecdote  of  a  grey  fox.    <^  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  18.30,  p.  47, 

Ano».    Anecdote  of  young  fox  cubs.    <;  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  p.  192.  ■        ^ 

AnoH.    Anecdotes  of  the  shepherd's  dog.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  3fi6-363. 
Anon.    Abearhnnt.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  91-94. 

Anon.    Connt  de  Lannay's  description  of  a  fox  hunt.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist. !,  1830,  pp.  164, 165. 
Anon.    The  cougar.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  243-245. 

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Anon.    An  encounter  with  wolves.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  18.10,  pp.  190, 191. 

.inon.    An  extraordinary  wolf  hunt.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  18.30,  pp.  66-71.  ■.    «;, 

Jnoh.    Grisly  bear,  Ursus  borribilis.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  121-125,  pi.  li. 
Anon.    Newfoundland  dog,  Canis  familiaris  var.  sensilis.    <Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  49-55. 
Aion.    Prairie  wolf,  Canis  latrans.    < Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  73-75,  pi.  7. 
Aran.    Red  fox,  Canis  (Vnlpes)  fnlvns.    <  Cab.  Nat.  HUt  I,  1830,  pp.  25-30,  pi.  3. 
Ant*.    Winter  wolf  skallti,  or  the  manner  of  destroying  wolves  in  Sweden,  with  aueodotes  of 

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Retcina,  A.    Om  en  egen  kortelbildning  hos  nigra  arten  af  slilgtet  Canis.    <  K.  8v.  Vet.  Akad. 

Handl.  (Stockholm),  1848  (pto.  8),  pp.  309-310. 
Tamer,  H.  W.    Obstrvations  on  some  of  the  foramina  at  the  base  of  the  skull  in  mammalia, 

and  on  the  classiaoatiou  of  the  order  Carnlvora.    <  Proo.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  xvl,  1B48,  pp. 

KV-88. 
1849.-JMger,0.vo&.    Ueber  den  Ursprnng  nnd  dio  Verbreltnng  der  Hauskatze.    <  WUrttemberg. 

Jahreahefte,  It,  1849,  pp.  65-74;    [Title  duplicated  ;  date  uncertain ;  see  1848.] 
Bohina,  H.  R.    Ueber  ein  neues  Brasillanischos  Siiugethicr   (Trochictis  boskll).    <Zttrich. 

Mitthell.  I  (Hoft  2),  1849,  pp.  175, 176. 
Waaner  A.    Bemerkungcn  liber  die  Bescbaffenheit  des  KnochengerUstes    ....    des  Seeotters 

(Enhydrls  marina).    <Dnll.  Akad.  MUnchen,  1849,  pp.  108-188;  Arch.  f.  Natnrg.  Jahrg.  xv, 

Bd.  i,  1849,  pp.  39-51. 

64  H 


i: 


ri 


M   V 


1010 


MONOORAPnS  OF  NOUTII  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1^^ 


i  ' 


M   ..* 


1849.— VTarren,  J.  M.    [On  the  elands  vbich  secrete  tbe  acrid  Uaid  of  Mephitis  amcricana.]    <Proo. 
Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ill,  1*19,  pp.  175, 17C. 
Anon.    Otters  in  Hadlcy,  Mass.    <  Am.  Joiirii.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vii,  1849,  pp.  117, 118. 
ISSO.-Kueeland,  B.    [On  Mnstvia  barbuta,  L.]    <  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1850,  pp.  238, 339. 

Middendorff,  A.  T.  von.     L'ebor  don  (jonieiuou  Landbiiren,  Uriius  arctos,  L,    <[  Itull,  Acad. 

Sci.  St.  l'(5ter»b.  viii,  18,-)0,  col.-21W,'-!"'0- 
Morton,  S.  O.    [On  tbe  antiquity  of  somo  races  of  dogs.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Philu.  v, 

iHoO,  pp.  av+s. 

TowDsend,  J.  K.  On  tbo  giant  wolf  of  North  America  (Lupns  gigos).  <  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi. 
Philn.  ii,  1850,  art.  viii,  pp.  75-79. 

18S0-L'l.— Mlddendorit  A.  T.  von.  Uutei  sachungen  an  Scbiideln  dos  gemeinen  Landbiiren,  als  kri- 
tiiicbe  Uolenchtang  der  Slreitfrtigo  Ubor  die  Arteu  fossilor  Hohlenbiiren.  <Verband.  Min. 
Oesi'll.  St.  Petersb.  1850-51,  pp.  7-99. 

1851.— BrT!andier,L.  [On  tbo  species  of  Mexican  wolves:  with  preliminary  remarks  by  a  committee  of 
1  be  Acoiiomy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.]  <^Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  v,  Feb.  1851, 
pp.  IM,  157. 

Brandt,  J.  F.  neobarbtungen  liber  die  pcriodiscb,  vermuthlicb  in  Folge  climatiselier  EinflUsse 
abweichende  lieklcidung  der  Unterseito  der  Zoben  unci  Fusssoblon  der  nordischen  wieselar- 
ligen  Thierc.  <  Bull.  Phys.  Math.  Acad.  St.  PfStersb.  ix,  1S>1,  pp.  184-188;  Melanges  Biol,  i, 
ii,  1851,  pi>.  laviOO;  I'ror.  Tttgesber.  no.  339  (Zool.  Bd.  ii),  1851,  pp.  113-116. 

Brandt,  3.  F.  Ginign  Demerkungen  liber  die  Variation  dpr  OoAnienfaltcn  mehrerer  wieselartigen 
Thierc.  <  Bull.  Phys.  Matli.  Acad.  St.  Pdtcrsb.  ix,  1851,  pp.  188-190;  Melanges  Hiol.  i,  ii, 
ISil,  pp.  191-1U3 ;  Fror.  Togcisber.  no.  317  (Zool.  Bd.  ii),  1851,  pp.  381, 382. 

Leidy,  J.  [On  Mncbnirodus  primu'vns  from  tbe  eocene  of  Nebraska.]  <[  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi. 
Pblla.  V,  1851,  pp.  3-»,  330. 

Morton,  S.  O.    [On  the  races  of  do;!8.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Pbila.  v,  la'il,  pp.  139, 140. 
1833.— Audubon,  J.  J.,  and  Bachman,  J.    Uescription  of  a  new  American  fox  [V'ulpes  Utah].   <  Proc. 
Aca<I.  Nat.  Sci.  vi,  1852,  pp.  114,11,"). 

Do  Kay,  J.  B.  Tbeflsher.  Mnstela  canadensis.  [AbstractfromZoologyof  New  York.]  <^  Fifth 
Ann.  Kep.  Reg.  Univ.  N.  Y.  1852,  pp.  33,34,  with  pi. 

Leldy,  J.    [On  Felis  atrox,  n.  s.]    <  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Philn.  v,  1852,  pp.  261,262. 

Warren,  J.  C.  [On  the  cranium  of  Felis  mylodoD.]  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  16S3, 
pp.  250-2:)8. 

Woodhouse,  S.  W.    The  North  American  jackal  (Canis  frnstror).    <Joum.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi. 
Phila.  ii,  lH.-)2,  ai-t.  x,  pp.  87,88. 
1893. — Oiebel,  C.  O.     Svstcmatlscbe  Bcdcntnng  des  Nasenbcins  bci  den  camivoren  Ranbtbieren. 
<]ZeilHchi'.  gcHnmmt.  Nuturw.  Halle,  ii,  1853,  pp.  ;I5, 36. 

Xieldy,  J.  Description  of  an  extinct  species  of  American  lion  (Felis  atrox).  <Trans.  Am. 
Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  n.  s.  x,  1853,  art.  xxii,  pp.  319-321,  pi.  34. 
1854.— Leidy,  J.  [Kemarks  on  the  dentition  of  n  new  species  of  mammal  from  Nebraska,  character- 
ised under  the  name  of  Dinictis  felina.]  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  1854,  p.  127. 
1855.— Brandt,  J.  F.  Beitriige  zur  nUhern  Kenntuiss  dor  Siiugelhiore  Russland's.  Erste  Abhundlnng. 
l^dbsliindige  Mittheiluugen  Ulwr  den  iinssern  Ban  des  Zobels  (Mustela  zibelUna  var.  asiatica 
nnil  nuinricana)  im  Vergleicb  niit  deni  des  Banm- und  Steinmardors.  (Mit  vier  Tafeln.)  (La 
le  '.!7  jnin  1851.)  (Aus den  Mi^mciros [Acad.  St.  Petersb.]  Soi.  Natarelles,  t.  vii.  beaonders  abge- 
*drucki.)    4'^.     1855.    pp.  in!,  pll.  iv. 

Oiebel,  C.  O.     Ilunderassen  dor  Ilnndctrtcn.    <[Zeit8obr.  gesammt.  Natnrw.  Halle,  v,  1855, 

,  pp.  349-;i6:i. 

Oiebel,  CO.    Ueber  Fuchs- und  Katzenschiidel  aus  SUdamerica.     <Zeitachr.  gesammt.  No- 

turw.  Halle,  vi,  1855,  pp.  197-201. 
Parker,  T.    [On  a  pecniiarity  in  tbe  habits  of  tbe  New  England  bear.]    <  Proo.  Boston  Soo. 

Nat.  Hist.  V,  18.V..  p.  212. 
Fucberan,  J.    Notes  mammalogiques  [sur  les  carnaasiers],    <  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  vii,  1855,  pp. 

392-31M. 


61  . 


DIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— D.  PERJ3  (FiSSIPEDIA; 


1011 


1856.— Herbert,  H.  W  The  uportman'ii  VH'le  mecuni.  By  "  Dinks",  containing  fnll  instructions  in 
all  that  relates  to  the  breeding,  rearing,  breaking,  kennelling,  and  conditioning  of  dogs; 
together  with  nnineronH  valuable  recines  ft-r  the  treatment  of  the  various  diseases  to  which 
the  canine  race  is  subject.  As  also  a  few  remarks  on  guns, — their  loading  and  carriage.  De- 
signed expressly  for  the  use  of  yonng  sportsmen.  New  revised  edition.  And  dogs:  their 
management ;  being  a  new  plan  of  treating  the  animal,  based  upon  a  consideration  of  his 
natural  t«nnpetament,  illustrated  by  nomerous  engravings,  depicting  the  character  and  posi- 
tion of  the  dog  when  suffering  disease.  liy  Eilwnrd  Mayhew,  M.  R.  C.  V.  H.  Edited  by  Frank 
Koreeter,  ...  New  York :  Stringer  &  Townseud,  IS.'iC.  [12°.  4^4  pp.,  4  pll.] 
18S7. — Belke,0.  Note  sar  lee  ehate  sanvages  de  Podolie,.pr<SoM(S>)  de  quDli|iies  remanines  sur  la  place 
8yst<Smati(iae  du  chat  domattiquo.    <  Bull.  8  )c.  Imp.Nntur.  Moscou,  xxx,  1H.')7,  ii,  pp.  458-409. 

[BiUlngs,  B.]   The  common  waeaeUPutoriuserminea).    [asan.]    <  Can.  Nat.  and  Oeol.ii,  1857, 
art.  zl,  pp.  455-463,  with  1  Dg. 

[BUUnge,!).]    Natural  history  of  the  rooooon  (Procyon  lotor).    r<<»o».]    <Can.  Nat.audGeol. 
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[BUlings,  B.]     Natural  history  of  the  wolf  (Caoia  lapns),  and  its  varieties,    [anon.]    <Can. 
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[BilUnga,  B.]   Natural  history  of  the  wolverene  or  oaroiiJou(OaloluBcas).    [anon.]    <  Can.  Nat. 
and  Oeol.  i,  1M57,  art.  xxxix,  pp.  241-247. 

[BUUnga,  B.]    On  the  American  or  bla-^k  bear  fUrsus  americanus).    [anon.]    <Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.  i,  1857,  art.  xiii,  pp.  100-104. 

[BllUn«B,B.]   On  the  Canadian  otter  (Lutra  canadensis),   [anon.]    <|  Can,  Nat.  and  Oeol.  i,  1857 
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[BUllnga,  B.]    On  the  cinnamon  bear  (Ursnscinnamomnm).    [anon.]    ^  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i, 

1857,  art.  xvi,  pp.  114, 115. 

[BUlinga,  B. ]    On  the  "fisher"  or  pekan—" Pennant's  marten "  (Mustela  canadensis),    [anon.] 

<  Can.  Nat  and  Geol.  ii,  18.')7,  art.  xiv,  pp.  .'10-119. 

[BUUlige,B.]    On  the  fuxea  of  British  North  A muiiux.    [anon.]    <  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i,  1857,  art. 

XXXV,  pp.  216-228. 
[Billings,  B.]    Ou  the  grizzly  bear  (irrsns  ferox).    [anon.]    <  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i,  1857,  art. 

xiv,  pp.  104-109. 
[Billlnga,  B.]    On  the  lonp  cervier,  or  Canadian  lynx  (Lynx  canadensis),  and  the  bay  lynx,  or 

wild  oal  of  the  United  States  (Lynx  rufas).    [anon.]    <;Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i,  1857,  art.  xl,  pp. 

247-2»,. 
[BiUlnBa,  B.]    On  thomiuk(Patorins  viiou).    [anon.]    <Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  ii,  1857,  art.  xxxix, 

pp.  448-455. 
[BiUinga,  B.]    On  the  pine  marten  (Mustela  martes).    [anon.]    <  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  ii,        , 

art.  xli,  pp.  163, 464. 
[BUUoga,  B.]    On  the  skunk  (Mephitis  ohinga).    <  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i,  1857,  art.  Ii,  pp.  360-364. 
[Btiu/^;*,  B.]    On  the  white  or  polar  bear  (Uraus  maritimas).    [anon.]    <  Cau.  Nat.  and  Geol. 

i,  It&T,  art.  XV,  pp.  109-113. 
Brown-Stfqnard,  B.    [Crystals  in  dogs'  blood  after  the  extirpation  of  the  suprarenal  capsules.] 

<  Proo.  Am.  Philos.  8oc.  Phila.  vi,  1857,  p.  243. 

OiebeliC.  O.  [ZurOsteologiedcs  Waschbiiren  (Procyon  lotor)].  <[Zeitschr.  gcaammt.  Naturw. 

Halle,  ix,  1857,  pp.  34»-372. 
Oray,  J.  B.    Notice  of  a  new  species  of  Jaguar  [L.  hernandezii]  from  Mazatlan,  living  in  tho 

Gardens  of  the  Zoological  Society.    <  Proc.  Zocl.  Soc.  London,  xv,  1857,  p.  278,  plT  58. 
MazlmlUan,  — .    Ueber  die  Selbststiindigkcit  der  Species  des  Ursns  ferox,  Desm.,  mit  anutomi- 

schon  Bemerkungen  von  A.  F.  Mayer.    <  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Ceps.  Leop.  xxvi,  1867,  pp.  33-87. 
18S7-S8.— SevertBOW,  N.    Notice  aur  la  classification  mnllis^riale  de«  carnivores,  spdcialement  des 

f<lid6s,  et  sur  les  <Stades  de  zoolngie  gdn^rale  qui  s'y  raltochent.    <  Coinpt,  Rend.  Acad.  Sci. 

Paris,  xliv,  1857,  pp.  707-713;  Revne  et  Mag.  Eool.  8e  a6t.  ix,  1857,  pp.  387-£31,  433-439;  x, 

1858,  pp.  3-8,  145-150,  193-lBfl,  241-246,  385-39;). 

1898.— KnoeUnd,  &,jr.    [On  the  North  American  Sfrvciesof  Hastela.]    <  Proc.  Best.  Boo.  Nat.  Hist, 
iv,  1858,  p.  418. 


I  :.!* 


ii 

■ 


1012 


MOJfOGBAPnS  OF  NOKTII  AMERICAN  KODBNTIA. 


1898.- 

18S9. 


1860. 


(       ...    y 

i, 

■1 

■r 

iH': 

li  •:    ,  -^'^ 

1'     ' 

■^^--,»j 

-.i '  y. 

1 

I               -'^ 

1861- 


1862. 
1863.- 

1864 

1865.-: 


1866.-. 


Leidy,  J.    [KiMiinrkH  uii  tlio  utoniocli  of  a  mink  (Miistela  viitou)  containing  a  laigo  nnniber  of 

worni8.]     <  Proc.  Aoml.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliilo.  x,  1858,  ji.  '25. 
■Colnde,  J.  P.    I)u  la  subdivision  dus  niummifitros  carnossiera  digitigrodcs.    <[  Congr%ii  Soien- 

tlflqno,  I'rnnce,  xxiv,  1850,  pp.  iGi,  463. 
Leidy,  J.    [On  sknil  of  Uniiiii  unioricanua  from  the  drift,  Claiborne,  Mim.]    <  Proo.  Acad.  Nat 

Sci.  Phllu.  1H59,  p.  m. 
Bartlett,  A.  D.    Note  on  aome  bybrid  boam  bred  in  tbe  Gardens  of  the  Zoological  Society. 

<  Prt>c.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  xxvlii,  18<i0,  pp.  130, 131. 

|Ohfl4frv»tionii  OD  yuung  hybrid  bfltween  U.  amoHcaniu  (Jj  uiil  U.  arotoa  ( 9  )■) 
Bennett,  O.    Notra  on  the  habits  of  tbe  brown  coati  (Nosna  fusoa.  Deem.).    <  Proo.  Zool.  Soo. 

Loudon,  xxviii,  1860,  pp.  .3'.23,3*.24. 
BUohoO;  T.  L.  W.,  and  Volt,  C.     Die  Ocsetze  tier  Emiibning  dee  Fleischfreamra  durcb  nene 

Uutersuclinngon  festgestellt.    8".     iii,  305  pp.,  2  pU.    Leipzig,  C.  F.  Winter,  IStiO. 
Kneeland,  B.,jr.    [On  tbe  barking;  of  dogs  in  its  bearings  on  Darwinism.]    <^  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 

Arts  Sci.  iv,  lH(iO,  pp.  420-li{8,  431.  432. 
Thoreau,  B.  O.    [On  a  Canada  lynx  (Lyux canadensis)  killed  in  Carlisle,  Mass.]   <^  Proo.  Boston 

Hoc.  N»t.  Hist,  vii,  18C0,  pp.  355, 356. 
WUaon,  J.    [Uumsrks  on  a  tiger  cat  (Foils  pardalis  miuimas).]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila. 

1860,  pp.  82-84. 
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Zool.  Soc.  London,  1861,  p.  301. 
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LdimIou,  1861,  pp.  140-141,  pi.  xxii. 

(Tliu  p)at«  ropiuaenta  the  youuf;  of  F.  coDOoIor.) 
Nordmann,  A.  von.   Unber  das  Vorkonimen  dee  Folarfuchsea  (Cants  lagopns)  am  Amur.    <^  Bull. 

Soc.  Nat.  Moscon,  xxxir  (pte.  2),  1861,  pp.  321-324. 
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27 -HO,  52-56. 
-BamstoD,  O.    [Remarks  on  the  genus  Lntra,  and  on  .  .e  species  inhabiting  North  America.] 

<  Can.  Nut.  and  Geol.  viii,  186:1,  art.  xii,  pp.  147-150,  with  6  flgg. 
[Oescribes  Lutra  deatruotor,  n.  ap.] 

Saoc,  — .     [On  hybrids  of  jaguar  and  black  panther  of  Java.]    <  Zool.  Oart.  1863,  p.  88. 

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wiss.  xxiv,  Dec.  1864,  pp.  465-476. 
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1805,  pp.  330-350,  with  2  pU. 
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Oray,  J.  E.    8u]iplomeutary  noted  on  tbe  Mnstelids.    '<^Froc.  Zool.  Soc.  1865,  pp.  680,681. 

Armand,  J.    [Study  of  Ursus  maritimns  in  the  Zool.  Garten  of  Coin.]    <"  Qtea,  Bd.  2,  Coin, 

1866,  p.  :!7.'' 
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340. 
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School  ITnion,  New  York,  18ti6. 


r  m- 


r  I  r 


BIBLIOOU.  APPENDIX— D.  FEU-E  (FIBSIPEDIA). 


1013 


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Anon.    [Triehinis  in  fox  and  marten.]    <^  Zool.  Oart.  vii,  1800,  pp.  77, 117. 
1867.— Fitilnger,  L.  J.    Die  Rafen  des  zaiimen  llandes.    <  8itz.  math.-nat.  CI.  K.  Akad.  Wias.  Wien 

(1),  Ivi,  viz:  1.  Abtheilung, Ivi,  li*7,  pp.  377-007;  4.  Abtheilung,lvi,  1H07,  pp.  5l4-.'>8r.. 
Oiay,  J.  B.    Notes  on  the  skulls  of  the  cats  (Felidai).    <  Froo.  Znol.  Sue.  London,  1807,  pp. 

25&-27T. 
Oray,  3.  B.    Notes  on  certain  siiecies  of  cats  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museuui,    <  I'roc. 

Zool.  Soo.  Londen,  1807,  pp.  394-405,  pll,  27-28. 
Oray,  J.  B.    Additional  observations  on  the  species  of  cats  (Felida<)  in  the  British  Museum. 

<  Proc.  Zool.  8oc.  London,  1807,  pp.  874-870. 

RoUeaton,  O.    On  the  domestic  cats,  Felis  domesticna,  and  Musteln  foina,  of  ancient  itnd  modern 

times.    <  .lonm.  Auat.  nnd  Physiol,  ii, "  1808",  pp.  47-01.    (Pub.  Nov.  1807.) 
Whitney,  J.  D.    [On  fossil  tooth  from  Douglas  Flat.]    <Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  iii,  1807,  pp. 

356,357. 

["He  oonaidered  it  [a osLioe  tooth]  «a  probsbtj  ImIoiikIiii;  to  Ibo  bysna.") 
1868.— Dieck,  R.    Die  Bautmuskeln  des  Fuchs-Kopfes.     <  Zeitschr,  ges.  Natnrwiss.  xxxi,  18C8,  pp. 

218-223. 
Oray,  J.  B.    Notes  on  the  skulls  of  the  species  of  dogs,  wolves,  and  foxes  (Canidn;)  [and  hyenas 

(HyiBoidDB)]  in  the  ooUeotioo  of  the  British  Museum.    <  Proc.  Zool.  8oc.  Loiidon,  1868,  pp. 

41)2-525. 
[Packard,  A.  8.,  jr.]    Habits  of  the  common  red  fox.    (anos.)    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1608,  p.  494. 
RoUeaton,  O.    On  the  oat  of  the  ancient  Greeks.    <  Joorn.  Anat.  nnd  Phys.  ii,  1868,  pp.  437, 

438. 
Bolatar,  P.  L.    [Remarks  upon  ft  l;eor  [U.  nasutus]  recently  added  to  the  society's  menagerie.] 

<  Proc.  Zool.  Soo.  London,  1868,  pp. 71-73  (with  2  Bgg.),  pi. 8. 
S[taD]ey],  D.  D.    The  wolvevene  [Gulo  luscus].    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1868,  p.  215. 

[DepradatlooB  A  the  SDioiai  on  iM-aven.] 
Wright,  C.    Bears  and  bear-bunting.    <  Am.  Not.  Ii,  1868, pp.  121-124. 
1868-69.— Pltalnger,  L.  J.    Revision  der zur  natUrlichen  Familie  der  Katzen  (Feles) gehorigen  Formon. 
< 8itz.  math.-nBt  CI.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  Abth. i, Iviii,  1868, pp. 421-.'-.19 ;  Abth.  ii. lix,  1809, pp. 
211-279;  Abth.  iii,lix,  1869, pp. 629-710;  Abth.  iv, lix,  1869, pp.  173-262. 
1869.— Banniatar,  H.  M.    The  Esqa  inaux  dog.    <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  1869,  pp.  522-530. 

Dall,  W.  H.    [The  distribntion  of  marine  inimols.}    <  Proc.  Boston  SocN&t.  Hist,  xiii,  1869, 
p.  164. 

[Rtfera  to  polar  bear  and  wals] 
Dall,  W.  H.    Alaska  and  its  resources.    8°.    Boston,  Lee  &  Shepard,  1869. 

(NotM  on  mamniala,  pturm,  chapter  on  for  trade,  and  a  formal  list) 
Droate-HiilBhoft  M.  von.    [Summaries  of  sales  of  pelts  of  North  American  fur-bearing  animals, 

1769-1868,  etc.  ]    <  Zool  Gart.  1869,  p.  317. 
Flower,  W.  H,    On  the  anatomy  of  the  Proteles,  Proteles  cristatns  (Sporrman).    <  Proc.  ZooU 

Soo.  Lond.  1809,  pp.  474-496,  pi.  36, 
Flower,  W.  H.    On  the  value  of  the  characters  of  the  base  of  the  cranium  in  the  olaasifioation  of 
the  order  Carnivora,  and  on  the  systematic  position  of  Bassaris  and  other  disputed  forms  .  .  . 

<  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1869,  pp.  4-37. 

FrauUlus,  A.  von.    [Lutra  canadensis  f )  in  Costa  Rica.]    <  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1H69,  p.  2«). 
Oray,  J.  B.    Note  on  the  varieties  of  dugs.    <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1869,  pp.  236-240. 
KT^.^iUnn  B.    On  a  variety  of  the  Canis  viilpes  ( Vuljies  vulgaris,  Brisson)  found  in  the  Forest 
of  the  Ardennes,  Belgium.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869,  pp.  247-248,  with  3  Ogg.  on  p.  246. 


1014 


JIONOGKAI'IIS  OP  KORin  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


! 


'W    '^ 


:;i:; 


1869. -Putnam,  F.  W,  and  Packard,  A.  S.,  .;>    Ou  tlio  polar  and  otbor  ■poo!c«  of  bears.    <  Dull. 
Khhox  liiHt.  i,  lcr>0,  pp.  i:v*,  i:i!>. 
V.  (.l/r«.).     riiinilinrity  of  a  wcaMil.     <  Aiu.  Nat.  iii,  lri69,  p. '/70. 
1870.— Colvln,  V.     Nnrrnlivc  of  n  bear-liiint  in  tlio  Ailironiloclu.    <  Albany  Inst,  vi,  1870,  pp.  3*27-810. 
Ccues,  B.    Dispnsul  of  tbe  placonta  [uf  dog].    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  187U,  p.  TiC. 
Oervala,  P.     tlC'nioirn  Hnr  Irs  fomica  c<!r6bralcB  propres  nnx  carnivores  vivants  nt  fossiles, 

niiivi  ilu  ■'•■niunint'H  Kur  la  clussiHcation  dc  ci'S  auimaux <^Nouvellt'H  Arobives  du 

Mui^<<inii  d'Uistoiio  Naturclle  de  Paris tomo  vi,  1870,  M6moiroR,  pp.  lU3-lt>U,  pll.  3-9. 

Iieidy,  J.    [On  a  fossil  mandible  of  Patriofelis  ulta,  u.  s.,  from  near  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming.] 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Pbilo.  1870,  pp.  10, 11. 

Parker,  H.  W.    Tbe  little  striped  skunk  In  Central  Iowa.    <  Am.  Nat.  Iv,  1870,  p.  376. 

Scanunon,  C.  M.    The  sea  otters.     <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1870,  pp.  65-74. 

Anon.    Tod  eines  VielfrasstW,  Gulo  borealis.    <[  Berliner  kliniscbe  Wochenschrift,  1870 ;  Zool, 
Gart.  xii,  1H70,  p.  31.    [Autopsy.] 
1871.— JBUlot,  D.  O.     Rimarks  ou  various  species  of  Felidio,  with  a  description  of  a  species  from  North- 
western .Siberia.    <  Proc.  Zool.  8oc.  London,  1871,  pp.  758-701,  pi.  70. 

Flower,  W.  H.    On  tbe  composition  of  the  carpal  of  tbe  dog.    <  J.  Anat.  and  Physiol.  1871, 
pp.  02-04,  with  n  wotMlcnt. 

HlgglnaoD,  T.  W.    Hybrid  between  rat  and  raccoon.    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  pp.  660,661. 
(Tliii  alli  -Twl  hylirld  was  nu  Ad};u1u  est,] 

Parker,  H.  W.    Mepliiti.H  bicolor.     <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1871,  p.  701. 

Parker,  J.  8.     Anatomy  of  (be  tknnk.     <  Am.  Nnt.  v,  1871,  pp.  'iid-'He. 
[Ut-f.-rriDf;  tu  tlio  alia)  kIsoiIb  aod  ii('lj;liUirlllg  parts.) 

[Putnam,  P.  W.]    American  pnntber.     (anon.)    <  Am.  Nat.  Iv,  1871,  pp.  692,60.'!. 

ISpecleaatlU  common  in  the  Adirondacka,  and  "  often  found  killed  by  thoapineaof  bodgeboga",  f.  <.,f)orea' 
pines.] 

Bclater,  P.  Ii.    Notes  on  rare  or  little-known  animals  now  or  lately  living  in  tbe  society's  gar- 
dens.   <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1871,  pp.  221-240  (with  0  flgg.),  pll.  xiv-xvii. 
[Urana  nasntna  tdontlfled  with  U.  amflrloanna,  p.S39.1 
Sclater,  P.  L.    [Report  ou  the  additions  to  the  society's  menagerie  in  April,  1871.]    <  Proc.  Zool. ' 
Soc.  London,  1871,  pp.  478,479,  pi.  38. 

(Fella  [Lynx]  mf*  wiihout  "  enr-peQciU"  nienlioned.] 
Weale,  — .    African  ant  cats  [i.  e.  Viverrida*].    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  p,437. 
1872.— Cones,  B.    Qeograpbioal  distribution  of  Bossaris  astnta.    <[  Am.  Mat.  vi,  1872,  p.  364. 

Oill,  T.    Hybrids.   [Criticism  of  an  account  of  an  alleged  hybrid  between  a  cat  and  a  raccoon.] 

<  Am.  Nat.  vi,  Jan.  1872,  pp.  1-3. 

Luoae,  Dr.    [Osteology  and  myology  of  Lntra  and  Enhydris  in  comparison  with  seals  (Pinni- 
pedia).]     <.  Abhandl.  Sensk.  Oesell.  viii,  1872,  pp.  279-378,  pll.  1-14. 

BuUlvant,  J.    A  rare  animal.    <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  pp.  362-.')64. 

[ItM^nl  of  the  captarv  of  two  apeclmens  of  Baaearla  aatnta  in  Fairfield  County,  Ohio.] 
Tenney,  S.     The  food  of  the  black  bear.     <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  pp.  493-494. 
1873.— Chapmaa,  H.  C.    Uispoeition  of  tbe  tlexor  pcrfornns,  flexor  Inngus  balluois,  and  flexor  acces- 
Borius  ill  I'nrudoxunis  nusunga.  Gray.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.  1873,  pp.  372, 373,  with  fig. 
Couea,  B.    Tbe  prairie  wolf,  or  coyote  (Canis  latrans).    <  Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  pp.  385-389. 

[Dlacusaiun  of  relationahipa  with  Homeatlo  dog — Article  elaewbere  reprinted  aereral  tlmea,  under  various 
editorial  moditloationB  uf  title  and  text.l 

Coueo,  B.     Variatiou  in  deulition  [in  Lupus].    <  Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  pp.  495, 496. 
Farwick,  B.     [On  albinotic  and  pied  vaiieties  of  Musteliuic.]    <  Zool.  Gart.  1873,  pp.  17, 18,    ' 
Hall,  C.  F.     Bear-hnnting  in  the  arctic  regions.    <  Am  8|iorts.  Doc.20, 1873. 
Jackel,  A.  J.     [Ou  albinotic  and  pied  varieties  of  Hustelino;.]    <  Zool.  Gart.  1873,  pp.  456-4.'i9. 
Stone,  L.    Mink  [;  its  propagation  in  conflncmrnt].    < Trans.  N.  Y.  State  Agrio.  Soe.  for  1871, 
xxxi,  1873,  pp.  330-3:12. 

Wilder,  B.  O.    Variation  in  the  pectoral  muscles  of  domestio  dogtt,    <  Pnx).  Am.  Asaoo.  Adr. 
Sci.  xxii,  1873,  p.  308. 


BIULIOC.U.  AITENDIX-LV  I'EllM  (FlSSIl'KDIA). 


1015 


1874.— Adanu,  A.  L.    On  the  natural  lii»t(iry  aud  Kiiograpbical  iliatributioii  of  liviu({  and  I'llinot 
liearH.    <  Top.  Sci.  Uov.  xiii,  July,  Mi,  pp.  viiO-lioO. 

"  Alaaka"  (i.  «.,  II.  W.  Elliott)  Ipteuion.].    'I'lio  Bca  otter  (Lutro  uiarlua).    <  Amur.  SiiortHin. 

8ept.  la  and  Sept.  10, 1B74. 
Baird,  8.  P.    [Nolo  on  Tntoriua  nigripod.]    <  Harpor'H  Wiiukly,  Sfjit.  IH,  1H7I. 
Batty,  J.  n.    Tbo  Kelis  concolor  or  panther.     <  Ala.  Hporta.  Apr.  a.">,  1H74. 
"  Central  America  "  [  pieudon.  ].    Tiger  hunting  in  Coeta  Rica.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  June  4, 

1874. 
Cones,  B.    Spocimcn  of  a  cougar  [Felis  conculor].    <  Am.  Sports.  Jan.  24, 1874. 
Ceuea,  E.    Wante<l!    [A  call  for  Bpeciineniof  I'utoriusnigripcis.']    <  Am.  Sports.  Nov.  ao,  1874. 
Darwin,  C.    Expressions  of  the  cat,    <  Cincinnati  Quart.  Joor.  Sci.  i,  April,  1874,  pp.  188-1'JO. 
f  {EstfAct  fyoin  liis  EiproMion  <if  Emotions  In  Man  and  Animalii.] 

DroBte-BuUboli;  M.  von.    [Himnlaliou  of  death  hy  Putorius  crmiuea.]    <  Zool.  Qort.  1874,  pp. 

I'JJ,  194. 

FairohUd,  a.  M.,jr.    Canada  lynx.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  Aug.  37,  1874. 

"Fred.  Beverly"  [pamdoii.]  (F.  A.  Oker).    Florida  sketches.— No.  2.    The  Florida  panther 

[I'elis  concolor].    <  Forest  and  Stream,  iii,  Dec.  17, 1874,  p. 290. 
OiU,  T.    On  the  genera  Tremarctos,  Gervais,  (Nearct'W,  Gray),  and  .f^lnrina,  Oervais,  (Ailu- 

roglo,  Fitz.).    <  Ann.  Mug.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  xiii,  Jan.  1874,  pp.  15,  111. 
Oray,  J.  B.    liist  of  the  sfiecies  of  feline  animals  (Felidoi).    <[  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Uist.  (4;, 

xiv,  Nov.  1774,  art.  xiii,  pp.  301-^56. 
Oray,  J.  B.    On  the  colour  of  the  kittens  of  the  species  of  cits  CFulidiu].    <^  Ann.  and  Msg, 

Nat.  Iliet.  (4),  xiv,  Nov.  1874,  pp.  377, 378. 
Oray,  J.  B.    On  Ncarctos  aud  .£lnrina.    <  Ann.  and  Uag.  Nat  lliut.  (4),  xiv  July,  1874,  p.  U3. 
Hovey,  B.  C.     Rabies  mephitica.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Ariu,  3d  sor,  vol.  vli,  no.  41,  art.  xlir, 

Moy,  1874,  pp.  477-483. 

[Cuniiiilering  It  a  peculiar  apeolM  of  byilropbobia.] 
Kirkpatxiok,  J.    [On  the  occurrence  of  Bafsarls  astata  in  Ohio.]    <Proo.  Cleveland  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  for  Jan.  30,  1857,  published  1874,  pp.  12(>-128. 
"  M."    Hunting  the  puma  or  American  liou  [Felis  concolor],    <  Am.  Sfr  >rta.  Har.  28, 1874. 
Mather,  F.    Ferret  breeding  and  handling.    <  Am.  Sports.  Nov.  28, 1874-. 
"Monmouth"  [ ptudon.'].    Hunting  the  California  lion  [i.  e.,  Felis  concolor].    < Forest  and 

Stream,  Dec.  3,  1874. 
"  Mortimer  Kerry  "  [pteudon.']  (i.  e.,  J.  M.  Murphy).    Zoology  of  the  Novthwestorn  States  and 

Territories:  the Ursidre.    < Forest  and  Stream,  April  30,  1874. 
Parker,  W.  F.    Rabies  mephitica.    [Referring  to  Mr.  Hovey's  article  in  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.] 

<  Am.  Sports,  June  27, 1874. 
Rldloo,  O.  T.    Running  a  silver-grey  fox  [Vulpes  fulvus  rar.  argtatatns].    <Am.  Sports. 

Doc.  12, 1874. 
Boammon,  C.  M.    [The  sea  otter.]    <  Marino  Mamm.  N.  Amer.  1874,  pp.  168-178,  pi.  xzii,  1 

xinctype  p.  175. 
Sondder,  S.  H.    Rabbit  cats.    <  Proc.  Boston  Boc.  Nat.  Hist,  xvi,  1J74,  p.  114. 
^IXrUder,  B.  O.    Cerebral  variation  in  domestic  dogs,  and  its  bearing  npon  scientiflo  phrenol- 
ogy.    1873.    <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  xxii,  1874,  pp.  234-249,  pll.  1-6. 
Wilder,  B.'O.    On  tbo  composition  of  the  carpus  in  dogs.    <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc  Adv.  Sol.  xzii, 

1874,  pp.  301, 302,  with  3  figg. 
Williams,  F.  H.    Case  of  a  dog  nnrsing  n  kitten.    <  Am.  Nat.  riii,  1874,  p.  758. 
Anon.    Bears  in  Colorado.    <  Am.  Sports.  Feb.  7, 1874. 
Ahoh.    Fox  hunting  in  North  Corolinn.    <  Am.  Sports.  Deo.  12, 1874. 
Ancv.    Lynx  canadensis  [?]  in  New  Jersey.    <  Am.  Siiorts.  April  4, 1874. 
Anon.    Mink  breeding.    <  Forest  anil  Stream,  Jnly  2,  1874. 
Ation.    On  hydrophobia.    <  Am.  Sports.  Nov.  21, 1H74. 
Anon.    The  jiolar  bear's  cnmiing.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  Dec.  5, 1674. 
.411011.    The  wolf  in  the  fold.    <  Am.  Sports.  Jan.  24, 1874. 


riTirT'nnTT.ir"]:rij'7rY 


1010 


MONOUUAl'US  OF  NOItTIl  AMKUICAN  UODENTIA. 


B!l  I 


1S7S.— Elliott,  H.  W.    Tli»  iH>a-iitter  aad  Iih  liiiiiliiiK'    <  l<<'I>nit  an  Iheconilltiim  ofiiffairi  iu  Alimka, 
clinp.  V,  pp.  .M-Ti^  (rt  ',  Wiu<liiii|{tuii,  Ouvuriiinniit  rriiitiuf(  Ofllou,  lH7ri). 
BoSmao,  W.  J.     Itoum,  ctu.,  In  Ariwnu.     <  Amur.  Nul.  ix,  1H7&,  p.  AKi. 

Janeway,  J.  O.     On  Iiyilmplioliia.    <  New  Ynrk  Medical  Rucortl,  x,  no.  Sl!27,  Mar.  13, 1U7&,  l>|). 
177-lHU. 
[Ciiiiniilerlii^t  tlio  N(i-calliHl  robica  Diepbition  w  illuply  liydropbobU.)  * 

Jttckel,  A.  J.     L'L'lH-r  Lcnciamen  untcr  <lrn  Moatelen.     <  Zool.  Oart.  xlv,  1875,  pp.  4IJG-4&9. 
1876.— Allen,  J.  A.    The  extirpation  of  llio  lur){er  IniliiscnonH  inamnialH  in  the  United  Htatei.    <[I*enn 
Monthly,  Uct,  It^ii,  pp.  7U4-tWG.    [.Should  havo  oouio  under  11.  Fuunal  Publicatiooa.] 
AUen,  J.  A.    The  former  riuigo  of  aoiue  New  Eoglaod  carniroronii  inaninialii.    <  Aiuer.  Nat.  x, 

1W7(>,  pp.  70S-715. 
Allen,  J.  A.    On  a  new  generic  typo  (BaBNuicyou  [gabbii])  of  ProoyoDldaj  from  Costa  Rlon. 

<  Troc.  Acwl.  Nat.  8ci.  PUila.  lM7t!,  pp.  aO-iKl,  pi.  i  (skull). 

Couea,  E.     KeverHiou  of  the  dog  to  the  feral  state.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  Nov.  U,  1670. 
H[oweIl  J,  M.  A.,  jr.    The  mink  as  a  forager.     <  Forest  and  Stream  of  Deo.  128, 187G. 
Howell,  M.  A.,  jr.    The  trapjier  not  the  only  euem.v  of  the  muskrat  [Putoriusvison  being 

another].     <  Forest  and  Stream  of  Deo.  'il,  1H76. 
Whitman,  C.  L.    Something    about   [way  of   handling  entrapped]  sknnks.    <^ Forest  and 

Stream,  Feb.  17,  1H70. 
Anoit.    TUu  arctic  fox — Vul|ioa  lagopus.     <^  Forest  and  Stream,  Oct.  20,  1H70. 
Ahqu.    [Habits  of]  the  mink.     <  Forest  and  Stream  of  May  11,  1870. 
1877.— Couea,  B.     History  and  habits  of  the  wolverene  (Onto  luscns).    <  For.  and  Sir.  Jan.  4,  1877. 

Cou«a,  B.    [Monograph  of  North  Anjerlcan  Mustelidai  (fall  title  not  yet  determined).]    8°. 

Washington,  Qove rument  Printing  Uttlce,  1877.    ( ix  prit»  at  lkl»  date,  Julg  4.) 
"W.M.D."     Habits  of  mink.    <  Forest  and  Stream  of  Jan.  II,  1877. 

E.-FER^  (PINNIPEDIA). 

1811. — Cnvler, F.    Observations  zoologiques sur  les  facuUiSs  physiques  et  Intollectnelles du  phoque  com- 

■nun  (Phoca  vitulinn,  L.).    <  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Pans,  xvli,  1811,  pp.  377-397. 
1822. — Duvemoy,  O.  L.    Reohercbes  anatoraiques  sur  les  organes  du  mnuvoment  du  phoque  commuu 

(I'hoca  vitulina,  Linn.).     <  iUm.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  ix,  1633,  pp.  49-70, 105-169. 
1822-23.— Llohtenatein,  K.  Bf .  B.    Ueberdio  weisnen  Robben.     < Abhandl.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin, 

188i-'A  pp.  1-12. 
1824.— Cnvier,  F.    Do  qnelqiies  espiccs  do  pboques  et  des  gronpes  g<n<Sriqne8  entre  lesquels  elles  se 

partagent.    <  M6m.  Mns.  Hist.  Nbt.  Parjs,  xi,  1824,  pp.  174-214. 
De  Kay,  J.  B.    Au  account  of  the  Phoca  cristata  recently  taken  in  the  vioiuity  uf  this  oity. 

<  Ann.  Lye.  Nal.  Hist.  Sew  York,  i,  1824,  pp.  94-99,  pi.  7. 

Bornaohuoh,  C.  F.,  and  Relnwardt,  — .  Nlihcre  Bestlmmnng  einesan  der  pommerlschen  KUste 
vorkommomleu  Robben  [Halichotrus  grisens].  <  Okon,  Isis,  1824,  col.  812-815 ;  Fdrusa.  Bull. 
Scl.  Nat.  v,  182.'),  ]>p.  104,  lO.'i.    (Orig  pub.  Uruifsw.  Acad.  Zeitsohr.  i,  1832,  p.  139  seq.) 

King,  F.  O.,  and  Ludlow,  B.  Q.  Appearances  on  dissection  of  the  Phoca  cristata.  <Ann. 
Lye.  Nal.  Hist.  Now  York,  i,  1824,  pp.9tf-t0;l. 

Knox,  R.  ObsiTvations  on  the  anatomy  of  the  Incteal  system  iu  the  seal  and  cetacea.  <,  Med. 
and  Surg.  Jour.  Ediub.  xxii,  1824,  pp.  23-31 ;  Vtot.  Not.  viii,  1834,  ool.  49-53. 
1827.— Mitohlll,  B.  Ij.,  Smith,  J.  A.,  and  Cooper,  Vf.  Discovery  of  a  fossil  walras  in  Virginia.  Re- 
port ol  MesBis.  Mitcbili,  J.  A.  Smith,  and  Coo|)er  on  a  fossil  skull  sent  to  Dr.  Mitchill  by  Mr. 
Cropper,  of  Accomao  County,  Virginia.  <Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  ii,  1837,  pp.  271,272. 
1828. — Rapp,  W.  von.  Ucber  das  Zunnsystem  dee  Wnlliostcs.  <  Wihttemb.  Abbandl.  ii,  1828,  pp. 
107-114. 

1829.— Rapp,  W.  von.  Ueber  den  ausdchubunm  Anhang  nuf  dcm  Kupfe  des  Klappmlltzen-Seehnndes 
(Phoca  [Cystopliora]  cristata).  <  Meckel's  Arch.  f.  Auat.  n.  Phyd.  1829,  pp.  230-241,  1.  pi. ; 
FiSruss.  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  xxii,  IKIO,  p.  101. 

1831.— Owen,  R.  [On  the  anatomy  of  the  seal  (Phoca  vitulina,  Linn.).}  <Proo.  Comm.  Zool.  Boo. 
London,  i,  1831,  pp.  151-154. 


UlUIilOOli.  APPENDIX— E.  VEUJE  (PINNIPKOIA). 


1017 


1839- 


1841.-1 


1838.— Baer,  K.  B.  von.    Aimtomiiu'lin  iind /.ihiIokiiicIki  IJiitrmiicliuiiHiMi  IIIht  rliui  WitllronH  (Trirhr- 

tUH  nwiiiiinw),  1111(1  VcrKlcitlmnjj  (lii'Hrfi  TliierH  iiiit  niiiU'rii  S HUiiKi-lliiercii.    ^  Aiatl.  M(^iii. 

St.  I'dUiml).  iv  (|iUi.  2),  IKIM,  |)|i,  !»7  -OO. 

HallEilmiton,  J.    lliMiiiivrkiiiii|;er  mii  deii  iHlniiilHki'  lltm'liir  (Pliiira  [lluliclwrim]  kO'I'I'""')- 

<  Kriiyur'H  Naliirliixt.  Tiiliwkr.  ii,  1«W,  )i|i.  Ul-Uit;  Ibih,  1i*11,  pp.  aHT-'JlKl. 
Wiegmann,  A.  P.  A.     Uthcr  ilua  OubiiMi  des  Wttllromwii.    <Arcbiv  fllr  NaliirK.  iv,  IH3H,  pp. 

1  l;i-130. 
Oray,  J.  B.    On  Hip  fur  Sfol  i>f  coniniercu.    <  Ann.  Nut.  IliHt.  ii,  IKK),  p.  aou. 
Gray,  J.  B.    Walking  of  the  acal.    <  Ann.  Nat.  Hi»t.  ii,  lH:ffl,  p.  7«. 

Hamilton,  R    Tbe  nntnriiliHl'ii  lil>riiry.    Edited  liy  Sir  William  Jardinp,  ll»rt Vol.  xv, 

MAiDiualia.    AnipliibioHH  Carnivorn IH'\    Kn);.  title,  4  p.  I.,  H-IUO  |ip.,  nitlillDcol. + 

7*  pll.,  and  portrait  of  I'eron.    Eilinburuli,  W.  II.  Liziim IKIU. 

Oray,  J.  B.    On  the  variation  in  tbu  tevtb  of  tlio  crrnteil  M'ftI,  Cyiitopbora  cristata,  and  on  a  n«w 

a|H>ciea  of  tbe  jjenuK  from  tbe  Went  Indies.    <  Proe  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1''41,  pp.  9l-!tll. 
Belby,  P.  3.    OliHervations  on  Ibe  ^reat  iw'al  of  tlie  Farii  Inlandx,  nliowiiiK  it  U)  iie  tbn  IIulicbcB- 
ruH  griaeiia  Niliw.,  and  not  the  I'hwa  barbata.    <  Ann.  Nat.  Hint,  vi,  1041,  pp.  4(i!M(iC;  Kror. 
N.  Not.  xviii,  no.  3'JO,  1H41,  pp.  a41-'^4(). 
Wyman,  J.    [On  the  8tenorh;ucbua  li-plonyx.]    <  I'roc.  lloaton  Roc.  Nat.  lliat.  i,  1H41,  pp.  'i,',\. 
1842.— Stanniai,  H.    Uuber  QebiiM  uud  Scliiidel  drH  WHlroaacH,  iinter  Ilorilckxichtignng  dor  Krage,  ob 
die  Verachiadenbeiien  iiu  llniie  dua  Hcbiidrla  znr  Untontcbeiilnng  mehrerer  Artuu  dor  Outtung 
Triobeona  beruclitigen.    <  MUllvHa  Arebiv,  lrJ42,  pp.  3UU-4i:i. 
1843.— Reinhardt,  J.   T.     liomaorkning  om  Tandforholdet  hoa  llalicbcerua  grypUua.     <  KtRyer'a 

Naturhlat.  TIdaakr.  iv,  lM4a,  pp.  :il3,ai4 ;  laia,  1845,  p.  702. 
1844.— Jager,  Or.  von.    Ueber  die  Stclluug  und  Dentung  der  Ziihne  dca  Wallroaaea.    <  MUller'a  Ar- 
ebiv Anat.  ltJ44,  pp.  70-7ri. 
1845.— BundaTall,  C.  J.     Oin  en  I'boca  frfin  Ladoga  (Ph.  annulata).    <  Ofveisigt  K.  Vut.  Akad. 

Forh.  (Stockholm),  ii,  ld45,  pp.  1B7,  liW. 
1846.— HiU,  R.     [Deacriptiou  of  a  aeal  found  on  a  aboal  aoath  of  Jamaica.]     <Proo.  Zool.  Soo, 

London,  xiv,  1846,  pp.  80-bl. 
1847.— Bonadorff,  B.  3.    Auntomiaka  boakrifning  of ver  do  aex  lorata  cercbral-nerrparcn  hoa  graa  hafa- 
akiilaD(Halicbairtiagryphaa),  reap.  Job.  Juat.  Staodinger.    4°.    46  pp., 2  pll.    Helaingfora,  1H47. 
1848— Lsaaon,  R.  P.    8ur  un  phoqne  do  I'Aradriqne  dn  nord.    <  lievne  Zool.  xi,  184H,  pp.  1,'2. 
1849.- Wagner,  J.  A.    Uemerknngen  liber  die  Beecbaffeoheit  dea  Knocbcngerliatea  dea  Seebiiren  und 
dea  Seeottera.    <Oeliilirto  Anz.  MllncbcD,  xiviii,  184!),  col. 665-678;  Bu.l.  Akad.  MUuchen, 
1840,  col.  lG8-18-i;  Arebiv  fUr  Anat.  xv,  1849,  pp.  SiMil. 
1890.— Wyman,  J.    f  On  the  pertinence  of  the  walrna  to  the  pacbyderma.]    <  Proc.  Boaton  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist,  iii,  18;iO,  p.  24-i. 
1853.— Oervala,  P.    Deacriptiou  de  qnolque'.  eapteca  de  phoqneii  et  de  clStac^s.    <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xx, 
(Zool.),  1853,  pp.  281-a9a. 
Gray,  J.  B.    Qj  the  attitudes  and  fl.^nrea  ot'  the  morse.     <Proo.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  xxi,  1653 

pp.  113-116,  with  10  flgg. 
Owen,  R.    On  tbe  anatomy  of  the  waii'is.    <  Proo.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  xxi,  1853,  pp.  103-107. 
1854.— Lea,  I.    [Uofereuco  to  tbe  tanned  bkii:  of  the  walrua,  uaed  for  poliabing  cutlery,  at  Hull, Eng- 
land.]   <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ei.  Phila.  vii,  1854,  p.  265. 
Wheatland,  B.    [Skull  of  valrua.]    <  Proc.  Easex  Inat.  i,  1854,  pp.  62-64. 
less.— Ayrea,  W.  O.    [  Remarks  on  the  skull  of  a  aen-lion  (Otaria  jnbata  t).  ]    <  Proc.  Cala.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sol.  i,  1856,  p.  61. 
Dareate,  C.    Note  sur  lea  cnraclbres  encdphaliquoa  des  niammifiiros  aqoatiqucs  (phoquea  et 

c^tacte).    <  Complea  Kendna,  Paria,  xli,  1855,  pp.  36],  3(i2. 
Pucheran,  J.    Snr  quelques  cariicli^rea  oHt^ologiqnes  et  enc(5phaliqnc»  proprea  aux  mammircrea 
palmipMea  [Pinnipedia].    <ConipleB  Rendus,  PariH,  xli,  1855,  pp.  282,283. 
1SS6.— Leidy,  J.    Notice  of  the  remains  of  a  species  of  seal  [not  named]  from  the  poat-pliooeno  depoait 
of  the  OtUwa  Eivcr.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  viii,  1856,  pp.  90,  91,  pi.  8  J  Can.  Nat. 
and  Oeol.  i,  1857,  art.  xixviii,^p.  238,239. 


1018  MONOOHAI'IIS  01''.>0KTII  AMKUICAN  UODDNTIA. 

1096.— Laldy,  J.    Nolicc  of  rciimiua  uf  twn  Bpcclca  of  mala.     <  I'rue,  AcuU.  Nut.  Hc'i.  I'bila.  viii,  IHtO, 
p.  yfl'i. 

I  Ml<ii-i'iii>:  IMmic«  wyniQiil,  Vlriiltiidi  P.  dvbllli,  Roath  Cknitiu.) 
1839.— Oray,  J.  B.    On  tU<\  mu  liciir  <>(  I'urntvr,  lliu  UniUH  inarinim  of  HU'lliT,  Ani(ucu|>haliia  nniuuiof 
lutliorn      <  I'MM'.  Ziu.l.  Sue.  I.oiitliiii,  xxvii,  IHfiU,  |i|,.  Kf,  IICI. 
Oray,  J.  E.     On  tlii<  Hiii-liiiiiH,  or  IdliOH  iiiurinim  nf  Hut  Spuiiiuriln,  on  tliu  rimal  of  Califuruio. 

<  I'roo.  Zool.  Sm-.  l.diiiloii,  xxvii,  IW.t,  |ip.  llW-lllil,  pi.  7-2. 

Qiiudevall,  C.  J.    Oiii  wahonnt'ii.     <  orvcrHift  K.  Vcl.  Akiid.  I'orli.  (Slot^kliolni),  xvi,  18u0,  pp. 
111-417;  (lilinriMl/.l)  Zi'ilmlir.  Ki'sainint.  Nnliirw.  Idilli',  xv,  IHiin,  pp.  a70-'/75. 
1860. — Leidy,  J.    Notirn  of  rriniiiiiH  of  tli»  wnlrim  <liMouV(in'<l  on  tli«  ronHt  of  tlie  UnitctI  Statu*. 

<  rriiiiH.  Am.  riiilos.  Hoc.  I'hila.  u.  h.  xi,  IStU),  art.  v,  pp.  Kl-W,  pi.  .l.'>. 

1062.— Oray,  J.  E.    Note  on  llio  •Ini  of  a  seal  [C.  fa'tlduii]  at  tlio  tiinu  of  birth.    <  I'roc.  Zool.  Boo. 

l.oniloii,  IHO-J,  p.  iOi.  ' 

1863.-Oray,  J.  B.    |.()ii  I'lioca  fiutida.]     <  Ami.  Nat.  Illat.  xl,  IWI,  p.  UUl). 

Malmgien,  A.  J.    Uvbrr  den  ZaLuban  dca  Odobrnna  roaiuanm.    <^  Ofv.  Kon)|l.  Vvt.  Ak.  I'orh. 

inGii,  p.  m:,. 

1864. — Gray,  J.  B.    Nuti's  lUi  Kinlx  (I'boridir),  including  th«  dracription  of  a  nnw  miiI  (Ilnlicyon  rlcb- 
iirdii),  from  die  wcHt  lonnt  of  North  Ami'rica.     <^  I'roc.  /oul.  Hoc.  Loudon,  1804,  pp.  !f7-34. 
Malmgron,  A.  J.    Cm  tiuidli,vitK"<>'h'n  Iioh  hviilnwHfii  ((Monlobu'iiOH  roanuirnM,  I..),  ovh  tnn- 
domliyti't  hoa  liana  oliiddn  niigi'.     <[(Kfvi'rN.  SvcnHk.  Vvlcnxk.  Akad.  Korliandl.  IMtt,  pp.  ri(l3- 
.VWf,  Willi  1  pi. 
Patera,  W.    Ui'licr  dnn  Milrhgvhiaa  dra  Wallroaava.    <^  Moiialabcr.  Acnd.  Wiaa.  Deri.  Deo.,  13, 
lHr.4,  I>'<.  (i85-(iK7,  with  1  pi. 
1865.— Cope,  B.  O.    [OliHi'rvationaon  aapeclcsof  aea^Cjatopbora), andoncetaceaua.]    <^ I'too. Aoad. 
Nat.  8ci.  Phila.  IfM,  pp.  a7:l,a74. 
[A  llBt  uf  eaot  coitflt  ceuceanii  In  giTf  n. ) 
Relnhardt,  J.    Om  Klapmydaena  [Cj-atophora  crialata]  ufodte  Vnf'e  ng  dciia  Melkctandaiet. 

<  Vid.  Meddel.  Noturh.  Foren.  Kjolmh.  for  lfC4,  1805,  pp.  24t»-i!()4,  with  1  woodcut. 
[On  the  fntua  uf  (^yatophora  aod  ita  iDllk-twtll.] 

Steenatrup,  J.    Yderli);(!re  Ik'niiirkninf((ir  oin  Miilkatnndaiittet  hoa  R<>miueaUlen  (Phocn  bar- 
bata).    <  Vid.  Muddid.  Naturh.  I'orcu.  KJobnb.  for  1H64,  IHO-'i,  pp.  'Mt--Z7i. 
1066.-0111,  T.    Prodrome  of  a  monograph  of  the  pinniiicdea.    <  Proc.  Katex  luat.  v,  April  7,  1866, 
pp.  l-K). 

Oray,  J.  B.    Ciitaloguo  nf  seala  [Pluuipcdia]  and  whulea  [Cete]  in  the  Britiah  Muu  ;am 

M  cd.    8".    vii,  40--'  pp.    London,  printed  by  order  of  the  truateoa,  1866. 

Oray,  J.  B.    Notea  on  the  akulla  of  aea-beara  and  aea-llona  (Otariadai)  In  the  Drltiah  Mnaomu. 

<  Ann.  and  Mii);.  Nut.  lliat.  xviii,  186(i,  pp.  3-2>^2.')7. 

Petere,  TV.     I7vber  die  Ohrenroliben,  Otariir,  iiiubcaondcro  illirr  die  in  den  8anini1nuf(en  zn 

Uerlin  bcUndlichen  Artcn.    <  Monatab.  Ak.  Wiaa.  lierlin,  May  17, 1806,  pp.  201-'.M1,  with  4  pll. 
Peters,  W.    Nacbtrng  zii  dcr  AbbandluoR  iilicrdio  Uhrenrobbvn  (Otaria-).    <  Monatsber.  Ak, 

Wiaa.  lierlin,  Nov.  1,  186G,  pp  6(xM)72,  with  1  pi. 
1867.— Hayes,  1. 1.     [<V  walriia  hunt.]     <  The  open  polar  aea.    A  narrntivo  of  a  voyafto  ol  diacovory 

towarda  the  north  pole.     Loudon,  1867.     p.  404. 
Murle,  3.    On  the  ctiiiae  of  death  of  the  a«a-bear  (Oturia  hooker!)  lately  living  in  the  society's 

gardeua.    <[  I'roc.  Zool.  8oc.  Ixindon,  18(i7,  pp.  S243,  !244. 
1067?— Oray,  J.  B.    Obfcervatioua on  the  "  Pro<lrome  of  u  monograph  of  the  I'innipedes,  hy  Theodore 

Gill ".     <  Ann.  nud  Mug.  Nat.  lliat.  xrii,  1867 1,  pp.  444-44.!. 
1868 —Abbott,  C.  C.    Ou  the  aenla  of  the  Falkland  lalanda.    Cnmniunicated,  with  notes,  by  P.  L. 

Schiter.     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  1808,  pp.  189-lUa. 
Bartlett,  A.  O.    NoU  a  n|ioii  the  birth  of  a  ringo<l  aeal  in  the  aociety'a  gardeua.    <  Proo.  Zool. 

Soc.  London,  1808,  pii.  40-i-40'J. 
Brown,  R.    Notex  on  the  hiatory  and  gcogra|ihica1  relatinna  of  the  Pinni|icdia  frequenting  the 

.Spitzbergen  and  Oreeiiliind  Scaa.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1868,  pp.  40r>-440.— liepriuted, 

with  addiliona  and  corrcctiona,  in  the  Munnal  of  the  Nat.  lliat.  of  Greenland,  S*^,  London, 

187.%,  pp.  35-^8.  ^ 


llinLIOdlt.  AI'l'KNIHA-K.  I'KU/K  (IMNNU'EDIA). 


lOli) 


<Xutliicbr.  gen.  Nalur- 


1068.— Burmaliter,  B.     I^'livr  illi>  OlirciirolilH'U  ilcr  Oiilklliitn  Hlld-Alurrlka'a 

nlM.  xxxl,  IHIJH,  pp.  •21I.|-:U)1. 

Oray,  J.  E.  <)bi«TV»ti(iiiH  on  ilm  fur  m'uIh  of  llici  iiiiliirctic  mii*  mid  llic  Cuim  nf  (mk»1  II(i|w, 
Willi  III!'  ili'HcriptiiMi  uf  u  new  (.perii-B.     <  Aim.  niiil  Mujj.  Niit.  Hint,  i,  HiH,  pp.  'Jiri  'All. 

Oray,  J.  B.  OliMivntitiim  <iii  M'a-lH'iirN  (Ourimlu'),  nnil  ikprcinlly  iiii  tliii  I'lir-iiriilH  iiiiil  hull- 
Mill*  of  tlw  I'ulkliiiiil  InIiiiicIh  uikI  Hoiillurn  AiiiiTiiii.  <  Ann.  uiiil  Mng.  Nut.  Hint.  I,  W<K,  pp. 
UU-IIO. 

Bumpbreya,  O.  M .  On  tlr  niynloKy  of  OryotvropiiH  niptMiniH  nml  I'liocii  tuniniiiiilH.  <  Journ. 
Aniit.  uiiil  I'hymul,  ii,  IHUH,  ,,p.  'JtHi-liW.',  pi.  iii-vl. 

McBaln,  J.  On  tlii' Hkiill  of  nnOtariik(Olaiianllon'f)  Ironi  tlicCliinclialaluniln.  <  Jniini.  Anat. 
oiiil  Hliyitiol.  iil,  Mim,  pp.  lllO-llvi. 

Murte,  J.    On  tlir  iiHirlild  niipoiriiMcefi  <pl)h<'rv(4l  in  llie  wnlnm  Intoly  livinK  in  tlii<  luicii'ty'H  Kar- 

d(in«,  with  n  dpi«riplinn  of  n  ni-w  HpfcicB  of  A»cari»  found  Ui  tliti  Htoniiwli,  by  ))r.  Ilaird. 

<  I'roo.  Zool.  Sof.  London,  IHOH,  pp.  «;7-71. 
Quenneratedt,  A.     Arctic  irgion.    "Antvckningnr  cm  rijurlifvot  1  Iiiiiafvct  niullaii  8pilalivrKen, 

och  Oriiiiland."    <  Hveniik.  Vet.  Ak.  Ilandl.  vil,  IHfiH,  p.  X,,  ;t  pi. 
(Tlio  niamniulM  to  wblrli  »ii«ciiil  attitutiiin  wui  pal<)  tm  np^-lei  of  riiuca.) 
Turner,  W.    On  llio  rraniiini  of  an  uiiparnitly  new  HimcicH  of  Arctoaiplialim  [A.  ncliliit.Iiy- 

piToHnJ.    <Journ.  Anul.  and  I'liyniol.  iii,  lh<>H,  pp.  Ii:i-ll7,  willi  11);. 
186'^.— Oray,  J.  B.    Additional  iiutcH  on  ara-U'itni  (Ola.'-iadaO.    <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hint,  iv,  IHTiU, 

pp.  Si01-!nO. 

Oray,  J.  B.    Not^'ii  on  iw>nl»  (I'liocldn-),  and  tho  clianRVH  in  the  form  of  tbeir  lower  Jnw  during 

growth.     <  Ann.  and  Mng.  Nat.  Illat.  iv,  ISCU,  pp.  'M-i-MCi. 
Xlnberg,  J.  O.  H.    Om  iirktiHknI'hocaco(T,fnnnantiineui>.nita8verigeaglaolallora.    <(Efri'ra. 

Vnt.  Akad.  Kiirhandl.  lt«9,  pp.  13-01. 

Murie,  J.    lirport  on  th«  earrd  neale  collected  liy  the  soclety'H  keeper,  Fraii(aU  LcGomte,  in  the 

Falkland  Inland*.     <  I'roo.  Kool.  Soo.  London,  1H60,  pp.  100-109,  pi.  7. 
Packard,  A.  B-.jr.   [Noticeof  tbeoccnrrenceof  the  walrua  in  Labrador.]    <  Boll.  Essex  Inat.  i, 

1««9,  pp.  137-138. 
1870.— Alleo,  J.  A.    Ou  the  eared  uraU  (Otariadir),  with  detailed  deacriptioiio  of  the  North  rncifio 

apeciea,  by  J.  A.  Allen.    Together  with  an  account  of  the  habilHof  the  northern  fur  aual 

(Callorbinna  uminna),  by  Charles  Bryant.    <^Bull.  Mus,  Com.  Zuol.  ii,  no.  1,  1870,  pp.  1-108, 

pll.  i-iii. 
Atwood,  N.  B.    [Broken  ikDll  of  a  walrua  froin  theGnlf  of  St.  I..awreuce.]    <rroc.  Boatoa 

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Turner,  VT.    Cuae  iu  which  in  uiuu  the  pericardinm  waa  unattached  to  the  diaphragm,  with  a 

parallel  ilinatration  from  the  wulriia.    <  Journ.  Anat.  and  Physiol,  v,  1870,  pp.  114-110,  with  llgg. 
Turner,  W.    Note  on  t  ho  capture  of  the  gray  seal,  HallchoDrus  gryphns,  ou  the  cout  i  of  Fife  and 

Forfar.    <  Journ.  Auat.  and  Physiol,  iv,  1870,  pp.  270,871. 
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Physiol,  iv,  18/0,  pp.  800-270. 
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i!  ..^ 


mn  -'f  lii 


1020 


MONOGKAPUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1871.— Van  Beneden,  P.  J.    [Ot»rin  pusilln.    On  the  milk-dentition.]    <[  Ball  Ac.  Bclj;.  zxxi,  1871, 

pp.  H^t-lVJ,  with  wo(Hlciit8. 
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other  seals. J     <Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  187ii,  pp.  681, CK2. 
Murie,  J.    Keseaiches  upon  the  nnntoniy  of  the  Pinnipedia.    Part  i.    On  tbe  walrus  (Tricho- 
chiis  rosninrns,  Linn.).    <^ Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  vii,  1S73,  art.  \i,  pp.  411-4G4,  with  8  figg., 
pll.  01-55. 
Murie,  J.    Itesearcbes  upon  tbo  nnatomy  of  the  Pinnipedia.    Partii.    I/etcriptivo  unatoniyof 
tboseu-lion  (Otariu  jubata).    <'i'ran8.  Zool.  Soo.  Loudon,  vii,  187z,  .irt.  ii fi,  pp.  527-596,  with  4 
tijig.,  pll.  G7-73. 
1874.— [Elliott,  H.  W.]    Tho  sea  lion  of  Bering  Sea  (Kumetopias  stelleri).    By  Alaska  Ipicudon.']. 
<  Am.  Simrts.  June  27,  1874,  with  ligg. 
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1.,  43  pp.  (with  15  llgg.),  30  pll.    London,  1874,  printed  by  onlor  of  tbe  trustees  of  the  British 
Museum,  1874. 
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Mac.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  xiii,  April,  1874,  pp.  325-326. 
[N.  8pp.,  O.  minor  aud  O.  pygiuiea.     ''llab.  unknown."] 

Oray,  J.  E.    On  tho  skulls  of  sea-bears  and  sea-lions  (Otariado))  and  on  tbe  seals  of  the  Anckland 

Islands.    <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  xiv,  July,  1874,  pp.  24-30. 
Murie,  J.    Kcsearcbes  upon  tb"  anatomy  of  tbu  Pinnipedia.    (Part  iii.)    Descriptive  anatomy 

of  tho  sea-lion  (Otaria  jubata).    <  Tiaiis.  Zool.  Soo.  London,  viii,  1874,  art.  xvi,  pp.  501-583,  5 

figg.,  pll.  Ixxv-lxxxii. 


F.-ARTIODACTVLA. 

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1582.— Wigand,  J.  Do  alee  vera  historia.  4°.  11  pp.  (with  woodcuts).  Regiomonti,  1582. 
1584.— SlenabenuB,  A.     Trattato  del  grand'  animale  6  gran  bestia,  trauutto  da  Costanzo  Kelioi. 

8°.     155  pp.     liimiuo,  l.'>84. 
1598  —  Bacciue,  A.   Diss,  de  mngnn  bestia,  n  nonnolis  Alee,  gernianis  Klend,  appellata,  pjusque  occultia 

proprietatjbiis  etc.  in  italica  lingua  conscriptus,  nunc  vero  in  lat.  sornioncm  oonversus  a 

Wolfg.  Oabelchover.    16^.     39  pp.  (and  index).    Slutgardia-,  I.'ilH 
1C71.— Barlholiuus,  T.    Anatomu  rangiferi  [Coivus  tarandus].    <  Acta  Ilarnieiis.  i,i<i71,  pp.  274-278. 
1683. — Peyer,  J.  C.    Ceratographia  considcrata,  Mpryenlogia>  sciagrapbia,  rnpicaprorum  conina  peren- 

nia.    <  Kpbem.  Acad.  Nat.  Ciir.  Dec.  2.  Ann.  1.  1682  (IGH3),  pp. 207-211. 
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pp.    L'psalia',  1085 
Peyer,  J.  C.    Merycologia  sive  ritminantibus  et  rumiuationo  commentatio  qua  primam  expo- 

nunter  rumiimntinm  species  et  differentia;,  per  omnia  animalinm  genera;  delude  orgauorum 

Tuminantioni  inserventium  admirauda  striictura  delegitnr  et  iconibus  aeri  incists  ante  oculos 

ponilur:  deniquo  dc  rumiuationo  ipsa  ejusquo  cansis  ac  utilitate  disseritur.    4".    viii,  288 

pp.,  34  pp.  index,  (>  copperplates.    Basileie,  J.  L.  Konig  ot  J.  Braiidmyller,  1685. 
1688.— Volckamer,  J.  O.,  jun.    Auatomia  corv.T.    <  Ephom.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  Dec.  3.  Ann.  6. 1687  (1G88), 

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'I : 

,  If    ' 
:i|    : 


f! 


1022 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


'4    . 

1 


1812.— Regnouf,  — .    Siir  In  dentilinu  des  bcufs.    <  Nonv.  Bull.  Sci.  8oc.  Pbilom.  Hi,  1812,  pp.  1C5, 166. 

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rapra  niiiericaDa  (OvLs  nioutnun,  Ord)  [Antilope  Innigera,  Ham.  Smith].    <^Bull.  Sci.  Soo. 

Pbilom.  1817,  pp.  17&-177. 

Leacb,  V^.  E.    [On  Cerviis  wapiti.]    <,Ionrn.  de  Pbysiqne,  Ixxxv,  1817,  p.  07;  Okcn,  lais, 

1819,  col.  1101. 
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1818,  pp.  8-11. 

[Noiico  of  Aploooroa  iilentlfiod,  "  ptvbsbly  '*  nrroneonslyi  with  the  Rupicaprm  amerirAnn,  BUlnv.) 
1818. — Desmareat,  A.  O.    Lo I61icr  de  moutagne  ou  moullon  d'Amdrique  (Ovis  cervina nob.),  Ovis  mon- 

tana,  GeolT.  (Ann.  Mus.  ii,  pi.  40).    <  Nonv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  xxi,  1818,  p.  :^3. 
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omrricana,  I'Antilopo  americana,  le  Corvtis  major  on  wapiti,  etc.    <  Jonrn.  de  Phys.  Uxxvii, 

1818,  pp.  14G-ir)5i  Ixxxviii,  1819,  p.  314  ;  Isis  von  Oken,  1819,  pp.  1103-1109. 
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morass,  called  the  Big-Done  Lick,  aud  presented  to  the  society,  by  Mr.  Jefferson.    < Trans. 

Am.  Pbilos.  Soc.  Pbila.  i,  no.  xxxi,  1818,  pp.  37&-:i80,  pi.  x  (llgg.  4-7)-xi. 
1819. — Baer,  K.  E.  von.    Vergleicbung  dcs  Scbiidels  v  3m  Auer  mit  dem  Scbiidel  des  gemeinen  Ochsen. 

<  lleitr.  z.  Knnde  Prcuss.  ii,  1819,  pp.  235-2.17.  . 

Darelli,  J.  af.    BerSttelsu  om  Elgar,  borande  till  dessd  djurs  natnral.  bistoria  (Cervus  alces). 

<  K.  Vet.  Akad.  Handlgr.  .Stockholm,  1819,  pp,  207-241. 

Jager,  O.  von.    Ueber  das  Vorkommon  eines  Kuocbens  im  Herzen  dus  Hirsches  uud  insbeson- 

deru  eines  Knocbcns  ini  Zwerchfcllo  dcs  Dromedars  uud  des  Vicnnua.    <^Deut8cbi'S  Archiv 

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Linn.  Soc.  xiii,  1822,  pp.  28-40,  3  pll. ;  Fdruss.  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  i,  1824,  pp.  S73-375 ;  Isis  von 

Oken,  1821),  col.  93-97. 
1823.— Oeoffroy  St.  Hilalre,  Tt.    C'onsidiSration  ct  rapports  nonveaux  d'ostt^ologie  comparfSe  concer- 

nant  ten  auimaux  ruminants.    <^  Ann.  Mus.  Hist,  Nat.  Paris,  x,  1823,  pp.  1G5-I8r>. 
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die  Kameele  zii  don  Einhufcru.    <[  Dentsches  Archiv  fXir  Phys.  viii,  1823,  pp.  1-20. 
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1827.— Bojanu''  L.  B.    Do  uro  nostrate  cjusquo  Bceleto  commontatio.    <^  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Leop.  Carol. 
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banks  of  the  Misaissippi ;  wi'h  observations  on  the  American  siiecies  of  that  genus.    <^Ann. 
Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  Now  Vork,  ii,  1827,  pp,  280-291,  pi.  C. 
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sterdam, 1).  2,  1829,  in>.  15;i-lG0,  239,240,  2  pll. 
1829.— DouglHB,  D.    Obeorvalions  on  two  nudescribed  species  of  North  American  mammalia  (Ccrvua 

leucurus  ot  Ovis  ealifuruianus).    <  Zool.  Journ.  iv,  18'i9,  pp.  330-332. 
1830.— Beltrami,  — .    Buffalo  hunt.    <  Cub.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  p.  108. 

Yarrell,  W.    [On  Iho  morbid   uppcoiances  of  a  reindeer  (Cervus  tarandus,  Linn.).]    <Proo, 

Comm.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  i,  1830,  p.  14. 
Jmn.    American  argali  [Ovis  moutunu].    <^  Cab,  Nut.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  193-196,  pi.  IT. 
Anon.    [Anecdotes  of  two  interlocked  deer.]    <  Cub.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  p.  48. 
.liioti.    Common  deer,  Corvns  virgiiiianus.    <;  (Jab.  Nat,  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp,  3-7,  pi.  1. 

1832.— Rathke,  H.    ll«l)er  die  Verbiudung  r.wiscbon  Mutlor  nnd  Frncht des Elennlhieres  (Cervus  ulcea). 

<  Meckel's  Arcli.  f.  Anat.  n.  Phys,  1832,  pp.  >9-39«. 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— F.  AUTIODACTYLA. 


1023 


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Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  5th  meet.  1835  (l'^36),  pp.  83, 86. 
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French  naturalists.    < Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  3d.  meet.  1835(1836),  pp. 208-210;  Kdinb. Now 

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pll.,  portrait  of  Hunter.    Edinburgh,  W.  II.  Lizr.r.',  ....  [1836]. 
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South  America.]    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  i^ondon,  iv,  1836,  p.  4. 
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Ogilby,  W.    [On  the  generic  characters  cf  ruminants.]    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  iv,  18;t6,  pp. 
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1837.— Bujack,  J.  O.    Naturgesohichto- dcs  Elchwilds  oder  Elens.    <  Preuss.  Provinzialbl,  xviii,  1837, 
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<  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2e  sdr.  Zool.  viii,  1837,  pp.  291-297,  with  illustro*' 

[Klrtland,  J.  P.]    Miscollnneous  observations  of  n  naturalist  mi  •  a  tour  in  May,  1835, 

to  the  Falls  of  Cnyalioga,  near  Lake  Eric',    [anon.]    <  Amer.  J  .  ixxl,  1837,  pp.  29-33. 

[Ovis  iimmmllari«  ami  UMWruiUiis  ubicnDsis] 
1839.-6gilby,  W.    [lixhibilion  of  the  skull  of  uu  elk  from  Nova  Saotia.]    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lon- 
don, vii,  1839,  pp.  93,94. 
Rapp,  W.  von.    Ueber  ein  eigcnthlindiches  di  Uscniihuliches  Organ  des  llirsches.    <MUller'8 
Arcb.  f.  Anat.  1839,  pp.  362-305. 
1840-Ooodalr  J.    On  the  follicular  stage  of  dentition  in  the  ruminants,  with  some  remarks  on  that 
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i  i! 


hi 

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1024 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


■■':'   ,'  ' 
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1810.— Lichtenatein,  K.  M.  H.    Mittlieilang  tlber  mohrero  im  iiordlicben  America  gefundone  Pachy- 
tli  riiiou  [Ungiiliita].    <  Iain  von  Oken,  1840,  col.  90:i-90<i. 
CgUby,  W.    [Monn;;rnpli   nf   tbe  hollow-horned  nmiioanta:   abstract.]     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
L<)ijilun,viii,  I.-i»10,  pp.  4-10. 
1840-43. — Qulllver,  O.    Observations  on  this  blood  corpnscleaof  ccrtnin  speeies  of  tbe  genns  Curvus. 
<  I'bilos.  MaK.  xvii,  1840,  pp.  3t27-a:il ;   Institut,  viii,  no.  :M1,  ltj40,  p.  !£S4 ;   Abstracts  of  tbe 
I'ajiers  rend  before  the  ICoyal  Soc.  London,  iv,  1843,  p.  199. 
1841. — BIytb,  E.    An  nmcndcd  list  of  species  of  tbu  genus  Ovis.    <  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  tH,  1841,  p.  195. 
Wyman,  J.     [On  four-horned  and  Fez.zan  sheep.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soo.  Nat  Hist,  i,  VH\,  p.  'i. 
1842.— Haldeman,  S.  S.    [On  changes  of  nomenclature  in  natnral  history.]    <^  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci. 
I'hila.  i,  l84-i,  pp.  187, 18H. 

lAplooerus  proposcil  aa  a  Hubstitate  fur  Mauma,  Smith. 1 
Jackson,  T.  B.  B.    DlR-iect  ion  of  two  adnlt  dromedaries,  a  male  and  a  female.    <^  Boston  Journ, 
Nat.  Hist,  iv,  no.  1,  Jan.  1842,  art.  i,  pp.  1-lG. 
1843. — Blom,  O.  P.    On  the  reindeer  of  the  Laplanders.    <^  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  xxsiv,  1843,  pp. 

352-:iu9;  I'ror.  N.  Not.  xxvi,  no.  002,  1843,  pp.  177-183. 
1844-45.— Bundevall,  C.  J.    Metbodisk  ofverelgt  af  Idislande  djuren  (Pecura,  Linii.^.     <[  K.  Sv.  Vet. 
Akad.  Haudl.  (.Stockhulni),  1844,  pp.  121-21?  t  184.'),  pp.  265-330;  Ofversigt  K.Vct.  Akail.Forh. 
(Stockholm),  iv,  184(i,  p.  57;  Okun,  Isis,  184C,  o^!    564-599;  nurnschncb,  Arcbiv,  ii,  18.'i0,  pp. 
78-160, 2()l-;i'20. 
1845.— Rapp,  W.  von.    lleber  die  EruUbrnng  des  Futus  der  Wiederkliuor.    <  WUrtembg.  naturwiss. 
.(ubrcsb.  1,  Heft  1, 1645,  pp.  67-69. 
Rapp,  W.  voD.    Uebor  die  Ziibne  des  Hirscbes.    <  WUrttemb.  natnrwiss.  Jabresh.  1.  Jabrg.  1. 

Ilefr,  184.J,  pp.  64-66. 
Bundevall,  C.  J.    Ofversigt  af  diiggdjursordningen  Fecora.    <  Ofversigt  K.  Yet.  Akad.  Forb. 
(Stockholm),  ii,  1845,  pp.  26-32 
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Iloslon  Soc.  Nut.  Hiat.  ii,  1846,  pp.  187, 188. 
Qray,  J^JQ.     On  tbe  nrrangemeut  of  tbe  hollow-horned  ruminants  (Bovidin).    <  Ann.  Nat. 

Hist,  xviii,  1846,  pp.  227-233. 
Weisseuborn,  W.    Ueber  die  Identiliit  dca  Urns  nnd  Bison.    <  Fror.  N.  Not.  xl,  no.  807, 1840, 
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1847.— Agasslz,  L.    On  the  niooao  niid  carabon,  and  on  the  American  ruTen.    <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and 
Art8(2),  iii,  1847,  p.43(i. 
Holmes,  F.  S.    Description  of  bezoar  stone  found  in  the  stomach  of  a  bnck  (Cervns  virginianus, 

Cm.).    <  South.  Journ.  Med.  Cbarieston,  ii,  1847,  pp.  527-630. 
Jager,  O.  von.    Ueber  ilie  Identiliit  und  Unterscheidnng  des  Auerochsco,  Bos  nms,  nnd  dea  Bi- 

B«n,  Bo8  bison.    <  WUrttemberg.  Jahresheflte,  iii,  1847,  pp.  176-1T8. 
Leldy,  J.    On  a  now  geunx  and  species  of  foail  ruminants  (Poiibrotherium  wilaoni).    <^Profl. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sii.  Pbilu.  iii,  1H47,  pp.  322-:i26,  pi.—  ;    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  v,  1848, 
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605;  xxvi,  1848,  p.  500. 
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Arts  (•)),  v,  1848,  pp.  279-280. 
Leldy,  J.    On  a  new  fosail  genus  and  species  of  rnminantoid  pncbydennata:  Mnrycoidodon  eul- 

bertsonii.    <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.  iv,  1848,  pp.  47-50,  with  pi. 
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auf  die  abnormen  UildungKVcrliUltuiaao.     <  Zeitg.  Zool.  i,  1848,  pp.  9:1-97,  101-lOtl. 
Numan,  A.     Ilijdrnge  tut  de  outlecdkundige  en  pbyaiolngiacbe  kennia  der  borens  van  bet  rund- 
vie.     <N.  Verhundl.  1.  Kl.  Ncderl.  Inatit.  D.  13,  1848,  pp.  !85-2<i(>,  4  pll. 
1849  — Duvernoy,  O.  L.    Rnpport  nnr  I'onvrnge  de  S.  G.  Morton.    Obanrvationa  oilditionellea  aur  une 
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BIBLIOGH.  APPENDIX— r.  AUTIODACTYLA. 


1025 


1850. 


1851. 
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MONOGRAPHS  OK  NOUTU  AMEURJAN  UODENTIA. 


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it  ■:  i 


'^ii''ll^  I  '■ 


1854.— Brown,  O.  T.    Tlir  luetli  of  tliu  iix  as  iiiilii^iilivi'  <i(  -.ij-r  :  an  explanation  of  tUo  Bijjus  nll'ordtil 

by  tilt' iiu-isor  tt'ctli  dining  tL'rn[K>rary  anil  piTnianunt  ili'tititinn,     H\     '.^11  ])[i.     Limiloii,  Ilaiii- 

illiiii,  Kil. 
Jager,  O.  von.     IVImt  ilic  IiUnlitiit  ilrn  KiiropiiiBoliiiu  iind  Anii'iiraulaela'n  llinnn.     <^  Wllittuui- 

IxiK-  .laliiealicfto,  X,  l.-.M,  pp.  -JUit-'JOlt. 
Leidy.  J.    Description  of :'  foanil  uppnruntljr  indicating  ni>  extinct  species  [Cainclups  kuDBunuH] 

of  the  camel  tiilie.     <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  I'liiln.  vii,  l!i."i  I,  pp.  17J-17:t. 
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considered  identical  with  Hinon  latifronn.]     <|rroc.  Aiad.  \at.  Sci.  I'liila.  vii,  lrt4,  pp.  W,  110. 
Leldy,  J.     [Reniarkn  on  tho  questiou  of  the   identity  of   ISootheriuui  cavifronu  with  Oviboa 

nioschatus,  or  O.  luaxiniua.]     <  True.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.  vii,  l.^.'vl,  jip.  "JO'J.yiO. 

Peters,  TV.    Uebcr  das  GeLirn  des  Nilpferdes  (IlippopotauniH  aniphibinH,  Linn.).    <|  Dcricht 

Verb.  K.  I'r.  Akad.  Wins.  Berlin,  1^54,  pp.  :U)7-371. 
1855.— Oray,  J.  B.     Notice  of  tho  horns  of  an  nnrccorded  specicR  of  the  prong  horn  (Antilocnpra),  in 

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9-U,  with 'i  ligg. 
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rnuiiuauts.    <;Couip.  Kend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  xli,  IK'i,'),  pp.  '.'(iO,'.;!!! ;  lustitut,  xxiii,  no.  ll'.i'J, 

Ifcfi,'),  p.  •2S6. 
Marah,  G.  P.    Tho  camel.    <  Ninth  Ann.  Rep.  Smith.  Ih.st.  Iri.j5,  pp.  'J.i-lti. 
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<rriie.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  lt<55,  pp.  ;i4-J-;il4. 
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Lichtenstein,  K.  M.  H,    L'cber  einige  iiordameiicauischu  Ilirscharten  [Cervns  strongyloceros, 

C.  alces,  C  tnrandus,  C.  virginianns,  ('.  mexicauus,  C.  Icucuriis  etc.].     <^  Abhandl.  K.  Akad. 

Wiss.  Her  in  (I'hya.),  ISrifi,  pp.  liOO-'jBT. 
Morris,  W.  T.    [Spike  horn  linck.]    <  Can.  .lourn.  Ind.  .Sci.  and  Art,  n.  m.  i,  iK'ill,  p.  188. 
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Paris,  xliii,  ISuO,  pp.  085-587. 
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1857.— [Billings,  B.]    Natural  history  of  the  moose  deer  (Alces  americana).    [^anoti.]    <Can.  Nat.  and 
Geiil.  i,  I*','!',  art.  vii,  pp.  ()0-70. 
[Billings,  B.]    The  northern  reindeer,  or  barren-ground  caribou  (Tarnndiis  arcticus).    [aiion.] 

<  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i,  1S.">7,  art.  viii,  pp.  71-7(!,  with  '2  ligg. 

[Billings,  B.]    On  the  American  butralo  (Bison  nmericanus).    [iinoii.]     <[  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i, 

Ib't',  art.  xlviii,  pp.  ;141)-;K!. 
[BiUlngs,  B]    On  the  common  deer  (Cervns  virginianus).     [niion.]     <Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i, 

lf-.'>7,  art.  xi,  pp.  pT-'.fJ. 
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i.-ij7,  pp.  yj,!):t. 

[Billings,  E. ]    On  tho  musk  ox  (Ovibus  mosohatus).    <^  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i,  lK''i7.  art.  xlix,  pp. 

:i.^3-'.t.->7. 
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Geol.  i.  1K')7,  art.  x,  pp.  81-87,  with  flf, 
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lH,-i7,  art.  1,  pp.  •.r)7-:i(i0. 
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1H.',7,  art.  ix,i:;..  77-80. 
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<  Comp.  kend.  Acad.  Sci  Paris,  xIt,  ia'i7,  pp.  17:1-175;  Institnt,  xxv,  I8r)7,  no.  1*12,  p.  iiO!!. 

Gray,  J.  B.    New  genorul  clossiticutiou  of  tho  deer.    <Cun.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i,  ISrw,  art.  xii,  pp. 


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1862 
1C63 


V  l! 


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p.  :w. 


1865.- 


1866.- 


LIBLIOGU.  APPENDIX— F.  AUTIODACTYLA. 


1029 


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pp.     Ottawa,  Onunin  &  llopenian,  book  and  job  prin'ern,  IHOH. 

(.Sii|)urHcribett :  ''  'rrnimactiuDrt  uf  tliu  Ottawn  Aciidi'iiiy  of  Nalnrat  LScIuucum."! 

Qcdge,  J.  Note  on  the  anatomical  development  of  tlio  ruminant  Htonnich.  <^  Journ.  Anat.  anil 
I'hjbiol.  ii,  lUtipi,  pp.  ;w;t,;f.'4,  pi.  vii,  ligg.  1-4. 

Ooodman,  N.     Note  on  a  tliree-totd  cow.     <[.Ionrn.  Anat.  and  I'hjHiol.  ii,  li-'tiH,  pp.  10!I-U3. 

Gray,  J.  B.  SynojiaiH  of  the  Bpccies  of  pigN  (Suidu')  in  the  BritiHli  Musenui.  <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  IfWH,  pp.  17-4il. 

Hayes,  J.  L.  The  Angora  goat;  its  origin,  culture,  and  products.  <]l'roc.  Uoslon  Soc.  Nat. 
Hi«t.xi,  l«i8,  pp.  40.';-4M. 

Hays,  W.  J.    The  pronK-horn  antelope.    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1K(J8,  pp.  i;il-i;!;i  (with  T)  ligg.). 

lasakoff,  M.    L'aurochs  ou  bison  d'Europe.    <  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Zool.  d'Acclini.  (2),  v,  1868,  pp. 
145, 14(i. 
''■■-'        Lord,  J.  K.     LOn  the  Rocky  Mountain  goat.]    <  Student  and  Intellect.  Obs.  of  Sci.  Lit.  and  Art, 
i,  le<!8,  p.  14,  with  a  col.  pi. 

Martens,  V.    Notiz  iiber  Antilocaprnamericana.    < Zool.  Gart.  ix,  1868,  pp.  287, S88. 
[Structuroof  liorns.) 

Wright,  C.    Deer  and  deer-hnuting  in  Texas.    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1HC8,  pp.  4()(>-476. 
1868-69.— Smith,  J.  A.     Notice  of  reniaii.s  of  tlie  rein-deer,  Ccivus  taraiidoH,  found  in  Uoss-shiro,  Suth- 
erland, and  Caithness;  witli  not^s  of  its  occurrence  throughout  Scotland.    <  Proc.  Soc.  Anti- 
(piar.  Scotl.  viii,  1868-61).    Separately  printed,  Edinb.  18fiU,  pp.  I-^'.',  with  nniiiy  woodcuts. 

1869.— Blyth,  E.    On  the  liybrid  between  the  chamois  and  the  doojestic  goat.    <rroc.  Zool.  Soc. 

London,  1869,  p;i.  i;!4, 135,  with  figg. 
Coues.  E.    Notice  of  a  cyclopean  pig.    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1869,  pp.  9;t-101, 

with  tig. 
Fitzinger,  L.  J.    Die  Gattuugen  der   Familie  der  AntilopencAnlilopai),  nnch  ihrcrnatllrlichen 

Vtrwandtschaft.    <  Sitz.  math.-nat.  CI.  K.  Akad.  VViss.  Wieii  (1),  lix,  1869,  pp.  128-182. 
Garrison,  W.  P.    Cow  devouring  the  placenta.    [«n«ii.]    <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  le69,p  550. 
Hatch,  L.  P.    A  doe  with  horns.    <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  1869,  p.  279. 
Hays,  W.  J.    Does  with  horns.    <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  1H69,  pp.  548-550. 
Hays,  W.  J.     The  mule  deer  [Cerviis  nnicrotis].    <  Am.  Nat.  Iii,  ISW,  pp.  180, 181,  pi.  3. 
Hinmau,  W.  M.    Shedding  of  the  horns  of  the  American  antelope  (Antilocapra  americana). 

<  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1809,  pp.  059,660. 
Hughes,  D.  D.    Albino  deer  [Cervus  virginianus]  and  chipmunk  [Tamias  striatus].    <  Am.  Nat. 

ii,  1869,  pp.  664,  ()65. 
Klnberg,  — .    Undersokningar  riirando  djurens  historia.    [On  the  metacarpal  and  metatarsal 

bones  of  various  rumiuants.]     <Ofv.Kongl.Vet6n6k.  Akad.  Forh.  1869,  pp.  359-433, 465-525, 

737-801,  819-871. 
Shaler,  N.  S.    [Note  on  the  occurrence  of  the  remains  of  Tarandns  rnngifer,  Gray,  at  Big  Bone, 

Lick  in  Kentucky.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1869,  p.  167. 
Shaler,  N.  S.    [(J»  changes  in  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  American  buffalo.]    <  Proc. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1869,  p.  136. 


1030 


MONOORAPUS  OF  NOJtTII  AMHIUOAN  RODENTIA. 


1  :  V 


'■-■  t 


1870.— Allen,  J.  A.    T\w  ilislrilmtion  uf  tliu  iiiooHe  in  Nmv  KiikIjiihI.    <;  Am.  Nut  iv,  1h7i1,  |i|i.  "id.'i,  riOO. 
Allen,  J.  A.    A  Hpikcil-liornci!  moose.    <^  Am.  Nut.  iv,  1K7(),  p.  11:1,  with  1  lij;. 
Hays,  'W.  J.     AdirmiilacU'H  ri'ply  [eoiiiriiiiiij;  deer].     <^  Am.  Nut.  iv,  |HT(i,  pp   l-il,  mil. 
Hays,  W.  J.    Spikr  lioins.    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  inro,  pp.  16^,  l-i'.l,  witli  1  (in. 
Leldy,  J.    [On  fo.ssilH  fciund  under  Tiildo  Mnuntuin,  Cul.]    <|  I'roo.  Aciid.  Nat.  Sti.  I'liiln.  1^70, 

pp.  1'.'.".,  I'-tl. 

t.\iu-tiiMiiii  nilitoriiicn,  etc.,  iniliraliMl.] 
Leldy,  J.    [On  tlio  inti'rnul  oiKiinH  of  f^iiKTiitioii  of  u  lio),'].    <[  I'iol'.  Nat.  Acad.  Mci.  I'liila. 

lH70,p.  (!5. 

(A  tL'HticIn  with  tli(^  epiiliitynda  iHTiipictl  tti"  uhii.iI  iHjnition  uf  iiii  ovitr.v  in  relulluii  wilii  tin*  iitcriM.) 
Leldy,  3.    [On  n  jaw-fragmunt  of  Ovilinitcavil'ronH,  tVoin  Iowa.]    <^  Vvdc.  Nat.  Aoail.  ^'i.  I'liila. 

1870,  p.  7a. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    [On  Dicutjlcs  antiqnu",  n.  s.,  from  tlin  miocfino  of  Ni-w  Jurflf.v.]    <]  I'roc'.  Acad. 

Nat.  .Sci.  I'lilltt.  l-^lt,  p.  11. 
Murle,  J.    Notes  on  the  anatomy  of  tlio  prnngbiiclc,  Antllocaprn  niiiuricanii.    <  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc. 

London,  1H7(I,  pp.  :!;i1-'.«iH,  with  9  li(;g. 
Sclater,  P.  L.     liemarkH  on  tlie  nmingcniciit   anil  diNlri)iiitioii  of  llie  L'ervidiu.      <[  Proc.  Zool. 

.Soc.  Li.ndon,  1870,  pp.  Ill,  ll.'i. 
Wright,  C.     8piked-liorned  deer.     <  Am.  Nat,  iv,  1870,  pp.  44a, '14:1. 

1871. — Brandt,  P.    Iilentity  of  tlio  American  anil  Kuropuau  bison.    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  p.  SG4. 
[I'Miloriiil  almtraetof  Prof.  Bruuilt'M  ini-tnolr.l 
Caton,  J.  D.    Notes  on  American  ileer.    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  pp.  II-',  lilt. 
Coues,  B.     I'ornicr  eastward  range  of  tlio  biitlalo  [lliw  nmerieaiin.H],    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  pp,  . 

71il,7'.iil. 
Hays,  W.  J.    Spike-liorued  deer.    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  la7l,  pp.  a.'iO.ii.'il. 

Putnam,  P.  W.    Hpike-hornnl  bucks  [and]  deer's  borns.    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1^^71,  pp.  7lW,763. 
1872.— Allen,  J.  A.    "  Spikc-borned  mnlc-deer."    <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1873,  pp.  (193,G0:t. 

Bruhin,  T.  A.    Nolizcn  liber  dm  nmerikaniHcben  bison.    <^Zool.  Gart.  xiii,  1-72,  pp.  12G,  127. 
Cope,  B.  D.    [On  the  bonis  of  Cariaciis  virginiannu.]    <  I'loc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  IMiiln.  1872,  p. 

124. 
Cope,  B.  D.    A  hpike-born  niiile-deer.    <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  pp.  4:i4,4;i.'>. 
Gray,  J.  E.    Ciitnlogne  of  ruminant  nianimalia  (I'ecora,  Linnatus)  in  tbv  Ilritlsb  MuHunm  .... 

8^.     viii,  102  pp.,  4  pll.    Loudon,  printed  by  order  of  tbo  trustees,  1872. 
Hays,  W.  J.    Description  of  a  species  of  Cervns  (C.  yucateDsis,  n.  s.).    <^  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist, 

N.  Y.  X,  1872,  art.  xviii,  pp.  218,219,  pi.  10. 
Henderson,  J.  O.    Tlie  former  range  of  tbe  biill'alo.    <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  pp.  79-98. 
Janeway,  J.  H.     A  spike-bom  mule-deer.     <_  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  pp.  434,4:!.'i. 
Naumau,  C.  H.     Albino  deei.     <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  p.  77:1. 
Sclater,  P.  L.    On  certain  sjieeics  of  deer  nov  or  lately  livin^r  in  tbo  society's  menagerie.    1870. 

<^  TraiiH.  Zeol.  Sue.  London,  vii,  1872,  art.  vii,  pp.  ;!;i;(-',i,'i2,  witli  8  figg.,  pll.  28-H9. 

1873. — Cope,  E.  D.     [On  a  okiiU  of  Sub  scropba,  said  to  bave  been  taken  from  the  mioceno  marl  of 
North  Uaroliim.]     <  I'roe.  Acad.  Nat.  .Sci.  I'bila.  1873,  p.  207. 
"Fritz."    An  albino  deer  [Cariucns  virginianus].    <  Am,  Sports.  Dec. 27, 18711. 
Leidy,  J.    [Notice  of  fossil  vertebrates  from  tbo  niicL  io  of  Virginia.]     <Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  I'liila.  1873,  p.  l,"). 

( Prtitoc.iiiu'lim  vir^lnii'iiflis  iDdicutcd.J 
Leldy,  J.    [KemarkH  on  tbo  occurrence  of  an  extiuct  hog  ^Sus  vagrans)  in  America.]    <  Proo. 
Aca<l.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1873,  p.  207. 

"Snap-Shot."    Simp-Sliot  to  Judge  Caton  [concerning  American   Cariaci].*  < Am.    Sports. 

Dec.  20, 1873. 
'Wilder,  B.  O.    Variation  in  tbo  condition  of  tbe  external  seiiKe  organs  in  fictal  pigs  of  'bo 

same  litter.    <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  1873,  jip.  303-304,  tig. 

Anon.    White  d«er  from  PeuDsylvanla.    <  Aai.Siiarts.  Dec.20, 1873. 


,n'»MWW»!M»<-(" 


BIHLIOliU.  APPENDIX— F.  AUTIODACTVLA. 


1031 


1874.— "Archer"  [i,  c,  0.  A.  Sloikwcll].    QuiulrupiMlH  of  Aritir  laniln,  No.  2. — Clttuh  nki'M,  tlll^  elk. 
<  Iciii.st  anil  iSlrcain,  Ai>iil  Hi,  1:-7I. 

Avery,  J.    Caribou  liiiiiliii);  in  Now  Oruusniok.    <,  Am.  •S|iorlH.  lr*7'l, p.  111''. 

"Baaao."    Unflalo  litinliii!;.    <  Korcst  ami  Stroaiii,  I'rli.  l^J,  l'*74. 

Batty,  J.  H.    lliintiiiK  the  iiroiiKliorn  [Aiitilocapra  aiiicrii'anal.    <  Am.  Sports.  FiO).  7, 1874. 

Batty,  J.  H.     Iiiti^rloeked  aiitlurii  [of  Corvun  ciuimleiiBlH].     <^  Am.  Hiiortn.  Feb.  28, 187.). 

Batty,  J.  H.    Larno  «lk  aiitliTH.    <^  Am.  Sports,  ,luly  4, 1874. 

Batty,  J.  H.    The  Uocky  Mouutaiii  sliecp,  Ovis  uiontaiin.    <  Am.  Sports.  July  4, 1874. 

Boardman,  G.  A.    AiiIUth  of  moo»c>, larilum,  anil  (li'cr.    <  Am.. '^pnrlB.  April  ari,  1871,  wilh  fit;. 

" Bob 'Wliite."     XlooHc.    CrrvuH  aliTH  or  All  r«  inaliliis.     <^  Am.  SporU.  Nov.  7, 1874. 

Brooke,  Sir  V.    On  Kclalir'H  Mimljni!  ami  oIIut  Hpi'ciiH  of  llic  ruiiuh  (Jervulim.    <  I'roc.  Zool. 

Sor.  Loiiilon,  lr7t,  pp.  lt:t-l*J,  pit.  viii,ix. 
Caton,  J.  D.    Dcformcil  antlim  [of  ('aiiuiim  virniniannH].    < Am.  .SpoitH.  .Inly  4, 1874. 
Caton,  J.  D.    iJijfliiiKniNliinn  marks  of  mule  and  blark-taileil  ilecr.    <  Am.  Spovtu.  Apr.  4, 18^4, 

Willi  lint,'. 
Caton,  J.  D.    JiuIko  Catou  in  reply  to  Snap-Sliot  [reBpecting  American  Cariaci].     <  Am. 

HporlH.  Jan.  31, 1874. 
Caton,  J.  D.    The  metatar«al   g'lauil  of  the   Cervidie   as  determining  Bpccics.    <  Forest  and 

Stream,  Nov.  19,  1874. 
Caton,  J.  D.    On  the  strncture  and  easting  of  the  anllers  of  deer.     <  Am.  Sports.  Juno  13, 1874. 
C.  B.     A  horned  doe  [Ciiriacns  virginianuB],     <  Am.  Sports.  Slay  1(5, 1874. 
Couea,  B.    The  niule-dccr,  Cervns  (Cariaeus)  macrotis,  Say.    <  Am.  Sports.  May  30, 1874,  with 

a  tig. 
Ducaigne,  R.  E.    The  musk  ox  (Ovihos  nioschatua).    <Ani.  Sports.  Aug.  1,1874;  Field  and 

Stream,  Aug.  8, 1874. 
"Bsox."    Interlocked  antlers  [of  Cariacns  virginianus].    <  Am.  Sports.  March  21, 1874. 
"  B.  T."    Another  nntlered  doe.    <  Am.  Sports.  May  2,  ISVM. 

Lamberton,  A.  B.    The  hunter-naturalist,  No. 2.    The  moose.    <  Forest  and  Str.  Apr.  2, 1874. 
Lambertcn,  A.  B.    .Spike-horn  deer  not    a   distinct  variety  of  the  C.  virginiauns.    <  Am. 

Sport».April4,lH74. 
"L.  Vr.  L."    Kcmarkablo  deer  horns  [of  Cervus  virgiuianus].    <  Forest  and  Stream,  May  28, 

1874. 
McLellan,  I.    The  American  deer,  Cervns  virginiauns.    <  Am.  Sports.  Fob.  14, 1874. 
McLellan,  I.    The  moose  deer,  Cervns  alces.    <  Am.  Sports.  Jan.  24, 1874. 
"Mortimer  Kerry"  [i.e.,  J.  M.Muriihy].    The  Ovida)  of  the  Northwest.    <  Forest  and  Stream, 

May  21,  1874. 
Mulr,  J.    The  wild  sheep  of  California  [Ovis  montana].    <  Overland  Monthly,  xii,  no.  4,  April, 

1874,  pp.  3ri8-3(i3.    [An  excellent  biography.] 
Murphy,  J.  M.  (.iinder  pseudon.  "Mortimer  Kerry").    Zoolcgy  of  the  northwest:  the  Cervida). 

<  Forest  and  St-^'am,  Aug.  20, 1874,  and  June  4, 1874. 
Parker,  W.  r.    An  antlered  doe  [of  Caria-us  virgiuianus].    <Aui.  Sports.  April  11,  1874, 
;  with  tig. 

Parker,  'W.  F.    Fonr-antlercd  deer's  head  [of  Cariaeus  virgiuianus].    <  Am.  Sports.  March  21, 

1874,  *ith  tig. 
Parker,   W.  F.    A  curious  horn  [of  roebuck  from  Germany].    <  Am.  Sport*.  Aug.  15,  1874. 

with  lig. 
"Senarlus."    A  mooso  hunt  iu  Maine.    <  Am.  Sports.  Jan.  31, 1874. 
"Snap-Shot."    Tho  game  of  Wyoming  [chiefly  relating  to  Cervida3].    <  Am.  Sporta.  Jan. 24, 

1874. 
"Snap-shot."    Snap-Shot  to  Jndgo  Caton  [concerning  N.  Am.Cariaci].    <  Am.  Sports.  Fob. 
28, 1874. 


m^ 


il 


1032 


MONOdHAlMlH  OF  NOl.'TIl  AMIOUICAN  RODKNTIA. 


1874.— "T.  J.  8."    Till'  wljili'-tuilcil  ilicr.    <  ToriNt  anil  .Htri'iini,  Dii'.  IT,  IhTI. 
" 'Volvoiliio."     Di'cr  hlifililiii;t  tliiir  liiiiiiM.     <  Am.  S|Hirt».  IfTJ. 
Jiioii.    Alliiiio  iliiT  Irdiii  Sdiiili  ('iiriilliiii.     <  l'<iri'i.t  miil  Hlii'iiiii,  Miiicli  T),  1W74. 
.liKiH.    Till' mil  Iciiil  iloi'.    <^  Am.  S|iiirlh.  Miiy  "2, 1H7I. 

Anon.    Till' liiilliilii'i  full',    v  A'".  ^P'tIh.  Hi'i'.  l'.»,  HTI. 

|()M  llu'  li.iil"  In  lli'Mi  mill  liiiiii'ii.     Kroiii  lliu  S<w  Viirk  Tilliiiiii'  1 
.1)1011.  (\V.  K.  I'aiki'i-.).     i:ilt  iiiitliTH.     <  Am.  .SpurtM.  I'lh.yi,  1^74,  «|t|i  (!«. 
Ahoii.    Klk  iiiitliTn.    <  Am  Siiorts.  MiirclrJl,  l"^'!. 

Aiiiin.     liHi'Ki'  HiillurH  [of  Ci  rviiit  caimiUMi»iH  |.    Korint  ami  Stri'iim,  Mitroli  .''i,  IHTI. 
.(iKin.     Oil  iiiiKniliiiii  iit'lmiraln.     <  Am.  .H|miiI».  Niiv.  21,  1^71. 
'  .'Inun.    Till' i|iiaili'ii|ii'ilH  III' Antic  laniU  [nil  riiiiiUir].    <^  Knri'Ht  RUd  Stream,  March  Ti,  1S74. 

Anon,    Hl<tut;liti'r  iif  iiiiiilti'r.    <^  Am. S|ioit8.  Marrli  7,  lf^ I. 
.Inun.    HlrataKi'iii  in  ili^i'r  hnntiiiK.    <^  Am.  Spoils.  .Ian.  °.'l,  Ir^T-l. 

.liiiiH.     WiMiillaiiil   cariboo,  or  Amcriian   riimliiT,  of  N'cwfoiimllanil.     <^  I'lircut  anil   .Hlicaiii, 
.Inly  •.',  lr<TI. 
1875.— Alaska  [i.  I.,  II.  W.  Klliott],    Tlic  leap  of  tlic  big1iorni)[Ovii<  ninntana].     <  Am.  Kporlii.  Mnrcl. 
i:i.  1H7.-1. 
Batty,  J.  H.     DiHcnsi'il  liver  in  lUivr.    <^  Kiiruxt  anil  Stream, , Ian.  7,  IHTTi. 

Batty,  J.  H.     [On  prcHciice  of  a  canine  tooth  in  CariiieiiH  viigiuiannii.]    <l''nn<»t  nuil  Stream, 

Ki'li.  li,  IH'.-). 
Caton,  J.  D.     Anllerti  [their  mode  of  (jrowth,  etc.].     <;  IJoil  utiil  Oiiii,  Nov.  !J7,  1875. 
Caton,  J.  D.     WonmlH  from  ilcers'  anIlerH.     •<  Aiu.  SportM.  April  10,  tM75. 

Couea,  B.    Chips  from  the  huflalo'tt  \vorkHhop.    <  Forest  and  Stream  extra,  lirinted  for  siwcial 
dislrilinlion,  April  I,  1875. 

[A  liiiiiiui'oim  (-oiitrilmtiun  tuBCfttolni^y.l 

"B."     l)iie«  with  liornH.     <^  Koriwl  anil  Stream,  ,Ian.  )i>^,  187ri. 

Fitzlnger,  L.  J.     Die  Gattunijcn  der  Kaiiiilie  tier  Iliixchu  (Cervi)  nach  ilirer  naliiiliclien  Vnr- 
waniltnehart.     <^  Sit2.  d.  K.  Akail.  WIsh  uiuth.-nalnrw.  ChiKse,  Ixviil,  1.  Abth.  lf:74,  pp.  IW-IUi'j. 

Flower,  W.  H.    On  the  Htructnre  anl  alniiilii'8  of  the  niniik  deer  (MohcIiub  mosehiforus,  Linn.). 
<  I'roc.  Zool.  So,;.  Lond.  lt<7.'>,  pp.  I.V.I-IIKI,  many  li^K- 
(IiH  Itiili'ii  an  iuiportuut  exaiuiuntiun  uf  llie  Btriieture  ami  i'laRHitli.'atlou  of  the  ruinlDantB  at  lar;{o.J 

"Pacific."    No  gall  in  deer.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  Feb.  4,  1875. 

"Toliaviras."    Freaks  of  natnro  in  deer.    <[  Forest  and  Stream,  Feb.  11,  1W5. 

"  W.  W.  B."    Worms  in  dicrs'  liverH.    <^  Forest  and  Stream,  Jan.  US,  1S7.'). 

1876.- Alien,  J.  A.    Memoirs  of  the  Geolo(;icnl  Snrvoy  of  Kontucky.  |  N.  8.  Shaler,  director.  |  Vol.  i, 

I'ai  t  ii.  I  —  I  The  American  biHons,  \  living  and  extinct.  |  Ily  J.  A.  Allen.  |  With  twelve  plates 
and  map.  |  —  |  I'liivemity  press,  Cambridge ;  |  Welch,  Higclow,  &  Co.  |  1870. 

Memoirs  of  the  Mnseum  of  Comparativu  Zuology,  |  at  Harvard  College,  Cambridge,  Mass.  | 
Vol.  iv.  No.  10.  I  —  I  The  American  bisons,  |  living  and  extinct.  |  Ity  .1.  A.  Allen.  |  I'liblished 
by  iiermi«»ion  of  N.  S.  Shaler.  director  of  the  Keiilneky  |  (feological  Snrvey.  |  With  12  plates 
and  a  map.  |  Universi'y  press,  Cambridge:  |  Welch,  liigehiw,  &  Co.  |  lH7(i. 

1 '.    jip.  i-ix,  1-240,  1  ciil.  map,  12  pll..  Ill  11,,  2  woodcnts  in  text.    Kd.  of  noo  copies. 

[TlicHO  two  publioationa  were  Hiniiiltaiicoaa,  anil  only  diflur  in  Ibe  titles.    TIjo  fiillowinK  are  tlio  contents:.* 

Title,     p.  i.  » 

Pri'liniinary  nnlii  (N.  S,  Shulor).    p.  iii.  .  ,  / 

Introiluction.    pp.  v-li. 

P.\llT  I. 

1.  Dihtinctivn  eliaracterintii'H  anil  altinitit-a  of  tlio  blHiina.    pp.  l-:i, 

S.  General  liiatorical  acciiiiut  of  the  remniiia  of  extlunt  btaunB  bitberto  t'onnil  in  Niirtli  Anieiioa.    pp.  3-7. 

3.  DeRcriplion  of  the  extinct  siieeii't*.    pp.  "-31. 

4.  rit'n).raj)htcal  iliHttilmlion  anil  t;eu]f);:ii'ai  poHition  'I'  tliu  remains  of  the  extinct  bisons  of  North  Aniurloa. 
pp.  33-;«. 

.'i.  Itelation  of  the  exiatinf;  H]K>cics  of  bisnns  to  tho  extinct  s|)ecto0.    pp.  35,30. 
<i.  Description  of  the  existing  speoles.    pp.  36-VO. 


IlllilJOdlt.  AI'I'KM)I\-(l.  l'i;iHHSOI)A("l'YliA, 


1033 


>nii), 
iird. 

'IIIU, 

iciul 


Vet- 
■M-i. 

III.). 


I.  i. 
itcs 

9.  I 

bed 
itcs 


<  Am.  Nal.  x,  IHTC,  pip.  r,i."--.iO,-,  wiili  i;i 
A  new  C'liIiCdi'iiInn  ilt'i  r  [C.  iimcidti!*  viir.  ciilirnrnicim].  <^  Hod  and  (luii,AiiK.  '"■ii 
A  iii'W  Ciilifdruiaii  dm-  [Cirviis iiiiHKitiN  vur.  <iilif<iiiiicim].    <  Am.  Nitl.  x,  IBTO, 


I'AKr  II. 

1.  (troi4rn|>tilcii]  iIIkIi  ilml  Ion,  |iiiNl  hih)  pri-Hi'iit.  ai  IIihihi  (toierli-HDii*,    |ip.  1  l-IUI. 
•J.  I'liHliii'lHof  lluOmir.ilii.    |i|i.  I'.il-ail. 

:i.  'I'litt iliitHit    pp. vfvj- M.'i. 

i.  DnllH'Htlratlou  iit'llin  blltrilln.    pp.  tI15-Ui. 

ApiH.iiilK  I.    pp.  in;i-3:ii. 

ApprliilU  L  I.N.  ,S.  Hliiilur),    pp.  uia-a.",;. 

Inili'X.     pp. 'j:a-'Jlll. 

Miip  iiiiil  11  pliiii  H,  I'lirli  with  anpn.ril  I'lpliiuiiliiry  li'uF. 

A  I'linipliilii  mill  lliiirniiulily  rcllnl  li<  lilnliiry  nf  llw  iiiiml  •'oimplnuiiiii  ami linipiirtiiiil  iinnilriipril  iif  Atiiir 

lo«.  pripiinil  Willi  till'  urtiitim  rr  »  ami  pulim,  after  pioliuctnl  iiiiil  piitiiiit  rimari  li,  liy  olii>  of  lln'  iiiunl  inilmiit 
thi'r(il'';;Ut(*  III'  tin-  cnuiiln .] 

1876.— Cato     J.  D.      Tlid  AiiiciifUii  inilc  m|ic  nr  iirniiK  Inn  k. 
Ilk'«. 
Caton,  J.  O. 

1H7(1. 

Caton,  J.  D. 

)ip.  Hi l-)li!l. 

<J,  W.  B.     Hunting  wrtpiti  on  Ihii  Loup.    <  Forest  mid  Stream,  May  ■(  and  11,  1H7(i, 
Murphy,  J.  M.     Animalu  and  mineiy  of  tliti  Nortliwct.t.    <  I!od  iinil  (inn,  .Iiine  17,  lH7(i. 

[riilctly  n-lllt,'H  ti)  Ovtrt  liluDlllIllt.] 

Petrie,  J.  L.    Antclupo  Imnliiij;  in  KansaH.    <  ForuHt  and  Strrain,  Nov.  '.I,  li7(l. 
Bevertzoff,  N.    [Idiiillty  of  CVrvns  canadcuHiH  with  tlie  IVihian  dwr,  (.'.  inarul.]    <[  Nalmu, 
Nov.  Ili,  lf7(i,  11.  (ill 
1877.— Allen,  J.  A.    IliKlory  o(  tbo  Americun  binon,  Ilison  amerlcaniiH.     <Aiui.  Kep.  U.  H.  (iiul. 

Hnrv.  Ti  rr.  for  1H7.">,  I>'77,  pp.  "tlll-.'iW.     [Ed.  of  7,000  cop. ;  aim  Kepurati-,  1,000  cop.] 
'  l\  n>piitillciii,lnniil"ll riKlm,' '  lemoir  (hco  I  '"(i)  uiuIit  I>r.('oiif«'H  ulitnrsliip,  with  tlu,  lullowiii^  vliiuieoH:— 

1.  Tim  oiiiiHHioii  III"  llii*  illiiHtrtitiiiliH.  f'ipliMiiitory  paj^eH,  ami  textual  rrlVTcncert. 

2.  Tile  olulBHlnn  nf  the  piillion  relating  to  the  exillict  Bpeeiea,  tlie  piecent  reprint  lieinK  eouflueil  to  the  one 
eiiallli^  HpeelcH,  hejllnillDK  at  pace  3(i  el"  the  en^'inal, 

3.  Tlio  iiicorperation  of  the  appemlieea  in  the  hmly  i,f  the  text. 
i.  The  aililitioli  of  niueU  new  matter  liy  the  .'iilll>er  hinitielf. 

'     '  .5,  VariollH  minor  mMlllleAtlona  whli  t!ie  alight  alturalloii,  ihlelly  verbal,  of  context  inctileiil  thereto. 

(I.  Alteration  of  the  lillu  anil  auhiititnljoii  of  eilitorial  p.      ee  for  the  prelltnluary  matter  of  the  orl);iiial. 
>'o  eilitorial  ahriilKnieiit  oi  ili^eHt  i;f  any  pait  of  the  nit  iiioir  waa  niiuie,  the  porlionnof  llienienmir  hen-  repro- 
ilneed  being  aecoriiinn  to  copy  fiirulKlieil  by  aiilhor.  who  aiUleil  nineli  new  matter  ami  niaile  koiui,  little  cliaii|;ea 
pagiiim  in  the  ceiilcxt.    A  few  ulitoria'  noted,  iliiilly  cxpltiliatory  cf  iiioilifleationaof  the  text,  alc  Inlroilileeil 
111  brackeln.) 

Caton,  J.  D.  Tlic  |  nnlclope  and  deer  |  of  |  America.  |  A  compreliensivo  seicntiflc  treatinc  upon 
tliniiaturiil  |  liiBtory,  ineludin({  llie  cliaiacteristies,  liabita,  |  attinities,  and  capacity  for  domes-  | 
licalion  (if  the  |  Anti'iicajira  and  C'l  rvidie  of  Xortli  America.  |  Uy  |  .lobu  Uean  t'alou,  LIj.  1).  | 
New  York:  |  pnbllHlicd  by  Uurd  &  Hon);bton.  |  UonIoii;  H.  O.  Houghton  and  Company.  | 
Cambridge;  Tim  Rivcrnide  PreBS.  |  lt)77,  1  vol.  8^'.  pp.  i-xvi  (incl.  titles  and  portrait), 
17-4ati,  witb  51  woodcutB. 

|Iu  uioat  reiipccla  the  heal  treatise  extant  on  the  aubject.  Of  the  Cerviihe,  all  of  which  the  antlinr  refera  to 
the  ceiiuK  Cerviia,  B  N,  Aiiier.  app.  ale  reco^pilzed :— CO.  alcca,canaileDBia,  tarainUia,  tarandiia  arclica,  niacrotls, 
colunibiantia,  '.-iiBinianua,  ami  acapnlccusia.] 

"BlCazador."    Dig  born  [Ovis  monlana]  bunting  in  California.    <  Forest  ami  8    ,am,  Jan. 
11,  1H77. 

Murphy,  ^    M.    Shooting  tbe  mountain  goat.    <  Kod  and  Gun,  Jan.  (i  and  A,  1H77. 

Snow,  M.    A  deer  bunt  iii  Californiif    <  ForcBt  and  Streaui,  Feb.  'ii,  1877. 

"Penobscot."    Autlcred  dues.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  Mar.  8,  1877. 

"  Penobscot.      Habits  and  peculiarities  of  tbo  moose.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  Feb.  2i.>,  1877. 

./lion.    Fate  o.'  the  biift'alo— its  snccessors.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  Mar.  15,  1877. 

£<ii(oii<if.— Kcstoratiou  of  the  Sivatberiuni.    <  Am.  Nat.  xi,  July,  1877,  pp. 435,  436,  llgg.  81, 62. 


lea. 


0.-PEBISS0D4eTl'L,A. 

(InclmUuK  titles  of  a  few  aitlcloa  on  relatwl  fossil  onhra  for  wliich  no  aeparnle  henil  hna  been  made.) 
1733.-LamOTier,  — .    Mi'n.riro  oil  I'on  donno  les  raisous  pouniuoi  lea  cbevaux  no  voiuisscut  poiut. 
<  M6m.  Acad.  Sci.  I'aris,1733,  pp.  ."ill-SUi. 


1034 


MONOGBAPnS  OF  NOKTU  AJIEUIOAN  KODENTIA. 


1746.— Bertiii,  B.  J.    Siir  I:i  striiclurc  de  IVsloiiiiii;  iln  clicvnl  I't  rnr  Ii^s  causes  qui  cnipfichent  cot  animal 

dc  voiiiir.     <  Mfm.  Aeiul.  Sci.  Paris,  I'Ui,  pp.  'S.i-M,  r>  pU. 
1796.— Freeman,  S.    ObsirvatioiiNon  tho'iueebaiiism  of  tlic  liorse's  fool.    4°.    107  pp.,  16pll.    Lomlou, 

ITlKi. 
1804.- Cuvier,  G.    Description  ostdologltjiic  <lu  tapir.    <Ami.  Mas.  Hist.  Kiit.  I'aris,  iii,180J,pp.  122- 

i:i(i,  i;w-ii;i. 

Cuvler,  G.    ^ur  (incl(|iicK  dents  et  «s  trouv(?s  in  rrancc, qui  paraissunt  avoir  appartcun  i^iles 

anirnanx  dii  kciuc  dii  tapir.    <Aiiii.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  iii,  1804, pp.  i:!2-14:i;  v, r)2-.^^l. 
1807.— Clarke,  B.    Ucsiriptioii  of  a  lonRitndinal  section  <if  thii  head  of  tbe  liorse.    With  2  largo  coloured 

plates,  drawn  by  Kirlland  (natural  .size).     4^.    London,  1807. 
1010.— BojauuB,  L.    L'eber  dio  Dannblasu  des  Pferdefa'tus.    <  Isis,  1818,  pp.  1G33-1(!36.    Mit  AbbiUlgn. 
1822. — Huzard 'Ji(.'),  — .    Description  d'njje  valvule  spirale  ik  rouvcrtnre  cardiaqno  do  I'estoniac  dn 

clioval.    <M(^ni.  dn  Mnstfjuni,  viii,  1822,  pp.  111-114, 1  pi. 
1825.— Bojanus,  L.     Adversaria  ad  dentitioiiem  eqnini  generis  ct  ovis  Joniesticio  spectantes.    <^Nova 

Acta  Acad.  Leoj).  Carol.  Nat.  Cur.  xii,  part  2, 182."),  pp.  095-708,2  pll. 
1827.— Breschet,  O.    Uelier  dio  Gesicbtsncrvcn  des  Pfordes.    <  Heusinger's  Zeitocbr.  f.  organ.  Pbys.  i, 

1827,  pp.  402-404, 2  pll. 
Geoffroy  St.-Hilaire,  iS.    Sur  un  fcctus  de  cbevnl  poljdactjlo  .lynnt  sea  doigis  sdpartf^s  par  une 

niernlirauo.     <^  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  xi,  1827,  p.  224  j  Hcnsinger's  Zeitscbrift,  i,  1827,  pp.  418, 410. 
1829.— Yarrell,  W.    Observations  on  tbe  tiipir  of  America.    <  Zool  Journ.  iv,  1820,  iqi.  210-21:!. 
1830.  -Graves,  R.  J.    An  account  of  a  peculiarity,  not  bitberto  dehcrilied,  in  tbe  ankle  or  boek-joint  of 

the  horse;  with  remarks  on  tbe  structure  of  tbe  vertebrn>  in  the  species  of  whale  entitled 

Delphinus  diodon.    <  Trans.  Koj.  Irish  Acad,  xvi,  1830,  pp.  85-03 ;  (Abstr.)  Kdinb.  New  Pbilos. 

■lonrn.  x,  1831,  pp.  59-04  ;  Edinb.  Journ,  Sci.  d.  b.  iv,  1831,  pp,  47-52;  Fror.  Not.  xxx,  1831,  no. 

040,  pp.  1G4-109. 
Anon.    The  mule  [from  Mason's  Farrier].    <  Dougbty's  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  S48-251. 

1830-31.— Porter,  Sir  R.  K.  [On  tbo  tapir  (Tapirus  americanus,  Gniei.).]  <  Proc.  Zool.  8oc.  London, 
1830-31,  p.  91. 

1841.— Smith,  C.  H.  Colonial  edition.  Tbo  natural  history  of  horses,  the  F.qnidio  or  geuns  Equus  of 
autbor.s.  .  .  .  Illustrated  by  thirty-live  coloured  plates,  witb  portrait  and  memoir  of  Gesner. 
\V.  H.  Lizars,  Edinburgh  ;  Armour  &  Ramsey,  Montreal;  liamsey,  Armour  &  Co.,  KiugstoD ; 
and  Ramsey  &  M'Kendriek,  Hamilton.     l(i°.     352  pp.,  35  pll. 

1842.— Selys-Deslongchamps,  E.  RennuqneB  anatomiques  sur  le  tapir  d'Ani<5rique.  <^M6m,  8oc. 
Linn.  Norniandie,  vii,  1842,  pp.  10-35. 

1846.— Carpenter,  — .    Fossil  tapir.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2).  i,  1840,  pp.  247-250. 

Prout,  H.  A.    Gigantic  paleotherium.    <Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  ii,  1840,  pp.  988,389, 

Willi  lig. 

1847. — Clarendon,  T.  Tbe  foot  of  the  horse,  its  structure  and  functions.  With  the  meuns  of  presorv- 
iufi  its  healthy  action  and  remedying  its  disease,  by  a  new  nietbod  of  shoeing.  12°.  100  pp. 
Dulilin,  1847.     London,  Longmans.  • 

Leidy,  J.    On  tbe  fossil  borso  of  America.    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  iii,  1847,  iqi.  202-200, 
pi.  2. 

Leidy,  J.     [Additional  observations  on  tbo  fossil  boiso  of  America.]    <^  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Pbila.  iii,  1847,  p.  328. 
Prout,  H.  A.    l)i'scri|iiion  of  a  fossil  maxillary  bone  of  u  paluotb.  rium,  from  near  White  River. 

<  Am.  .louni.  Sei.  and  Arts  (2),  iii,  1847,  art.  xxvii,  pp.  248-250,  with  2  tigg. 

1849. — Brandt,  J.  F.    Ue  rhinocerotis  antiquitatis,  aeu  tieborbini,  son  pallasii,  strnciura  externa  «t 
osteologica  observationes,  o  reliquiis  qua)  in  Museis  Petropolilanis  serva.itur  erutio.     <  Mdm. 
Acad.  Sii.  St.  P.'.tersh.  vii,  pt.  ii,  1849,  pp.  101-410. 
Leidy,  J.    [Tapirns  americanus  fossilis.]    <  Proc.  Aciid.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  1840,  pp.  180-182. 
Pomel,  A.    I  >esc'ri|il  ion  d'nn  ns  niaxillairu  fossllo  do  paluiotheriuin,  pur  Hiram  Piiuit.    <^  Archives 
Sei.  I'hys.  et  Nat.  x,  1849,  jip.  73-7,5. 
[Ucuodus  propohHl  aa  n  ouw  guuus  tor  the  Htieeiea.l 


BIBLIOGH.  APPENDIX-G.  PERISSODACTYLA. 


1035 


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1865.— Chabrillac,  P.    Sur  lo  tapir.    <  V  nil-  Soc.  Imp.  Zool.  d'Acclim,  (2),  ii,  1865,  pp.  25-28. 

Gill,  T.    [Coinmnnication  resiieeting  a  new  generic  typo  of  the  family  Tapiridie- Elasmognsi- 

thus  bairdi.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  N.t.  Sei.  Pbila.  186.5,  p.  183. 
Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  fossil  remaius  of  the  horse.]    <  Proc.  Aead.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1865,  p.  94. 
Leidy,  J.     [Remarks  on  fossil  rhinoceros.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1865,  pp.  176, 177. 
1866.— Swallow,  G.  C.    Notice  of  remains  of  the  horse  in  the  altered  drift  of  KiinBBs.    <  Trans.  Acad. 

Sci.  St.  Louis,  ii,  1666,  p.  4' 8.  _     ' 

1867.— Arlolng,  S.    Contribution  t\  I'dtude  de  rorganisation  dii  pied  choz  lo  cheval.    <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 
viii,  li-()7,  pp.  .55-81,  with  2  pll. 
Dow,  J.  M.    Extracts  from  letters  rolatiutf  to  Tapirus  bain'i.    < Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1807, 

pp.  211,801. 
Flower,  W.  H.    Exhibition  of  tho  skull  of  a  tapir  (Elasmognatbus  bairdi,  Gill).    <  Proc.  Zool. 

Sue.  London,  1867,  p.  240. 
Gill,  T.    On  the  genus  Elasmognathus.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  xliii,  1867,  p.  370. 
Gray,  J.  B.    Notice  of  a  new  .species  of  American  tapir,  with  observations  on  the  skulls  of 
Tapirus,  Rhinocbterns,  and  Elasmognathus  in  the  collection  of  tho  British  Museum.    <  Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.  London,  1867,  pp.  876-88t)  (with  2  figg.),  pi.  42. 


i 


1036 


MONOGllAPHS  or  NORTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


ili;i 


llliii^ 


18C7.— Solater,  P.  L.    [Skull  of  Tiipinis  liainli  from  Niciiragim.]    <  I'roc.  Zool.  Sue.  Loml.  18fi7,  p.  473. 
1868. — Blake,  'W.  P.     Nod;  ii|m)ii  tlir  otciiircni'c  of  fossil  rcMiiaius  of  llie  tapir  in  I'liliforuia.     <^Alii. 
Jourii.  Sci.  and  Arts  Ci),  xlv,  If'tJH,  p.  ;!H1. 

Leidy,  3.    Notice  of  some  reiunins  of  horses.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  lfcTp8,  p.  135. 
1869.— Owen,  R.    New  apecicsof  fossil  horse  in  Mexico.    <  (Abst.)  Am.  Nat.  iii,  IHC'i,  p.  392. 

1870.— Blake,  W.  P.    On  a  fossil  [equine]  tooth  from  Table  Moniitain.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts 

l-,>),  1,  H70,  pp.  aW,!jG3. 
Gill,  T.    [Klasmogiiathns  dowii,  n.  a.,  Guatemala.]    <  Am.  Joi  .n.  Sci.  I,  pp.  141,  Hi. 
Leidy,  J.     [On  the  identity  of  I'rotoliippiis,  Leidy,  and  I'ippidion,aml  the  species  of  the  genus.] 

<  Froo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1H70,  i)p.  liti,  Vi7. 

Leidy,  J.    [On  a  Lophiothcriuni  (L.  sylvaticuui,  n.s.)froni  Wyoming.]    <^Proe.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci. 
I'hilu.  1870,  p.  I2(i. 

Bclater,  P.  L.    lieuarks  on  the  hairy  tapir  (Tapirus  roulini)  of  the  Colombian  Audes.    <^  Proc. 

Zocd.  .Soc.  Loudon,  1H70,  pp.  ,')1,52. 
White,  R.  B.    Letter  eoneerninj;  the  hairy  tapir  (Tapirus  roulini)  of  the  highlands  of  the 

Columbia.    <  Proe.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  1H70,  p.  ."il. 
1871.- [Bennett,  A.  W.]    Madness  in  a  horse,    [niioii.]    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  p.  7H1». 
Leidy,  J.    [Note  on  Auchithcrium.]    "<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1871,  p.  19it. 
Leidy,  J.     [On  polydaetylisiu  in  a  horse.]    <^  Proc.  Acad.  Nat'.  Sci.  Phila.  1871,  p.  112. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    [Tooth  of  Lophiodon  validus,  n.s.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philn.  187L  pp.  9, 10. 
Murie,   J.     On  the  Malayan   tapir  (Rhiuoclio'rus  sunuitranns,  Gray).    <^Jonrn.  Anat.  and 

Physiol,  vi,  1871,  pp.  131-I()0,  pll.  8-10. 
■     Wood-Mason,  —  ?     [A  case  of  i>olydaclyli8m  in  a  horso  described  by  Wood-Muson,  P.  A.  S.  li. 

1871,  p.  18,  pi.  ].] 
1872. — Gray,  J.  E.    Uescriptiou  of  a  young  tapir  from  the  Peruvian  Amazons.    <  Proe.  Zool.  Soc.  Ijou- 

don,  1872,  pi.  G24,()2o,  pi.  45. 
Gray,  J.  E.    Notes  on  a  new  species  of  tapir  (Tapirus  leneogenys)  from  the  snowy  regions  of 

the  Cordilleras  of  Ecuador,  and  on  the  young  spotted  tapiis  of  tropical  America.     <Proe. 

Zool.  Soc.  Lonil»)n,  1872,  pp.  483-492  (with  1  fig.),  pll.  xxi.xxii. 
Perkins,  G.  H.    Calculi  from  tlie  stomach  of  a  horse.    <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  pp.  ,'>52-504. 
Sclater,  P.  L.    [Lxhibition  of  the  skull  of  a  hairy  tapir  (Tapirus  ruulini),  and  reniuiks  on  its 

dilierences  from  that  of  T.  terrestris.]     <^  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1872,  pp.  (i04,  (i05,  with  2  iigg. 
Anon.    [ Haird's  tapir.]    <  Zool.  Gart.  xiii,  1872,  pp.  58, 59.    [From  " The  Field ".] 
1873    -Cope,  B.  D.    [On  Eobasilcns.]     <  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1873,  pp.  10-12. 

Cope,  B.  D.    [On  Eobasiliida'  and  Bathmodontida'.]    <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Pliihv.  1873,  pp. 

102, 103. 
Cope,  B.  D.    The  gigantic  mammals  of  the  genus  Eobasileus.    <  Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  pp.  15(i-l()0. 
Cope,  B.  D.    On  some  of  Prof  Mai-sh's  criticisms.    <  Am.  Nut.  vii,  1873,  pp.  290-299,  pll.  4,. 5. 
Cope,  B.  D.    On  the  osteology  of  the  extinct  Tapiroid  Hyracbus.    <  Proe.  Am.  Pliilos.  Soc.  xiii, 

l'<73,  pp.  212-224. 
GervaiB,  P.    Sur  lu  tapir  du  Daird.     <.Toiiru.  de  Zool.  ii,  1873,  pp.  22-2li,  pi.  1. 
Marab,  O.  C.    The  fossil  mammals  of  the  order  Dinocerata.    <  Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  pp.  14(!-l.'i3, 


pll.  1,2. 
Mai-sb,  O. 
Marsh,  O. 
Marsh,  O 
Marsh,  O 
Marsh,  O 


1874.- 


C.    Oil  the  geiuis Tinoeeras  and  its  allies.    <  Am.  Nit.  vii,  1873,  pp.  217,218. 
C.    On  the  dates  of  Prof.  Cope's  recent  publications.    <  Am.  Nut.  vii,  1873,  pp.  303-30C. 
C.    On  some  of  Prof.  Cope's  recent  investigations.    <^  Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  pp.  51,  52. 
C.     Heply  to  Prof  Cope's  explanation.     <;  Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  App.,  pp.  i-ix. 
C.    Sur  dcs  maininifi'res  fossiles  gigantesqius  eoiistitnant  un  ordre  nouveau  sous  le 
iioni  (le  (linooc^rat'M.     <  Journ.  de  Zool.  ii,  1^73,  pp.  ll)0-l(!8,  p|.  0, 
Marsh,  O.  C.     Tinoeeras  ami  its  allies.     <  Am.  Nat.  vii,  1h7;i,  pji.  30fi-:j08. 
Cope,  B.  D.    On  some  extinct  types  of  liurned  perisaodiietylcs.    <Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 
(4),  xiii.  May,  1874,  pp.  40!>,40li. 


.^.    .[ 


BIBLIOGK.  APPENDIX— I.  PROBOSOIDEA. 


1037 


1874.— Cope,  E.  D.     [Skull  of  K.iljasileus  jrali'iituH.]    <  I'lui-.  Am.  Pliiliw.  Soc.  xiv,  IHTl,  p.  17. 

Cope,  E.  D.    [On  tlie  cruuiiv  of  S.vmlioroildii.]    <  I'roc.  Auixl.  Niil.  Sii.  Pliiln.  1H74,  pii.  «),!)0. 
Cope,  E.  D.    [Miistoiloii  yradiictUB,  h|i.  n.]    <  I'roc.  Acml.  Nat.  Scl.  I'lillii.  IH7-1,  ji.  'J'Jl. 
GervaiB,  P.    ronno  typuiiio lU-s  ineiiibii'.s cliiz  les  (M|ni<lC's.    < .Idiiiii.  Zocil.  iii,  1^7 1,  pp.  ;iU0-;ifl7. 
Gray,  J.  B.    Tbo  jomig  Asiatic  tapir  {UbiuocliaTua  BUinalranus).    <Auii.  ami  Jlaj;-  Nat.  Hist. 
(4),  xiii,  Maj,  1874,  pp.  400,401. 

Mai'Bb,  O.  C.    Fosail  horses  of  America.    [Abstract  nnil  review.]    <  Am.  .'Sports.  .Inly  4,  11^74. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Notice  of  now  equiue  maniinais  from  tbo  tertiary  furmaliim.    <^  Ain.  Jouni.  Sci. 

(4),  vii,  Marcb,  1874,  p.  247  ;  Cincinnati  Qiiar.  .Jourii.  Sci.  i,  1874,  pp.  ir)7-lliO;  Ann.  Mag.  Nftt. 

Hist.  (4),  xiii,  187 1,  pp.  397-400  ;  Journ.  do  Zool.  iii,  1H74,  art.  xxv,  pp.  <M-»i. 
McLellau,  I.    Tbo  rhinoceros.     <[  Am  Sports.  Teb.  7,  lr74. 
Sclater,  P.  L.     [Exhibition  of  two  skulls  of  Baird's  tapir  (Tupirus  bairdi).}   <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 

London,  1H74,  p.  89, 
1877.— Cope,  B.  D.    On  the  brain  of  Corypbodon.     <  Proc.  Am.  Pbilos.  Soc.  1877,  pp.  Olti-fiSO,  pll.  1 , 2. 
Marsh,  O.C.    Priucipal  characters  of  Corypbodoutid-e.  <;Am.  Jonru.Sci.xiv,  1877,  pp.  80-85,  pi.  4. 

H.— IIVRACOIDEA. 

1869. — Braiidt,  J.  P.  Uutersuchungou  liber  die  Gnttuug  Klippschliefer  (Ilyrax  lierui.),  besondtrs  in 
auatomiscbur  und  verwandtscbaftlichei'  Ueziebung,  nebst  Bemerkungen  liber  ibre  Verbreitnug 
und  Lebensweiso.     4°.     vi,  127  pp., ;)  pll.     St.  Petersburg,  1-;G9.     (<;M^m.  Acad,  xiv,  no.  2.) 

I.— PBOBOSCIDGA. 

1734.— Perrault,  C.  Description  anatomuiuc  d'uu  elephant.  <  M^ui.  Atad.  Sci.  Paris  lOCG-99,  iii, pt.  Iii, 
1734,  pp.  91-151),  I)  pll. 

1774? — .Ihoii.  Abbildung  dcs  betraebtungswUrdigen  Elefautcu  v.io  ndcher  iai  J.  1773  in  dcr  .Schweiz 
gesebeu  wordcu.     4°.    4  pp.  text. 

1799. — Turner,  G.  Memoir  ou  tbo  extraneous  fossils  denominated  mammoth  bones;  principally  de- 
signed to  shew,  that  they  are  tbo  remains  of  more  than  oni^  species  of  non-dcscript  animal. 

<  Trans.  Am.  Pbilos.  Soc.  Phila.  iv,  1799,  no.  Ixxiv,  pp.  510-518. 
Peale,  R.    A  sbort.account  of  tbo  mammoth.    ^Tillocb's  Phil.  Mag.  xiv,  IfcO-J,  pp.  102-109. 
Peale,  R.    On  the  difl'orences  which  exist  between  the  beads  o'  the  mammoth  und  elephant. 

<  Tilloch's  Phil.  Mag.  xiv,  1802,  pp.  2^8,  229. 
Cuvier,  Q.    Sur  diiTdreutes  dents  du  genre  des  mastodontcs,  mais  d'e8p^ce8  'joindres  que  cello  do 

rohio.    <  Anu.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  viii,  1801',  pp.  401-420. 
Cuvier,  Q.    Sur  lo  graud  msistodoute,  iniproprement  uommd  mammoth  ])ar  lea  Anglais  et  par 

les  habitants  des  fitats-Unis.    <  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  \ai.  Paris,  viii,  leon,  pp.  270-312. 
Harlan,  H.    tibserva'.ione  on  fossi;  elephant  teeth  ,1  North  America.    <  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.  ill,  1^23,  pp.  C5-C",  pi.  v. 
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County,  N.  J.].     <  Ann.  I  vc.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  1,  1824,  pp.  143-147. 
Qodmau,  J.  D.    Dehcripi  loii  of  the  os  byoides  of  the  mastodon.    <  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

iv,  1824,  pp.  07-72,  pi.  2, 
Oodmau,  J.  D.     Desctiiitiou  of  a  new  geuns  and  now  species  of  extinct  mammlforons  quadru- 
ped [Tetracaulodou  mastodoutoideum].    < Trans.  Am.  Pbilos.  Soc.  Phila.  u.  s.  iii,  1830,  art. 

xix,  i)p.  478-485,  1)11.  17, 18. 
J»io».    The  elophaut.    <  Dougbty's  Cab.  N.  II.  i,  1830,  pp.  245-247. 
— Kaup,  J.  G.     llebor  zwei  Fragmente  clues  Unterkiefers  von  Slaatodon  angnstiden.i,  Cuv.,  naeh 

welchen  diese  Art  in  die  Gattuug  TetracauUHlon,  Godman,  gehort.    <  Isis,  1832,  col.  (i28-t)31. 
-Hays,  I.    Descriptions  of  tbo  specimens  of  inlc^rinr  maxillary  hones  of  mastodons  in  thu  cabinet 

of  tbo  Amen^'in  Philosophical  Society,  with  remarks  on  the  genus  Teiracaulodon  (Godman), 

»Vc.     <Traus.  Am    Pbilos.  Soc.  Phila.  n.  s.  iv,  1834,  alt.  ix,  pp.  317-338,  pll.  xx-xxiv. 
-35.— Troost,  G.     On  the  localities  iu  Tennessee  in  which  bonis  of  the  gigantic  mastodon  and 

Megalonyx  jotl'ersonii  ai  ■  found.    <  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  Penna.  1, 1834,  pp.  139-14C :  1835,  pp. 

2:J(>-24.1. 


1802. 
1806.—' 

1823. 
1824. 

1830.- 


1832. 
1834 

1834 


^^S 


Wr 


1038 


MONOGKAPOS  OP  NORTH  AJIEEICAN  KODENTIA. 


1841.— Hays,  I.     [On  fosnil  bones  of  inastodon.]    <rroc.  Am.  Philns.  Soe.  Tliilii.  ii,  1811,  pp.  102, 103. 
Hays,  I.     [On  Titimniiloilou.]    < I'loi;.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  I'liilu.  ii,  1*11,  pp.  lO.'i,  IOC. 
Horner,  TV.  C    [Corrects  piipor  ou  the  duDtal  Bystoin  of  mastodon.]    <^  I'loc.  Am.  I'liilos.  Soc. 
I'liila.  li,  lM4l,pp.  U,7. 

1843.— Hays,  I.    "On  llic  family  Proboscidoa,  their  general  character  and  relations,  tlicir  luodu  of 

(liutition,  and  gcolojjicnl  distribution."    <Pi'ic.  Am.  Philos.  Soe.  Pbila.  iii,  IHJI!,  pp.  44-48. 
Horuer,  W.  E.    IJcmurks  on  the  dental  system  ol  iho  mastodon,  with  an  account  of  some  lower 

jaws  iu  Mr.  Kocli's  collection,  St.  L<>uis,  Missouri,  where  there  is  i\  solitary  tusk  on  the  right 

side.    <^ Trans.  Am.  I'hilos.  Soc.  Pliila.  n.  «.  vlii,  184H,  art.  iv,  pji.  M-.VJ. 
Horner,  "W.  H.,  aiiil  Hays,  I.    Description  of  an  entire  head  and  various  otlii^r  bones  of  the 

masloilou.     <  Trans.  Am.  l'liilo.s,  Soc.  Pliihi.  n.  s.  viii,  l-'4:!,  art.  li,  pp.  ii7-48, 
Kaup,  J.  J.     DemerknnKcn  iilier  drci   Arten  Mastodon  nnd  die  drei  Arten  Tetracaulodon  des 

Ilcrrn  Isaak  Hay.".     <  Arcbiv  Hir  Natnrg.  i.\,  li^lll,  pp.  10^-175. 
1844. — Owen,  R.     Description  of  n  fossil  molar  tooth  of  a  nmstodon  discovereil  by  Count  Strzlecki  ill 

Australia.     <  Ann.  Xat.  Hist,  xiv,  1844,  pp.  2(18-071 ;  Calcutta  .lonrii.  Nut.  Hist,  v,  18415,  pp. 

.'i72-."i7li. 
1846.— Jackson,  J.  B.  S.    [On  bones  of  Mastodon  giganteiis  from  a  nuirl  pit  <in  Schorley's  Mountain, 

N.  ,7.]     <  Proc.  Huston  .Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  184ti,  pp.  (iO-(i'.'. 
Sburtleff,  N.  B.    [On  llie  skeleton  of  Mastodon  gigauteum  from  a  marl-pit  near  Newburg,  N. 

Y]    <  Pioc.  lloston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  184il,  pp.  U(>-'J8. 
Shurtleff,  N.  B.     [On  some  peculiarities  of  the  skeleton  of  Elephas  indicus.]    <Proc.  Boston 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1840,  pp.  ll(i-118. 

,  — .    Mastodon  giganteus.    <Am.  Jnurn.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2).  ii,  184fi,  jip.  l;tl-l.Tl. 

, — .    The  mastodon  of  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  discovered  in  August,  I84r>.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci. 

and  Arts  (2),  i,  184(1,  pp.  2ti8-270. 

1847. — Gray,  A.    I'ood  of  the  mastodon.    <^  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  iii,  1847,  p.  43li. 
|I''riiiu  I'roc.  Ilont.  Soc.  IH4(i,  ii.'.fj.l 
Owen,  R.     Ueneral  geological   distribution  and  ])robabIe  food  and  climate  of  the  maminolh. 

<  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  iv,  1847,  art.  ii,  jip.  1:)-1'J. 
[■■  K\lliU;U'<l  ("Mini  l*iof,  Owt-n'M  llrUJBli  Fossil  Manimuli.l",  Ip-tC  ] 

1848.— Warren,  J.  C.    [On  a  tooth  of  Mastodon  giganteus  from  Oregou  and  ou  M.  rngiistidens.] 

<  I'roc.  Boston  Soc.  Xat.  i;i.st.  iii,  1848,  pp.  41,42. 

1849.— Cabot,  G.    [Doubts  respecting  the  alleged  geographical  distribution  of  Mastodon  angiistldens.] 

<  Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  184'J,  p.  104. 

Cbristol,  J.  de.  ChissilicatioD  parallcle  des  pachydorntcs  i\  mohiires  sans  c(^ment  rtti  molaires 
aveccC'mcnt.  <^Coinp.  liend.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  xxix,  1840,  pp.  303-ll(i(i;  Inslitut,  xvii,  1840, 
no.  822,  i>.  ;!i:i. 

Desor,  B.  [On  a  line  skeleton  of  a  mastodon  at  Galena,  &I0.]  <[Proc.  Boston  Eoc.  Nat.  Hist. 
iii,  1840,  p.  207. 

Goul(3,  A.  A.     [On  the  nature  of  the  Ohio  clay  formation  containing  the  mastodon  bones.] 

<  I'roc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1840,  pp.  117, 118. 

Pickering,  C.    [On  the  distribution  of  the  mastodon.]    <  Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nut.  Hist,  ill,  1840, 

!>.  110. 
TVarren,  J.  C.    [On  the  geological  position  of  the  Mastodon  giganteus.]    <^Proc.  Best.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1840,  p.  III. 
Warren,  J.  C.     [Presentation  of  a  cast  of  a  cranium  of  a  young  mastodon.]    <^  Proc.  Host.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1810,  p.  209. 
Wyman,  J.     [On  the  number  of  species  of  mastodon.]    <^  Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1849, 

p.  104. 

1850. — Agassiz,  L.     On  the  fossil  remains  of  an  elephant  found  In  Vermont.     <[  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv. 
,Si.  ii,  1^.")0,  pp.  100,101. 

Gibbes,  R.  W.     Itcinarks  on  the  northern  Klephas  of  Prof  Agassiz.     <^  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv. 

Sci.  ill,  18,">0,  p.  (iO. 
Warren,  J.  C.     On  the  Mastodi  n  angiiBtideus.     <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  ii,  1850,  pp. 93-95. 


r  '=■? 


i'l*  W  I 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— I.  PR0B08CIDEA. 


1039 


18S1.— Lathrop,  S.  P.    Mastodou  in  Northern  IllinoiN.    <  Am.  Joiirn.  Sci.  anil  Arts,  xii,  1851,  \\.  1:1'.). 

Warren,  J.  C.    [-Vccnnnt  of  tluioriKinnl  (iiseoveiy  ol  tlic  remains  oC  tin-  Dinotliorhini.l    <  I'roc. 
Bust.  Soc.  Nat.  Ili.st.  iv,  ISol,  p.  KiH. 

Warren,  J.  C.     [I'.xliibition  of  u  cast  of  a  niastoclon'st  tootli.]     <  I'roc.  liost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iv, 
ISil,  pp.  liiU-im. 

Warren,  J.  C.     [On   tlio  supposed  food  of  the  Slostodou  giganteus.]    <  I'roc.  Dost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hisl.  iv,  1H51,  p.  154. 

1852.— Meyer,  H.  von.    Ucbcr  die   Uescliafleiilieit  des  StossznbncB  von  Klcplias  priniigoniuH  in  dcr 
.Tngfiud.     <  I'alcontograpbica,  ii,  185'.i,  pp.  75-77. 
■Wyman,  J.     [Internal  strncture  of  the  craiiinni  of  ibo  mastodon.]    <  Troe.  Am.  Acad.  Arts 
and  Sci.  iii,  IHj'i,  pp.  2.5, aC 

1853.— Warren,  J.  C.    [Notice  of  n  mastodon's  toolb  obtained  abont  forty  miles  west  of  Chicago.] 

<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  lfi5;i,  pp.  ;i70, 1)77. 

Wyman,  J.     [On  ditTerenecH  between  tbe  teeth  of  the  European  and  North  American  fossil  el«- 
pliants.  I     <  I'roe.  Boston  Soc.  Nut.  His..  iv,lf>5;t,|ip,;i77,;i7ri. 

Wyman,  J.    Description  of  tho  interior  of  the  cranium  and  of  the  form  of  llie  brain  of  Masto- 
don K'santeus.    <  Am.Jonm.  Sci.and  .Vrts  (2),  XV,  I*;!,  art.  vi,pp.  48-55,  withli  flgj,'. 

Wyman,  J.    [Tho  lower  jaw  of  mastodon— from  Clnli.]    <  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.  iii, 
ItlW.i,  p.  tit*. 

, — .     Fossil  elephant.    [At  Zanesville,  Ohio.]     <  Am.  Jonrn.Sci.  and  Arts  (2),xv,  185:!, 

pp.  146,  147. 
1854.— Richardson,  J.    [Ou   some  points   in   tho  osteology  of  tho  mastodou    and  fossil  elephant.] 

<  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1854,  pp.  82-84. 

.        Richardson,  J.    [Uectilication  of  statement  resi)ecting  skull  of  mammoth,  wiili  remaiks  l)y 

Dr.  J.C.  Warreu.]     <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1854,  pp.  107, 108. 
Rogers,  H,  D.    [On  the  epoch  of  the  mammoth  or  Ele])has  piimigenius.]    <^  Proc.  Bostcm  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,  v,  1854,  pp.  22, 2;i. 
, — .      Mastodon  [found  at  Poujjhkecpsie,  N.  Y.J.    <^Aui.  Jonrn.  Sci.aud  Arts  (2),  xviii, 

1854,  1).  447. 
1855.— Blake,  W.  P.    Kemainsoftbo  mammoth   and  mastodou  in  California.    <^  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and 

Arts  (2),  xix,  1855,  p.  13:!. 
Christie,  W.  J.    [On  the  discovery  of  bones  of  mastodon  near  Shell  Kiver,  Hudson's  Bay  Terri- 
tory.]   <^  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1855,  pp. '2(i5, 260. 
J[acksou],  C.  T.    Tho  Mastodon  giganteus  [from  the  head  of  Burlington  Bay.Vt.].    <Can. 

Journ.  iii,  1855,  pp.  405, 400.» 
Lapham,  J.  A.    On  the  number  of  teeth  of  the  Mastodon  gigantens.    <  I'ro<'.  Boston  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.  V,  1855,  pp,  133-i;!6. 
Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  tho  so-called  fossil  man  exhibited  iu  New  Orleaus  several  yeats  since.] 

<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  vii,  1855,  p.  340. 
[  Hanetl  on  bones  of  the  nnxstoilon.  1 
Richardson,  J.    Note  on  the  mastodon  (?)  and  the  Elcphas  primigcnius.    <Am.  Jonrn.  Sci. 

and  Arts  (2),  xix,  1855,  pp.  131, 13'^ 
Warren,  J.  C.    [On  a  case  of  supernnmerary  tootli  in  tho  JIastodou  giganteus.]    <  Proc.  Boston 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1855,  pp.  147-150;  <  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  xix,  1855,  art.  xxxv,  pp. 

349-353. 
,  — .    Elephas  priniigenius  [near  the  sources  of  the  Yul  on].    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts 

(2),  xix,  185.5,  p.  13'2. 
1856.— Jager,  O.  von.    Ueber  ciuen  durch  riugfiirmigo  Erhohungen  (Wachslhumsringo?)  ausgeznicli- 

neteu  hocbst  wahrscheinlieh  fossilen  Stosszahu  des  Elephantcu.     <  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou, 

xxix,  pte.  2,  1856,  pp.  G0S)-624. 
Wyman,  J.    [Account  of  some  fossil  bones  coUoctcd  in  Texas,]    <  I'roc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. 

vi,  IH.'id,  p.  51. 

Iliolativi'  fo  remains  of  Elepboa,  Mastodon,  .mil  UcKatliiTiuin.l 
1857.— [BUlingfl,  B.]    On  tho  mammoth  and  mastodou.    [aiioti.]    <  Can.  Rat.  and  Geol.  i,  1857,  art.  liv, 

pp.  379-:)90. 


i!  si 
■I  it. 


M  M- 


1040 


MONOGKAPUS  OF  NOIJTU  AMEUICAN  KODENTIA. 


1857. — Foster,  J.  W.    Oil  tin)  ncolofjiccil  position  of  llic  ili'ixwitH  iu  wbieli  occur  tho  remniiifi  of  (lio 
loasil  I'lcpliant  of  Norlli  Aiiiciica.     <^  I'roc.  Am.  Assoc.  A'lv.  Hci.  x,  IS.'iT,  |i]).  l|.-'-l(U>,  Willi  4 
sections  aiul  ina[).'*. 
Ov7eii,  R.    Description  of  Ibc  fivtal  incnilirnnci  anil  plucrntn  of  tlio  dcpliant  (Klcplias  inilicns 
Cnv.),  with  leniaikM  on  the  value  of  i>lacentarj-  cUaracterB  in  tin;  elafcsillcation  of  Iho  iiiaiii- 
nialia.     <  I'liilos.  Trans.  1857,  pp.  ;M7-;ir>4, 1  pi. 
Wyman,  J.    Note  on  tlioteetli  of  an  elepliant  discovered  near  Zauesville,  Oliio.    <Proc.  Am. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  x,  If^JT,  pp.  1()U-17S. 
1857-58. — Koch,  A.  C.    Mastodon  reinainHin  the  State  of  Mitsoiiri.togctlicrwitb  evidences  of  tlionxisl- 
enee  of  man  conteinporaneonsly  with  the  mastodon.    <^TianH.  Acad.  Sei.  St.  Liinis,  i,  18o7,  ji^. 
(11-(11;  lA-.C,  pp.  110,117. 
1858.— Holmes,  N.    [JIan  and  tho  mastodon.]    <  'I'lans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  1,  1K">H,  pp.  117, 118. 
[Tlii'ir  ('nnteinpi)ranelty  cliiiincil.) 
Le  Coiite,  J.  L.     [liemarks  on  mastodon  bed  at  tho  villauu  of  Tainbla.J    <C  True.  Acad.  Nnt. 

Sei.  Phila.  18.W,  p.  7. 
Leidy,  J.     [Uemarks  on  a  cast  of  a  mastodon  t(iOtb.]    <^  Tree.  Aeud.  I>at.  .*i  i.  Phila.  1^8,  p.  12. 
Leidy,  J.     [Hemnrks  on  fossils  (elephautoid)  lioiu  Nebraska]     <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sei.  Pbilo. 
If.'iH,  p.  10. 

Wislizenus,  A.    Was  man  contenipornncous  with  the  mastodon !    <^ Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St. Lonis, 

i,  IK'iS,  pp.  lt)8-17l. 
1859. — Brevoort,  J.  C.    Kemainsof  the  American  ni.istodon  found  on  Long  blaud,  near  New  York, 

IH.)-*.     <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  xii,  185U,  pp.  S3i-a34. 
Leidy,  J.     [licmarks  on  tooth  of  mastodon  and  bones  of  mosaeaurus.J    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci, 

Phila.  18,->U,  p.  1)1. 
■Wylie,  T.  A.    Teeth  and  bones  of  Klcpbas  piinngenins  lately  found  near  tho  western  fork  of 

White  River,  in  Monroe  Connty,  Indiuna.     <C  Am.  Junrn.  Sci.  and  Arts  ^•i),  xxviii,  18M,  pp. 

•Jn-\  '284. 
18G1.— Wllber,  C.  D.     Mastodon  gijjantcus.     < Trans.  111.  Slate  Auric.  Soc.  iv,  IflU.  pp.  !i87-.")!ia. 
1863. — Billings,  B.    On  the  remains  of  tho  fossil  elephant  found  in  Canada.    <C'an.  Nat.  and  Geol, 

viii,  18li;!,  art.  xi,  pp.  1I1.">-147. 
Falconer,  H.    On  the  American  fossil  elephant  of  the  regions  bordering  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 

(E.  columhi.  Pale.),  with  general  observations  on  the  liviu);  and  extinct  species.    <^Nut.  Hist. 

Kev.  Ifli;!,  art.  vi,  pp.  4;t-114,  pll.  i,  ii. 
V^inchell,  A.    Description  of  elephaniiue  molars  iu  the  museum  of  tho  nnivirsity.    <;  Can. 

Nat.  and  Cieol.  viii,  !..«;!,  pp.  '398-400. 
1864.— Sauna  Solaro.  P.  J.  M.    The  Dinothcriuni  an  elephantine  marsupial.    <  Am.  .Journ.  Sci.  and 

Arts  (-J),  xxxviii,  181)4,  pp.  4-27,4^8.     [Les  Moudes,  Sept.  'J'J,  1804.] 
Winohell,  A.    Notice  of  the  remains  of  a  mastodon  recently  discovered  in  Micbip!an.    <;  Am. 

.lourn.  Sei.  and  Alls  ('J),  xxxviii,  18G4,  art  xxiii,  pp.  'ii'.i,  MH. 
■Winslowr,  C.  F.     [On  fossil  ununmalia  (especially  innstudon)  from  the  Andes.]    <  Proc.  Bost. 

.Sot'.  Nat.  Hist.  X,  18IJJ,  pp.  7r>-77. 

,  — .    [M.istodon  in  California.]    <  Am.  .lourn.  Sci.  and  Arts,  xxxviii,  18li4,  p.  SIM. 

1866.— Brandt,  J.  F.    Miltbcilangen  iiber  die  lieslalt  und  IJnterscbeidunKsmerkuiule  des  Mamiuuth 

oder   Mamont  (Klepbas  priuiigeuiiis) <^  Mi^luuKes   blologiqnrs  tires  dii  liuUetin  de 

rAcadduiie  Impdriale  des  Sciences  de  St.  lYIersbourg,  t.  v,  IHCG,  pp.  ."ilw-IXID,  1  col.  pi.  foldi  d. 
Leidy,  J.    [Exhibition  of  teeth  of  Mastodon  ohioticns.]  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18fi(i,  p.  •i'.W. 
Safeley,  R.    Discovery  of  mastodon  remains  nt  Colioes,  N.Y.     <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts(2), 

xlii,  l8liC,  p.  420. 
1867.— Blake,  W.  P.    Notice  of  fossil  clephant.s'  teeth  from  the  northwestern  coast.    <Proe.  Cal. 

Acail.  Nat.  ,Sci.  iii,  1807,  pp.  :ti')-;!27. 
Brandt,  J.  F.     Kurxo  llenierkungeu  iiber  anfrecht  stehcndo  Manimntbleioben <^  Dull. 

Sue.  Imp.  Nat.  Moseou,  lHi7. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Discovery  of  addiliimnl  [see  third  title  above]  mastodon  remains  at  Cubocs,  N. 

Y.     <^  Am.  .ioiirn.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  xliii,  18117,  p.  U.'i. 
1868.- Baker,  B.     Habits  of  the  elephant.    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1808,  p.  382.    [Extract  from  Baker's  Albert 

Nyanza.] 


BIBLIOGIJ.  APPENDIX— ,1.  SIHKNIA. 


10-41 


1868.— Packard,  A.  S.,  jr.    Tlie  liniiy  iiiainmntli.    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1HG8,  pp.  an-;iri,  pi.  1. 
Parker,  J.  D.    The niastoilon  iu  Kansas.    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  18;'ri,  pp.  riI,.'>-2. 

Silllman,  B.    On  tUc  cxistencn  of  the  niastoilon  In  tlic  dcpp-ljin);  yoUl  pl.accrH  of  California. 
<  Am.  Jonrn.  .Sei.  and  Arts  (2),  xlv,  lflG8,  art.  xl,  pp.  :!7H,379. 
1869.— Brandt,  J.  P.     Do  iliuothoriormn  gonire  clcpliantidoinm  familiii;  adjuyendo  nee  nnn  do  elo- 
phantidornni  gcnernui  eraiiioloi;ia  c'onip.irala.    St.  IMtorslionrg,  IHfi'J.    ■)=.    pp.  1-S8.    (<Mi<m. 
.\c,id.  xiv,  no.  1.) 

1870.— Leidy,  J.    [On  fossil  remains  in  the  ninscnni  of  Amherst  College.]    <  True.  Aead.  Nat.  Sei. 
Phila.  1870,  pp.  <Ji,  09. 
[MustoOun  sbi^pardi  dcBcribcd.] 
Iieidy,  J.    [On  mastodon  remains.]    <  Proe.  ».?-'.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  1670,  pp.  SHi-08. 
Shaler,  N.  S.    The  time  of  the  mammoths.    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1*70,  pp.  148-l(i0. 
1871. — Brandt,  J.  P.    Klephas  piimigenins.    A  contrilmtion  to  our  knowledge  of  tho  hairs  and  integu- 
ments of  the  mammoth.    <J  Bull.  Acad.  Sei.  St.  P6tcrsh.  xv,  1871,  pp.  :!47-',!')l. 
Hartt,  C.  P.     Discovery  of  mastodon   remains  at  Mott's  Corners  near  Ithuea,  N.  Y.     <  Am. 

Nat.  V,  1871,  pp.  314,315. 
Leidy,  J.    [Kcmains  of  njastodon  and  hor.sc  in  North  Carolina.  J    <  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Pbiln. 

1871,  p.  113.. 
Leidy,  J.     [On  mastodon,  etc.,  of  California.]    <  Proe.  Aead.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  1871,  pp.  19i,  I'J'J. 
1872. — [Cope,  E.  D.]    Tho  proboscidians  of  the  American  eocene.    <^  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  pp.  773,774. 

Dall,  W.  H.    Kemarks  on  elephas  tusks,  etc.,  from  Kotzebne  Sound.    <|  Proe.  Cala.  Aca<1.  Sei. 

iv,  1672,  pp.  293, 294. 
Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  mastodon  from  Now  Mexico.]    <  Proe.  Aead.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  1872,  p.  142. 
1873.— Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  fossil  elephant  teeth.]    <  Proe.  Aead.  Nut.  Sei.  Phila.  1873,  pp.  410, 417. 
1875.— Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  elephant  remains.]    <  Proe.  Acad.  Nat  Sei.  Phila.  1875,  p.  121. 
a.876.— Leidy,  J.    [On  mastodon  nndium.]    <  Proe.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sei.  Phila.  187(),  p.  38. 

J.-SgitENIA. 


1749. — Steller,  G.  W.    Descriptio  niauati  sen  vaeca'  murin.c  llollandorum,  sen  cov        :,'lorum,  Russo- 

rum  Morskaia  korowa;  occisa  0.  12.  Jul.  1742,  in  insula  lieringii,  Americai        ;er  et  Asiam  iu 

canali  sita.    <Novi  Comment.  Acad.  Petropolit.  II.  Hist.  1749,  p.  25;  Mem  294 . 

1804.- Wiedemann,  C.  R.  W.    lleschreibung  des  Schiidels  vom  Lamautiu  oder  Micnati.    <  Wiedo- 

mann's  Arch.  f.  Zool.  u.  Zoot.  iv,  St.  1,  1804,  i>p.  07-77. 
1809.— Cuvier,  G.     Sur  I'ostdologio  du  lannintin,  snr  la  place  cpie  le  lamantin  ot  lo  dngong  doivent 

oecuper  <lans  la  mdthode  uaturelle,  ct  sur  les  o»  fossiles  de  lannintius  ct  de  pho(pje8.    <^  Ann. 

Mua.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  xiii,  1809,  pp.  273-312. 
1821.— Home,  B.    On  tho  peculiarities  that  distinguish  the  manatee  of  the  West  Indies  [Mauatus  au- 

stralis]  from  tho  dugong  of  tho  Kast  Indian  Sea.    <  I'hilos.  Trans.  1821,  pp.  390,391,  4  pll.; 

abstract  in  Abstracts  of  the  Papci-s,  etc.  ii,  1833,  pp.  152,  153;  plates  in  Home,  Lect.  on  Comp. 

Anat.  iv,  tab.  55, 5G, 26, 27 ;  extract  in  X'"r(U-.  Not.  ii,  no.  39, 1822,  pp.  200, 201. 
1824.— Harlan,  R    On  n  species  of  lamantin  [Mauatus  latirostris,  n.  s.],  resembling  the  Manatus  scne- 

galensis  (Cuvier)  iuhabiting  tho  coast  of  East  Florida.     Jouru.  <Aead.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  ill, 

1624,  pp.  390-394,  pi.  13. 
1833.— Brandt,  J.  P.    Ucber  den Zahnbau  der  Steller'schcn  Seekuh  (Rytina stelleri),  nebst  liemcrkungen 

zur  Charakteristik  der  iu  zwey  Unterfamilien  zu  zerliillenden  ramilio  der  pllanzenfressenden 

Cotacceu.     <  Mdm.  Aead.  S.i.  St.  I'(5tersb.  ii,  1633,  pp.  1(3-118. 
1838.— Baer,  K. B.  voil    llntcrsuchnngeii  iibcr  dio ehcmalige  Verbreitung  und  dio  giinzlicho  Vcrtllgung 

der  von  Steller  beobaebtoteu  nordischcu  Seeknb  (Rytina,  III.).    <  Bull.  Sei.  St.  Pcterab.  iii, 

1838,  col.  355-359;  St.  Pdtersb.  Mem.  Acad,  v  (pto.  2),  1840,  pp.  5;i-80. 
Humboldt,  A  von.    Ueber  den  Manati  des  Orinoko.    <  Archiv  f.  Naturg.  4.  Jahrg.  i,  183S, pp. 

1-18,  a  pll. 
^♦S.'— Brandt,  J.  P.    Obsorvatioucs  ad  cetaceaa  horbivoras  sen  sireuia  et  priccipue  ad  Rhytina)  histo- 

riam  generalem  ct  afflnitatcs  spcctautcs.    <  Bull.  Acad.  Sei.  St.  P(5tcr»b.  iv,  1845,  col.  1C7-109. 

11(5  M 


1042 


MONOGUAPUS  OF  ^OUTIl  AiMEKICAN  KODENTIA. 


1845.— Brandt,  J.  F.    Olwcrvntlones  u<l  striictiiram   Miiiiil  Rliytiiiw  elelloii  Kiiectantes.    <  Hull.  Acml. 

Sii.  St.  IVIcrsli.  iv,  IH-L'scol.  i:i,'>-i;i-(. 
StauniuH,   F.   H.     liuitiiigu  /iir  Kountniss  iUt  AiiLuriUiiiiiMcIn'ii  .MMiiiitiH.     I'.    ;M  pp.,  'J  pll. 

KiiHlock,  lH4,'i. 
1847.— Perkins,  O.  A.    [I)t«criiitioii  of  a  WoHt  Al.iiiiii   iiiiiiiutiiH.]    <^  I'loe.  IIohIou  Kuc.Niit.  Ilial.  ii, 

HIT,  pp.  Ills,  IW.    [Named  by  .J.  Wymaii,  in  a  foot-not*',  M.  iiaHiituri. ] 
1849.— Agaasiz,  I<.     [On  soniu  pointH  of  rcsemlilanco  botwoen  tbo  Bkullu  uf  MaiintUH  and  Mastoiloii.] 

<  I'roc.  Iloston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iil,  184U,  p.  -iO'J. 

Brandt,  J.  F.  Synibohn  Hiri'nologiciu  [fa.scicuhiN  i],  rpilbna  praccipuu  Rliytiuui  biHtorla  natii- 
ralix  ilhiBtratur.  <^M<$ui.  Avnd.  Imp.  Sci,  Kt.  IVti-rsb.  (iuHi^r.  2u  pnrtio,  .Sciences  naturellcH,  t. 
vii,  IrTJ,  Zoologic  ot  pby»ioloj!iii,  pp.  1-I(i0,  pll.  l-.'i.    [See  also  IHKI-OH.] 

Warren,  J.  C.    [Presentation   of  tbo  stulfod   akin  and   skeleton   of  an  Anierieun  tnuuati.J 

<  I'roo.  lioston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1*19,  p.  lU'J. 

Wyman,  J.     [Description  of  the  Manatiis  nasutus.]     <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  lS4i), 
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1857.— Gray,  J.  B.    Observations  on  tbo  species  of  llie  ecus  Manatus.    <;Proc.  Zool.  .Soc.  London, 
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18S1-68.-  Brandt,  J.F.    Syniliobe  .sirenologicic.    Fasciculus  iiet  iii.    Sirenioruui,))acbyderaiatnni,  7.eu- 
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•Sci.  St.  P(5ter»b.  vi,  IHKt,  col.  111-115. 
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1702.— Reisel,  S.  Ue  nuiconm  marine  diiplici.  <  ICphenior.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  Deo.  3.  Ann.  7.  et  8. 
109U-1700  (1702),  pp.  3,50-352,  1  pi. 

1704. — Leeuwenhoek,  A.  van.  A  letter  concerning  the  flcsb  of  whales,  crystalline  humour  of  the  cyo 
of  whales,  fish  and  other  creatures  aud  ol  the  use  of  the  eye-lids.  <  Philos.  Trans,  xxiv, 
no.  293,  1704,  pp.  1723-1730,  with  flgg. 

1706. — TyohonluB,  T.  Ii.  Monocoros  piscis  Iiaud  nionoceros,  ad  verani  foruiam  nnperi  e  mari  (iron- 
landico  hospitis depictns ot  descriptue,  res]).  Just,  llenr.  Weichbart.    4°.    12  pp.    Havniro,  1706. 

1707.— Tychonius,  T.  L.    Exercitatio  2da,  resp.  .loh.  P.  Gyrating,  ibid.  1707,  pp.  13-20. 

1712.— Leeuwenhoek,  A.  van.  Observations  of  the  seminal  vessels,  nuiscular  fibres  and  blood  of 
whales.    <  Philos.  Trans,  xxvii,  no.  334, 1712,  pp.  438-446. 

1725.— Dudley,  P.  An  essay  upon  the  natural  history  of  whales  with  a  particular  account  of  the  am- 
bergris found  iu  the  spermaceti  whale.    <  Philos.  Trans,  xxxiii,  no.  387,  1725,  pp.  25C-2G9. 

1738.— Artedi,  P.  Petri  Artedi  Sueci,  Medici,  Ichthyologia  sive  opera  omnia  do  piscibus  scilicet: 
Bibliotheca  ichthyologica.  PhiUisophia  ichthyologica.  Genera  piscium.  Syuonyiuia  pisciuni. 
Descriptiones  specierum— omnia  in  hoc  opere  perfectiora,  quam  autea  nlla.  Fosthuma  vindi- 
eavit,  recoguovit,  coaptavit  et  edidit  Carolns  Ijinua;ns,  Med.  Doct.  &  Ac.  Imper.  N.  C— Lug- 
duni  Batavorum,  apud  Conraduni  Wishoft".    1738.    [8",  five  parts,  viz  :— ] 

[v.  1.]  Petri  Artedi  Angcrnmunia-Sueci  Bibliotheca  ichthyologica  su  historia  litter.aria 
iohlhyologiae  in  qua  rocensio  lit  auotorum,  qui  de  piscibus  scripsere,  librornm  titulis,  loco  & 
edltiouis  tempore,  additis  judiciis,  qnid  quivis  -uctor  prnjstiterit,  quali  niethodo  etsuccessu 
scrlpserit,  disposita  secundum  siecula  in  qnibns  qnisqnis  anctor  floruit.  Ichthyologia)  pars  i. — 
Lugdunum  Batavorum,  apud  Couradnm  Wishoft'.    1738.    [iv,  0(i,  2  pp.] 

[v.  2.]  Petri  Artedi  Sncci  Philosopbia  ichthyologica  in  qua  quiquid  fundanienta  artis  ab- 
solvit:  Characternm  scilicet  genoricorum,  ditl'erentiarum  specilicarum,  varietatum  et  nomi- 
nuni  theoria  ratiouibus  demonstratur,  et  excmplis  eomprabatur.  lehthyologim  pars  ii.— Lug- 
dani  Batavorum,  apud  Couraduin  WishofI'.    17;!8.    \_i\,  92  pp.] 

[v.  3.]  Petri  Artedi  Sueci  Genera  piscium.  In  (inibuN  systema  totum  ichthyologia)  proponi- 
tur  cum  classibua,  ordinibim,  generum  charactenbns,  specierum  rtill'erentiis,  observation i bus 
l)lurimis.  Kedactis  speciehus  242  ad  genera  52.  Ichthyologia)  pars  iii.— Lugd  uni  Batavorijm, 
apud  Conradnin  Wishot}'.    1738..  iv,  88  pp. 


.     I;' 


•r 


\:\ 


'K 


)■<] 


1044  MONCXiHAl'JIS  OF  NOIITIJ  AMEKICAN  IJODKNTIA. 

[v.  4.]  I'i'tri  Arlcdi  Aniji'rniiiiiiiia-SiM'i'i  Hyiioiiymiii  pi8ciiiin  I'mn  nmniiiiii ;  in  qim  rccciiHio 
fit  iioiniiiniii  piHi'itiiii,  nintiiinii  fufMh;  niittiorutii,  (iiii  niiKjiiaiti  <li^  iiiscibim  Kcripsitro  :  iiti  (fiii^- 
coniiii,  Hninanuriiiii,  ItarliiiriMuin,  lire  noil  oiiiiiiniii  iiiHOijiii'iitinni  it:lilli,voln;;oriiiii  una  ciiiii 
noiiiinilins  iiii|iillliiis  variiiinni  nuliminni.  0|inH  sinii  pari.  IcIitliyoliiKia!  pai'H  iv.— Lnf;<lnni 
Uatiiviirnin,  apuil  (Joni'ailni|i  Wisbnir.     17IW.    iv,  IIH, 'J^Jpp. 

[v.  Ti.]  IV'tri  Artidi  Sncci  DuBCiiptioneH  Hprcicinn*  iiiseinin  qium  viviis  pricst'rtini  disseciilt 
ut  oxaininavit,  inti'r  <|Ui>h  priinurl(i]ilHci>H  i'e)>ni  8iR'cia'  faciliKiniiK.'a  uci'ni'utiHiiiiuu  dviicrilinntiir 
(-11111  lion  jiaut'is  uIiIh  exoticis.  U'htliyolo^iio  pni'H  v. — Lii^itiini  liatavornin,  apiiil  Coiiradiiiii 
Wishoff.     \'S>*.    iv,  ro-i  pp. 

1  As  iiiilioateil  in  tln'  lltio  oi'  llio  "Gcnpra  ptw.ititn"  (v.  J).  Artrdi  adinlttt'il  into  lln'  ftywleiii  243  niiiiunal  Hpccii'M 
iiuili'r  5i  geuem,  lull  in  tlilH  miiubpr  are  incluilt^il  tlio  CiiUccaim  (14  KpeL-it'a  rcprckcutlui!  1  geliuiR),  wliltb  ncro 
rejjanUMl  as  coustitutinj;  an  ordtT  of  lidlit^  iiaiuet)  IMaf{[iii-i.  ] 

1738.— Steigerthal,  — .  Account  of  a  uarlinal  or  unicorn  lisli  taken  in  tlio  river  Oat,  in  tlio  Diicliy  of 
lircnicii.    <  PliiloH.  Trails,  xl,  no.  417,  ll'.iS,  pp.  1  I7-Ml>,  wiUi  (ijit;. 

1740. — Klein,  J.  T.  lacobi  Tboodori  Klein  liintoriic  piHciiini  iiaturnlia  |)roniovi'iii1ie  iniRana  iiriiiiim  do 
hipillix  coruni<|vo  iiuinero  in  craniiB  piHciniii,  cniii  pra'I'aiione:  do  piscinni  anditii.  Accchsc- 
rnnt  i.  Anutouie  tnraionuin.  ii.  Observata  in  lapito  fuiie.— IMotto.J  Cnin  figuris. — liedani, 
lileris  .Scbreiberiauis.     1740.    4°.    1  p.  1.,  110  pp.,  tJ  tab. 

1741.— Klein,  J.  T.  lucobi  Tbeodori  Klein  lliatoriui  piwiiun  naturulia  prouiovendic  luisaim  secniidUH 
de  piHciliiis  per  pulnioiii))iiH  spirantibUH  [Ceti;]  ad  iimtum  niiinernin  ct  ordiiieni  redigeiidiH. — 
Aceesaernnt  Hiog'ilaria :  do  i.  Uentilma  balieiiarum  ct  elepba  itinis.  ii.  Lapido  iiianati  el 
tiburonis. — [Motto.]  Cum  liguris.— Gedani,  lilteris  Schrciberianin.  1741.  4°.  I!  p.  1.,  '.\8  jip., 
1  1.,  0  tab. 

1748.— Baeck,  A.  Do  cornn  pisciH  jihu'e  singnlari  carina)  navis  impncto.  <^  Act*  Acad.  Lcop.  Ciuul. 
Nat.  C'lir.  viii,  1748,  pp.  liJU--.'17,  witli  ligt;. 

1767  — Jobnaton,  J.   Jo.  Jonstoui  bistoriie  natnniliB  de  piscibns  et  cotis  libri  v.    Folio.    Ilcilbr.  17C7. 

1779.— Chemnitz,  J.  H.    Von  der  Itala'na  rostrata.    <  Ilcrlin.  liescbUftign.  4.  Jabig.  1770,  jip.  1K)-1S9. 

1787.— Hunter,  J.    Ob.sirvatioiis  on  tbc  structure  and  a'cciioniy  of  ^vbalcN.    <^rbilo8.  Trans.  Ixxvii, 

I7c7,  pp.  :!;i-4r)0, 8pii. 

1789.— Bonnalerre,  I'.lbbe.    tVtologie.    4'-.    i>p.  i-xli,  1-28,  pll.  1-1'J.    Paris,  1780. 

[KorniH  part  nf  tbc  Tabli>ati  Kn(-yclcvo(l)i|u.  ft  M6tbo<liquo  ili-a  trols  Kfij^ncH  ilo  la  Nuttiro,  tome  clxxxiit.] 
Merck,  H.    Menioiresur  lea  c<Stac&.    <>i<!m.  Soc.  Sci.  I'bys.  Lansanue,  ii,  pi.  i,  17cU,  pp,  33'J- 
:i44,  1  pi. 

1'791. — Cuvler,  O.    Sur  les  uurines  des  c^taciSs.    <  Bull.  Soc.  I'liilom.  Paris,  i,  ITltl,  pp.  2(i-'20. 

1792. — Walbaum,  J.  J.  Petri  Artedi  Sncci  genera  pisciuiii.  In  iiiiilins  sybtcina  totiini  icbtbyologiic  pro- 
ponitiir  cum  elassibns,  ordinibus,  geueruni  ebaractoribus,  specieriiin  dilli  rentiis,  observat  ioiiibus 
plnrimis.  Redaitis  spccicbns  -M'J  [•.'•iM]  ad  geni'ia  (i'i  [J'"']'  Iclitbyologiie  pars  iii.— Knicndata 
(it  aucta  a  lobr.iiiie  Iiilio  Wallauiii  M.  1).,  Socielatis  IJeroliiicusis  Nalniie  L'nriosoruiu,  et  Soci- 
etatis  Litteraria*  Lubecensis  Sodali.  Cniu  tabula  a'liea.— Orypcawuldiiu,  impcnaia  Ant.  rerdiii. 
Ant.  Koso  17»i.    rt^.     4  p.  1.,  72;i  i>p.,  '.l  pll. 

[A  puor  nimpilatiMu,  like  liuK'liu'rt,  in  wliich  tlie  various  proviouhly  (tescribcit  spfcii^s  wcio  introduced  with* 
out  a  critical  study  into  Ibi*  s^sU-ni,  and  di.'HcrilKMt  in  Tont-notL's  iu  tonncrtfon  wiib  tllti  Arteilian  Hpecies,  but 
coniliitiud  under  tbo  l.inna'an  ;;cni'ra.  Tbe  noiuinat  spccits  (and  many  an;  oiilv  noiuinal),  cxctudini;  llio  ota- 
leans,  art'  tlitis  raised  I'roui  'J.'H  to  aliont  ItCt.  without  cuuutinir  tlio  si)ecic8  euuiut-iatcl  ULilfr  tin,  iivvi  Kcncra  of 
autllurs  appended  to  tin,  voluuu*.  Tbo  cunipilulion  tias  soino  \aliu',  not  only  on  aeconnt  of  llio  original  deserip- 
tJons  of  species  C4)pii>d  from  previous  aiitliols,  but  bwauso  of  tlie  reprodiu-lion  of  tiie  deseiiptiuns  of  tiio  new 
Kenera  introduced  by  variinis  autliurs  inio  tlio  system.  It  is  also  of  iutereet  to  Ibe  htiidrnt  of  Anieriiari  speeii^s 
by  reason  of  tbu  inc^orporulion  tlioreiu,  under  specific  uauiuii,  of  anonymous  Ameiicaii  spcciss  described  by 
Sebuepf.l 

1804.— rroriep,  L.  P.  von.  Tabelle  der  Unterordiinngen,  Gcacblccliter  iiiid  Gatlnngen  der  Wallliaebo 
aus  Lacf'licde.     Mitgctlieilt  von  Troricp.     <  Voigt'a  Mag.  vii,  l.-'04,  pp.  44r)-4oO. 

1809.— Traill,  T.  S.  Description  of  a  new  apeciea  of  wbaln,  Dclpbinus  mcliia.  <Nicliol8on'H  Journ. 
xxii,  IdOll,  pp.  «l-si. 

1811.— Neill,  P.  .Some  account  of  ii tin  wbale  (Ualiunoptera  acuto-roatiata).  < Mem.  Werner.  Nat.  Iliat. 
.Soc.  i,  lSIl,pp.  201-'J14. 

fi:care8^)y,  W.,j>.    Account  of  tlie  Baliena  myslicetus.or  great  nortbcrti  or  (ireenland  wbale. 
<'  .Mini.  Worn.  Nat.  Hist.  .Soc.  i,  Inll,  pp.  .■|78-.')»-(j,  1  pi.;  Ann.  Pbilos.  i,  IHll),  i>p.  SI-,'),'),- 1  pi. 
1812.— AlbetB,  J.  A.     llndcrsogelao  oiii  eenbiijrningens  (Monodon  uarval)  hierle.    <  K.  Daosk.  Selak< 
Sliiift.  (M.  K.),  I),  fi,  II.  a,  IHJo,  pp.  17!l-l-4,  1  pi. 


r^WT^'VCT^fW^'*:?*'**^'  ■■ 


1UI3LI0GK.  AP1'EN1)IX-K.  (.'ETACKA. 


1045 


1812.— Fr^mluville.  C.  P.  de  la  Palx  de  Riir  i<m>  .•spicn  do  daiipliiii  [l)i.||iliinim  ((.loiiuliis]  (.1)«mv(!o 
(i;iiis  111  inci- ^luciiili-.  <Niinv.  Hull.  Sci.  Sue.  I'liildiii.  ill,  l-^l-J,  j,.  71 ;  Oiiirn.  di  Imh.  Cliiui.  o 
Ktdiiii  Nid.  V,  1-il-J,  p.  aid. 

1S16.-. Barclay,  J,,  and  Neill,  P.     Account  <il'  a  licluKa  or  white  wliiilo  killcil   in  Hie  Frith  of  I'ortli 

<  Ml  111.  Wcrn.Niit.  lliNl.Soc.  iii.pp.  :i71-:i9.'i,'J  pll.    (Ap:»i(,HJ,  London,  IHKi.) 

1810.— Barclay,  J.    LVlicr  dcii  limi  dis  Ucln;;;!  (Udpliinus  nlliiciins  1..,  Dclpliinaplcriis  liclnpi  I.aci^.), 

<  XlcckcrB  Dentscli.  Arcli.  f.  l'liy».  iv,  IHIH,  pp.  ai)(i-ii'>. 

Iiac^p^de,  B.  O.  B.    Note  hiu-  Ics  c(<tac(5»  dcs  nicrs  voisincs  du  Japon.    <  Wuv.  Miis.  Ilist.  Nat. 
I'ariH,  iv,  I^^IH,  pp,  ■KiT-ITi'i. 

1819.— Scoreaby,  W.,,;i'.  Ili'inaiUo  on  tlic  isizo  of  tlic  Greenland  wlnilc,  or  lialiPiia  nijBlicctiiH,  dcsiunod 
to  slicin-  iliHl  Ibis  uiiiiiial  is  loiinil  of  as  great  dimensions  in  ;liu  present  day  ,is  at  any  foniier 
period  since  the  establisliinent  of  tlie  winile-lislieries.     <  l'hil.,loiirii.  Kdinli.  i,  Isl'.l,  pp.  SI-HS. 

1820.— Ransome,  J.  Siir  nne  parlicularil^^  de  la  slniclnre  de  Toil  de  la  baleine  {llabena  inyslicetus). 
<.(onin.  de  I'liys.  si  i,  IHau,  p.  IW. 

1820-21. — Rudolph),  K.  ii.  Anntctniscku  IlenierkuiiKen  iiber  l!aUen<plcia  rostratu.  <Alduindl.  d. 
lierlin.  Ak»d.  1820-i!l,  p,,.  ii7-.l(l,  fi  pll. 

1823.— Scoreaby,  W.,  jV.  Atalysisof  ajoiirnalof  a  voyage  to  the  noitliern  wlialelisbcry;  inelndinj?rc- 
bearcbes  on  tlic  easteiu  coast  of  West,  (Jreeiibind.    <  I'bil.  .lonrn.  Ediub.  viii,  IH'j;!,  pp.  :il0-;it)8. 

1824.— Knox,  R.  Observations  on  t  be  aimtouiy  of  tlie  lacteal  system  in  tbe  seal  and  cetacea.  <  lidinb. 
Med.  and  Surg.  Journ.  xxii,  1824,  pp.  'J3-'.U  ;  I'ror.  Not.  viii,  1H-.>.1,  col.  W-U'.\. 

1825. — CliamiBSO,   A.  vou.    Cetaeeornm   maris   Kamtscbalici   imagines,  ab  Alenlls  o  ligno  faclis. 

<  Acad.  C;cs.  Leop,  Nova  Acta,  xii,  l&>:>,  pp.  a l'.)-'.>(J2. 

1826.— Baer,  K.  B.  von.    Die  Nase  der  Cetaeeen  erliintert  dnrcb  Untersncbnng  der  Nose  des  lirann- 
lisebes  (Uelphimis  phocicua).     <^  Okeu,  Isis,  IHiti,  col.  811-HJ7. 
Baer,  K.  B.  vou.     Ueberden  Braniiliscb  (Uelpbiniis  pboca'na).     <Oken,  Isls,  18'J('i,  col.  807-811. 
Rapp,  W.  von.    Untersncbnngen  ilberciniguTtaeilu  der  Anatomie  der  Cetiieeen.    <  Wilrttcmb. 
Abbaudl  i,  l&>(),  pp.  2.')7-27(). 
1827.— Linden,  P.  J.  van  der.    Notice  snr  nn  sqneletto  do  balenoptirc.    Lne  iV  la  8oc. des  Scicuc. 
m<<dic.  et  natur.de  liriixelles  et  publide  8(5pi!rament.     H°.     Hrnxelles,  1827. 
Tiedemanj],  F.    Iliru  des  Delpbins  [Delphiniis  delpbisj  init  dem  dcs  Mccschen  verglichen, 
<Tiedemaun  u.  Treviranns,  Zeitzscbr.  f.  I'bysiol.  ii,  licit  ii,  1827,  pp.  2.')l-260,  1  pi.;  Ediiib. 
New  Philoa.  Jonru.  iii,  1827,  pp.  296-298. 
1828.— Harwood,  J.    On  tbo  structure  and  economy  of  tbo  Greenland  wbalo  (Baliena  inysticetns). 

<  (^uart.  .Journ.  Sci.  Liter.  Arts  Ii.  Instit.  n.  ser.  July-Dec.  l*^'*,  pp.  10-24. 

1829.— Harlan,  R.  Descriptiou  of  n  new  species  of  grampus  (Delpbinus  intermedins)  inbabiting  tbe 
coast  of  New  Knglaud.  <.Iourn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'bila.  vi,  1829,  pp.  Sl-ii:),  pi.  1,  tig.  3; 
Fdrussae,  Hull.  Sci.  Nat.  xviii,  1829,  pp.  281,282. 

Malacarne,  V.  G.    Encofalotouiia  del  dellino.    <  Mem.  Soc.  Italiana,  xx,  Fi; ica,  1829,  pp,  381- 
3.  '1,  2  pll. 

Morren,  C.  F.  A.    Over  de  Bntenoptera  rostrata  van  Fabriciiis  en  bcordeeling  dcs  wcrkeu, 
welke  over  cen  dier  dczer  soort,  deu  4  Novbr.  ter  oosten  van  do  haven  van  OsteUdo  gestrand, 
nitgegcven  zijn.    <  liijdr.  tot  do  natuurk.  Weteusch.  D.  4,  1,  1829,  pp.  r)2-84. 
—Rapp,  W.  von.     Beitriige  zur  Anatomic  und  Fhysiologie  dor  Walltische.    <  Mockel's  Arch.  f. 
Anat.  11. 1'bys.  1830,  pp.  3o8-3()8. 

Rousseau,  L.  F.  B.    Snr  rcxistcnco  de  moustaches  chcz  Ics  fojtns  de  dauphins  et  do  marsouins. 

<  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xxi,  1830,  pp.  351,3i-)2. 
JiitfH.     [Anecdotes  ot  the  porpoise.]     <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  p.  273. 

,— Home,  B.    On  tbo  tnsks  of  the  narwbale.    <rhilo8.  Trans.  1831,pp.  lCfi-130, 1  pi. ;  abstr.  in 
Abstracts  of  the  Papers,  etc.  i,  1832,  p.  4.'i8;  pi.  in  Home,  Lect.  on  Conip.  Anat.  ii,  tab.  42. 
Sandifort,  Q.    Bijdragen  tot  d')  ontledkundige  Kounis  der  Walvisscbcn.    <N.  Verliandl.d.  1. 

Kl.  Nedeii.  Instit.  D.  3,  lSlt,pp.  22:1-270, 5  pll. 
Scblegel,  H.    Over  ceiicn  in  bet  jaar  1820  aan  <l«  Noord-Hollandsche  kust  gestranden  vinvisrh. 
<N.  Vcrbandl.  d.  1.  Kl.  Nederl.  Instit.  D.  3,  18:11,  pp.  1-20,  2  pll. 
1832.— Dewhurst,  W.     Observatious  on  the  zoology  and  comparative  anatomy  of  tbo  skeletou  of  the 
Balienoptera  roninal.    <  Loudon's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1832,  pp,  214-2:13. 


1830. 


1831. 


I 


i 

1'  '.   :■.  •. 

•'• , 

1  pfi 

■•<   I' 


I',-* 


1040 


MOXOORAPITS  OF  NOIlTn  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


tiiii ! 


1il333.— Knox,  R.     Accoiint  nf  llii!  diimci'lioii  of  a  viiiiiik  i'iiri|iial,  cir  nliort  wlialrliDiin  wliulu  (llnlirTin 

I'drsti'iilii,  KabririuH)  with  a  frw  (>lis4'rvati<iUN  on  tlio  aimtoiny  uf  tlio  ia-lal  iii\HtientiiH.     <[  I'rnt!. 

Koy.  Soc.  I'.diiil..  i,  Is:i;l-;!4,  pp.  (i:t-7(i ;  liintitut,  li,  no,  01,  l»M,  f.'iH;  no.  74,  ISH4,  p.  iUMlj 

I'lor.  Not.  xiiii,  nil.  'J'.Kt,  le«5,  pp.  1(14,  KiO. 
Roussel  de  Vauzdme,  — .    Sur  nu  fu)tU8  d'nn  Baliuna  inysticolua.    <  Inntitnt,  i,  ii»,  i:i,  IKIII, 

p.  Iiiii. 
Sampson,  W.    Xoticu  of  u  cutaveouH  animal,  nupiioHml  to  bn  nuw  to  tlin  Aini'rican  rouHt  (Drl- 

pliiniirt  KliibleupH).     <^Ani.  Junrn.  Hii.  ami  Arin,  xxiil,  1H^;1,  pp.  '.!OI-:t{::l,  willi  tigif, 

1834.— Cbauvin,  — .    Sur  In  nioilo  do  nutrition  dcs  JcnncH  lialcincH.     <^  Instltnt,  II,  no.  4H,  1KI4,  p.  IIH. 
Dewhurat,  H.  W.    Tlio  natural  history  of  the  onlrr  cctuci'n,  and  tho  oceanic  inhaliltanlx  of 

lliii  Arctic  rcciona lIluHtrntiMl  witli   nnmi'rouM   lithographic  and  wood   cii;,'ras in^H. 

London:  jo'ldLshod  hy  tho  iinthor,  l(i  \Villi:im  .ilrcci,  Waterloo  I!riil);i'  Koail.     niiUccxxxlv. 

fjj.     XX,  'JJ4  pp.,  T.  pll. 
Dum^ril,  A.  M.  C.     li'apport  fait  !^  r.Vcadfiinic  ili'<i  Hcicnccs  Hur  nn  nii^niolro  du  M.  (i.  IlrcHchct, 

intitule:  "  DcNcri)ition  d'un'*  or^at'c  vimculaiic  di^ccnvctt  dauH  Ich  (U'.acf^N, Nuivlo  chMpudcjm'H 

coiibidcratlonH  sur  la  rcHpiration  chc/.  cih  aniuiaux  ct  clicz  lc8  uniphihIcH."    <  Ann.  Hci.  Nat. 

ii  (Zool.),  18o4,pp.  ;t7f.-;)80. 
Qeoffroy  St.-HUaire,  6.    l.uctnro  <1ch  anci^Mis  cu  cc   (pii  tuuclio  la  nalHwincv  et  lu  piuuiiccu 

(Education  dc«  c(';lae<!s.    <  Institut,  II,  lKi4,  p.  .">4. 
OeoSroy  St.'Hilaire,  ti,     hur  IVuiplol  dcH  dlvcrKc!)  particH  dcit  );hindcH  nuunmairex  chc/,  leu 

cctiicc^s.     <  luHtitnt,  ii,  lt^;i4,  pp.  1(1;.',  1011;  Zool.  Soc.  I'roc.  ii,  1834,  pp.  •J(i,a7. 
Oeoffroy  St.-HUaire,  I.    Kxtrait  do  dcnx  (<critH  xur  la  lactation  des  c(!tac(S8.    <  Ann.  Sci.  Nut. 

iJo  K(;r.  Zool.  i,  ld;!4,  pp.  IW-lUy. 
Oeoffroy  St.-Hllaire,  I.     Mi^nioire  nor  Ich  iflandex  nianiclluireH   pour  (^lalilir  quo  lc8  c(^tacO« 

n'allaitcnt  point  connnu  il  I'ordiuairo  Iciir  petits  ct  i|u'il8  ponrraieiit  >>'uu  tenir  !\  \iiit  nonrrir 

dc  mncua  liydrat<^.     <  Ann.  Scl.  Nat.  I  (Zool.),  1*14,  pp.  174-188. 
Harlan,  R.    Notice  of  fossil  bones  [nasilosaurns]  found    in  the  tertiary  urnuition  of  th«  Stale 

of  Louisiana.     <  Trans.  Am.  I'hilos.  Soc.  I'liila.  n.  ».  iv,  1834,  art.  xil,  ]ip.  ;ill7-40H. 
Rousael  de  Vauzime, — .    Rceherclica  anatomiipus  sur  un  ftctus  de  lialeiue.    <;Aun.  Scl.  Nat. 

•_'e  Kf^r.  Zool.  ii,  18:14,  pp.  1-J.'i-127 ;  Institut,  ii,  no.  (I!),  1834,  pp.  Ml, SiilO. 
Traill,  T.  S.     On  some  of  tho  cctacea.     <  Now  I'hilos.  Journ.  Kdinh.  xvll,  18114,  pp.  177-180. 
Traill,  T.  S.     On  the  structure  and  uses  of  thu  uuimnniry  glands  of  the  cotacea.     <New  I'hilos. 

Journ.  Ldinh.  xvil,  1834,  pp.  303,364. 

1835. — Harlan,  R.  Description  of  the  remains  of  the  "  llasiloannrnB  ",  a  Inrge  fossil  marine  aninuil,  ro 
cenlly  discovered  in  tho  horinoutal  linicstono  of  Alubamu.  < Trans.  Geo).  Soc.  Ponn.  i,  183ri, 
pp.  348-3.->7,  pll.  22-24,  folded. 

Macy,  O.  History  of  Nantucket,  and  of  the  whale  fishery.  12^.  Boston,  Ililliard,  Gray  &  Co., 
183.-). 

Mayer,  C.  I!eitrii(;e  zur  Ainitoniic  des  Dclpbins.  <  Ticdcmanu  u.  Trevirnnns'  Zeitschr.  f.  Phy- 
siol. V,  Heft  ii,  183.5,  p|i.  111-133. 

Mulder,  C.  Over  do  tanden  van  den  narwal  of  cenhoorn  (Monodon  nionociros,  L.).  <^TIjd- 
sclirift  Nat.  Ocsch.  en  Phys.  il,  1835,  pp.  (15-1011,  1  pi. 

Reid,  J.  Ucber  die  Gekriisdrllseu  dcr  Balicnoptcrn  rostrata.  <  Fror.  Not.  xliil,  no.  938, 1835, 
pp.  2011-211. 

Die  Wnllfischo.    <  Isis,  1835,  pp.  709-752, 801-828.  ■       '       ■ 

Delp'iinl  pliocuiniu  auatouies  soctio  prima.     <St.  P<!tersb.  Hull.  Sci.  I,  183(1, 


TilesiU3,  O.  W. 

1836.— Baer,  K.  B.  vou. 

pp.  2(;-28. 
Baer,  K.  E.  von. 


Sur  lo  pr6tondu  passage  de  I'eau  par  les  events  des  c6tac<^8.  <  Bull.  Scl.  St. 
Pctorsb.  I,  1836,  pp.  37-40. 
BruuB,  V.  Dissertulio  inaugnralis  medica  sistcna  distpiisltiones  anatouiico-physiolo^lcas  do 
nervih  cetaceornm  ccrebralihus,  ipiam  consentieute  ^ratloso  medicornni  ordlnti  pra'side  (iull. 
Lnd.  Kiipp,  pro  gradn  dootoris  niedlcinio  et  chirurgiiu  rite  ohtinendo  publico  eruditoruni 
exuuiiui  submittit  auctor  Victor  Brum,,  Brunsvicensis.  Meuse,  Jaunar.  uidcccxxxvi.— TH- 
biugto,  typis  Kifertiauis.    B^.    47  pp.  ,j  ;.  .,,,.■ 


t 


TUllMOOB.  APPKNDIX— K.  CETAdEA. 


1047 


1836.— Ciivier,  P.  Dn  I'liiNliiir..  imlmcllo  iIch  rftiiciiH,  on  rcciicil  I't  i.xiiim'ii  di'ii  fuits  ilmit  »(>  loiiiixwn 
I'hislDiii'  iiiitiii'cllc>  (Ir  (CM  iiniiimiix;  .  .  .  1'iiiIm,  I.iliriirlo  i;iic.vi'lo|M<ili(|ii(>  ilc  Hunt,  IKK), 
«  .    !i  p.  II.,  lii,  IK;,  I  pp.,  VJ  pll. 

Hamlltoii,  R  Tin,' nutiiialinl'H  lilimry.  Killti'dliy  Hir  William  .Iiiriliiic,  Hurt.  .  .  .  Viil.xxvi.— 
.Miiiniimliii.  WhiiliH,  rtc.  ...  Ho.  KilinlinrKli,  W.  II.  I,i/ar»,  .  .  ,  tlKlfif]  Kiijj.  title,  4 
p. 11.,  pp.  I7-'JII1,  witli  poiliaitcif  M.  LoCdtiitiulii  hac(<piili', 'J'.l  col.  pll; 

Knox,  n.  I'ludfn  thai  the  tiitli  of  tli»  caclialot  »ru iluvolil of  u imnu'l.  < Proc.  Kiiv. Soc.  Kiliiili. 
i,  \r*M>,  p.  Mil. 

Mulder,  C.  Ki'ii  wooril  over  lict  wiTk  van  (Icollroy  Saint  llilairo,  den  title  vrairi'iide :  "  Krajj- 
iiiiiiilH  Hur  la  Ntnictiiri)  ot  leu  UHngen  di'8  ((laiidi'H  maini'llairi'H  dcH  c<!tac(S8."  <  TiJdKcliritt  Nat. 
(JcHcli.  i!ii  riijK.  iii  (lloukbcHcImn    iiiK),  IKKi,  p|).  41-r)7. 

Rapp,  W.  von.  Hi'iiicrkiiiijji'ii  Uhor  dic^  (iiliiirmrkzeii;!!'  dur  t'etncecii.  <;  l-'iDricp,  Notizcn, 
xlix,  H:t(),  col.  ll(i-l\>l. 

1837.— Suokow,  P.  W.  L.    O.ttecildjtiNclic  llr(idiri'il)iiii);<l'''i \Vttlliii[HalaMiaiiij«tiCTtii«].    Mil  .".litli.'I'af. 

aiir^iMiiiiiiiiicii  und  gczcic  hunt  voii  Ant.  \\  llHtiifr.     4'.     vl,  l(i  pp.     Mannheim,  t'.  Lamina,  IKIT. 

Vrolik,  W.    Ontliidknndi){eaanmi'rkingi'M(pverdon  n(«ird«<;lii.n  vinviMh(lliiliiniipI(im  rnntrata) 

If  Wijk  nan  Zfii  j(<Htrand.     <;  llninen  en  Vriiw,  Tijdnclnift,  iv,  1KI7,  pp.  1-^4  ;  An:i.  Sii.  Nat. 

is  (Znol.),  ln:]>;  pp.  (m-77  ;  Kroriep,  Nutiziqi,  vii,  IKW,  eol.  ;iu,')-:il:i,  ;tt,V:i'.'7  ;  Uin,  Hill,  pp.  :I7II- 

1839.— Harlan,  H.     On  the  diHcovcry  of  the  lia.sihisanruB  and  the  liatinehioNaniiiN.     <  I'rof.  Ocol.  t^uo. 
ili,  lM:tH-l«42  (18;)U),  pp.  an,  24;  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  xil  (Ziail.),  1h:i;i.  p.iWl. 
Kioyer,  H.    IleinnerkninKor  cnii  Hala'iia  rnstrata.    <  Krdycr's  natuihi«t.  TIdsskr.  ii,  IS'Jl),  pp. 

lin-ci;;-) ;  i«i»,  i84i,  pp.  -(-.iti-MO. 

Owen,  R.     ObsurvaticinH  on  the  teeth  of  the  Zeiii;lodon  (Ihmilosanrim  of  Dr.  Ilnilan).     <|  Troc. 

(ieol.  Hoc.  iii,  lH;)«-4a  (leUlt),  pp. '24-28;  Ann.  Wei.  Nal.  xii  (Znol.),  ISW,  pp.  222-2'.".l;  I'roriep, 

Notizen,  x,  IKW,  col.  177-182;  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  18:t9,  pp.2(W-2i;i;  Trans.  (Jeol.  Soe.  vi,  1848, 

)ip.  tiU-HO. 
1840. — AlesBandriui,  A.    SnII'orgnno  dell'olfutto  dei  cetacei  in  gencre  ed  In  parlicolare  Hopra  qnello 

del  DelphinuN  dclphin  L.  o  del  DelphiDUH  tnmio  llonnalerre.     <^  Nnov.  Ann.  8ci.  Nat.  ann.  2, 

iv,  1H40,  ])p.  14t;-141),  with  2  pll. ;  in  Latin,  Nov.  t'ominenl.  Acad.  Honon.  vi,  1844,  pp.  141-l."i8 
Bweetlug,  R.  H.     DiinenHiouH  and  deecriptionH  of  a  Nnpposeil  new  speciiH  of  lialnMiojiIera 

Htraiuied  on  Charnniuth  beach.    <^  C'harlcHWortli'H  Ma^,  \af.  Hist.-  n.  Her.  iv,  lr*M\  pp.  ;M1-;M:1. 
'    Sweeting,  R.  H.     NoteH  relating  to  a  female  rorqnal  whale  (Haheuoptera  boop.s  of  anIhorH). 

<^  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  viii,  1840,  pp.  11, 12;  Fror.  N.  Not.  xviii,  no.  ;!70, 1841,  pp.  24,25. 
Wilde,  — .     Wie  das  jnnge  Cetaceuni,  wUhrend  e»  an  der  Zitze  hiinge,  athuien  kiinne.     <^  I'ror, 

N.  Not.  XV,  no.  ;illi,  1840,  pp.  121,  122. 

1841.— Haldeman,  8.  8.    [On  a  genns  of  dolphins.]    <^  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila,  i,  1841,  p.  127. 

[ProimmU  to  clianjio  the  uauiu  of  Uiodon,  because  preuc<;iipie4],  to  Ilypudon.l 
1843. — Baohricht,  D.  F.    Jaggtagelscr  paa  naebbehvalen  eller  iHlaendernes  Andarnefia,  Faeriirncs  dog- 
ling.    <  Forh.  Skand.  Naturforsk.  ;i.  jliite,  1842,  jip.  (i51-(),">8 ;  IsIh,  184'),  pp.  4'J7-4I0. 
Bschricht,  D.  F.    Oiu  deu  under  navn  af  dogliug,  naebbehval  (do  gainle  I^ordboerH-Audhvalr, 
'-  Andaruelia)  hekjoodto  bvalart  (Ilyiwroodou).    <  Overs.  K.  Uansk.  SeUk.  Forbandl.  1842,  pp. 

1-4. 
Ravin,  P.  P.     Not*s  anatomiqnea  sur  divers  organes  d'nno  baleiuopterc.     <^  Ann.  Sui.  Nat. 
2«s<''r.  Zool.  XV,  1841,  pp.  '.!:!7-;!r)2,  I  pi.;  Fror.  N.  Not.  xxii,  no.  4(i;),  1842,  pp.  1-8;  no.  4ti4, 
1842,  pp.  17-22. 
SelyB-DealongchampB,  E.    lioniarques  zoologii|nes  et  auatoiniques snr  rilyperoodon.    <^  M<!ni, 
Soc.  Linn.  Norniandic,  vii,  1842,  pp.  1-18. 
1843.— Belllugham,  O.  B.    Short  description  of  a  bottle-nose  whale  (llypcroodon  bntzkopf)  stranded 
upon  the  coast  of  the  co.  Louth  in  the  autumn  of  1840.    <;  Ann.  Kat.  Hist,  xi,  184;i,  pp.  414,41.'). 
Jackson,  J.  B.  8.    [On  Delpbinns  globiceps.]    <Proc.  Boston  Soe.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1843,  pp.  US), 

100. 
Selys-DeBlongcbamps,  E.    Komar(|ues  zoologii|ues  et  ain>tonii(ines sur  I'llyperoodou.    <  il6m, 
Soe.  Linn.  Nonnandic,  vii,  1841!.     [Title  duplicated;  date  in  iincstion;  see  1842.] 
1844. — Qilpin,  T.     [Kninarks  on  a  rib-houe  of  a  cetaceous  animal  found  in  the  State  oi  Uelaware.] 
<  I'roc.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.  ii,  1844,  p.  lti«. 


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1048 


M0N0GBAPH8  OF  NORTH  AMIHRICAN  RODENTIA. 


Hi' 


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1845.— OuerlD,  A,  H.    Ou  tbo  rock-nose  6f  t*o  wlialer,  a  variety  of  the  Biilioim  ni.vstiectUB.    <  ICdiiib, 
New  PhiloH.  Jourii.  xxxix,  1845,  pp.  SHiO-atW. 

Jac'xBon,  J.  B.  S.     Dissection  of  a  speriiiactti  wbalo  and  three  other  cetaceans.     <^I)uBtoD 
Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  no.  ii,  Oct.  1845,  art.  i,  pp.  1:17-171,  pll.  15,  l(i. 

ISixjimuccti  wlmle,  pp.  138-15.1;  fuetal  iliilpliln,  pp.  lKI-160!  PhocaiQa  glubivcps,  pp.  lfiO-lC7i  IMioca'im  com. 
nnioid,  pp.  107-171.] 

Jackson,  J.  B.  8.    [On  the  skeleton  of  a  whnie,  related  to  the  Uorqual  dn  cap  of  Cuvier,  taken 
oft'  the  coast  of  Maine.]    <  I'roc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  184.5,  pp.  53, 54. 

Knox,  H.    Observations  on  the  anatomy  of  tbo  rorqual,  drawn   up  from  the  dissection  of  a 
specimen  found  (lead  off  North  Uerwick.    <  I'roc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.  i,  1845,  p|).  14, 15. 
1846.— Buckley,  S.  B.    Ou  tbo  Zcuglodon  remains  of  Alabama.    <Ani.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  ii, 
18-10,  pp.  125-131,  with  2  ligg. 

EBchricbt,  D.  P.    Oin  Bahcnoptera,  om  dorcs  ostcologio  og  artsforskiel.    <;  Oversigt  K.  Daimk. 
Kelsl..  Forhandl.  1840,  pp.  'i-^y. 

Reicbeubacb,  H.  G.  L.    IJic  Celn'oen  odcr  Waltliiore,  nacb  den  neueston  ICntdecknngen  inoon- 
Krapliiscb  zusamincngcstcUt  und  durch  78  Abbildnugen  auf  xxv :   i-xxiv  nnd  ii  ■■.  — Knp- 

fertufeln  erliiutort Die  Anatomio  bierzn  niit  Ixv  Kupfcrtafelu  wird  bcsondere  ausge- 

geben.     Dresden  nnd  Leipzig,  Expidition  der  vollstiindigsten  Natuigescbicbtc,  1846.    8°. 
vi  (ind.  2  titles),  172  pp. 

Rogers,  B.   D.    [Ou  the  bones  of  the  Zenglodon.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nut.  Hist,  ii,  184C,  p.  79. 

Stannius,  B.    Ueber  den  Ban  des  Delpbingebirns.    <  Abbandl.  ans  d.  Geb.  d.  Nnturwiss.  Ham- 
burg, i,  1840,  pp.  1-10, 4  pll. 
1846-48. — Browne,  J.  R. .  Etobings  of  a  whaling  cruise;  witi,  .lotes  of  a  sojourn  ou  the  island  of  Zan- 
zibar, and  a  brief  history  of  the  wbalo  tisbery,  in  its  past  and  present  condition.    With  numer- 
ous engravings  and  woodcuts.    8°.    .594  pp.    Loudon,  J.  Murray,  1840-48. 
1846-49.— Esohricht,  D.  P.    Undcrsogelser  over  bvaldyreue.    <  Dansk.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Afbandlgr. 

1.  Af Landlg.    Beniaerkuingcr  over  cetologiens  tidligcro  og  nacrvaorende  skiaebne.    <^  D. 
xi,  1846,  pp.  12a-202. 

2.  Afbaudlg.    Anatoinisk  boskrivelse  af  do  ydre  fosterformcr  bos  to  nnrdiskc  finvbalarter. 
Ibid.  pp.  2011-280. 

3.  Afbandlg.     Oni  fostorformcno  i  bardebvnlern>!g  crnoerings-  og  forplantelscsredskubur. 
Ibid.  pp.  281-3i0  (4  pll.  with  nos.  2  and  3). 

4.  Afbandlg.    Oni  uaebbvalen.    Ibid.  pp.  :)21-378,  pll.  4. 

5.  Afbandlg.    Fiuvbalernes  ostcologio  og  artsadskillelsc.    <  I).  12,  1840,  pp.  225-390,  pll.  8. 
0.  Afbandlg.    Udpytte  paa  en  rciso  g,{eDnem  det  uordvcstlige  Europa  i  sonimuren  1840. 

<  5.  R.  1.  Bd.  1849,  p.  85-138. 

1847.— Glbbes,  R.  W.    On  the  fossil  genus  Basilosaurus,  Harlan,  (Zenglodon,  Owen,)with  a  notice  of 

specimens  from  the  eocene  green  sand  of  South  Carolina.     <  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  (2), 

i,  art.  i,  1847,  pp.  5-15,  pll.  1-5. 
Oray,  J.  E.    On  the  linner  whales,  with  the  description  of  a  now  species.    <^ I'roc. Zool.  Soc, 

London,  xv,  1847,  pp.  88-93. 
Meyer,  B.  vou.    Die  erlosoheno  Cetaceen-Faniilio  dcr  Zcuglodonten  niit  Zenglodon  nnd  Sqna- 

lodon.     <  N.  Jab.b.  filr  Min.  1847.  pp.  009-074. 
Miiller,  J.    Ueber  den  Bau  des  Sc  liidels  des  Zenglodon  cetoideii,  Ow.    <  Bcricht.  Verb.  K.  Pr. 

AUad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1847,  p.  Uiu. 
Miiller,  J.    Ueber  ilio  Wirbelsiiule  des  Zenglodon  cetoides.    <  Bericht.  Verb.  K.   Pr.  Akad. 

Wiss.  Berlin,  1847,  pp.  185-200. 
Tnomey,  M.    Notice  of  tbo  discovery  of  a  cranium  of  the  Zenglodon  (Basilosaurus).    <Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iii,  1847,  pn.  151-1,53,  with2tigg.i  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts(2),lv,  1847, 

pp.  283-285,  with  tig. ;  Journ.  Acad.  ^at.  Sci.  Phila.  (2),  i,  1847,  art.  ii,  pp.  10, 17,  pi.  5.ngg.  1,2. 
Wyman,  J.    On  a  case  of  anchylosis  of  tbo  tlrst  four  cervical  vertebra)  in  Delpbinns  globiceps. 

<  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1847,  p.  243. 

1848.— Agassiz,  L.    [Letter  to  Dr.  Gibbes  in  relation  to  Zenglodon  cetoides,  Dorndon  serratns,  and 
Sanioeotus  gibbesii,  n.  g.  and  sp.]     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Hci.  Pliila.  iv,  184.8,  pp.  4, 5, 
Agaasiz,  L.    [On  the  fossil  cotucoa  of  the  United  States.]    <Proo.  Am.  .Vad.  Arts  and  Sci.  U, 
1848,  pp.  4,. 5. 


•«,' 

f-.-: 


BIBLIOGE.  APPENDIX— K.  OETACEA. 


1049 


1848.— Glbbes,   R.  TW.     [Keclanmtioii   cf    llio  gcmis  Doiiidon   from  the  syiKinyiny  of  ZciikIhiIdii.] 

<rioc.  Aciiil.  Nat.  Sci.  I'bilii.  iv,  1^.1?,  \\  .'ii. 
Valenciennes,  A.    Notite  sm-  uii  iliiu|iUiii  ii  ikiix  teles  iniiimrlfi  dm  Antilles.    <(_'i>iiiiite8 

Kcndiis,  I'liiis,  xxvii,  11^48,  pp. '^41),  AjO. 
1849. — AgasBiz,  L.    [The  Atiierican  porpoise,  anew  species(I'.  ,iu:ericauu)dlatluct  from  tlio European.] 

<  I'nic.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1849,  p.  5iii5. 

Gray,  J.  B.    Descriptions  of  three  new  species  of  Dclphiuida;.    <  Proc.  Zcol.  Soc.  London,  xvii, 
lrt4U,  pp.  1-0. 

( D.  eutropia,  LngenorhyDclms  clancolu!),  L.  ttiicolca  ] 
Keller,  W.    [Remarks  on,  and  chuuiical  analysis  of,  calenli  from  the  bladder  of  a  whale.] 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  1840,  p.  IHO  and  p.  Iffi. 

Meigs,  C.  D.    [Letter  on  the  cfl'ects  of  deep-sea  pressure  on  the  uterus  of  tho  cetacea.]    <^  I'roe. 
Aca*  Nut.  Sci.  IMiila.  iv,  184'J,  p.  1U:1. 

Meigs,  C.  D.    Observations  on  tho  reproductive  organs  and  on  tho  foetus  of  tlio  Delphinus  ne- 
aarnak.    <  Jour,  Acad.  Not.  Sci.  Phila.  (1>),  i,  1849,  art.  xxi,  pp.  2()7-273,  pU.  ;!5,a(). 

Sooresby,  W.,  jr.    Tho  northern  whale-fishery.    18<^.   200  pp.    London,  Religious  Tract  Society, 
184". 

Stanni'is,  H.    Beachrcibung  der  Muskein  dcs  TUinmlers  (Delphiuns  phoca;na).     <;Archiv 
Miiller,  1849,  pp.  1-41. 

Thompson,  Z.    [On  sonic  hones  of  a  cetacean  recently  fonud  near  Rutland,  Vt.]    <rroc.  Bos- 
ton Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1819,  pp.  20.'),20«. 
(Afterward  deaerilwd  aft  Beluga  vermontana.] 

Vrolik,  O.    Nienw  voorheeld  van  twoe  uitgcgroedo  stoottnnden  aan  denzelfden  narval-schedcl. 

<  Bijdr.  tot  do  Dierkunde,  D.  1  ( Allev.  S,  1849),  Afd,  2,  pp.  21-28, 1  pi. 

Vrolik,  W.    Natuur-  en  ontleedkundlge  heschouwing  van  den  Hyperoodon.    <^Nat.   Verb. 

Mnatsch.  Wet.  Haarlem,  v,  1849 ;  (also,  apart,  Haarlem,  4°,  128  pp.  15  pU.). 
1850.— Berthold,  A.  A.    UeberdasBackenzahnsystemdcsNarwala.    <[  Gotting.  Nachrichten,1850,  pp. 

101-169;  MiUler'a  Aich.  f.  Auat.  u.  Phys.  1850,  pp.  38G-391;  Institut,  xviii,  no.  873,  1858,  pp. 

307-308. 
Cbeever,  H.  T.    The  whale  and  his  captors;  or,  the  whaleman's  adventures,  and  the  whale's 

biography,  as  gathered  on  the  homeward  cruise  of  the  "Commcdoro  Prebk  "  ....    With 

engravings New  York:  Harper  &  Brothers,  publishers.    1850.    10^.    311pp.  incl.  17  pU. 

OervalB,  P.    Mdmoire  sur  la  faraillo  dcs  c6tac(!s  ziphioides,  et  pins  particuliirenKnt  snr  lo 

Ziphius  caviroatris  de  la  M6diterrau<5e.    <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat  3o  sdr.  xiv  (Zool.),  1850,  pp.  n-17. 
OervalB,  P.    Rechercbes  snr  les  cdtaciSs  du  genre  Zipbius,  Cnv.    <Compte8  Rendns,  Paris, 

xxxi,  1850,  pp.  510-512 ;  Institut,  xiv,  no.  902, 1851,  p.  124. 
Oray,  J.  El.    Catalogno  of  tho  specimens  of  mammalia  in  the  collection  of  tho  British  Museum. 

Part  i.— Cetacea.    12°.    xii,153pp.,8  pU.    London,  printed  by  order  of  tho  trnstces,  1850. 
Maury,  M.  P.    On  tho  currents  of  tho  Atlantic  Ocean.    <  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  iii,  1850,  pp. 

74-79.    [With  remarks  by  Professor  Agassiz.] 
[Relatoa  fa  part  to  the  distribution  of  TClialrs.] 
Stannius,  H.    Uober  eine  ostcologiecbo  Eigenthlimlichkcit  des  Delphinus  globiceps.    <  MUller's 

Arch.  f.  Anot.  1850,  pp.  508,  £09,  wiiih  flgg. 
Vrolik,  W.    Over  bet  bekken  van  der  bruinvisch  (Deliihinus).    <[  Arcliiv  (ilr  Anat.  I^.IO,  jip. 

,597-001 ;  Tijdschr.  v.  Wis.  en  Nat.  Wotens.  Amsterdam,  iv,  1851,  pp.7:i-7(i. 
Wyman,  J.    [On  an  embryo,  six  inches  long,  of  Baltena  myaticetus.]    <  Proc.  Boston  Soc. Nat. 

Fist,  iii,  1850,  p.  355. 
Wyu  -1,  J.    [Remarks  on  Zouglodon.]    <  Proe.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1850,  pp.  32S,  329. 
1851.— Cheever,  ^.  T.     The  whale  and  his  captors ;  or,  tho  whaleman's  adventures  and  the  whale's 

biography.    18".    250  pp.    London,  1851. 
Jiiger,  Q.    Berichtigang  einer  Angabo  Cuvier's  liber  cinen  Narwhalaehiidel  des  Stuttgartor 

Naturalienkabinets.an  wclchem  beidc  Stoasziihne  aus  den  Zahnhiihlen  liervorragcn  soUen. 

<  Wilrttemberg.  Naturwiss.  Jabrtslulte,  7.  Jahrg.  1851,  pp.  25-32,  with  ilgg. 

Leidy,  J.    lOn  various  reptilian  ai...  nuinimalian  remains.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  v, 
1851,  pp.  325-328.    [Priscodelphinus  barlani,  p.  328 ;  P.  graiidawua,  p.  327. ] 


1050 


MONOGUAPnS  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  BC'    NTIA. 


1851.— Iieldy,  J.    [On  two  fiwsil  iiiioccm'  siiccics  of  Hiilipiiii— li.  paUButliiiitica,  1!.  priscu.]    <rroo. 
Acad.  Xiit.  .Sci.  I'liila.  v,  IHril,  pp.  liOf.lid!). 
Miiller,  J.    Avar-cranium.— Ziiisloiloii.    <  Ofveisigt  K.  Vet.  AJjad.  FoiliaiuU.  Stockboliii,  ItfJ, 

lip.  12li,  li*. 
Miiller,  J.    Ziu- Keiiiitiiiss  dir  Zuuglodouten.     <BericUt.  Vcrli.  K.  I'r.  Akad.  WisH.  Herliii,lt51, 
jip.  v.';!(i-!>46. 
1852.— Gray,  J.  E.    Obsurvatioiis  on  ll.viwroodon  latifrons.    <  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  is:,  ISfiU,  pp.  407-.110. 

Leidy,  J.  [Keniarks  on  a  foM.sil  Dulphinns  (I).  conriMli)  from  tlio  miocenf  >,;' Virginia,  and  a 
f()ss!l  crocodilian  reptile  from  New  Jersey.]     <|Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilu   vi,  1B52,  p.  :!r>. 

1853.— Cabot,  S.    [On  a  deformity  in  the  lower  jaw  of  a  spermaceti  whale.]    <  Proc.  liuston  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist,  iv,  le.'ia,  p.  ;ioo. 

Claudius,  M.    Diss,  de  Lugcnorhynchis.    i  pp.    Kiliir,  C.  F.  Mohr,  l(5.'i3-51. 

Gervais,  P.    Description  do  ipieUjues  uspeees  de  photpies  nt  de  c^-tac^s.    <^  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xx 
(Zo(d.),  185;i,  pp.  !Wl-292. 
'  JLeidy,  J.    [Oli.servation»  on  the  remains  of  extinct  Cetacea  and  I'innipedia  I'row  the  greou-sand 

of  New  .lersey  and  from  South  Carolina  and  Virginia.]     <Proo.  Acad.  Not.  Sci.  Pliiln.  vi, 
IH.'-.H,  pp.  377, 37H. 

Owen,  R.    Halecn.— Whalebone.     <  Ann.  Sci.  i,  18.)3,  pp.  1G7, 108. 
I  Prof.  Owen's  Icetare— Society  of  Arts.] 

Owren,  R.    Note  on  thi!  transverse  processes  of  the  tno-tootbed  Dolphin  (Hyperoodou  bideus). 

<  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  2d  ser.  xi,  ItiKi,  pp.  435,  i'Mi. 
Rehiiller,  M.    On  the  capture  nf  Delphinus  orca  in  South  Greenland.    <^rroc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lon- 
don, xxi,  1853,  103. 
1854. — Thompson,  'W.    On  the  occurrence  of  the  bottle-headed  whale,  Hyperoodon  bidens,  Flcm., 
and  remarks  thereon.    <^  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  2d  ser.  xiv,  1854,  pp.  347-350. 
Warren,  J.  C.    [Historical  sketch  of  Zeuglodou.]    <[  I'roc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  1854,  pp. 
'.11,9-'. 
1855.— Hamel,  J.    The  whale-killer,  or  thresher,  mentioned  by  Tradcscant  in  the  journal  of  his  voy- 
age to  Russia  in  1018.    <^rroc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  vii,  1855,  pp.  258-271. 
Mayer,  P.  J.  C.    Ucbcr  die  SIrnctnr  der  Hantbcdeekungen  der  Cetaceen.    <^Nova  Acta  Acad. 
Leop.  t'arol.  Nat.  Cur.  xxv,  pt.  i,  1855,  pp.  449-470,  3  pll. 
1856.— Heddle,  R.    On  the  whale  of  the  genus  I'hysalus  Gray  [Balienoptora]  (I'h.  duguidii)  captured 
in  Orkney.    <^  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  xxiv,  1850,  pp.  187-198,  2  pll. 

Fucherau,  J.    Note  snr  les  caracteres  zoologiques  de  qnelques  e8p^ceJi  de  tdtacds.    <^  Comptes 

Uendns,  xlii,  !8.")(),  pp.  445, 440. 
Pucheran,  J.    Notices  nutnni.alogiqucs  (cdtac^s).     <[Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  viii,  185(>,  pp.  144-149, 

315-321,  302-3(i9,  449-4G0,  5.15-552. 
Rousseau,  L.  F.  B.    Do  la  dentition  des  c(Stae(<,s,  ct  de  la  place  qn'occupeut  les  fanous  dans  In 

liouehe  des  baleines.     <  Revue  et  Mag.  de  Zool.  2o  K5r.  viii,  18,'i0,  pp.  I9;l-208, 257-200, 305-311, 

ii53-3(i2. 

18S7.— Beneden,  P.  J.  van.  Sur  uno  baleine  prise  pifts  de  I'lle  Vlieland  et  dont  le  squeletle  est  mould 
an  Jardin  Royal  de  Zoologie  d'Anvers,  Pterobaluiua  euuimuuis  [  Balajuoptera  roslrutn].  <  llidl. 
Acad.  Brnx.  2e  sCr.  i,  18.57,  pp.  390-403. 

Jager,  O.  von.  Uemerkungeu  Uber  dio  Veriinderung  der  Zithne  von  SUugethiereu  im  Laufo 
ihriT  Eutwickelung,  uameutlioh  boi  dom  Narwhal  (Monodon  mouoceros),  und  dem  Cachalot 
(Physeter  maerocephalns).     <;  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Sloscon,  xxx  (pte.  2),  1857,  pp.  571-580. 

Wyman,  J.  [Ou  the  eye  of  a  sperm  whale.]  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  18.57,  pp.  125, 
120. 

1858.— Bouv6,  T.  T.    [On  Zeuglotlou  cetoidcs.]    <  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hipt.  vi,  18.58,  pp.  421, 422. 
1859. — Knoz,  R.    Contributions  to  the  anatomy  and   natural  history  of  the  cetaeeu.    <^Linu.  >Soc. 

.louni.  iii,  18.51)  (Zool.),  jip.  03-70. 
I860.— Atwood,  N.  E.    [Ou  liuback  and  sperm  wbale«.]    <l'roc.  Ilostou  Sue.  Nat.  Hist,  vii,  liiUO,  p. 


ill 'if  ';{?  / 


BIBLIOGE.  APPENDIX— K.  CETACEA. 


1051 


>n 


I860. — Relchert,  C.  B.  Urber  die  Bescliaffenheit  dcr  Ix  frncliteten  Ki'clinn  von  MccrRclnveincliPii  znr 
Zeit  ihris  Atifeutliiiltea  in  dcr  GcbiiriuutK^r  nnniittcllinr  vor  iiiid  iiaili  KiiikiiiiKeluiiH  iliircli 
Deciiliia.  <[  Monatsber.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  IfiOO,  j))).  ;ij-;i8,  SiiS-SIir);  Arcbiv  Amil.  18(1(1,  pp. 
847-85B;  Abbanill.  Akiul.  Wiss.  Berlin,  mil  (Pbjs.),  pp.  98-l.'l(). 
White,  J.  C.  [On  tbe  lower  jaw  and  teeth  of  sperm  whales.]  <^Proc.  Boston  Soe.  Nat.  Hist, 
vii,  lg(iO,  pp.  •^IZ-'^M. 
1861.— Sundevall,  C.  J.    Oni  nagra  hvalartcr  [C'ete].    <Ofver»iHt  K.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  (fStockholiu), 

xviii,  li^til,  pp.  3:J5-3a4. 
.1862.— Qervais,  P.    [On  a  rorcjualuH  stranded  ou  tbe  Spanish  eoast  Jnne  IS,  18(i'.^.]    <  [  Bnll.  Aead.  Um,;. 
xiv,  lH(i2,  p.  186. 
Mobius,  — .     [On  a  dolphin.]    <  Zool.  Gart.  iii,  18()'2,  p.  W. 

Bohultze,  — .    [On  Pterobalajna  arctiea.]      <  Greifswalder  Woehenblatt  voiu  2C.-30.  Angu.st 
1862. 

1863. — Fortin,  P.  List  of  the  cetaceu,  lisbes,  ernstacon,  and  niiill((Bea,  which  now  iidinbit  and  have 
inhabited  the  Canadian  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Kt.  Lawrence,  and  arc  ( he  object  of  lisbing  opei- 
atiouB,  whether  on  a  lar(;e  or  suiall  scale,  and  which  aie  used  as  bait,  &c.,  <.Ve.  <;Aiinnal 
Reports  of  Pierre  Fortin,  escp,  magistrate  in  comniuud  of  the  expediliou  for  tbe  piotcction  of 
the  llsherics  in  the  Gnlf  of  St.  Lawrence,  duriiiK  the  teasoiis  of  IHGl  and  1862  ((Jaebec,  18(i;!), 
pp.  109-124. 

Oray,  J.  B.    On  the  arrangement  of  the  cetaceans.    <Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  186:!,  pp.  1U7- 
202. 

Merer,  — .    [-On  a  dolphin,]    <  Arch.  Vereins  Meoklenb.  1863,  p.  290. 

'Wyman,J.    Description  of  a  "white  tisb,"  or  "  white  whale,"  (Belngaborealis  Lesson.)    <  Bos- 
ton Jonni.  Nat.  Hist,  vii,  no.  iv,  1st  Jan.  18G3,  art.  xvi,  pp.  603-C12,  pi.  xii. 
1864.— Baer,  B.  von.    Noch  oin  Wort  iibcr  daa  Blaaen  der  Cetaeeen,  niit  bildliohen  Darstellungeu. 

<  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Pfitersb.  vii,  April  1,  1804,  pp.  333-341. 

Beneden,  P.  J.  van.    Le  rorqual  du  cap  do  Bonne-Esp<!rftnco  ot  le  k<!porkak  des  Grceulandais. 

<  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  Lettr.  etc.  Belg.  xviii,  Dec.  3, 1864,  pp.  389-400,  with  woodcnts. 

Crisp,  B.    On  some  parts  of  the  anatomy  of  the  porpoise  [P.  communis].    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 

London,  18t>4,  p.  17. 
Esohricht,  D.  F.    Eechcrchcs  sur  la  distribution  des  c<!tac(S9  dans  les  mers  bordales.    <  Ann. 

Sci.  Nat.  i,  April,  1864,  pp.  801-224. 
Flower,  W.  H.    Notes  on  the  skeletons  of  whales  in  the  principal  ninseunis  of  Holland  and 

Belgium,  with  descriptions  of  two  species  apparently  new  to  science.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lon- 
don, 1864,  pp.  :)84-420,  with  17  flgg. 
Oray,  J.  B.    Note  on  the  bonnet  of  the  right  whale  [B.  mysticetui  j.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 

1864,  jip.  170, 171,  with  rtg. 
Oray,  J.  B.    Synopsis  of  the  tribes,  genera,  and   species  of    whalebone  whales  (Myeticeto 

bahenidie).    <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  xiv,  1804,  p.  345 
Hitter,  C.  von.    Die  Structnr  der  Retina.    Dargestellt  nach  Untersnchungen  tlber  das  Wal- 

liacli-Auge.    8°.    With  2  plates,     Leipzig,  1804. 
1865.— Cope,  B.  D.     A  contribution  to  a  knowledge  of  the  Delphinidffi.    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

IHOo,  pp.  198-204. 
Cope,  B.  D.    Note  on  a  species  of  whale  found  in  the  river  Delaware  [Balaina  oisarctica]. 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18f!5,  pp.  137,  108, 169. 

Cope,  B.  D.     Notes  on  r.  8])ecie8  of  hunehback  whale  [Megaptcra  ospliyiu].    <Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  186.">,  pp.  176, 178-181. 
Cope,B.  D.     [Observations  on  a  species  of  seal  (Cystophora)  and  on  cetaceans.]    <  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1865,  pp.  273,274.    [A  list  of  the  cetaceans  of  tbe  Atlantic  coast  is  given.] 
OlU,  T.    On  two  species  of  Delphinidro  from  California  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution.    <  Proo. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1865,  pp.  177, 178, 
Hayes,  1. 1.     [Observations  ou  skulbi  of  Beluga.]     <  Proc.  Aead.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1805,  p.  274. 
Bars,   O.   O.     Bc»krive(8e  af  en  ved  lototeu  indhju;rget  rorvhal   (Baliouoptera   musculUB). 

<  Vid.  Selsk.  Forhaudl.  Christ,  for  1865,  pp.  32,  with  3  pU. 


ili 


1052 


MONOGRAl'US  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1066.— Cope,  B.  D.     [Rciiiiiilfs  on  (lie  sUiill  of  a  liliick  fisli  (Globicephaliis).]    <rioc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci. 
riiila.  m'M,  pp.  7,(?. 

Cope,  E.  D.     Tliiril  coiitriliiition  to  tlit>  Uislory  of  llio  Ualionida,'  and  Delpllini<la^.    <I'roo. 
Aca<l.  Nat.  Soi.  I'hila.  IfXiti,  pp,  ayO,  HUIi-ittlO. 
!  Flower,  W.  H.,  editor.    Rccunt  memoirs  on  Ihc  cetanea,  l).v  ....     Kdittd  by  William  Henry 

I'lower London,    publislied   for  Ibe    Hay   Society    by   liobert  Hardwicke,   IHtiO. 

xii,  'Mi  pp.,  with  .1  pll. 

Escliricht,  D.  F.    On  tbi^  species  of  the  gcuusOrca,  inhabiting  tbvuortkern  ecas Cilead 

befoni  the  Royal  IJanish  Society  of  ScHenccs,  May  Dth,  181)2.)  Translated  from  tile  "  Oversigt 
overdet  Kongelijje  Dauske  VidenNliabornesSelsltaba  Torhandlinger",  lWi2.  <^l'lo\ver  ^W.  H.), 
Reci'iit)  Memoirs  on  the  C'etacea,  IHtiti,  jip.  101-188. 

EBChricht,  D.  F.,  a»il  Reinhardt,  J.  On  the  Greenland  right-whaU'  (Ilaliena  mystiretns,  Linn.), 
wilh  especial  riference  to  i^.s  geographical  dislrilinlion  and  migrations  in  times  pastand  pres- 
ent and  to  its  external  and  internal  characteristics (Translated  from  the  Danisii.) 

From  the  "Kongeligc  Danskc  Vidcnsk&berncs  Selskabs'Skrifler,  &to  Ra'kke,  Natnrvidcn- 
skabelig  og  Mathematisk  Afdeling",  .'ito  Bind,  IHtil.  <riowcr  (W.  H.),  Iteceut  Memoirs  on 
the  Cetacca,  IHMi,  i)p.  l-l.'iO,  with  pll.  1-4. 

Gray,  J.  B.  Notes  on  the  sknlls  of  dolphins,  or  bottle-nose  whales,  in  the  Isrilish  Musenm. 
<l'roc.  Zo(d.  Soe.  May,  18t)C,pp.  211-i!l(). 

Iiilljeborg,  W.    Note  on  the  geographical  distribution  of  Ihc  narwiialo  (Moaodon  niouoceros). 

<  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  IBflC,  pp.  fioO,  mO. 

Lilljeborg, 'W.  Synopsis  of  the  cetaceous  manmialia  of  Scaudinavia{Sweden  and  Norway).  .  .  . 
Originally  published  in  the  '  Uptala  Universitotn  Arsskrift'  for  1801  and  180^  Translated 
from  the  Swedish,  with  additions  and  corrections  by  ihc  author.  <|  Flower  (W.  H.),  Ueceat 
Memoirs  on  t\w  C'etacea,  180(1,  pp,  yiU-Iil'J,  with  pll.  v  -vi. 

Reiuhardt,  J.  I'sendar-  a  crassidens,  a  cetacean  bitherio  nuknown  in  tte  Danish  fauna.  (Read 
b<!foro  the  Royal  Danish  Society  of  Sciences,  the  7th  of  NoveTuber,  18()2.)  Translated  fioui 
the  "Oversigt  over  det  Kongelige  Danske  Vidensknbernes  Selskabs  Forhandlinger",  18C2. 

<  Flower  (W.  H.),  Recent  Memoirs  on  the  C'etacea,  18C(i,  pp.  180-'218. 

1867.— AgasBiz,  L.    [Discovery  of  n  cetacean  (Mosoplodou  sp.)  new  to  America.]    <  I'roc.  Bost(m  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,  xi,  18()7,  p.  ;)18. 
Cope,  B.  D.     An  addition  to  the  extinct  vertebrate  fanna  of  Iheniioccne  period,  with  a  synopsis 

of  the  extinct  C'etacea  of  the   I'nilid  Slatis.     <^  I'lce.  Acad.  Nut.  g(i.  Ihihi.  11:07,  pp.  138-150. 

[Cynoreidu)  distinguished.] 
Cope,  B.  D.     [On  .Mega|itera  brasiliensis,  n.  sp.]     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1807,  p.  32. 
Fischer,  P.    M<?nH)ire  sur  les  cdtaces  du  genre  Ziphius,  Cuvier.    <Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hibt  Nat. 

Paris,  iii,  I8(r7,  pp.  41-70,  pi.  4.     [Contains  a  synopsis  of  the  Ziphioides.] 
Flower,  W.  H.     Description  of  the  skeleton  of  luia  geotirensis  and  of  the  skull  of  Pontopcria 

blainvillei,  with  remarks  on  the  systemntic  position  of  these  animals  in  the  order  C'etacea. 

<  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  vi,  1HT7,  pp.  87-110,  pll.  4. 

(tjontains  a  systematic  syDopsis  of  tlio  fiimilies  and  aiilifaiiiilirs  of  the  cotaceftnB.] 

Oarratt,  A.  [On  n  bony  ttass  taken  from  tie  heart  of  a  right  whale.]  <J  Prce.  Dost  on  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  xi,  181)7,  p.  \m. 

Lilljeborg,  W.    The  stntTcd  wbalo  in  the  Swedish  Museum.    <  Am.  Nat.  i,  18G7,  p.  :>90. 

Malm,  H.  A.  W.  Monographic  illuHtr(<e  du  baleiuoptere  Irouvd  lo  !J2  Octobro  1805  snr  la  e6lo 
occidenlale  d(^  Suede.  Stocklndin,  1807.  Folio.  ]ip.  11(1.  avec  13  planches eontenant  21)  photo- 
graphies;  2  planches  lithographi(?e8et  3  gravnres  en  bois  dans  le  lexte. 

Moore,  — .     [On  Lagifuorhynelius  albirnstris  Gray.]     <  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  xi,  p.  2()8.    [Qu,  date.] 

Thomson,  J.  H.    Letter  relating  to  I  ho  occasional  deformity  of  the  lower  jaw  of  tlio  sperm 
whale.     <  Proc.  Zool.  .Soc.  London,  1807,  pp.  240,247. 
1868.— Atwood,  N.  B.     [On  the  sperm  whale.]     <  Proc.  Hostun  Hoc.  Nat.  Fllst.  xii,  1808,  pp.  84,85. 
1868. — Bambeke,  C.  van.    Quelques  remar(pic»  sur  les  sqneletles  do  cftacfn  conserv<^s  i\  la  collection 
d(^  rUniversite  de  fJand.     <  Hull.  Acad.  Roy.  llelg.  xxvi,  1808,  pp.  20-01,  wilh  woodcuts, 

Beneden,  P.  J.  van.  Lm  baloines  ot  lenr  distribution  g<<ographiiiuo.  <  Unll.  Acad.  Hoy. 
Bulg.  XXV,  1U08,  pp.  9-21,  with  a  map  ;  Ann.  Sol.  Nat.  Ix,  pp.  43-&3. 


iiil 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX-K.  CBTACEA. 


1053 


1868.— Beneden,  P.  J.  vaii.    Dis  In  couiiiosi'.ioii  du  b:issiii  dos  c<Stac(^s.    <  Bull.  Aciul.  Uoy.  ISelg.  xxv, 
mv,  p\i.  4'J8-4;!;i,  with  1  pi. 

Beneden,  P.  J.  van.  Lii  lueniitre  cMa  dcH  c<;iiici!!i,  !i  propas  do  la  notice  du  Dr.  J.  K.  Oriiy,  anr 
U  diBtriliutfuii  d(i9  bakiues.     <  liuU.  Acad.  Uoy.  llclg.  xxvi,  1HC8,  pp.  7-17,  with  'J  pll. 

Beneden,  P.  J.  van.    Lea  eqiielcttes  do  c6tac<Ss  et  lea  musdes  qui  lea  rcuferiuu'iit.     <  Bull. 

Acad.  Uoy.  liclj,'.  xxv,  1808,  pp.  g8-l',!5. 
Beneden,  P.  J.  van.    Sur  Ic  bonnet  et  (luelquca  orfjaues  d'unfetusdo  baleiiic  de  Gra<uland. 

<l!ull.  Acad.  Uoy.  Bi'lg.  xxvi,  18()8,  pp.  186-195,  with  woodcuts. 
Beneden,  P.  J.,  and  GervaiB,  P.    Ostdographio  dca  c6lacds  vivauts  (!t  fo.ssili's  coniprcnunt  la 

description  et  I'iconographio  du  squclctto  efdu  systeuie  dentaire  de  ccs  aiiiuiaux,  aiusi  quo 

des  documents  relatifs  i  leur  histoire  naturellc.    Text,  4^;  ath.s,  fol.    I'aris.    [Qu.date.] 
Brown,  R.    No'es  on  the  history  and  geographical  relations (f  (ho  Ceincca  frecpientiug  Uuvis 

Strait  and  Baflin's  Bay.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  18(i8,  pp.  D33-&r:0. 
Carter,  A.,  and  Macallster,  A.    On  the  anatomy  of  Balieuoptera  roslrata.    <;riiilo8.  Trdns. 

clviii,  186S,  pp.y01--J(il,  with  4  pll. 

Cope,  B.  D.    On  Agaphclus,  a  genua  of  toothleaa  Cetacea.    <  Proc.  Acud.  Nat.  Sci.  X'hiia.  1868, 

pp.  2il-aU7. 
Cope,  E.  D.    [On  extinct  Cetacea  from  the  miocene  bed  of  Maryland.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nnt.  Sci. 

Pbila.  1808,  pp.  159, 100. 

Cope,  B.  D.  Second  c  ntribution  to  the  history  of  the  [cetacean]  virtcbrata  of  the  miocene 
period  of  thu  United  States.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  18CS,  p.  184. 

Flower,  W.  H.  On  the  t  ateology  of  the  cachalot  or  sperm-whale  (Physeter  m!3crocephalus). 
....  <[ Trans.  Zool.  So-.  London,  vol.  vi,  part  vi,  pp.  309-372,  13  Ugg.,  pll.  55-1)1.  Also  sep- 
arate, 4'^,  London,  Taylor  &  Frdncis,  1>08. 

Floiwer,  W.  H.  On  the  probable  identity  of  the  tin-whales  described  as  Bala^uoptera  Carolina, 
Malm,  aud  Phyaalus  sibbaldii.  Gray.    <Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  1808,  pp.  187-189. 

Gray,  .T.  B.    Note  on  the  b.,ttle-no8ed  whales  (Tursio).    <[  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loml.  1808,  pp.  500-502. 

Oray,  J.  B.  Ou  the  geographical  distriljution  of  the  Bala'uidiu  or  right  whales.  <]  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1808,  pp.  242-247. 

Oray,  J.  B.  Synopsis  of  the  species  of  whales  and  dolphins  in  (he  collection  of  the  British 
Museum.    10  pp.,  37  pll.    London,  1868. 

Leidy,  J.    [Notice  of  some  extinct  cetaceans.]    < Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1808,  pp.  190, 197. 

_Lllljeborg,  W.  [On  two  snbfoesil  whales  discovered  in  Sweden  (ICschrichtius  robustus  and 
lluuterius  svedenborgii  n.  s.).]  <  Nova  Acta  Keg.  Soc.  I'i'sal.  1808,  pp.  —  (2ten  Hefleflten 
Baudes). 

Malm,  H.  A.  W.  Om  ett  i  Zoologiska  Uicksmnseum  [i  Sstockholm]  bctinlligt  skelctt  af  Balaj- 
noptera  mnsculua  (Corapanyo)  iran  Finmarlion.  <  iEfvers.  Vet.  Akad.  Forhandl.  1868,  pp. 
95-103,  with  1  pi. 

Relnhardt,  J.  Noglo  bemierkoinger  om  Miendernes  "Steypireijiir"  [Balieuoptera],  en  eller- 
skr.ft  til  Hr.  llallas's  Oplegnelser  om  nogle  p;ia  et  hvalfangsttog  i  havet  onikring  Island 
jagttagne  hvaler.  <  Vidousk.  Meddel.  Natnrli.  Poren.  Kjiibenh.  1808,  pp.  178-201,  witli  wood- 
cuts.   Translated  in  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hisl.  ii,  1808,  pp.  323-340. 

Bars,  O.  O.    Om  individ^ielle  varialioner  bos  riirhvalerno  (iiu  whales)  og  do  deraf  bctingedo 

nligheder  i  deu  ydro  og  indre  byguing.    <  Vidonsk.-Selsk,  l^orhandl.  18(i8,  pp. 31-74. 
Turner,  W.    Purthcr  observations  on  tho  stomach  in  the  Cetacea.    <  Jonrn.  Anat.  aud  Physiol. 

iii,  18t>8,  pp.  117-119. 
1869.— Benedei},  P.  J.  van.    Les  baleinoptJsrea  du  nord  do  TAtlautiquo.    <Bull.  Acad.  Uoy.  Belg. 

xxvii,  1809,  pp.  281-291,  with  1  map. 
Burmelater,  C.    Oescripcion  do  cuatro  especieb  de  deltiuesde  la  costa  Argentina.    <Analo8 

Mus.  Pub.  Buenos  Aires,  i,  1869,  pp.  ;!07-445,  pll.  xxi-xxviii. 

tCimlHiiis  on  aiiatonilial  nimi.igrapU  on  I'outdpuriu  Mniuvillci,  iltimiustratiiig  ila  aflliiilj'  willi  tlic  Di'lpliinlilie.l 
Cope,  B.  D.    New  tinner  whale  [Sibbaldius  teetirostris],     <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  1809,  pp.  277, 278. 
Cope,  B.  D.    [On  tho  i.raniuni  of  Hyperodou  bidens,  and  on  SIeBoplodon,E8chriehliU8,  Iladro- 

saurns,  and  Polydectes.]     <  Proc.  Acnd.  Nnt.  8ci.  Phila.  1809,  pp.  191, 192. 


!!•  : 


1054 


MONOGUAPnS  OP  NOBTU  AMKKIGAN  RODKNTIA. 


m^  if 


!?-jl|. 


M'  "t. 


1869.— [Bsohrlcht,  D.  F.]  N'i  tavlor  til  oplyHiiinj;  nf  liviildj rciios  [Ccto]  liyn"'"Ki  •""•''■*''  ♦''  "trykte 
foii'ilia);  af  Hfddilc  Ktiitsraad  Dr.  D.  F.  E^chrit•llt,  iiicd  tilliiiiciKlc  forklariiij;.  <  Vidi'iisk. 
Si'lsk.  Skr.  .""i.  sor.  ix,  Kjiibouli.  180!),  ]ip.  14. 

Flo^irer,  W.  H.     Ou  tlic  osteology  of  tlio  cuolmlot  or  sperm  wliulo  (Pliysetcrmacrocupbalus). 

<  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  Luiuluu,  vi,  18()9,  aft.  xii,  pp.  :'.09-37i',  with  i:i  iigg.,  pll.  n.Vlil. 

Lindemann, — .    "Eino  Gescbicbto  der  nrktischeii  Fisclierui  dor  deiitsclicu  Scestiidto,  16'20- 
18G8."    <  Petermunu's  Mittlieil.  ISGO,  ErgiinziingHhcf t  uo.  ad. 

Reinhardt,  J.     [On  the  Btrncturo  of  Cotacen.]    <  Vld.  Solsk.  Skrift.  5.  liuokko,  ix.  lid.  Kjobeu- 

Jiavii,  18ti!). 
Scammoa,  C.  M.    On  tlie  cot nceons  of  the  western  const  of  Nortb  Anierion.    Edited  l)y  Edward 

D.  C(ipe.    <  Proc.  Arnd.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  18fi9,  pp.  i;M>;t,  pll.  \-S. 
JCdilbrial    Note  on  tbe  "  blowing "  of  wlmles.    <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  1809,  pp.  3;i3, 3;i4. 

ICditorial.    Variation  in  tbe  skeletons  of  wliales.    <C  Am.  Nat.  iii,  18fi9,  pp..r)2,,.');t. 
[From  "Coamoa". I 

1870. — Benedeu,  P.  3.  van.    Lcs  cdtac<!8,  lenrs  conmiousniix  et  lenrs  parasites.    <[  UuU.  Acad.  Roy. 

Belg.  xxix,  1870,  pp.  347-3(58,  wilb  wootlcuts. 
Oray,  J.  E.    Notes  on  the  arrangement  of  tbe  genera  of  delpbiuuid  wbales.    <^  Proc.  Zool.  Boc. 

London,  1870,  pp.  772,773. 
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4^.    40  PI).,  5  pll.    Printed  for  the  Pala>ontograpbical  Society,  London,  1870. 
Turner,  W.      On  the  sternum  and  opsa  iunominata  of  tbe  Longuiddry  whale  (lialienuptera 

sitdialdii).    <  Journ.  Auat.  and  Physiol,  iv,  1870,  pp.  271-ij81,  wiih  4  ligg. 

1871. — Beneden,  P.  J.  van.    SK^moire  sur  nne  baldnopti'-re  capturde  dans  I'Escant  en  18C9.    <M<!in. 

Acad,  lielg.  xxxviii,  1871,  30  pp.  with  2  pll. 
Clark,  J.  W.     On  tbe  skeleton  of  a  narwhale  (Monodon  nioiioceros)  willi  two  i'nlly  deveiopetl 

tusks.     <^  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1871,  pp.  42-53,  with  2  ligg. 
Cope,B.D.    On  Megaptera  bellicoaa.    <  Proc.  Am,  Philos.  ,^00.  Pbila.  xii,  1871,  pp.  103-108,Ugg. 

21-28. 
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Soc.  Phila.  xii,  1871,  p.  108. 
t)wight,  T.,  jr.     [Remarks  on  mounting  tbe  skeleton  of  Balscnoptera  muscnlue.]    <  Proc.  Bos- 
ton Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xiii,  1871,  pp.  305,300. 
Gervals,  P.     Remarques  sur  I'anatomio  des  c6tacds  de  la  division  des  bali<nidi5ji,  tird-os  de 

I'exanien  des  pibces  relatives  i^  ces  animaux  qui  sent  conserves  an  Museum  d'llistoire  Naln- 

relle.     <  Compt.  Kend.  Ixxii,  1871,  pp.  ()0;i-072 ;  Nouv.  Arcb.  Mus.  Paris,  vii,  1871,  pp.  05-144, 

pll.  3-<i. 
Gill,  T.     On  tbe  sperm-whales  [Pbyseteridic],  giant  and  pygmy.     <Am.  Nat.  iv,  1871,  pp. 

725-743. 
OIU,  T.     Synopsis  of  the  primary  subdivisions  of  the  cetaceans.    <  Com.  Essex  Inst,  vi,  1871, 

pp.  121-127. 
Malm,  H.  A.  W.    "Hval<lJDr  [Cete]  i  Sveriges  Museer,  &r  1809."    <  8v.  Ak.  Ilandl.  ix,  no.  2, 

IH71,  104  pp.,  with  0  pll. 
Strutbers,  J.    Ou  some  points  in  the  iinatomy  of  a  great  (In  whale  (Baloinnptera  mneculus). 

<  .lonrn.  Anat.  and  P.iysiol.  vi,  1871,  pp.  107-125,  pi.  vii. 

1872.— Anderson,  J.  W.  Tbe  whale  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  <  Can.  Nat.  and  Q.  J.S.  n.  s.  vl,  1872,  pp. 
203-208.     [  Idem  itied  with  11.  niysticetus.] 

Cope,  B.  D.    [On  an  extinct  whale  (Escbriohtius  davidsoni)  from  California.]    <  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1872,  pp.  29, 30. 
Cope,  B.  D.    [On  Megaptora  bcUicosa,  n.  s.]     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1872,  p.  II. 
Dwight,  T.,  jr.    Description  of  the  whale  (Balniuoptera  musculus,  auct.)  in  the  possession  of 

the  society :  with  remarks  on  tbe  classification  of  tin-whales.    <^  Mem.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  ii, 

1872,  an.  5,  pp.  W03-230,  pll.  (i, 7. 
Fischer,  P.    Note  sur  deux  cspftccs  do  globlctfpbales.    <  .Fourn.  Zool.  i,  1872,  pp.  273-278. 


niBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— L.  CniUOPTBRA. 


1055 


1872.— Oervaia,  P.  aiidH.    Adilition  iiu  indimiiie  iirdccikiit.    <Jonrn.Z()ol.  i,  IH"'.;, pii.IiSl, ;124, pLxvii. 
Scammoii,  C.  M.    On  a  luw  spccits  of  Ilalicnoiitfrii  [It.  daviilsoiii].    <^  rrnc.  Ciil.  Aiiul.  8cl. 

iv,  IK12,  1)1).  aw, -JT (I. 
Turner,  ^V.     iJo  la  placriitatinn  (lea  ciitaci'S  cuiiipaKJu  a  ci'Uii  dus  aiitrrs  iiiaini»ifi:ii'H.     <[  .loiirn. 

Zoui.  i,  ih:-2,  pp.  ;iu.i-;a;),  pi.  xvi. 

Turner,  AV.  Tli<^  Htcinuiii  of  the  speiii)  wliiilo  (Physecbr  uiacroccplialus).  <Ji)iirn.  Aiiat.  and 
l'liy«iol.  vi,  lH7:i,  pp.  ;i77-3^U,  with  2  fij;);. 
1873. — Brandt,  J.  F.  UiitoraiielmiigiMi  ubir  die  fossilen  iiud  siibroiiHilen  Cetacteu  Eiuopa'a  voii  J.  F. 
Brandt  niit  Britriigini  von  Van  HcMieden,  Cornalia,  Gastaldi,  Qiieuatedt  und  PaulHoii,  iiebat 
uiueni  geoloKisclien  Anlittuge  von  ISarbot  de  Marny,  0.  v.  Hi'linersei),  A.  Goebel  unil  Tli.  • 
Fiicbs.  Durch  xxxiv  Tafeln  crliintcrt.  St.  Pdtersbourg,  IHTIi.  Commissionaires  do  l'Acad(^inle 
Inipdrialo  des  Sciences.  Sl^nioires  de  l'Acaddn)ic  Inipdrialo  des  Sciences  do  St.  Pdtcrsbourg, 
7e  si5rie,  tome  xx,  no.  1.    4°.    1  p.  I.,  viii,  372  pp.,  34  pll. 

Chapman,  H.  C.    [On  a  spiwies  of  Dclphinus:   its  anatomy.]    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  8ci.  Pbila. 

.    1H73,  pp.  279,280. 

Dall,  W.  H.  Descriptions  cf  three  new  species  of  Cctacea  froni.tlio  const  of  California.  <  Proo. 
C'al.  Acad.  Sci.  v,  1873,  pp.  12-14. 

Douglas,  J.  A  wbaling  voyage  to  Spitzbergen  in  1H18.  <  Trans.  Lit.  and  Hist.  Soc.  Qnebec, 
n.  s.  X,  1873,  "  paper  ii  ",  pp.  21-07  (with  21  flgg.  of  flakes). 

Oervaia,  P.    Heninniucs  snr  la  dentition  da  narval.    < .lourn.  Zool.  Paris,  t.  2, 1873,  pp.  498-,')00. 

Gray,  J.  E.  On  the  geographical  distribntion,  migration,  and  occasional  habitats  of  whales 
and  dolphins  (Cute).     <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  xi,  Feb.  1873,  pp.  9-104. 

Malm,  H.  A.  W.    Snr  1e  Paoca:na  liuuaii  on  Delphinns  pliocajna.    (Kongl.Vet.  a  Wilt.  Samhalleta 
i  Giiteborg  Handlingar,  1873,  p.  43.)    <Jonrn.  Zool.  Palis,  t.2,  1873,  art,  1,  pp.  531,532. 
1874.— Cope,  B.  D.    [On  a  young  Balasnacisarctica.]    <Proc.  Acad. Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  1874,  p.  89. 

Dall,  W.  H.  Catalogue  of  the  Cetacea  of  the  North  Pacific,  with  osteological  notes,  and  descrip- 
tions of  some  new  forms,  etc.  <  Scaninion's  niariuo  mammals  of  the  northwestern  coast  of 
North  America.    1874.    App.  pp.  281-308. 

[For  full  tltlo  of  Soa]Buion'8  book,  see  anted,  p.  lOOO,  date  1B74  ] 

Davis,  V^.  M.    Nimrod  of  tho  Sea:   or,  the  American  whaleman New  York:  Harper 

&  Brothers,  publishers,  1874.    12°.    403  pp.,  with  31  iigg. 

Gray,  J.  B.  On  tho  Bermuda  humpbacked  whale  of  Dndley  (Balajna  nodosa,  Bonnaterre, 
Megaptera  araericaua,  Gray,  and  Megaptera  bcllicosa,  Cope).  <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4), 
xiii,  Feb.  1874,  p.  18G. 

Gray,  J.  B.  On  the  genus  Callignathus,  and  on  Kogia  floweri  of  Dr.  Gill.  <  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  (4),  xiii,  Feb.  1874,  pp.  188, 183. 

Haast,  J.    Ou  Euphysetes  pottsii.    <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  xiv,  Ang.  1874,  pp.  107, 168. 

Maynard,  C.  J.    Black  tish  (Qlobiocephalus  melas)  ashore  on  Nantucket.    <  Am.  Sports.  Ang. 
1,1874. 
1875  -Brown,  R.    On  tho  history  and  geographical  relations  of  the  cetacea  frequenting  Davis  Strait 
and  Haffln's  Bay.    <-Manunl  of  Nat.  Hist,  of  Greenland,  1875,  pp.  fi9-93.    8°.    London,  1875. 

Flower,  W.  B.    Instructions  for  making  observations  on  and  collecting  speeimens  of  the 
Cetacea  of  the  Arctic  seas.    <  Instr.  for  Use  of  Sci.  Exped.  t.   Arct.  Kegions,  lf<75,  pi>.  39-45. 
(Includes  a  list  of  tho  Cotaciia  of  tho  North  Atlnntic  1 

L,.— CIIIBOPTEBA. 


1759.-Daubenton,  L.  J.  M.    Mdmoiro  sor  les  ohauve-sonris.    <  M«m.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  1759,  pp.  374-398. 
1798  — Pesohier  — .    Extrait  des  cxp(!iicnces  do  Jurine  snr  les  obauve-sonriB,  qn'on  a  priv<!  do  la  vue. 

<.Jo«rn.dePby».  xlvi,  1798,  pp.  145-148.    (Engl,  frausl.):   Experiments  on  bats  deprived  of 

sight.     <  Pbilos.  Mag.  i,  1798,  pp.  13(5-140. 
1806  -Oecffroy  St.-HUalre,  t.    M(!nioire  snr  le  genre  et  les  espfecca  de  vespcrtilion,  I'un  des  genres  de 

la  famine  des  chauve-souris.    <  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  vii,  1806,  pp.  187-205 ;  xv,  1810,  p.  109. 


1056     MONOGKAl'HS  OK  NOKTU  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

1810.— Oeoffroy  St.-Hilalre,  fl.    Siir  Ich  iiliylloiitoinFS  et  li'S  ni(<gu(leriii('ii,  deux  gunro  do  la  fumillo  iIcb 

cliimvrsoniiit.     <^  Ann.  Xlns.  Hist.  Nat.  I'liria,  xv,  IHIO,  pp.  I.")7-lUri. 
1817. — Wiedemann,  C.  R.  W.     llclur  die  riedi'itliii'io  (Cliiiopteiii),  uacb  Geoffioy- Saint -Hiluiro. 

<  Wi.ilcmann,  Zool.  Xla^.  1.-17, *i,  pp.  110-14'.);  ii,  pp.  110-16'J. 

1018. — Emmert,  F.,  anil  Burgatzky,  — .   lieobarlitnngiMi  Ubtni'inigf  Hclnvanguro  Fledomiunse  unit  ibre 

KiliUllen.     <Mtckul'8  Deutstli.  Arclilv  f.  Pliysiol.  iv,  181H,  pp.  1-Xl. 
1822.— Leacb,  W.  B.    Tbo  clmracters  of  tbrce  nuw  giniTU  of  batH  witluiiit  fuliaciiona  appcMidagcH  to 

tbe  noso.    < Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii,  \&^i,  pp.  m-7-2;  FdrnsHac,  Hull.  Sei.  Nat.  I,  1824,  pp.  274, 

U75;  Oken,  iBis,  1829,  col.  1185-1187. 
Leacb,  'W.  B.    Tbu  ebnractcrR  of  hcvcu  genera  of  bats  with  foliai  couh  appendagen  to  tbe  nose. 

<Trans.  Linu.  Soc.  xiii,  1822,  pp.  73-82;  lYruseac,  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  i,  1824,  pp.  3()8-nr0. 
1824.— DeamoulinB,  A.    Sur  1«  ni^rnniBiuo  parliculier  anx  nieiubrcK  poHtt'rinurH  di'B  cliauve-Bonriii. 

<  lYrusH.  Hull.  Sci.  Nat.  i,  1824,  pp.  370-372. 

Geoffroy  St-Hilaiie,  I.  Mt^moire  Bur  line  cliauve-Honrln  anidricaiue,  forniant  uno  nonTcllo 
espfice  dans  Ic  genre  nyctinoiue.  <Aun.  Sci.  Nat.  i,  1824,  pp.  ;!37-347  j  Zuol.  Jouru.  i,  1825, 
pp.  233-241. 

1826.— Qray,  J.  E.  A:  i  attempt  at  a  diviBion  of  tbe  family  VespcrtilionidBt  into  groups.  <[  Zool.  Jonrn, 
ii,  1820,  pp.  242, •:43. 

1827.— Horsfield,  T.  Notice  of  two  specieg  of  Vespertili  lidu),  forwarded  by  W.  S.  Mac  Lea",  in  a  let- 
ter to  the  editor  of  tbo  Zoological  Journal.    <  i     1.  Jonrn.  iii,  1827,  pp.  2;i(i-24!). 

1829. — Burnett,  G.  T.    IlIuBtratioua  of  the  Alipeda,  or    lats  and  tbelr  allieH.    <^  Quart.  Jonru.  Sci. 
J.iter.  Arts  U.  lUHtit.  n.  Ber.  Jau.-June  182«,  pp.  261-269;  Isis,  1833,  pp.  9;;9,U40. 
Qray,  J.  E.    An  attempt  to  improve  tbe  natural  arrangement  of  tbe  genera  of  bniR,  from  actual 
examination;  witb  Bomo  obBervatioiiB  on  tbu  develnpement  of  their  wingn.    <^Pbil.  Mag.  vi, 
1829,  pp.  28-36. 

1831. — Gray,  J.  B.  Descriptious  of  some  new  genera  and  species  of  bats.  <Zuol.  MiBcell.  1831,  pp. 
;i7,38. 

1832. — Cuvler,  F.  Ki'sai  de  claBxitieatiou  uaturelle  deH  ve8|iertilionB,  et  description  de  jilnsienrs  eBp6- 
ccH  de  ee  genre.    <^  Nouv.  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  i,  1832,  pp.  1-21. 

1837. — Cooper,  W.     Deecriiitions  of  five  species  of  Vespertilio  tliat  inliabit  ibo  environs  of  tbo  cily  of 
New  York.     <  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Mist.  New  York,  iv,  1837,  pp.  53-03. 
Cooper,  W.    On  two  species  of  Plecotns  inbabiting  the  United  States  territory.    <Ann.  Lye. 

Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  iv,  1837,  pp.  71-75,  pi,  3,  flgg.  5-(>. 
Cooper,  TV.    On  two  Bpecies  of  Midossns  inbabiting  tbo  soutbern  United  States.    <^  Ann,  Lye. 
Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  iv,  1837,  pp.  ((4-70,  pi.  3,  figg.  1-4. 

1838.— Gray,  J.  E.  A  revision  of  tbe  genera  of  bats  (Vospcrtilionida?)  and  tbe  description  of  some  new 
genera  and  species.     <[  Jardine,  Mag.  Zool.  Hot.  ii,  1838,  pp.  483-5)5. 

1839.— Kinsley,  J.  H.  Notice  of  Vespertilio  pruinosus  and  Icterus  pbocniieus.  <^  Am.  Juurn.  Sei.  and 
Arts,  xxxvii,  1839,  pp.  195, 196. 

1846.— Hallowell,  E.  Description  of  n  new  species  of  bat  f^om  Westcrr.  Africa — Pteropus  baldenmni. 
<Am.  Jouru.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  ii,  1840,  pp.  373, 274 ;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  iii,  1846,  pp. 
52, 53. 

1851. — Wyman,  J.  [Statements  witb  regard  to  tbe  structure  uf  tbe  Bjinal  cord  in  bata.]  <^  Proc.  Bos- 
ton Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  1851,  p.  35. 

1852.— Jones,  T.  TV.  Discovery  tbat  tbo  veins  of  tbe  bat's  wing  wliieb  are  furnisbed  witb  valves,  aro 
endowed  witb  rbytbinical  contractility,  etc.  <;Pbilo8.  Trnim.  18.'i2,  i)p.  131-136,2  pll.;  ab- 
stract in  Proc.  lioy.  Soc.  London,  no.  85  (Abstracts  of  tl,e  Papers,  etc.  vol.0),  1852,  pp.  147- 
149;  Institut,  xx,  1852,  no.  964,  p.  194 ;  Fror.  Tagesber.  18.'i2,  no.  66-1  (Zool.  iii),  pp.  215,816. 

1854.— Le  Conte,  J.  Observations  on  tbe  Vespertilio  leporinuF,  of  Linnotns.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi. 
Pbila.  vii,  iaj4,  pp.  190,191. 

185S.—Iie  Conte,  J— Observations  on  tbe  Nortb  American  tpecies  of  bats.  < Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Pbila.  vii,  18.-,5,  |)p.  431-438. 

1856.— Peters,  TV.  Systematisebc  Stellung  der  Gattuug  Mor.nops,  die  Classilication  dcr  Pbyllostomata 
sowio  oiue  ueue  Art  dor  Qattung  Vampyrus.  <^  Mouatsber.  K.  Pr.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berliu,  1856, 
pp.  409-415. 


BIBLIOOR.  APPENDIX— L.  OniUOPTEUA. 


1057 


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171,  IT.''.. 

Tomes,  H.  P.    Monograph  of  tUe  jjoima  Lasiiinis.    <Proc.  Zool.  Soi'.  I.diiilon,  xxv,  IH.'iT,  ]ip. 
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1858.— Balrd,  S.  F.    [Description  of  a  pliyllostome  bat  (Macrntns  ciilifiiriiicus,  n.  s.)  from  Calilorniii, 
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Berlin,  1«J9,  pp.  S?2-225. 
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K.  I'r.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  IWiO,  jip.  t!17-eli). 
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pp.  15C-100. 
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1863.— Peters,  W.    Nachricht  von  einem  nenen  frngivoren  Fledtrthicre,  Stenfl(krina  (Pygoderma) 

niierodou,  aus  Surinam.    <Monat8ber.  K.  Pr.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1863,  pp.  83-85. 
1864— Allen,  tf.    Monograph  of  the  bats  of  North  America Washington,  Smiths.  Inst.  June, 

1864,  8°.    xxiii,  85  pp.,  with  68  figg.    Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.  no.  105,  vol.  vii,  art.  1. 

(i'liis  memoir  remains  the  leadiu)!  authority  upon  the  aulgect,    For  a  Inter  revision  of  the  same  group  see 

anUi,  p.  1000.  date  lei.'i.l 

Figanierre  6  Morao,  — .    An  account  ot  a  remarkable  accumulation  of  bats.    <Ann.  Hop. 

Smiths.  Inst,  for  1863,  1864,  pp.  407-409.    [Killing  of  9640  bats  in  a  farm-house  in  Maryland.] 

1865.— Allen,  H.    [On  a  new  genns  (Corynorhinns)  of  Vespcrtilionidir.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

1865,  pp.  173-176. 

Osbnm,  W.    Notes  on  the  Cheiroptera  of  Jamaica.    By  the  late  Mr.  W.  Osburn.    Communi- 
cated by  P.  L.  Sclat.  r.     <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1865,  pji.  61-85. 
Peters,  W.    Hr.  W.  Peters  legto  Abhandlungen  zu  einer  Monographie  dor  Chiropteren  vor  unil 
gab  eiue  Uhersicht  der  von  ihm  belolgtcn  systematisehen  Ordnuug  der  hieher  gehorigen  Gat- 
tmigen.    <  Monatsb.  K.  Prcuss.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  18(i5,  pp.  256-258.    [Cont.  pp.  351-359.] 
-     Peters,  W.    Hr.  W.  Peters  las  iiber  Flederthicre  (Vesportilio  soricinus  Pallas,  Choroenycteris 
Licht.,  Kbinophylla  pumilio  nov.  gen.,  Artibens  fallax,  A.  concolor,  Dermanura  quadrivittatum, 
Nycteris grandis,  u.  spp.).    <  Monatsb.  K.  Preuss.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1865,  pp.  351-359. 
[ConUins  a  synop-'is  of  Stcuodcrmiuai,  pp.  356-350.   Continneil  on  pp.  503-524.] 
Peters,  MV.    Hr.  W.  Peters  laa  Uhor  die  zn  den  Vampiri  gehorigen  Flederthicre  und  Ul)cr  die 
natUrlicho  Stcllung  der  Gattung  Antrozous.   <  Monatsb.  K.  Prcuss.  Adad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1865, 
pp.  603-524. 
1866.— Allen,  H.    Notes  on  the  VeBpertilionidaj  of  tropical  America.    <  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. 

1866,  pp.  279-288. 
07  M 


m\--'^' 


;!  'ft'ii 


'ii     "« 


'■.^H-;         ■! 


1058 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


18G6.— Oiay,  J.  B.     KcviHion  of  tlio  gciiern  of  rhylloBtoinidui,  or  Icafiuwed  batH.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soo. 
Loudon,  mm,  pp.  Itl-llH. 
Oiay,  J.  B.    SyiiopsiH  of  llm  fj'"''™  of  Vi^Kpoitilionid«>  and  Nootiliouidiu.    ^Ann.  and  Mug. 

Nat.  Ilisl.  xvil,  ;)d  Hiir.  Jan.  IHOU,  pp.  ra-U;l. 
Fetera.  'W.    I'l'btr  einigo  none  odcr  wonigur  bckanuto  FledurtbiiTo  und  Nager.    <^Monat8ber. 

Ak.id.  WisH.  Berlin, .Ian.  aa.lHWi,  pp.  lG-a5,and  Jnno  2.'>,pp.  ;iM-4ll,  wilb  1  pi. 
Pete  B,  W.    ForiiLTo  Mittbeilnngen  zur  Konntniss  der  Klcdorthicrc,  naniuntlich  liber  Artcu  des 
Lc' '<Mior  und  Ilritmchon  MnsLMim'x.    <^MonatHb.  Akad.  Wish.  l!Brliu,Nov.  l,lH(iU, pp.  6T2-(it<l. 
1868. — Tones,  T.  W.    SlicroHCoi)ioul  cliaracters  of  tbo  rb.vtbniically  contractile  mnxcular  coat  of  tlio 
V0IL9  of  tlio  wi^b  of  tbo  bat's  wing.    <  I'roc.  lioj-.  Soc.  181W,  p.  1142.    (AbHtract.) 
Peters,  W.    Hr.  \V.  Peters  las  llbcr  diu  m  den  Glossophngio  geliorigcn  ricderthiero  nnd  Ubur 
Pino  neuo  Art  dc;  Qattuug  ColiJura.    <MouatHb.  K.  Preuss.  Akad.  Wisa.  Kurlin,  18GH,  pp.  3(11- 
:W(i,  1  pi. 
1869.— Krarap-Hanseu,  C.  J.  L.     l^oitriige  zu  oinorTlicorio  dea  Fluges  dur  Vdgel,  der  Insokten  iiud 
I'lcdcnniinse.    8°.    42  pp.,  with  woodcuts.    Copenbagen,  ie()9.    [Cf.  Zool.  Reo.  vi,  p.  28.] 
[I'llglitof  b»ts.  onp.  20.) 
Peters,  W.     Uebcr  none  oder  weniger  beknnnto  Flcdertbioro,  Insbesondcre  dcs  Parlser  Museums. 

<Monat*b.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1809,  pp.  391-406. 
Echobl,  J.     Die  Flugbant  dor  FledprniiiuBC,  namentlich  die  Eudignug  ihrer  Nerven.     <Arch. 
niikr.  Anat.  vii,pp.  1-31,  jdl.  l-.'i;  (auulyse)  Arch.de  Zool.  Exp.  ct  G6u,  i,  1872,  pp.  xxxv-xxxvi, 
pi.  x,  llKg.  fi.    [DutcB  uudeturniinod — about  18C9.] 
1869-72.— ntzlnger,  L.  J.     Kritiscbo  Durchwcbt  der  Flattertbiere  oder  Ilandllilpler  ((,"hiroptera). 
<Sit2l..  Matb.-Nat.  CI.  Kiingl.  Akad.  Wien,  Ix,  18<)9,  pp.  3Kr>-474,  r>9r>-(«i2,  1  pi.,  pp.  823-889; 
1x1,  1870,  123-188,  447-530,  715-828 ;  Ixii,  13-144,  211-317,  353-438,  527-582;  ixiii,  1872,  pp.  203- 
29,-.. 
1S71. — Schbbl,  J.     The  wing  of  bats.    <;Ain.  Nat.  v,  1871,  pp.  174, 175.    [Editorial  excerpt.] 
1872. — Macalister,  A.    The  myology  if  the  Cliiroptera.    <  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  1H72,  pp. 94,95  (abstract); 
Pbilim.  Trans.  1872,  jip.  12,'>-172,  pll.  13-lf). 

1074.— Newman,  B.    Bate,  and  supiirstitions  coucerniug  them.    <[  Am.  Sports.  Mar.  28,  1874. 
ll'roni  "Thol'lolil".! 
Norris,  T.    Tbo  use  of  bate.    <  Am.  Sports.  May  9, 1874.     [Supply  of  nitro  from  bat  manure.] 
1875.— Coues,  B.     Winged  quadrupeds.    <  Peun  Monthly,  May,  1875,  pp.  341-353,  ligg.  8. 
[A  popular  orticlo  on  liat».] 


'tf  ni 


n.-INSECTIVORA. 

1771.— BanlDgton,  D.  Account  of  a  mole  [Scalopst]  from  North  America.  In  a  letter  to  Or.  Maty, 
sec.  R.  S.,  from  the  Hon.  Davies  Harrington,  F.  R.  S.  <  Pbilos.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Loudon,  Ixi, 
art.  xxxiv,  1771,  pp.  292,293. 

1808.— Meckel,  J.  F.  Ueber  die  oeteologischen  DilTureDzen  der  Igelartcu.  <  Beit,  zur  vergl.  Anat. 
i,  Heft  i,  1808,  pp.  34-5(i. 

1811. — Geoffroy  St.-Hilaire,   fi.    Sur  les  especes  des  genres  nmsaraigno  ct  niygalc.    <Ann.  Mus. 

Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  xvii,  1811,  pp.  1(J0-194. 
1815.— OeoSroy  St.-Hllaire,  fl.     Mi5nioiro  snr  les  glandca  odorit'drantes  dcs  musaraignes.     <  Ann. 

Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Pans,  I,  1815,  pp.  299-311. 
1819.— Desmarest,  A.  O.    [On  Condylnra  crustata.]    <  Journ.  Pbys.  Ixxxix,  1819,  p.  230. 
1825.— Oodman,  J.  D.    Note  on  the  genus  Condylnra  of  lUiger.     <. Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  v, 

1825,  pp.  lOU-UG  ;  Pbilos.  Mug.  Ixvii,  1820,  pp.  273-277  ;  Isis,  1834,  pp.  475-477. 
Harris,  T.  W.    Description  of  n  nondescript  epccies  of  the  genus  Condylnra  [C.  prasinata]. 

<  Boston  Journ.  Pbilos.  and  Arts,  ii,  182.5,  pp.  580,  .58:);  Tilloch's  Pbilos.  Mag.  Ixvii,  182C,  pp. 

191-193  ;  F^russae's  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  viii,  1820,  pp.  97, 98. 
1827. — Qeoffroy  St-Hilaire,  I.    M^moire  sur  qnelques  esptccs  nouvelles  ou  pen  counucs  du  genre 

nmsaraigno.    <  M(Sm.  Mus.  Iliet.  Kat.  Paris,  xv,  1827,  pp.  117-141. 
1838.— Oeoffroy  Bt.-HUalre,  I.    [Sur  le  Sorex  pcrsonatus.]    <MiSm.  du  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  xx,  1828,  p. 

419. 


BIBLIOGK.  APPENDIX— M.  INSECTIVORA. 


1059 


1831.— Llchtenstein,  K.  M.  H.  Uobcr  diu  VcrwaiidtHchiift  dcr  kleiiicii  (insoctciifresBciuli'ii)  Ruub- 
tlikre  iiiit  deii  Niigcrn.     <  Abliuiidl.  K-.  Akiid.  Wish.  Ui'iliii,  Iffll,  pp.  lUr)  'JUO. 

1033. — Oeoffroy  St.-HUaire,  I.      [Lii  iiniMirai(»n(>  iiiasipioe,  yonx  pirnomitun.]    <[  Miij;.  Ziml.  Irtlll. 

1834. — Duvernoy,  G.  L.  rriiH'iii^u"  d'hiHtoiro  imtiirclU'  svNtc'riiHticim'  ot.  plivKidlof^iciiio  Nur  Ii'h  niusii- 
raigiies  (Sorex).  <C_  Iiist.  ii,  no.  70,  IKil,  pp.  '.".ISI;  miitci  iliid.  vi,  iiii.  y^li,  LditH,  jip.  III-UU; 
M6ni.  Hoc.  Nat.  IIIhI.  StruHbomg,  ii.  IKiri,  'M  pp.,  :i  pll.,  -f  7  Mippl.  pii.;  Itibl.  L'niv.  ii,  IKtti,  pp. 
w.",  IflG;  IsiH,  IKMi,  pp.  23,5,ii30;  1839,  pp.  ItOCl-'JCii. 

183S. — 'Woodruff,  S.  TLo  mole  (ScnlopscnnailensiB,  Ciiv.)  carnivoroiiH.  <  Am..Ioiirii.  .Soi.  iiiiil  ArlH, 
xxviii,  18H,''.,  pp.  1(38-171. 

1837. — Bachman,  J.  Some  remarks  or.  tbo  genua  .Sorcx,  with  a  nionograpb  of  lbi>  North  Aiiuricaii 
speciea.    <^Joiirn.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.  vii,  pt.  ii,  1*17,  pp.  ;i(iJ-4()-',  pll  Jlt.'Jl. 

[Thofli-Bt  furmol  roviHion  of  tb«  siritii'ct,  lit'iiii:  the  fouodatlou  (if  our  kiMwlid;;*'  t.Ci  !*  .\iiicilciin  «pfcli'«:— S. 
carolluoiidlH.  n.  Hp.,li-  '"W.  pi.  2:i,  (Is.  I ;  S.  lim^ilrostriH,  ii.  i*p.,  p.  :t70,  pi.  y:j.  111;.  'j;  s.  ciut-niw,  u.  Rp.,  p.  :ti:i.  pi. 
33, flu- 3;  S,  (litkft.Yl  (Cuuper),  n.  Hp.,  p.  377,  pi,  2;(,  fl;;.  4;  H.  breviouMlim.  Say.  p.  lir-I ;  S.  rti IianlHoliii,  Ilnt;li. 
(  =  8.  parvus.  lilch.  iico  Sa.v),  -  363,  pi  <H,  fig.  ."i;  S.  fc.rstcrl,  Rich.,  p.  -JCd,  pi.  SI.  flit.  0  ;  S.  Cdopi-rl.  n.  sp.,  p.  31'S, 
pi.  84,  (Ig.  7  I  S.  liuibiipps,  n.  sp.,  p.  .191,  pi.  S4,  Hg.  f;  S.  parvus,  Say,  p.  394  (dowir.  ciipiod);  S,  palintrls,  Kli;li., 
p.  300  (copied)  i'S.  talpniden,  Capper,  p.  397  (copied)':  9.  pumoiiutna,  I.  St.llil.,  p.  39tl.— 13  Bpp. ;  U  mv ;  1  re- 
uaniL'd-,  2  idi>ntltlod  i  4  merely  quoted.] 

Blalnville,  M.  H.  D.  de.    Note  Biir  lea  oarnassicrH  iiiNCcI  i vorea.    <;  Anu.  Fran(.  et  £traug.  d'Aiiat. 

ot  de  I'liysiol.  i,  1837,  pp.  315,31(i. 
Gray,  J.  E.    [Heviaion  of  tbo  nemi9  Sorex,  Liun.]    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudou,  v,  IB'37,  pp. 

rj3-lli(i.    [Invents  the  nonsense-names  C'oraira,  Ulurina,  etc.] 
1839.— Selys-LoDgcbamps,  B.  de.    fitudca  do  miciouiauiraal()j;ie.— Rovne  dea  uinBaraiKiiea,  des  rats 

ot  des  canipagnols,  auivic  d'nii  index  mdtbodiqiie  lies  nniiumiferes  d'Koiope ;  par  lidm.  de  Selys- 

Longcbnnips,  membre  de  plusieurs  Boci^K^s  savantea.    K'.    i  p.  11.,  pp.  1-1('m,  pll.  1-3.    Paris, 

1839. 
[5  1.  Kevne  dea  musaralgnes  d'Kuropo,  pp.  1-48.    5  3.  Kevuu  ilea  lala  d'Kuropc.  pp.  iO-HO.    5  ;l.  Revue  dea  caul- 

pngnola  d'Kurope,  pp.  81-132.    CatalnsU"  iii6tliodi(]iie,  pp.  13:l-13li.    ICiiioiuconiiii  luaniuialium  index  nietliudieuii, 

pp.  137-1.1(1.    The  plates  represent aknlla  of  Arviiolie. J 
1840.— Liusley,  J.  H.    Sorex  parvus  nud  Sorex  bruvicaudia.     <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sc'i.  and  Arts,  xxxix,  184(1, 

pp.  388, 389. 
1841.— Sundevall,  C.  J.    Ofveraigt  af  sliigtet  Krinacena.    <  Kong.  Vet.  Akad.  lliindlgr.  Stoekholin, 

1841,  pp.  215-'..'40  ;  lais,  1845,  pp,  273-280. 

1841-42.— Bachman,  J.  Observations  on  the  genus  .Sealops,  (shrew  moles,)  with  descriptions  of  the 
species  found  in  North  America.  <  (Abstract)  "Proc.  Host.  Soo.'Nat.  Hist,  i,  1841,  pp.  40, 41 ; 
(in  full)  Jouni.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  iv,  no.  i,  art.  iii,  Juue,  1842,  pp.  26-3,''). 

1842. — Duvernoy,  G.  L.  Notices  pour  aervir  i,  la  luonograpbie  du  geure  niusaraigne  (Sorex,  Cnv.) 
<  Mag.  de  Zool.  1842,  Mamm.  pll.  38-54  (with  48  pp.) ;  Comptes  Rendua  Acad.  Sci.  Paria,  xv, 

1842,  pp.  7-13;  Institnt,  x,  1642,  pp.  247,248. 

Duvernoy,  G.  L.    Sur  lea  denta  des  niusuraigucs,  consid6r<!es  daus  lour  couipoeition  ot  leur 

etrneturo  Intime,  leurs  rapports  avoc  les  raachoires,  leur  diSveloppemoiit  et  leur  snccesaion. 

< Comptes  Reudus  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  xv,  1842,  pp.  270-278,  304-314,  483-491 ;  Dentsch.  Naturf. 

Voraamml.Derichte,  1842,  pp.  225,220;  Prance,  Congr6.i  Scieut.  1842,  vui- 18U-191 ;  M6in.  priSa. 

ik  I'Acad.  des  Sci.  Paris,  Sci.  Math.  Bt  Pbys.  ix,  1840,  pp.  333-432,  4  pll. 
Buudevall,  C.  J.    Om  sliigtet  Sorcx,  nied  nSgra  nya  artcrs  beakrifning.    <  K.  Sv.  Vet.  Akad. 

Handl.  (Stockholm),  1842,  pp.  103-188. 
Temminck,  C.  J.    Description  d'uu  nonveau  genre  de  mammifftrea  [Urotriehua].    <Mag.  d« 

Zool.  1842,  pp.  — ,  pi.  5. 
1843— Duvernoy,  G.  L.    Deuxii^me  aupplfiment  au  m^moire  sur  lee  deuta  des  muaaraignea  et  autres 

mammifirea.    <  Comptes  Reudus  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  xvii,  1843,  pp.  98-10:). 
1846.— Peters, 'W.    Neuo  Siiugethiergattungon  aus  den  InsektenfresBom  uhd  Kagern.    <Mouatsber. 

Akad.  'VVisaenach.  Berlin,  1846,  pp.  257-259. 
1848.— Pomel,  A.    Etudes  sur  lea  camassiors  insectivores.    (Extrait.)    <  Arch,  de  Pbys.  et  Nat.  ix, 

1848  (Ire  partie,  luaectivorea  fossiles),  pp.  159-165 ;  (8me  partie,  Claasiflcation  dea  inaectivorea), 

pp.  244-351. 


^i 


I'  M 


1060  MONOGRArnS  of  north  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

1849. — Pomel,  A.    Hiir  liiilislriliiiliiui  g(''iiKni|iliii|iicHl)'siiiiiniiiiifi'r>>4  iiiHpclivnri'fiinoiiixli'liiliflH.    <[niil' 
Sdc  (iddl.  F.-iiiicc,  '.V  nfr.  vi,  1^411,  pp.  TiU-IU  ;  nlistniclH,  Ai'cliivi'n  Sri.  Nul.  rl  IMi.vm.  x  ;  I'ror.  Ncii, 

;i. liiiiii',  xi,  nil. •■iui,  isr.i, pp.  4;t-.'.;(. 

18S0.— R^dar^B,  M.     I>i<  iliiiHwuir  tiiiipiiT  on  I'lirt  ili<  pii'iidri'  \m  liiiiprx  ['I'alpii]  piir  iIch  ni(i.v«nH  hiiih 

I't   I'ai'ilcH;  pi(''('('iI(S  {|tt  Iciir  liintoiio  imliirullu  .  ,  .     N'i>iivi'llo  i^ilitioii,  aii^Miii'iiti^tJ  il'iiii  Iniilii 

ntii'  la  ilt'Htniction  iIi'H  aiiiiiiuiix  vt  iIch  iiiHt-ctrrt  luiiNJUIcH  nil  jariliiia>t».     Oiivraf;ii  orii6  du  liKiireH. 

1H>^'.     Kl  pp., 2  pU.     I'aiiH,  ta  Lilirahie  Kiu'velopriliiiun  do  Koiot,  lA'iOt 

1852.— Potere,  W.    Uoli«rdio(i«bisHl'oruii>l  dm-  »pit7.miill8(^.    <  Bericlitultorliii,  Akad.  1852,  pp.  lOD-l/'J; 

Ariliiv  f.  Naturx.  xvill,  1852,  pp.  !«0-'2'.ir;  Kror.  Taat'Hlior.  iio.  570  (Ziiol.  hi,  18M),  pp.  81-80. 
1853.— CasBin,  J.    [Kxliil)ition  of  a  new  iimlii,  Hcalops  iiiiilallcsi-ciiH  (dracr.  nulla).]     <[  I'rw.  Acad. 
Nat.  Hci.  I'hila.  vi,  I'eb.  18r>;!,  p.  24\.>.    [Dencrihed,  iliiil.  p.  'Jf.l'J,  iw  -i.  aintiis.] 
Caasin,  J.    DewniptiDn  of  a  now  nioitt  of  tlio  KcniiH  Scalopfl,  from  Orr^on ;  a  Hpi'oinion  of  wliicli 
\h  in  tilt*  eollootion  of  tho  oxploving  r.\pt>dition  niado  by  tliH  U.  8.  HhipH  Vincciint^H  and  I'ca- 
cocli,  under  tlio  couini.\nd  yf  Captain  Charlos  Wilkes,  of  llio  United  Stuti'8  Niv;'.     <^  I'roc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liiln.  vi,  18r>;),  p.  ii'JD.     [S.  aMiciiH— niinicd,  not  <lc«ciil>cd,  ibid.  p.  '242.] 
[Mr.  ('aMlu,  is'butlier  iuleiitlonall)'  or  InadvtTti'ntU'.  nppliutl  ihcno  twii  iinineH  to  Iho  Hatno  upcrliiu'ii.) 
Le  Conte,  J.     [Ki'iinirkB  on  Ihonpccii'ii  of  Scalops  in  the  collodion  of  llio  Pliilndolpliia  Acndoniy.] 

<  rinc.  AciMl.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  vi,  .Iinio,  18,".3,  pp.  02(1,  3-27.    [8.  ta^niota,  »p.  n.,  p.  ;i-27.] 
18SS.— Ayres,  W.  O.     [On  Scalops  califoruicus,  sp.  n.]    <.  Pioc.  Cnla.  Acad.  Sci.  i.  May,  1855,  p.  54. 
1896.— Kennicott,  R.    Zoology  of  IlliniilH,    Th«  Bilvcry  slircw  niolour  (jronnd  molo  of  Illinois— Scalops 

aigcntatuH.  And.  iV  Hucli.     <^  Tho  I'rairio  Farinor  (nowapapci),  xvi,  no.  M,  Dec.  11,  IlrriCi. 
1857. — [Billings,  B.]    On  tho  Btar-noHod  mcdo  [CondylurucrUtutn]  of  America,    [anon.]     <Cari.  Nat. 

and  (jcol.  ii,  art.  \xxviii,  Ir.l?,  pp.  44ti-448. 
1858. — Oiebol,  C.  O.    OntoologiHcbo  EiKonthiimlicbkoiton  dcs  nordaniprlk.iniHcbcii  WaMieraiullii(8ca- 

lopiis  nipiaticuH).     <Zoit8clir.  Kcwiuinit.  Xaturw.  Hallo,  xil,  1858,  pp.  :iiri-4()5. 
1868.— Cope,  B.  D.     [On  Noos:irtx  albibarbi».]     <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  S.i.  I'bilu.  IH<i2,  pp.  188, 189. 

Verrill,  A.  B.     List  of  tbo  HpccicH  of  tho  family  Suricidm,  known   to  inhabit  New  Kngland. 

<  I'loe.  lioston  .Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  x,  1802,  pp.  172, 17;i. 

Veirill,  A.  B.    Notice  of  ii  specicH  of  NooHorcx  from  MaaBncliiiscttN,  and  of  Sorex  thompsoui 

from  Maine.     <  I'roc.  Ibwion  Soc.  Nat.  lliHt.  ix,  18ii<;,  lip.  104-172. 
Oiebel,  C.  O.    Nciie  Spitzratto,  Gyuinura  alba,  vou  Borneo.    <^  Zeitscb.  fllr  d.  gc8.  NutarwHcbft- 

xxii,  lS«;i,  pp.  277-2U0,  pll.  1,2. 
Oilpin,  J.  B.    Soricinre  of  Nova  Scotin.    [On  the  maniinalia  of  Novn  Hcoiia,  No.  1.]    <Triih8, 

Novn  Scotinn  Inst,  Nat.  Sci.  ii,  part  ii,  180;i,  urt.  i,  pp.  1-4. 
Masse,  — .    [Ubcr  die  Kibllllcn  dor  Spitzmaua  uud  des  Igcls.]    <^  Reich,  u.  Vn  ItoiHArch.  f. 

Aniit.  180:i,  p.  7:i(l. 
Peters,  W.     Cber  neiio  Kicbhoruurtun  [Soiuridtc]  nti8  Mexico,  Costa  Rica  nnd  (iniana,  »o  wie 
ilber  Scalops  latimanus  Dachmau.     <  Jlouatsb.  K.  I'r.  Akad.  Wiss.  lierlin,  18011,  pp. fi."i2-(i00. 
[SL-Aln[iH  lutiin.iuim  (HnctiiiinirK  type  iu  llerliu  Mitsotiui)  -Sc.  tuwiisuutll  llHcliiuaii,  lliilrd  (p.  &V1).] 
,    Venill,  A.  B.    [Snppb'mentury  uutice  of  Neosorex  palustris.]    <  Proc.  lioston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist, 
ix,  18li;!,  pp.  225,220. 
1864.— Oilpin,  J.  B.    On  the  nmmnnilia  of  Nova  Scotia,  No.  2.     <  Traim.  Novu  Scotinn  Inst.  Nat.  Sci. 
Halifax,  1804,  pp.  8-15. 

[IU-lfiti'8  til  Talpidn-,  Vi'upiTtllinniilfr.  Kcliila!,  CnniiliG.    Otlier  nrticlt-n  of  tliii*  KcricB,  by  saine  nntliiir,  tn'nt- 
bit;  (if  piirtiiMilar  groups,  will  bt*  fuund  iiuder  hfnd  ot  FHuiinl  I'ublicalions,  anttd.] 
Lord,  J.  K.    Notes  on  tho  Urotricbna.    <  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1804,  pp.  10l-lC;i. 
Peters,  W.     I'cbcr  die  SiiiigethicreGattuDg  Soleuodou.    <  A'ubaudl.  Akad.  WiBseuscb.  Bvrin 
f.  1803,  1864,  jip.  1-22,  pll.  1-3. 
1865. — Brandt,  B.    Izslycdovaniya  o  znbnoi  sisterayo  kutor  i  zcmlcrock.    8°.     117  pp.,  with  0  pll.    St. 
Petersburg,  180.">.     [Researches  oh  tho  den  il  system  of  the  shrews.     See  180U-71,  Brandt,  E.] 
Peters,  W.    Ueber  die  Classilication  der  Inacctivorii  [bcsouders  Krlculus, Kchinogule,  nnd  I'ota- 
mognle.]     <  Monatsbcr.  Akad.  Wissensch.  Berlin,  1805,  p.  280, 
1866. — Allman,  O.  J.    On  tho  characters  and  ulllnities  of  Potamogule.    <^  Trnus.  Zool.  Soc.  Loudou,  vi, 
180(i,  pp.  1-10,  pll.  1,2.    [The  article  upon  the  subject.) 
RoUeston,  O.     On  tbo  placental  structures  of  tbo  tenicc  (Ccnteles  ccaudatns),  and  those  of 
certain  other  mnninialia  ;  with  remarks  on  the  value  of  the  placental  system  of  claBsillcntinn. 

<  Triinx,  Zool.  Sne.  London,  v,  1800.  pp.  28.'i-310,  pi.  r.O. 


BIBLIOGU.  Al'PliNDlX— N.  U00KNT1\. 


1061 


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FitziDgei,  L.  J.    Dill  nulllrliclic  I'limilin  (Icr  l^nl  (I'.iiimiui)  niicli  ili'Mi  gcnonwiirliKiMi  .Hlnmlo 

<li)r  WiswiiKclmft.    <Sil/,.  nmlli. -11111.  CI.  K.  AUiid.  \Vis«.  \Vii'n(l),  Ivi,  lMi7,  pp.  HIl-c'.H). 
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unKiliiitiKiin  Artnn.     <  8ilz.  nialh.niit.  CI.  K.  Akuil.  \Vi».s.  Winn  (1),  Ivi,  lH(i7,  pp.  Ull-iMli. 
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iai-lH(l,4AV,-,Il,  .WJ-Gll. 
Mivart,  St.  O.     NotnH  on  tlin  (>!i(i(ili)(;y  ul'  tlin  Iimectivcmi.     <  Jiinin.  Ainit.  iirid  I'Iijm.  i,  18C7, 
pp.  iJHI-Hl-J;  ii,  pp.  117-l.'il.     (I'r.  ni'.li  tiiinslaliini ;  NotnHHnr  roBU'olnKin  dnn  inwi'tivnri'B.  .  .  . 
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Moaeley,  H.  N.,  und  Laukester,  E.  R.     On  thn  nuninnclatnru  of  nmnunalian  tnotli,  and  on 

tho  dnntition  of  the  nmln  (  Taliia  nurnpita)  and  the  badKni-  (Melen  tuxu»).     <  .Innrn.  Aniit.  and 

I'h.VHiol.  ill,  18(W,  pp.  711-80,  pi.  ii,  llgj;.  5,(1. 

1869.— Fitzinger,  L.  J.    Die  natllrlichu  Faniiliu  <\n  ManlwUrfo  (Tolpu!)  nud  ihre  Artnn,  nach  krltiachcu 

UulnrnnnhnngBU.     <  Sitz.  math.-nat.  CI.  K.  Akad.  \Vii«.  Wien  (1),  lis,  1811'J,  pp.  ;ij:i-l'jy. 

Fitzinger,  L.  J.    Din  nntilrlicho  Fumilie  dir  Spitzliiirnclmn  (Cladolmtu)).    <  Silz.  math.-nat. 

Cl.  K.  Akad.  WisH.  Wien,  Ix,  18(ll»,  pp.  iilJIl-SWU. 
Reinbardt,  J.    MiLdketandHiettet  og  tnndnkiftningnn  hos Cintetis  ccundutUB  (8chr.).    < Overs. 
DanHk.  Ved.  Selsk.  Forhandl.  f.  I8(iy,  pp.  171-178,  with  woodcntH. 
1869-71.— Brandt,  B     Unt(-rHnchHU({cn  Uhcr  das  Gebiss  dcr  Spitzniiiii-so.    <  Hull.  Sue.  Imp.  Nat.  Mos- 
C()»,  xli,  ae  partin,  lH6i>,  pp.  70-!).'.,  pll.  l-(i ;  xliii,  2n  partic,  1871,  pp.  1-40.    [Sec  1H«5,  Drandt,  E.] 
1971.— Fowler,  A.    Woodcock  and  mules.    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1871,  p.  7(11. 

Mivart,  St.  O.    On  IleniiccntetcB,  a  new  genus  of  luBcctivora,  with  some  additional  remarks 

(Ml  thi^  osteuloi-.v  of  that  order.     <  Proc.  Zool.  80c.  London,  1871,  pp.  08-79,  pi.  v. 
Tpnney,  S.    [Appearance  in  winter  of  ]  the  star-nosed  mole.    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  p.  al4. 
1871-72.— Sahleitz, —.    Tandsicttct  og  tundskiftet  hos  piudsvinnt  (Krinueorfl  enropaius).    <  Viden- 
skali.  Meddels.  Ira  Natnrli.  Torening  Kjobeuhavn  for  1871,  (:l)  iii,  1871-72,  pp.  ;iri0-38,5,  p!.  II. 
(R<5siuuiS  franvais,  jip.  :i6-l2.) 
1872.-Eimer,  T.    We  Schnautzo  des  Maulwutfa  [Talpa]  als  Tastwerkzeug.    < Arehiv  fUr  inikrosk. 

Anat.  vii,  1872,  pp.  181-101,  pl.  17. 
1873.— Sahlertz,  — .    Du  systimie  dentaire  et  dii  remplucement  des  dents  chez  le  hdrissou.    <  Journ 
de  Zool.  Paris,  187a,  pp.  27.^281. 

[Itep.  iut  of  (bo  Msuni6  fronvnls  from  Vid.  MmUIcIs.  Ira  Nat.  Foreiilug  K,|(.l)ciiUavil,  1871-7-3,  mi.  36-^2.1 
187A.-Anderaon,  J-    On  tho  osteology  and  dentition  of  Ilylomya.    <  Trans.  Zool.  Boo.  London,  vUi, 

1874,  pp.  4!)3  'i()7,  pl.  Ixiv. 
1875  -CoueB,  E.    Tto  silvery  mole  [Scalops  argentatus].    <  Rod  and  Gun,  May  22, 1875. 

Gill,  T.    Synoiisis  of  insectivorons  mammalia.    <  Bull.  U.  8.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  2d  ser.  no. 
2,  MttV  14, 1875,  pp.  01-120. 

|Tln.  olBsslflcatlon  of  II16  order,  with  a  rovlow  of  tho  chainclcrs,  inuoh  critical  dUcuaalon,  Whliogrnpby,  otc.l 
1876.-OilUnan,  H.    Sensitiveness  to  sound  in  the  shrew  [Sorex  thcnipsoui !].    <  Am.  Nat.  x,  1870, 

pp.  4;i0, 4;il. 
1877.-CoueB,  B.    Precursory  notes  on  American   insectivorous  mummiils,  with  descriptions  of  new 
species.    <  Hull.  U.  8.  Geol.  and  Geogr.  Surv.  ill,  no.  3,  1877,  pp.  ()31-G!>3. 

[UoDPral  commentary  and  ci  ititlam  on  tho  prcsf nt  state  of  the  suliject;  drteriuination  of  tho  Renern  and  Bul.. 
cenora-  MlcroBorei,  p.  (MC  ;  Notlonoroj,  p.  C41i ;  Soriciscie,  p.  (i4'J.  aubgg.  nn. ;  Soroxpaciflcus,  p.(!30;  S.  sphiigni- 
cola,  p.'(i50  i  8.  ( tfotloaorei)  orawfordi,  p.  C51 ;  S.  (N.)  evotis,  p.  tioa ;  Blarlna  (SorioUcue)  meilcana,  p.  632,  spp.  nn.) 

N.-RODENTIA. 

(Tldoa  additional  to,  or  corrective  of,  thoBO  given  In  this  volume,  ontedpfMrfm.! 
1685.-Mailus,  J.    Castorologia,  ancta  a  Jo.  Franco.    Angustie  Vindel.  1(j85.    8°.    223  pp.,  2  pll. 
1688.-Wepfer,  J.  J.    Anatomia  aliquot  Custornm.    <  Ephemcr.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  Dec.  1,  Ann.  2. 1671 
(1(188),  pp.  340-371. 


1062  MONOGRAPHS  OP  NOKTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 

1740.— Sarrasin,  — .    Lettro  toucbant  I'anntoiuic  du  Cnstor.    <  Mdm.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  1704,  pp.  48-06. 
1727.— Sarrasin,  — .    Observatious  sur  le  porc-dpio.'   <  M<?m.  Acsd.  Sci.  Paris,  1727,  pp.  3a;!-390. 
1733. — Mortimer,  C.    The  aiiatouiy  of  a  finialo  beaver,  ard  an  account  of  castor  found  in  her. 

<  Pbilos.  Trans,  xxxviii,  no.  430,  1733,  pp.  172-183,  with  Ugg. 

Perrault,  C.    Description  anatomique  d'nn  Castor.    <  M(Sin.  Acad.  Sci.  Paris,  1666-69,  iii,  pte. 

),  1733,-pp.  13G-14'),  2  pll. 
Perrault,  C.    Description  anatomique  du  liuit  porc-dpics  ct  de  quatre  bdrissons.    <  Mdm.  Acad. 

Sci.  Paris,  10G6-1C99,  iii,  pte.  2, 1733,  pp.  31-50,  2  pll. 

1746.— MariuB,  jr.    Trnitti  du  Castor,  traduit  par  M.  Eidons.    12°.    8S0pp.,  Sr".    Paris,  1746. 

1756  ?— Glasler,  N.    Untei'sucbnngeu  und  Nacbricbtcn  voni  Bieber,  desseo  Nator,  Lebensart  uud  Fauge. 

<Abbaudl.  d.  Scbwed.  Aka<l.  xviii,  f.  17u(i,  pp.  100-208. 
1768  ?— Hollsten,  J.    Anmerkungeu  Uber  den  Biber  Castor.    <  Abbaudl.  d.  Schwed.  Akod.  xxxj  f.  1768, 

pp.  202-298. 

1772.— BarringtoD,  D.    Investigation  of  the  specific  characters  wbich  distingnisb  the  rabbit  from  the 

hare:  in  a  letter  to  Samuel  Wegg,  esq.,  T.  and  Vice-President  of  the  R.  S.    <  Pbilos.  Trans. 

London,  Ixii,  1772,  art.  ii,  pp.  4-14.    [Treats  of  Lepos  americanus  among  oilier  species.] 
1778.— Pallas,  P.  S.    Novae  species  qvadrvpedvm  e  glirivm  ordinc  cvm  illvstratiouibvs  vaiiis  com- 

plvrivm  ex  boo  ordine  animalivm.    .  .  .    Erlaugae  svmtv  Wolfgang!  Wallhuri,  1778.    4°. 

Title,  viii,  3e8  pp.,  3!)  pll. 
1784. — Sobiipf,  J.  D.     Ueber  den  nordamorikauiscben  Hasen  [i.  e.,  Lepns  sylvaticus  Bach.].     <[Dor 

Naturforschor,  St.  20,  1784,  pp.  32-30. 
1786.— Oirtanner,  C.    Histoire  natnrello  de  la  marmottc.    <JoHrn.d.  Phjs.  xxviii,  1786,  pp. 218-222; 

Hopfner's  Mag.  f.  d.  Nuturk.  Helvet.  iv,  17>:9,  pp.  374-381 ;  (Licbtenberg)  Voigt's  Mag.  iv,  St. 

2,  1780,  pp.  17-27. 

1792.— Boso,  L.  A.  G.    [Sciurus  carolincnsis.]    <  Joum.  d'Hist.  Nat.  ii,  1792,  pp.  96-08. 

1793.— LoBChge,  F.  H.    Zergliederung  des  americanisehen  scbwarzgestreiftuu  Eicbborns,  Sciurus  stri- 

atus,  L.     < Naturforscber,  St.  xxvii,  1703,  pp.  .VJ-Ol,  with  2  pll. 
1798.— Davles,  T.    [An  account  of  the  jumping  mouse  of  Canada,  Dipus  canadensis.]    <  Voigt's  Mag. 

ii,  St.  1,  1800,  pp.  l-U).     [Also  as  cited,  aiiha,  pp.  477, 478,  q,  c] 
1800.— Shaw,  O.    Description  of  the  Mus  bursnrius  [etc.]      <  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Loudon,  v,  1800,  pp. 

227,  228,  1  pi. ;  Pbilos.  Jlag.  vi,  leOO,  pp.  21.'>,216. 
1802  — Bosc,  L.  A.  O.    Not    sur  I'dcureuil  cajiistrate  [Sciurus  capistratus]  de  In  Caroline.     <^  Ann.  du 

MuH.  d'H.  N.  i,  1802,  pp.  281-284;  Bull.  Soc.  Philoni.  iii,  p.  145. 
1805.— Barton,  B.  9.    On  the  American  wandering  nionse  [Hesperomys  leucopus].     <  Philo.  Med, 

and  Pbys.  Journ.  ii,  1805,  p.  31. 
1806.— Wiedemann,  C.  R.  W.    Anatomiscbe  Bcscbreibung  des  Biebers,    <  Wiedemann's  Arch.  f.  Zool. 

u.  Zoot.  iv,  St.  1,  1804,  pp.  7'»-U'6;  Nachlrag,  ibid,  v,  IfOO,  pp.  220-'>2;i. 
1807.— Maugili,  O.    M(<nioire  sur  la  Idthargiedes  marmottes.    <  Ann.  du  MuB(!um,  ix,  1807,  pp.  100-117. 
1809.— Heckewelder,  J.    Pacts  and  observations  relative  to  the  beaver  of  North  America.    <  Trans. 

Am.  Pbilos.  .Soc.  vi,  1809,  pp.  209-212. 
Heicb,  O.  C.    L'eber  das  Iliiren  uud  Mansern.    <  Ges.  nut.  ]''reande  Mag.  Berlin,  iii,  1809,  pp. 

222-235. 

1810.— Reich,  a.  C.    Bcscbreibung  einer  neuen  Art  vnn  Sebliifer  uus  Virginicn.    <Mag.  f.  d.     ntd. 
in  d.  Nttturk.  d.  Ges.  naturf.  Preunde,  Berlin,  iv,  1810  pp.  243-247,  pi.  viii. 

[MyoxtiH  virgiiiiou«,  p.  347,  from  tbo  Allptjliaiiy  MiiiiulniuH  litiBliy latl:  4  lublarn  hIkivp  nml  below;  hiiiroo 
the  tail  longer  than  on  tlie  body,  l^cngtb,  3  ineliea ;  tail,  Ii  inciea.  '1  lila  cannot  Im^  any  known  Anierican  nnl. 
mat.    Probably  truly  Mjosua.] 

1812.— Lavagua,   — .    Snggio   Hi   .'.pericnze   sopra  la  riprodnziono  di   denii   negli   animali   rosieantl. 

<  (iiorn.  di  Pis.  Chim.  c  Storia  Nutur.  di  Brugnatelli,  v,  1812,  pp.  226-232,249-277. 

1815.— Burrow,  E.  J.    Descriiition  of  Mus  castoroides,  a  new  species.    <  Trans.  Linn.  Hoc.  Loudon, 
xi,  181,5,  pp.  167-169. 

1817.— Desmarest,  A.  O.    [Ceureuil  jk  ventre  roux,  Sciurus  ruflvontcr  Geoflf.]    <Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist. 
Nat.  X,  1817,  p.  103. 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— N.  RODENTIA. 


1063 


1820.— MazimlllaD,  Piiin  von  Wied-Nieuwied.    Uebcr  eiii  iiocli  uubcBcliriebenes  SUugctbior  auB 

dcr  raiiiilii)  der  NiigiT.    <  Isis  vou  Okeii,  ISM,  col.  41). 
1821.— Mitcbill,  S.  L.    [Paper  describing  Sciurus  trideceiulinentiis  and  Mua  naccatus,  un,  spp.,  see  anted, 

p.  WJ.] 

1822.— Cuvier,  P.  Cou8id(!ratioD8  eiir  los  carncterca  g<!n('riqne8  dc  certaiccs  families  demaiumifi'Tcs, 
appliiiudes  aux  inarniottcH  (Arctonijs  uiarmotta  et  A.  enipclia)  et  au  souslik  (A.  citilliis),  ct 
formation  du  genre  sperinopbili'.  <  Mdin.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  ii',  1882,  pp.  893-305,  8  pU.; 
Firms.  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  i,  18-24,  pp.  69-71. 

Cuvier,  F.  Kxamen  des  esptecs  dn  genre  porc-(!pic,  ct  formation  dcs  genres  ou  sous-genres  aoau- 
tbion, ('rethizon,  siudtbere,  et  spbiggure.     <  Mdm.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  ix,  1828,  pp.  41H-437. 

Sabine,  J.  Account  of  tbe  marmots  of  Nortb  America  hitberto  known,  witb  notices  and  descrip- 
tions of  tbreo  ncn-  species  [ Arctomys  ricbardsoni,  boudi,  frauklini].  <Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Lon- 
don, xii,  18'.)8,  pt.  ii,  pp.  579-591,  pll.  xxvii-xxix;  Isis,  1825,  pp.  1330-1335. 

Say,  T.    On  a  quadruped  belonging  to  tbe  order  Kodentia  [Isodon  (n.  g.)  piloridea  (D.sp.)]. 
<  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  ii,  1822, pp. 330-343.  ■■  itb  pi. 
1823. — Cuvier,  F.    Kccbercbes  sur  Ics  rapports  qui  existent  cntro  les  animaux  de  la  famille  des  ^cureu- 
ils,  c'est-il-dirc,  les  tamius,  les  macroxus,  les  £cnreDils,  les  soiuroptitrcs  et  les  pteromys.    <^  M6m. 
Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  x,  1823,  pp.  110-128. 

E^ox,  R.  Obiervations  on  tbe  anatomy  of  tbe  beaver.  Castor  fiber  L.,  considered  as  au  aquatic 
animal.  <[Mem.  Werner.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  iv,  pt.  2, 1823,  pp.  548-555. 
1823-24. — Oudet,  J.  F.  Kxpdrience  snr  I'accrolssement  coutinnel  et  la  reproduction  des  dents  chez 
le  lupin,  consid6r(Ss  sous  Ic  rapport  de  leur  application  ii  I'^tudo  de  I'organisatiou  des  dents 
buuiains.  <Magendie,  Journ.  de  Pbysiol.  iii,  1823,  pp.  1-18;  iv,  1824,  pp.  70-88. 
1824.— Bell,  T.  Note  on  tbe  supposed  identity  of  tbe  genus  Isodon  of  Say  with  Capromys.  <Zool. 
Journ.  i,  1824,  pp.  230,231. 

Cozzena,  F.  S.  Observations  on  the  manners  of  the  Hystrix  dorsata,  ir  porcupine  of  North 
America.  <  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  i,  1824,  pp.  190-102 ;  Kror.  Not.  x,  no.  211, 1825, 
pp.  193-195;  FiSruss.  Bull.  Nat.  v,  1825,  p.  444. 

Foeppig,  B.    Nova  generis  Capromys,  Desm.  species  [C.  prehensilis].    <  Journ,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci- 
Pbila.  :v,  1824,  pp.  11-15. 
1825  — Berthold,  A.  A.    Uober  die  Kopfknochen  der Nagelbiere.    <  Isif,  1885,  pp.  907-920, 98:1-1003, 1 
pi.;  I''«rus».  Bull.  Sci.  Nat.  vii,  1826,  pp.  840,241. 

Liohteustelu,  K.  M.  H.  Ueber  Uussero  Backentaschcn  an  Nagethieren.  <  Abbandl.  K.  Akad. 
Wiss.  Berlin  (1822-23),  lS2.'i,  pp.  13-20.  •     , 

Licbteustein,  K.  M.  H.    Ueber  die  Springmiiuse  oder  die  Arten  der  Oattung  "  Dipus".    <  Ab- 
bandl. K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1825,  pp.  133-162. 
1829.— Jenyus,  L.    ObservatiouB  ou  a  praiternatural  growth  c  f  the  incisor  teeth  occasionally  observed 

iu  certain  rodenU.    <  Loudon's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  ii,  1829,  pp.  134-137,  witb  flgg. 
1830.— Farrar,  W.    Observations  on  the  pra!ternalural  growth  of  the  incikor  ttotli  occasionally  observed 
in  certain  rodents.    <  London's  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1830,  p.  27. 

Anon.  Aniericttu  varying  bare,  Lepua  virginiunuB,  Harlan.  < Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  217- 
220,  pi.  19. 

^liiOH.    Canada  porcupine,  Hystrix  pilosus.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1800,  pp.  241-843,  pi.  18. 

Anon.    CbiuchiUi,  Chinchilla  lanigera.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  127-131. 

JiiOB.    Great-tailed  squirrel,  Sciurus  macrourus.    <Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  265,866,  pi.  83. 

Anon.    Ground  squirrel,  Sciurus  (Tamias)  lystcri.    < Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1830,  pp.  169, 170,  pi. xv. 

^Ifion.    Torpidity  of  the  ground  squirrel.    <  Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  IKiO,  p.  828. 
1831.— Thurtfield,  R.     [Account  of  a  hybrid  between  the  hare  aud  tbe  rabbit.]    <  Proc.  Comm.  Zool. 
Soc.  Loudon,  i,  1831,  p.  6(). 

'Wagner,  H.    Sur  lu  genre  Lagoniys.    <  F^russ.  Bull.  Sci.  Not.  xxlv,  1831,  pp.  74, 75. 

Tarrell,  W.    [On  the  anatomy  of  the  lesser  American  flying  squirrel  (Pteromys  volncella, 
Cuv.).]    <Proc.  Coram.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  i,  1831,  pp.  38,39. 
1832.— Cuvier,  F.     Ktchercbes  snr  la  structure  et  le  dfiveluppemcnt  des  6\i\nis  du  porc-<5pic,  suiviee 
d'observatiouB  sur  les  polls  en  glindral,  et  sur  leurs  euraoteres  zoologiqucs.    <  Nouv.  Aim.  MuB. 
Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  i,  1832,  pp.  409-439;  Froriep,  Notlzon,  xix,  1888,  col.  49-53. 


1064 


MONOGRAPHS  OV  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1832.— Geoffroy  St.-Hilaire,  I.    EkfuI  siir  Ih  j^ciiio  i-ciuriiH  et  dexcriiition  do  nix  uouvellcH  espiiccs. 

<  Gii<;iiu-M<'U(5.  Mag.  do  Zool.  2o  uiiu<;e,  IffJi,  pp.  — ,  pll.  3. 

Qeofiroy  St.-HUaiie,  I.    Iteninrqiies  Hiir  Ics  jiriuiipnux  caiact&ros  duH  oxpi^coB  du  genre  littvre, 
coiiMidi^r^s  duDH  lourn  rappurta  aveo  Ioh  eircoii^tunces  lortilos ;  fiiiivice  do  la  description  de  troia ' 
uouvelles  espiucs.     <[  Gui^iiu-Mdiid.  Xliif;.  do  Zool.  Uo  Hiiude,  ISW,  pp.  — ,  pll.  'i. 
1833. — QeoCboy  St.-Hilaire,  E.    MCiiioiro  uiir  Ioh  doiits  anlc^riciirea  den  iiiuuiniitferos  rciiipscnrs  dans 
leqiiol  on  so  proposo  d'otaldor  quo  cls  dents,  diti'S  jutqu'ici  ct  ddtcrniinees  iucibivcs,  sent  Ics 
aniiloKnes  dcs  dents  canines.    <^  Mi!ui.  Aiad.  fc>ei.  I'aiis,  xii,  \<i'Si,  pp.  ISl-lf^i. 
Lukis,  F.  C.    On  ilio  extraordinary  growth  of  tlio  incisor  teeth  oecu»ionul1y  niet  with  in  tho 
wild  rabbit.    <^  London's  Mug.  Nut.  Hist,  vi,  IKil!,  jip.  Ul-i.")  (see  also  iliid.  p.  iiflO). 
1835. — Brandt,  J.  F.     Ueiuerkungen  liber  diu  Uillerui:/en   im  Scliiidol-  uud  Zahnbuu  zwibclien  den 
Stachelhchwoineu  [llystricidaj]  der  alteu  und  ncneu  WoU.    <[  Milllor,  Archiv,  18;i.'),pp.  54H-,"ir);t. 
Brandt,  J.  F.    Muniuialiuin  rodeutium  exoticorum  iiovornni  vol  minus  rite  eognitoruiu  Mus. 
Acad.  Zool.  descriptiones  et  icones.    <M(^m.  Acad.  .Sci.  St.  PiStersli.  iii,  pto.  ii,  1S>5,  pp.  3r)7-l42. 
1836. — Cuvler,  F.    Observations  siir  les  genres  gerboitcs  et  gerbilles.    <  Coniptes  Rcndus,  Paris,  iii, 
leSO,  pp.  211-214 ;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  vi  (Zool.),  KS6,  pp.  102-155;  Zool.  Soc.  Trans,  ii,  1842,  pp.  i;tl- 
148;  Isis  von  OkcD,  1838,  pp.  H38-S42, 
3Q3V. — B"hman,  J.    Description  of  a  new  species  of  haru  [Lepus  palustris]  found  in  South  Caro- 
,.na.    <  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.  \ii,  pt.  ii,  1837,  pp.  194-199,  pll.  "  10"  (i.  e.  15)  and  16 
bis,figg.  1,2. 
Bacbman,  J.    Observations,  on   tho  difl'erciit  species  of  hares  (genus  Lepns)  inhabiting  the 
United  States  and  Canada.    <  Jouru.  Acid.  Nut.  iSei.  I'hila.  vii,  pt.  ii,  1837,  pp.  282-3C1,  pll. 
"  16"  (i.  e.  15),  IG  bis,  21,  and  22. 

[An  important  uooograith.    L.  glacialiH,  Lfnili,  ]>,  lit^."),  |il,21 ;  L.  virginiatiim,  Ilinl,  p.  :^0t ;  L. nqunttcus,  d.  ap., 

p.  319,  pi.  S-},  low,  fig. ;  L.  aiuovicauDS,  y.  :)'.:r,  pt.  1(3  bis,  lljrg. ;),  4  ;  L.  paltiRtrip,  p.  I'M,  pll.  "  Iii"  (i. «.  15)  anil  10 

bia,  flpg.  1, 2  (ila»T.  orig.  at  p.  1!M,  eamo  vol ) ;  I,,  niiltallii,  n.  sp.,  p.  3).',,  pi.  2i.\  np.  lig. ;  L.  cnnipcHlria,  n.  sp,,  p. 

349;  L.  (Lagomye)  princepa,  p.  354— 8  spp.,  tl  u«!\v.    Sco  aitfcd,  p.  d'iO.] 

Cuvier,  P.    Du  genre  eligmondoute,  et  de  I'eliginodouto  do  Bneiios-Aj  res,  Eligtnodonlia  typus. 

<  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2e  si^r.  Zool.  t.  vii,  1837,  pp.  lt)!=-171, 2  pll.;  Arch.  f.  Natnig.  lid.  i,  1837,  p.  407. 
1838.— Bachman,  J.  D.     [Monography  of  the  species  of  squirrels  inhabiting  North  Auietica.]    <  Proc. 

Zool.  Soc.  Loudon,  vi,  1838,  pp.  65-103. 

jf^pp.  i-Q.  texianns,  p.  M;  aubauratua,  p.  87;  auilHlH>ni,  fuliginuHua,  p.  U7,  rirbardiwin,  p.  100;  biuupiuoHUP, 

p.  101.    A  1  '11  Abatrnot  of  his  monograph  of  tbo  gpuua  .Sclnnia,  etc.,  wtiieb  waa  ptibliabeil  tlio  t'ollowiug  yuiir,  q.  v.] 

Waterhouse,  O.  H.     [On  n  new  species  of  hare — Lepus  liui!ininni--froin  North  America.] 

<  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  vi,  18.38,  yp.  103-1(15. 

1839. — Bachman,  J.    Additional  remarks  on  the  genu.1  Le]>us,  with  corrections  of  u  former  paper  uud 

descriptions  of  other  Bi)ecie8  of  cpiadrupeds  found  in  North  America,  [i.  c,  additional  species  to 

the  list  of  Mr.  Tow  nsond's  quadrupeds].    <  Jouru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  I'hila.  viii,  1839,  pp.  75-105. 
Bacbman,  J.    Mouogiaph  of  tho  genus  Scinrus,  with  descriptions  of  new  species  and  their 

varieties  as  existing  in  North  Ainerien.    <Charlesw.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  Mar.-Aug.  1839,  pp. 

113-123,  154-102,  2-20-227,  330-337,  378-390. 

[An  eliiborut<*  luonogrflpb  of  tho  tlien  known  Xorib  American  Ktinri,  emb.arfng  di'tnilrrl  notirca  of  liabits  anil 

diatrlbution,  an  woll  aa  (li'dt^riptlona.    Suinrua  capiHtrattia,  pp.llT-l*i3;  8.  tesiunua,  p.  154  ;  S.  Hs'iaoratna,  p.  Liri; 

S.  njugniramlatti!*,  p.  l.')!};  S.  attr<«j>aator,  p.  l.''''!;  S.  oinerena,  pp.  ].*>!)-16j;  S.  It-urotia,  pp.  V2&-'.JS7 ;  S.  carotinonaia, 

pp.3;ia-XM;  S-nlgreatena,  S. collliei,  p.  334  ;  8. nlger, pp.  JiCi-an;  8. niidulxiDl,  p|i. 37l<-;i;u i  S. fullRiiioBiia.  p. 3W1 ;  S. 

ilooglaaai,  pp.  361-3^3 ;  S.  liuilao.liiia,  pp.  3t?3-3(<5;  B.  rie1inriUoui«  p,).  3I?.V.?1H7  ;  S.  lunuginoaua,  pp.  3S7-:W1J  ---17  app-l 
Bacbman,  J.    Abstract  of  u  monograph  of  the  genus  h-eiiirns,  with  deseri]itions  of  several  new 

species  and  varieties.    <^  Ainer.  Jouru.  Sci.  and  Aits,  xxxvii,  I8;!9,  [qi.  290-310.    [An  abridged 

xe{         of  tho  preceding] 

V  .rhouse,  O.  R.  Observations  on  tho  Ilodentiu,  w  ith  a  view  to  point  out  the  groups  us  indi- 
cated by  the  structuro  of  the  erunia  in  this  order  of  niiininralH.  <^  Mug.  Nat.  Hist,  iii,  1839, 
iq).  90-%,  1-4-188,  274-279,  593-000,  [Compure  IrK,  same  author.] 
Waterhouse,  O.  R.  [On  the  geographical  distribiitinn  of  the  liodentiu.]  <Proc.  Zool.  Boo. 
Londcm,  vii,  1H39,  pp.  172-174. 
1841.— Wagner,  J.  A.  (jrnppii  nng  der  Oattungcn  der  Niigcr  in  nutUrlichen  Familien,  nehst  Beachriil- 
bung  eiuigor  neuen  (jatlungen  und  Aiten.  <Gelebrto  Auz.  MUucben,  xii,  1841,  col.  401-440; 
Archiv  fUr  Naturg.  vii,  Bd.  i,  1841,  pp.  111-138. 


BIBLIOGK.  APPENDIX— N.  EODENTIA. 


1065 


1841.- 
1842.- 


1844 


1846. 
1847.- 
1848.- 
1849.- 
1830.- 


1851- 
1852.- 


1853.- 
1854.- 


; 


MSS.- 


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■W.-Jguer,  J.  A.  Besclireibuiig  eiuigcr  ncuer  oiler  iiiindir  lekiimiler  Nugcr.  <  Aiiliiv  liii  Nii- 
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■Waterhousr,  G.  H.    01)seiV(ition8  on  ibe  liodi'iilin.    <  Ann.  Nut.  Hist,  viii,  1S42,  pp.  8I-H4 ;  x, 

1842,  pp.  197-203,  344-347.     [Conjpnro  1H39,  same  nulboi-.] 
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Mag.  u.  Bcr.  xxiv,  1844,  pp.  42-49 ;  Bischotr's  reply,  ibiil.  pp.  281-285. 
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enr  I'arrangenient  et  la  diHtribulion  yodHriipbicine  iln  genre  Sperniopbilus,  ainsi  iiuo  snr  la 

claSBificanon  do  la  famille  des  deurenils  (8einriua)  en  general.     <  Bnll.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  IMterMb. 

ii,  1844,  col.  357-382. 

(Two  now  subgenera  of  Sprrmopbilua  (Colobotis,  Otoepermopllilnii)  proposed.    An  important  sumnmry  of  tlio 

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Brandt,  J.  P.  Eenmrques  sur  le  cluBBitieation  des  gerboiscs  en  I'gard  sur  tout  aux  espi^ocs  do 
KuBsio,  avec  un  uperju  de  la  disposition  syBtdniatique  des  e8)}{^ee8  en  g(!ndral,  lour  aflini(6  et 
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luouax.]    <  I'roc.  Bo»t.  Sue.  Nut.  Hist,  ii,  1847,  p.  249. 

-Lehmann,  C.  Q-.    Uebcr  das  cbemiscbo  Verbaltcn  des  russiscbcn  und  cunailischen  Castorcnni 

nud  das  Smegma  Pra>putii  dos  Pfcrdes.    <  Bericbtc  d.  K.  Siicbe.  Ges.  d.  Wiss.  ii,  1848,  pp.  200-208. 
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d.  K.  Siiubs.  Ges.  d.  Wiss.  ii,  1848,  pp.  185-200;  Fror.  Not.  3.  Keibe,  ix,  no.  183,  1849,  pp.  97-104. 
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eonsiddriS  sous  )c  rapport  de  leur  oiiplicatiou  a  lY'tudo  de  I'l'Ulomic  ci  inpiirativcdesdeniB; 

prdcddd  de  reeberches  Lonveiles  snr  I'orlgino  ct  lo  diSveloppv-neot  des  follieulcs  dentuiieH. 

8°.    92  pp.    Paris,  J.-B.  Bailliero  et  tils,  18C0. 
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1851),  pp.  951,952. 
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(pte.  2),  pp.  359-365. 


'[!].. 


\)\'<h 


1066 


JIONOGBAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1855.— Dareate,  C.    Note  »>ir  lo  cervi-nii  (lea  rongeurs  et  pa^tiellIi^roIueIlt  snr  lo  cerveau  dn  CnMni, 

<  Ann.  Sci.  N:it.  ii  <Z»ol.),  ISD.I,  pp.  3nr)-;!f)5;  Coniptes  Keudus,  I'uiJH,  xli,  18!if),  pp.  199-201. 
Dehne,  A.     MnBctilns  (Kaf.   Hclininlz.)  mollissinios  Debne.    <[  Allg.  deatHobe  naturbist.  Zeit. 

n.  V.  i,  185.-),  p.  44;i. 
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Hcbril't  voii  L.  lieicbenbnch,  ibid,  i,  1855,  p.  24*2.     [Sue  1857,  miuie  i.-ntbor.] 
Oiebel,  C.  O.    ZurOi<teologiederStaclielschweinei.Hy8tricida!].    <Zoltscbr.  gesanimt.  Natniw. 

Halle,  V,  1855,  pp.  30(i-31C. 
Oudet,  J.  B.    Coniiid^ratious  BDatomiqnea  "t  pbjBioIogiqiies  eiir  leH  dciit»  ik  eonronno  divisdo, 

et  pills  particnliferenieut  sur  les  niolairno  dn  liiivro  ct  dn  lapin.    '<^  Cunipt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci. 

Paris,  1855,  pp.  2(i0,  207  ;  Institut,  xxiii,  no.  1129,  1855,  p.  28G. 
Reichert,  C.  B.    Ucber  Strnotnr,  Textnr,  Bildung  uiid  Wacbstbnm  der  Haare.    <  Zeitsobr. 

klin.  Med.  Giinsburg,  vi,  1855,  pp.  1-13. 
Wlnsor,  P.    Pteromys  volncella.    <  Proc.  Essex  lust,  i,  1855,  p.  147. 
1856.— Brandt,  J.  F.     Benierknngen  liber  die  Gattungen  Gerbillns,  Merioncs,  RbombomyB  and  Fsam- 

moniys.    <  Hull.  Acad.  Sci.  SI   PiSterbb.  xiv,  185G,  col.  70-80. 
Wheatland,  H.    [Anatomy'        ibbit.]    <  Proc.  Essex  Inst,  i,  1856,  pp.  240,241. 
1857. — Baird,  S.  F.    [Name  Tamias  piillasii  proposed  for  Scinrns  striatus  Fall,  nee  Linn.]    <  Uth  Ann. 

Rep.  Smitbs.  Inst,  for  1856, 1857,  p.  55. 
[Billings,  E.]    On  tbo  Canada  porcupine  (Uystrix  dorsata).     [^anon.'\    <[  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i, 

1857,  art.  lii,  pp.  304-309. 
[Billings,  E.]    On  tbc  nortberu  hare  (Lepus  americanns).     [anon.]    <| Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.  i, 

1857,  art.  liii,  pp.  369-379. 
[Billings,  E.]    On  tbe  several  t^pecius  of  srinirrcls  inhabiting  the  British  provinces,    [anon.] 

<CBn.  Nat.  and  Geol,  i,  1857,  art.  Ivii,  pp.  431-434. 
[Billings,  E.]    On  tbe  \vood-cbuck(Arctomy8moDax).     [anon.]    <Cau.  Nat.  aud Geol.  ii,  1807, 

art.  xiii,  pp.  112-110. 
Dehne,  A.    Micromys  agilis  m.    <  Allg.  dcutscbe  uatnrbist.  Zeit.  n.  F.  iii,  1657,  pp.  35, 36. 
Storer,  H.  R.    [On  an  albino  Sciurus  striatus.  j     <  Proc.  Boston  Sue.  Nat.  Hist,  vi,  1857,  p.  218. 
Radde,  O.     Ueber  Arctomys  bobac,  dessen  Winterscblaf  und  Tem))eratnr  seinvr  Bane,    <^  Bnll. 

Phys.  Matb.  Acad.  St.  Pdtersb.  xv,  1K)7,  pp.  31?, 318;  M<;iang.  Biolog.  ii,  6,  1858,  pp.  572-574. 
1858.— Oiebel,  C.  O.     Ueber  einige  Hasenscbiidel  [Lepns  tiuiiduBl.    <^ .''ioitscbr.  geeuramt.  Naturw, 

Iliille,  xii,  18,58,  pp.  310-315. 
Valentin,  O.    On  tbe  torpidity  of  the  marmot.     <  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  3d  ser.  ii,  IS-IS,  p.  83. 
1859.— Oiebel,  C.  O.    Zur  Osteologie  der  Flugkiit^clleIl  (Pteromys).     <[ZeitKcbr.  gesamnit.  Naturw 

Halle,  xiii,  ia"i9,  pp.  30'.»-318. 
Oiebel,  C.  O.      Zur  Onteologie  der  Murmoltbiere  [Arctomys  ].     <Zeitscbr.  geaammt. 

Niiturw.  Halle,  xiii,  1859,  pp.  299-309. 
I860.— Baird,  S.  F.     [Capture  of  Lagomys  princeps  in  tbe  Wabsatch  Mountains.]    <  Ann.  Rep.  Smilha. 

Inst,  for  1859,  1860,  p.  65. 
Oiebel,  C.  O.     Beitriigo  zur  Osteologie  dor  Nagethiero.    <Abb.  Nat.  Ver.  Halle,  i,  ltJ60,  pp. 

2(i3-3:t2. 
V^yman,  J.    [On  fossil  Capybara  from  tbo  southwest  frontier  of  the  United  States.]    <^Proo, 

Boston  yoc.  ^at.  Hist,  vii,  1860,  p.  350. 
1861. — Ctisp,  E.     On  some  points  relating  to  tbe  habits  and  anatomy  of  the  oceanic  and  of  tbe  fresh- 
water du(!ks,  and  also  of  tbe  bare  (Lepns  timidus)  anil  of  the  rabbit  (L.  cunicnlns),  in  relation 

to  tbe  i|Ue8tion  of  bybridisin.     <^Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loiidnn,  1861,  pp.  82-87. 
Slack,  J.  H.     DcBcription  of  n  iietv  species  of  rodent  of  the  genus  Spennopbilus,  from  Texas  [S. 

buclileyi].     <Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1801,  p.  314. 
1863.— Bollard,  — .     [On  tbo  rodent  placenta.]     <  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xix,  18(i3,  p.  22:1,  pi.  1. 

KenniC(.,.t,  R.     DcHcrlptiuns  of  four  new  species  of  Spermopbilus  in  tbo  uoUeclious  of  the 

SinilbHonian  InHlitutmn.     <  Proe.  Acad  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1863,  pp.  157, 158. 
fSS.  niolliH,  (>lt>;;iiiiii,  nnualiifl,  oIihoIvIiih.] 
Iiord,  J.  K.     Notes  on  two  new  species  of  mHmmals[Fiber  osoyousenis and  Lagomys  tuioimus], 

<  Proc.  ZojI.  Soc.  Loudon,  1863,  pp.  9.V98. 


r'flr  11" 


A-' 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— N.  RODENTIA. 


1067 


1864 
1865 
1066 


Mulder,  C.  Over  lict  biiitciigewonn  iiit(;ioci,ifn  van  do  sni.jtaiulen  bij  verscUilleiide  knang- 
(lieren.     <  VerBl.  cu  Mcderlcel.  Akad.  Wtt.  Aiimterdam,  xvi,  ISW,  iip.  20('i-aa5,  with  -i  [ill. 

Oiebel,  C.  G.  Die  Oill'uiiiig  iui  Jochfortsatz  dps  Nagetbiei-Scliiiduls.  <Zeil8chr.  gesamiiit. 
Naturwiss.  xxv,  IHCo,  427-132. 

Bischoff,  T.  Nciie  BoobacbtnDgeu  zm-  Entwickluiig  d<n  MicrfchweiucUens  [Giiiucft  pig].  4". 
4  pll.    MUncben,  lHtJ6. 

LUljeborg,  W.    Systeiuatisk  iifversigt  af  de  guagnnrtvdaggdjurcn,  Olircs.    4°.    I  p.  1., 59  pp.,  II 

foldeil  tables.    Upsalu,  Kongl.  Akr.d.  Bocktiykuriet,  18(iG. 
Robert  Ranger  [psftirfon.].    GiiawiDg  animals.    32°.    fi4  pp.,  incl.  frontispiece.    Sunday-Scbool 

Union,  New  York,  1866. 

Bohmidt,  O.  Mnrmeltbiere  [Arctomys]  bei  Gratz.  <  Sitz.  math.-imt,  CI.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien 
(1),  liii,  1866,  pp.  256-259,  pi.  1. 

1867. — Boardman,  O.  A.    A  black  variety  of  tbe  common  red  squirrel  (Soinrns  hndsonicus).    <[  Ara. 
Nat.  i,  1867,  p.  53. 
Fitzlnger,  L.  J.    Versuch  einer  naiiirliiben  Anotdnung  dcr  Nagelhieie  (Rodcntiii).    <Sitz. 

math.-nat.  CI.  K.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien.  (1),  1867,  Iv,  pp.  453-515,  and  Ivi,  pp.  57-168. 
Oray,  J.  E.    Notes  ou  the  skulls  of  bares  (liCporidiB)  and  picas  (Lagumyidw)  in  the  British 
Museum.    <Anu.  and  JIag.  Nat.  Hist.  (3),  xx,  1867,  pp.  219-225. 

[Several  new  g«nera  proposed,  inclmbog,  for  AmericAD  spocies,  Ilydrulagas,  p.  221;  SylvilaguB,  p.  222; 
T«petl,  p.  224.    For  full  annl.vsis  of  pnper,  sen  nnti'd,  p.  2S0.1 
Oray,  J.  B.    Synopsis  of  the  species  of  American  squirrels  in  the  collection  of  tbe  British  Mu- 
Benni.    <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (3),  xx,  1867,  pp.  415-134. 
[About  40 1  epp.  recognized,  nenily  half  of  them  deacribed  as  new ! !] 
Gray,  J  E.    Synopsis  of  the  spetiea  of  burrowing  pquirrels  (Tnmias;  in  the  British  Museum. 

<  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (3),  xx,  1867,  pp.  434-436.    [T.  quadrimacnlatus,  n.  sp.] 

1868. — Arlolng,  S.     £tnde  comparative  des  organes  gfnitanx  du  li^vre,  du  lapiu  et  (In  Idporide. 

<  Comptes  Eendus,  Ixvi,  1868,  pp.  1267-1269 ;  Kobin.  Journ,  Anat.  1868,  pp.  449-478. 
BLrause,  W.    Die  Anatomic  des  Kaninchens  [Lcpns  cunicnlns].    In  lopograpbiscbcr  und  opo- 

rativer  RUcksicht  bearbcitet.    .  .  .    Mit  50  Figuren  in  Hulzscbuitt.    8°.    xvi  +  271  pp.,  with 

50  figg.    Leipzig,  Verlag  von  Wilhelm  Engelmann,  1868. 
Milne-Bdwards,  A.    Observations  sur  le  gronpe  des  rats-taupes.    <^  Comptes  Rendus,  Ixvii, 

1868,  pp.  438-441. 
B[taiUey],  D.  8.    The  prairie  dog.    <  Am.  Nat.  ii,  1868,  p.  217. 
1869.— Cope,  E.  D.    [Remarks  on  fossils— rodents— from  Angnilla,  W.  I.]    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.  1869,  p. 98,    [Amblyrhiza  innndata,  Loxomylua  longidens,  genn.  et  spp.  nn.] 
Couei,  B.    Observations  on  the  marsh  hare  [Lepos  palustris].    <;Proc.  Boston  Soo.  Nat.  Hist. 

xiii,  1869,  pp.  86-95. 
Bayden,  F.  V.    A  new  species  of  bare  [L,  bairdii]  f' jm  the  summit  of  Wind  River  Mountains. 

<  Aiu.  Nat.  iii,  1869,  pp.  113-116,  with  fig. 

RathTOD,  S.  8.    The  Maryland  marmot  (Arctomys  monax).    <  Am.  Nat.  iii,  1869,  pp.  390,391.  ■ 

Sternberg,  G.  M.    Docs  the  prairie  dog  require  any  water  t    <  Am.  Nat.  iii.  1869,  pp.  1.56, 157. 

^(Teloh,  F.  H.    Observations  on  Lepns  americanus,  especially  with  reference  to  the  modifications 

in  the  fur  consequent  on  the  rotation  of  the  seasons,  and  the  change  of  color  on  the  advent 

of  winter;  based  on  specimens  obtained  in  the  province  of  New  Brunswick,  North  America. 

<  Proo.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1869,  pp.  228-230. 

1870. — Beal,  W.  J.    Albino  rodents  [i.  «.,  Sciurus  caroliuensis].    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1870,  p.  58. 

Cook,  A.  3.    The  chipmunk  [Tamias  striatus  nibbling  n  snake].    <^  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1870,  p.  58. 

Hoffman,  C.  K.,  and  Weyenbergb,  H.,  jc.  Die  Osteologie  and  Myologie  von  Sciurus  vulgaris 
L.,  vcrglichen  mit  der  Anatomic  der  Lemurideu  und  des  Chironiys  und  iiber  die  Stellnng  des 

letzteren  im  iiiitllrlichfn  Systeme (Eine  von  der  Hollandischdi  Gesellsclial't  diT  Wis- 

senscliafteu  in  Haarlem  mit  Gold  gekroute  Abhandlung.)  4".  2  p.  11.,  136  pp.,  4  pU,  Haarlem, 
Loocjes  Erbeii,  1870. 

Hyrtl,  C.  J.  Eine  Spiralklappe  in  der  Pfoitader  der  Nagfthiere.  <Silz.  math. -nut.  CI.  K. 
Adad.  WisH.  Wien  (1),  Ix,  1870,  pp.  27-32,  1  pi. 

Jlllaou,  B.  C.    Does  the  prairie  dog  require  any  water !    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1870,  p.  376. 


1' 


1068 


MONOG;  tAPIlS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1870.— Kirkland,  J.  P.    llj  brirt  rabbit.    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1H70,  p.  ;!7r.. 

SayleB,  I.    Iliibil.s  o  'the  Rtiiiu'il  squirrel  [TamiMstriiilus].    <^Aiu.Niit. iv,  1870, pp,349,250. 

Tenney,  S.    A  wliltc  woodehiiuk.     <;Am.  Nut.  iv,  1870,  pii.852,853. 

Anon.    Albino  rats.    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1870,  p.  ;i7C, 

,  — .    Siir  la  I  laco  dii  Chiromys  daus  la  ni(ithoilo  uattirulle <[  Archives  nfJerlau- 

(laisea  lies  sciences  exiictcs  et  uatarcUos  publidea  pur  la  8oci(Sl6  hoUuiuluiiie  dus  scleiicca  il  Har- 
lem, ...  V,  1870,  pp.  2I4-'i32.    [MSS.  copy  defectivo ;  cf.  1870,  IIoi'F.mann,  C.  K.] 
1871.— Boardman,  O.  A.    Ued  squirrels  not  red.     <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  p.  121. 

Bruhin,  T.  A.    Aiis  dom  Gefaiigleben  moiiies  Lcopardeoziesels,  Speruophilus  boodii.    <[Zool. 

Gart.  xii,  1871,  p.  37G. 
Jillsou,  B.  C.    Habits  of  the  prairie  dog.     <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  pp.  24-2!),  with  1  flg. 
Iieidy,  J.    Notice  of  some  extinct  rodcuts.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1871,  pp.  2:i0-2;t2. 
Scbobl,  J.    Das  iiusscru  Ohr  der  Mliiise  als  wicbtiges  Tustorgan.    <[  Arch,  fiir  luikrosk.  Auat. 

Hand  vii,  1871,  pp.  260-20.-!,  pU.  xxi-xxiv. 
Valentin,  O.    Coutribntions  h  I'bistuiro  de  I'hiburnatiou  dcs  marmcttes.    [Abstra^  t.]    <^  Revne 

ScieutiQqne,  i,  1871,  pp.  549,  &50. 

,  — .    Wild  rabbits  [of  Sable  Island,  N.  S.— their  colorution].    <  Am.  Nat.  v,  1871,  p.  437. 

1872.--Liuceciim,  O.    Swamp  rabbit  (Lepus  aqiiaticus).     <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  1872,  p.  771. 

Peters,  W.    Contributions  ii  la  connnissance  du  Peetiuator,  genre  do  mammiferea  rongeurs  de 

la  cote  nord-est  d'Afriipie.    (Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  t.  vii,  partie  v,  p.  397,  pll.  xlviii-I, 

1871.)    <Jouru.  deZool.  i,  1872,  art.  iv,  pp.  6:!,C4. 
Sbelton,  J.    Beavers  and  heaver  dams  in  Mississijipi.    <^  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  aud  Arts  (3),  iv,  1872, 

pp.  4JJ,  423. 
Wilder,  B.  O.    Note  on  the  prairie  dog.     <  Am.  Nut.  vi,  1872,  pp.  40, 47. 
1873.— Buokloy,  J.  B.    Texas  rabbits.    <  Am.  Sports.  Jan.  3,  1873. 

Gentry,  T.  G.    [Habits  of  .Seiurus  budsunius.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1873,  pp.  101, 102. 

Perkins,  O.  H.     The  fljiug  squirrel.    <  Am.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  pp.  132-139. 

Anon.    Ilare  and  rabbit  cro.4S.     <^  .\m.  Sports.  Uec.  27,  1873. 

Anon.    The  squirrel  pest  [Speruiupliilus  bcecboyi.    In  Culifornia.    From  Daily  San  Francisco 

Call,  Oct.  10,  187.)].    <  Am.  Sports.  Nov.  22,  1873. 
1874.    Allen,  J.  A.    American  squirrels.    [Abstrikct  of  paper  by  J.  A.  Allen,  in  Harper's  Weekly— S.  F. 

Baird.]    <  Am.  Spurts.  — ,  1874. 
Allen,  J.  A.    Ou  geograpbicul  variutiun  in  color  among  North  American  squirrels;  with  u  list 

of  the  sptK'ies  aud  varieties  of  the  American  Sciuridos  cccuring  north  of  Mexico.     'CProc.  Boat. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hint,  xvi,  Feb.  1874,  pp.  270-294. 
f  Tho  ori^iDiil  uutcomo  of  Lbe  auttiiii-'A  iitu<]ie«  of  tbin  grou]),  vbii:h  bavi>  roHuItotl  in  tbe  fln;il  niorogra',)b  of 

tliu  pn'm>nt  work:  HpccioB  ol'  tbo  family  nvttiued  t4)  tj5,  with  nuiuoroim  viirietie»— 'i'aiuitts  quadrivtttatua  var. 

jiulUdiiH ;  SporruopbiluR  trldoceiuIiut^atUH  var.  judliduf*  i  S.  parr^'i  var.  ktMliacpusia,  varr.  un.] 

Batty,  J.  H.    The  Little  Chief  hare  [habits  of  Lagomys  priiucps].    <[Auier.  Agriculturist, 

xxxiii,  uu.  i,  Jan.  1874,  p.  13,  with  a  tig. 
Coues,  B.    A  short  chapter  on  American  rabbit.s,  or  bares.    <  Am.  Sports.  Aug.  20,  1874. 
Coues,  B.    Tho  pine  mouse — Arvicola  pinetoruui.    <  Rod  and  Gun,  May  !),  1874,  Hg.  (had). 
"Jacobataff."     Hares  and  rabbits.    <^  Field  and  Stream,  Jan.  K),  1874. 
Mather,  F.    Abont  woodcbucks  [Arctomys  uiouax].    <  Am.  Sports.  Dee.  12,  1874, 
"M.  P.  MoK."    .Squirrel  [.S.  caroliuensis]  breeding  in  confinement,    <;  Am.  Sports.  Apr.  4, 1874. 
Anon.    Melanism  of  Tumius  striatus.    <  Am.  Sports  Apr.  4,  1874. 
1875.— Abbott,  C.  C.    The  American  cbipniunk  [Tamias  striatus].    <  Am.  Sports.  Oct.  2,  1875. 

Allen,  J.  A.      Synopsis  of  tho  American  Leiraridas.      •<Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Not.  Hist,  xvii,  1875, 

|)p.  430-430.    [Recognizes  9  spp.,  with  0  vurs.    Si»  anlrCt,  p.  281.] 
Coues,  B      Tho  prairie  gopher  [Spermophilns  richardsoni].    <Am.  Nat.  Ix,  Mar.  1875,  pp. 

147-1,'.(1,  anil  Rod  and  Gun,  Mar.  27,  1875. 
[Ku|iriiil<'<l  in  a  gnnil  many  pai>orH  nudi'r  varii>iiH  eilttorfal  mnflinratliins.) 
Coues,  B.    Synonymy,  desciiplion,  history,  distribution  anil  habits  of  the  prairie  hare  (Lepus 

campestris).    <  Bull.  Essex  Inst,  vii,  1875,  pp.  7;t-85. 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— O.  EDENTATES. 


1069 


187S.— Mulligan,  J.    Prairioniice.    <  Am.  Nat.  ix,  1875,  pp.  riir.,  ulfi.  ' 

Rothrock,  J.  T.    Beaver  liabits.    <  Am.  Spoils.  Martli  (i,  187.'). 

1876.— [Allen,  J.  A.]    Hecciit  contributions  to  North  Aiiicrican  uiainnialo(;y.    [(inoii.J    <Ani.  Nat.  x, 
187G,  pp.  3()J-l!G.').    [Keview  oT  C'onus's  Miiridu)  and  Zapoili<lin.] 
Allen,  J.  A.    [On  tli«  signilicance  and  use  of  tlie  terms]  "Hare''  and  "Rabbit  ".     <  Forest  and 
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Alston,  B.  R.    On  tbo  classification  of  the  order  Glircs.    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Jan.  18, 1876,  pp. 

61-98,  pi.  iv. 

[A  now  Buljortlor— Glirefl  hi^betedcctati— in  propoaed  to  BMnnimodtitc  the  pcnua  Mesolliernni  of  S-'orroc  Couijit 

Kcnd.  iliv,  1857,  p.  9ljt.    Tlio  01,  diiplicidrnlatl  are  diviiled  luto  a  I'lkiuilics,  Ihe  01.  simpUcidcnta'       '<i  18 

fomiliea  audor  three  ncrlcs — Scluromorpba,  Jlyomorpha,  and  Uyatricoiiiorplia.    See  anted,  p.  5.M.1 
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1876.    [Witb  comment  by  E.  Cones.] 
OillisB,  Sirs.  J.  S.    Pet  prairie-dogs  [Cynomys  Indovicianns].    <  Forest  and  Stream,  Nov.  a,  1870. 
Jameson,  A.  C.    .Singing  mice.    <^  Forest  and  Stream,  Dec.  28, 1870. 
Merrill,  H.  W.    History  of  the  prairie  dog  [Cynomys  ludovicinuns].    <^  Forest  and  Stream, 

Jnly  i;i,  1870. 
Pierce,  M.  P.    Singular  disasteiv-muskrats  destroying  fish  work.    <  Forest  and  Stream,  May 

11,  is7t;. 

"Plume  del  Rosa."    Habits  of  the  prairie  dog.    {pseudon.l    <  Forest  and  Stream,  Aag.  31 ,  1870. 
Trotter,  S.    Habits  of  tbo  white-footed  mouse  [Hcsperomys  leucopna].    <^  Am,  Nat.  x,  1870, 

pp.  55",,  .ViO. 
1877.— Barber,  E.  A.    Notes  on  the  beaver.    <  Am.  Nat.  xi,  1877,  pp.  371, 372. 

Bishop,  N.  H.     Introduction  of  a  western  rodent  [Spermophilna  franklini]  into  New  Jersey. 

<^  Forest  and  Stream,  Jan.  4,  1877. 
Ooodbue,  C.  T.    A  word  about  flying  squirrels.    (PtoroniyB  volucellu  and  hudsouins.)    <[  Forest 

and  Stream,  May  24,  1877. 
Ingersoll,  E.    Wild  mice  and  their  ways.     <  St.  Nicholas  Mag.  iv,  June  and  July,  1877,  pp.  D34- 

588,  e(J0-C03,  witb  figg. 
[Popular  blosrapbiea.  witb  cuts,  of  several  Korlh  American  species.] 
Matteson,  F.  S.    The  mountain  boomer,  or  showtl.    [HabitsofHaplodon  ruins.]    <  Am.  Nat. 

xi,  July,  1877,  pp.  434,435. 
Murphy,  J.  M.    The  sbowelel  or  showtl  (Aplodontia  leporina).    <Tho  Lnodon  Field  of  May 

5,1877.    [Popular  account  of  habits,  with  a  cut] 

O.-EDENTATES. 

1799. —Jefferson,  T.    A  memoir  on  the  discovery  of  cortaiu  bones  of  a  quadruped  [Megalonyx]  of  the 

clawed  kind  in  the  western  parts  of  Virginia.    <  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  iv,  1799,  no. 

XXX,  pp.  240-21)0. 
Wlstar,  C.    A  description  of  the  [Megalonyx]  bones  deposited  bp  tbo  president  in  tbo  mnsenm 

of  the  society,  and  represent'!d  in  the  annexed  plates.    <  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  iv, 

1709,  no.  Ixxvi,  pp.  520-531,  with  pi. 
1800.— Cuvier,  Ilaron  d.    Nachricht  von  dem  Scclette  eincr  sehr  (>ros8en  Art  von  bisber  unbekanntcn 

Vierfiisser  [Megatherium],  welche  in  Paraguay  gefunden  nnd  in  das  uaturhistoiiscbe  Kabi- 

uett  nach  Madrid  gebracht  ist.     (Trausl.)    <  Wiedemann,  Archiv,  i  (Heft  2),  1800,  pp.  208-215. 
Wiedemann,  C.  R.  W.    Beschrolbuug  des  Kuocbengeblindea  vom  ArmadiU,    <  Archiv  Zool.  u. 

Zoot.  i,  1800,  pp.  94-132. 
1804.— Cuvier,  G.    Sur  les  ra(!galouyx,  animal  de  la  famillo  des  paressenx,  mais  de  la  taillo  du  biBuf, 

dont  les  ossements  out  6t6  d&ouverts  eu  Virginie  cu  1796.    <  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  v, 

1801,  pp.  358-370. 

Cuvier,  O.  Sur  Ic  radgutherium,  autre  animal  de  la  fmnille  des  pareiisenx,  mais  do  la  taille  du 
rhinoceros,  dont  uu  squelette  fossile  presque  complet  est  conserv<<  an  Cabinet  Uoyal  d'Histoire 
Naturello  i,  Madrid.    <  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris,  v,  1804,  pp.  •,t70-400. 


1070 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


■!'*i 


f         V 


:itl:nii,:' 


'!:>?■  '■ 


1820. — Rafinesque,  C.  S.    Siir  Ifl  grnro  Mtinisetdeacriptioud'nnoDoovcIIeespiice,  M.  oeoDyx.    <[Aiiii. 

(i^^ii.  Sci.  I'liys.  vii,  18,'0,  pp.  •Jll.'.'lu. 
1823. — Mitchill,  S   L.    ObHurtatiDiiH  on  thu  tcuth  of  tUu  Mo);ittli«rinm  rocnntly  diacoviTcd  in  the 

Uiiilid  .stiitra.     <  Ann.  Lyt:.  Nut.  ]Ii»t.  Niivv  York,  i,  ItiSi,  pp.  58-01,  pi.  (i,  Hr.  1. 
1824. — Cooper,  VT.    On  tliu  lenminB  of  thu  Mugiitlieriuin  recently  discovered  in  Georyiii.    <^  Ann.  Lyo. 

Nat.  IIIhI.  New  York,  i,  1824,  pp.  114-l-'4,pl.  H. 
1825.— Harlan,  R.    Description  of  u  new  );enu8  of  lunmniiferouH  qniidrupedK  of  the  order  Edentata 

(C'liluniy|)lioru8  truucutnn).    <  Ann.  Lye.  Now  York,  i,  I6'jr>,  pp.  8I!.'>-24C,  pU.  19-21 ;  Zool.  Jonrn. 

ii,18ai),  pp.  154-1G;1;  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  \;  18-.i5,  pp.  5-21;  I'loricp,  Notizen.x,  1825,  col.  225-230. 
1827. — Cooper,  W.    Turtber  discovery  of  foxitil  boneit  in  Georgia,  and  rcninrks  on  tbcir  identity  with 

tliosuof  theMegatlierinmof  Puragnay.    <^  Ann.  Lye.  Nut.  Hist.  New  York,  ii,  1827,  pp.  267-270. 
1828. — Wagner,  R.    Ueber  die  Tbiero  der  Iliiblen  in  America  and  die  Mcgalonyx-Knocbeu  der  MUd- 

•  cbener  Saniinlniig.     <  Kaxtner,  Arcliiv  Nutiirl.  xv,  li^28,  pp.  ;!1-;15. 
1830.— [Waterton,  C]    Tlie  Hlotb.     <Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  18;)0,  pp.  5e-.'8.      " 

[Waterton,  C]    Ants  and  ant-beurs  of  Sontb  America.    <Cab.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1S30,  pp.  83,84. 
1831.— Harlan,  R.    Description  of  tbe  fossil  bones  of  tb»  Mrgalunyx   [M.  laqucnlns]  discovered  in 

"WbiteCave",  Kentneky.     <  Jonrn.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  I'bila.  vi,  lK;il,  pp.  269-288,  pU.  12-14. 
O^en,  R.     [On  tbo  anatomy  of  tbe  l)-banded  aroindillo  (Dasypns  peba,  Desm.}.]     <^  Proo. 

C'oinui.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  i,  1831,  pp.  141-144. 
Owen,  R.      [On  llio  anatomy  of  tbe  weasel-beaded  armadillo  (Dosypus  sexciuctus,  Linn.).] 

<^  Proe.  Comm.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  i,  1831,  pp.  154-1.57. 
1832. — Ovren,  R.    [On  tbe  anatomy  of  two  species  of  urmiidillo  (Dasypus,  L.).]    <^  Pruc.  Comm.  Zool. 

Sue.  London,  ii,  1832,  pp.  130-132. 
Ovren,  R.     [On  tbe  osteology  of  tbo  weasel-headed  armadillo  (Dasypos  C-cinctns,  L.).]    <  Proo. 

Comm.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  ii,  1832,  pp.  134-138. 
1833. — Cooper,  W.    A  report  on  some  fossil  bones  of  tbe  Megalonyx,  from  Virginia;  with  a  notice  of 

sn(^b  parts  of  tbe  skeleton  of  this  uniniul  as  have  been  hitherto  discovered,  and  rennirks  on  tbe 

utlinities  which  they  indicate.     <^  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  iii,  '833,  pp.  l(il)-173. 
1834. — Harlan,  R.    On  tbe  strnctnro  of  tbo  teeth  in  tbe  "  Edentata",  fossil  ami  recent.    <[ Trans.  Geol. 

Soc.  I'enna.  i,  1834,  pp.  40-45. 
1835. — Harlan,  R.    Notice  of  tbe  os  ilinm  of  tbo  Megalonyx  laqneatns  from  llig  Hone  Cave,  White 

Connly,  Tennessee.     <  Trans.  Geol.  Sdc.  Pennsylvania,  i,  1835,  p.  347,  pi.  21. 
1841. — Harlan,  R.    [Description  of  Iho  bones  of  a  fossil  animal  of  tbo  order  Edentata— abstract.] 

<  I'roe.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  ii,  lt^!l,  pp.  109-111. 

1842. — Owen,  R.     T1e.wription  of  the  skeleton  of  an  extinct  gigantic  sloth  (Myiudou  robnslns, Oncu); 

with  observations  on  the  osteology,  natural  utlinities,  and  probable  habits  of  tbe  megatberioid 

ijuadrnpeds  in  general.    Uy  liicburd  Owen,  F.  U.  S.,  llnnteriau  professor  and  ccmservator  of 

tbo  Mnsenm  of  the  Unyul  College  of  Surgeons  in  Lnn<1(U].     Published  by  direction  of  tbe  council. 

London  :  .  .  .  .  sold  by  John  Van  Voorst,  ....     184^;.     4°.     17(i  pp.,  24  pll.  with  24  expl.  11. 
Perkins,  H.  C.    Notes  to  the  editors  respecting  fossil  bones  from  Oregon.    <[  Host.  Jonrn.  Mat. 

Hist,  iv,  no.  1,  Jan.  1842,  art.  xi,  pp.  134-13(i. 
(Kfferrcil  toOryoterotllBriiim  orcguneusis,  IXarlan.] 
Perkins,  H.  C.    [On  some  fossil  bones  of  Orycterotherium,  supposed  to  be  those  of  a  megatherioid 

animal.  J     <  Proc.  Best.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  1842,  pp,  50, 57, 02. 
1843.  -Lund,  P.  W.    Conspiwtus  Dasypodum.— Fortegnolse  paa  boiltedyrene  fra  Uio  das  Velhus  Flod- 

dal.    <  Oversigt  K.  Danske  Vid.  Selsk.  Forh.  (Copenhagen),  1843,  pp.  79-83. 
Owen,  R.    Description  d'unc  sqnclotted'un  paresseux  gignntesqnefo88ile(leMylodnii  rohnstUB). 

snivio  d'observations  sur  les  quadrnpbdos  ni<!gatb<!rioides  en  gi5n(?rul.    <[  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xix 

(Zool.),  1843,  pp.  221-203 ;  Froriep,  Notizon,  xxii,  IH43,  col.  05-72, 81-88, 97-104, 1 13-119;  xxviii, 

1843,  col.  4-10. 

Owen,   R.    Zoological  summary  of  tbo  extinct  and  living  anininls  of  the  order  Edentata, 

<  Edinb.  New  Philos.  Jonrn.  xxxv,  1843,  pp.  3,5;t-301. 

1846. — Alesaandrini,  A.  Strnctura  integumentornm  nrmadili,  Dasypus  novemcinctus,  L.  <^NoT. 
Comm.  Acad.  lionon.  ix,  1849,  pi).  393-410,  2  pll. ;  (K»tr.)  Nnov.  Ann.  delle  Sci.  Nut.  Bologua, 
2a  ser.  vi,  1840,  pp.  428-431. 


BIBLIOGR.  APPENDIX— O.  EDENTATES, 


1071 


I  \ 


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diiii'n  l'08niliii  Kiiocbeu  des  Mcgalouyx  luqiieatus.    <  Dull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  XX  {ptu.  2), 

1H17,  pp.  iii-i;w. 

1847-48.— Meyer,  O.  H.    I'ebcr  den  Ban  der  liaut  von  Dasypus  luid  der  Stacbelu  von  Kuju.    <  Mit- 

tbeil.  Naturi.  Gesollscb.  Zilricli,  i,  18'17-48,  pp.  H7-9i. 
1848 —Meyer,  O.  H.    Ueber  den  Bau  der  Haut  des  GUrteltbieres  [Dasypodiduj].    <  Archiv  fUr  Anat. 

1848,pp.  2a6-'J3a. 
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1851— Turner,  H.  N.    On  tbe  arrangement  of  tbo  edentatei.iuammalla.    <Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 

xix,  1851,  pp.  205-221. 
1852.— Leidy,  J.     [Kemarts  on  tbe  fossil  Edentata  of  North  America.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila. 

vi,  1HJ>2,  p.  117. 
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Ibat  ill  other  known  existing  and  extinct  species  of  tbo  class  uiuiiiiualia,  being  an  abstract  of 

a  memoir  read  by  Professor  Onen  to  tbo  Koyal  Society  of  London.    <^  Am.  Journ.  Sei.  and 

Arts  (2),  xiv,  1852,  art.  xvii,  pp.  91-97.    [Cited  from  Jumcsou's  Ediub.  Journ.  li,350.] 
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1854,  pp.  12-14. 
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8  cinctns  L.    <  M6m.  Aecad.  Sci.  Bologna,  vii,  1850,  pp.  285-340,  7  pU. 
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Phila.  u.  H.  xi,  1856,  art.  ix,  pp.  107-108,  pi. 6,  tig.  1. 
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xxxviii,  1864,  p.  295. 
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ntrf.  Ges.  Halle,  ix,  1864,  pp.  17-72,  with  2  pU. 
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183-a:ll,  pll.  Tl-rili),     V.  infri,  date  ISIO.J 
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315,  with  4  tigg. 
1868.— Flower,  W.  H.    On  the  development  and  succession  of  the  teeth  in  tho  armadillos  (Dasy- 

podido)).    <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1868,  pp.  378-380. 
Leidy,  J.    Notice  of  some  vertebrate  remains  from  the  West  Indian  Islands.    <  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1868,  pp.  178-180. 
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6deuti!8.    <  Comptes  llendus,  Ixvi,  1868,  pp.  670-673. 
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658-675  (Ifcre  partie). 


ir 


1072 


MONOOrjAPHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


1669. — Oervaii,  P.  M(5imiiro  »iir  Icb  foriiios  c^i^bialos  proprcs  mix  <<(li'iit(^»  vivuuU  et  fosailpn,  p'rdo<<l<$ 
ilu  rvniarqni'N  niir  (|ue1i|Uo><  poinlH  ilu  In  Ktiuctiirn  nir,itniiii(|ii»  du  cch  niiimniix  ct  mir  leur 
c-ln»8ill(ali(iii.    <.N«uv.  Arch.  Miis.  IIiBt.Niit.  Piiris,  t.  v,  1*;),  M6ni.  pp.  l-M,  pU,  l-."). 

1870.— Burmoister,  H.  MonoKiapliiii  (1«  los  OljptoiloiitcH  pii  rl  JIiispo  ruliliro  do  niimiOR  Airca. 
■^  Anal.  XIiiH.  lYilil.  Iliii'iii)i>  AiroH,  ii,  1870,  pp.  1-107,  pll.  1-12.     [To  lie  cuiitiiuu'd.] 

Leidy,  J.     [On  tlio  liiiiiicrnfl  iif  n  Bliitb  frmn  Ci'iilrnt  Amcricn  ri'nenililiiig  MyloUoH  rubuatus.] 
<  I'roc.  Aciid.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liilu.  1870,  pp.  8-!t. 
1871.— Perkins,^ H.  C.    Tho  Megatliciiiim  and  its  nllies.    <  Am.  Nat.  iv,  1871,  pp.  7(ia-7C5. 

1873.— Oervaia,  P.  Rocliorclieii  snr  los  (Sdoiitds  tardiumdos.  <Coniptcs  Hondns  Acad.  Sci.  Paris, 
Ixxvii,  1873,  p.  HCl ;  Jonrii.  do  Zool.  t.  2,  Palis,  187:t,  pp.  4():l~liiU. 

1874.— Chapman,  H.  C.    Hoto  inirabil*  in  lirad.vpvis  cTMoctylua.    <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.  1874, 
p.  'J.'>,  p!.  i:!,  liR.  3. 
Gray,  J.  E.    On  tlic  sliort-lniiod  arniadillo  (Mnlctin  scptonicincta)  [willi  synopsis  of  tbo  genera 
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P.— IflARSUPIALN  AND  nONOTREinE.S. 


iim^iMi! 


miiii  I 


1698.— Tyson,  E.    Carignoya,  sen  niarsnpialo  nnioricnnuni,  or  thv  nnatoniy  of  an  cposanoi  [Didelpbya]. 

<  I'hllns.  Trans,  xx,  ro.  ii.tO,  1C98,  pp.  105-10-1,  2  pll. 

1704. — Cowrper,  W.    A  Icttor  to  Edward  Tyson,  K'*''"B  ""  acconnt  of  those  parts  of  tho  inalooposanm 

that  dill'or  from  tho  foraalo.     <;',  I'liilos.  Trans,  xxiv,  no.  iiilO,  170i,  pp.  iri7(J-iri90,  1  pi. 

Tyson,  B.    Carigueya,  son'marHnpialo  uinorieaniiin  niascnlnin ;  or,  the  aiialoniy  of  a  main  npoe- 

Hiiiii.     Ill  whicli  aro  added  somo  fnrlhor  oliservations  on  tho  opossnni;  «iid  a  now  division  of 

torrostrial   hrnto  animals,  particularly  of  tlioi-o  that   have  their   foot   formed   like   hands, 

<  I'hilos.  Trans,  xxiv,  no.  VM,  1704,  pii.  I.''.00-l.'i7ri. 

1746.— Folkes,  M.    Olisorvatiou  ct  description  do  Tanininl  appolM  opossnm.    <|  Hist,  ct  )I(^m.  Acad. 

Sci.  Paris,  1740,  Hist.  p.  IW. 
1797. — Cuvler,  O.    Siir  les  rates  dn  Marsouin.    •<  Dull.  Soc.  Philom.  Paris,  i,  1707,  p.  44. 

Osoffroy  St.-Hilaire,  fi.    Dissertation  snr  les  nnimaiix  b,  bonrse.    <  Hull.  Soc.  Pbilom  Paris, 
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1803. — Suveruoy,  O,  L.    Snr  la  ilissection  do  donx  foniollos  du  didulpbu  luanlcou,  Didelpbig  virginiana. 

<  IJiill.  Soc.  Philom.  Paris,  iii,  180:!,  pp.  lUO,  Ifil. 

1806. — Barton,  B.  S.    Facts,  observations,  and  conjectnres  relative  to  the  generation  of  tho  opossnni 

of  North  Auierioa,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Uinme  of  Paris.     8°.    Philadelphia,  1800.     [Qn.  dale.] 
1812.— Valentin,  L.    Notice  snr  ropossiim  et  sur  quelques  iiuiinaux  h  bonrse.     <[  Mt'^in.  do  I'Acad.  do 

Marseille,  ix,  1812,  pp.  i:U-147. 
1813.— Barton,  B.  S.    Additional  facts,  observations,  and  coDJectnrcs  relative  to  the  genoiatlon  of  tho 

opossnm  of  Noil h  America.    8".    Philadelphia,  18i;i.     [Compare  1806  and  182:!.] 
1819.— Ooldfuas,  O.  A.    I'eber  Liptirus  cinerens  nnd  die  Oidnuug  dor  Deutolthiorc  Uboihaupt.    <  Isis, 

1810,  lip.  271-'-'74. 
1823.-  Barton,  B.  S.    I'acts,  observations,  and  conjectures,  relative  to  the  generation  of  tho  opossnm 

of  North  America.    <  Thomsoii,  Ann.  Phihis.  n.  s.  vi,  18;!:),  pp.  ;i4'.)-;i,'i4 ;  Fioriep,  Notizen,  vi, 

1824,  col.  123-144;  I'einssac,  Hull.  Sci.  Nat.  vi,  1825,  pp.  402-40:).    [Compare  1800  and  181:).] 
1824.— Oeoffroy  St-Hilaire,  £.    Sur  des  vestiges  d'organisatiou  plncentairo  et  d'onihilic,  ddcouvcrta 

die  znn  tri'S  petit  fietns  dn  Didelphis  virginiana.     <^  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ii,  1824,  pp.  121-126;  Zool. 

Jonrn.  i,  1825,  pp.  2.'i5,2.")<i ;  Proriep,  Notizen,  ix,  1828,  col.  07-100. 
Oeoffroy  St.-Bilaire,  I     Snr  la  g<^ndration  des  aniniaux  il  bourse  et  lo  d^veloppement  de  lenr 

fuitns.     <Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  i,  1824,  pp.  :592-408. 
1826.— Oeoffroy  St.-Hilalre,  £.     Note 'snr  quelqncs  circonstaiices  de  la  gestation  des  femelles  de  kan- 

gnroos,  et  sur  les  nioyens  qu'elles  mettent  on  cenvre  pour  iiourrir  lour  fietits  siispeiidns  nux 

totoiis.     <  Ann.  Sci.  Nut.  ix,  1826,  pp.  :t40-;i44  ;  Froriep,  Notizen,  xvi,  1827,  col.  228-2^0. 
1C28. — Ritgen,  F.  F.  A.    Uober  einigu  Kigrntbilmlichkeilen  ini  Ban  dor  Heutelthiero.    <CHeU8ingor'8 

Zoilschr.  f.  organ.  Physiol,  ii,  1828,  pp.  ;)71-;)77,  with  figg;  F6ruBH.  Bull.  Sci.  Nal.  xvii,  1829, 

pp.  27:),  274. 


I^ww;? 


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1848.— Baohman,  J.    Notes  ou   the  generation   of  the  Virginian  opossum  (Didelphis  virginiana). 

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Baohman,  J.    Further  observations  on  the  generation  of  the  opossum.    [Wiili  "Letter  from 

Middleton  Michel,  M.  I).,  of  Charleston,  S.C."J     <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  iv,  1848,  pp. 

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1849  -Tomes,  J.  Ou  the  structure  of  the  dental  tissues  of  marsupial  animals,  and  more  especially  of 
the  enamel.  <  Philos.  Trans.  1849,  pp.  403-412,  2  pll.;  (abstr.)  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Loudon,  no.  73 
(Abstracts  of  the  Papers,  etc.  vol.  v,  pp  847, 848 ;  lustitut,  xviii,  no.  848, 1850,  p.  110. 

1850.— Browne,  P.  A,  [On  the  tegnmentary  appendages  of  the  Ornilhorliynchus  paradoxus.]  <  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  v,  IS.'*,  p.  2. 

1851.— Mengen,  W.  Do  marsnpialimn  dispositione  systematica.  Dissertalio  zoologica.  8°.  Tit.,  30 
pp.    DonniB,  fonnis  F.  P.  Lechuer,  1851. 

1853.— Qiebel,  C.  O.   Daa  Zahnsyatem  der  Beutelthiere.    <  Zeitschr.  geaammt,  Naturw.  Halle,  ii,  1853. 
pp.  289-301. 
68  M 


I 


1074 


MONO0HAPH8  OP  NORTH  AMKBIOAN  RODBNTFA. 


i'^'  I 


-i;  -  H 


1893. — Meigs,  C.  D.    MKiiMiir  cm  tlw  ri'prdcliirliiiiinf  tlii'  i>|iiikniiiii,  I)iilc'l|itiiK  vir){iniiiiia.    <^Truii!<.  Am. 

I'liilin.  .Snr.  I'liilu.  II.  B.,  X,  1H.'):I,  ml.  viii,  pp.  LVi-lCkl, 
IBSS.— WatorhouBe,  O.  R.    The  imliiniliit'H  liliimj.    Kdilcil  liy  Sir  William  .Iiiiiliiif,  Hiiil.    .  .  .    Viil. 

xxiv.— MiiitiiiiiUia.     MurHiipiiiliii  or  piinclii'il  uiiliimln.     ,  .  .     IMiiiliur);li :  \V,  II.  Llzarn,  .  .  .  ; 

London,  lli'iiry  (i.  lliiliii,  .  .  .  IHi'i.'i.     UP.    Kiig.  tillc,  4  p.  II.,  p|i.  17-:)'j:i,  ;I4  ciil.  pll.,  porlrnil. 
1863.— Bngelmanu,  O.     [(iunlalion  of  (ipoHHimi.]    <TriiiiH.  Acud.  Hcl.  8t.  LoiiiH,  ii,  l"!!:!,  p,  '.''24. 

Shute,  J.  O.     [On  llii'  inudu  nf  liiilli  in  tlio  (ipiixMnm.]     <  I'nie.  llontun  Hw.  Nut.  Hint,  ix,  1SC<3, 

p.  ;t;W  ;  I'loc.  Khsdx  limt.  iii,  IHCill,  pi>.  'JHS,  'Ml 
Tomea,  R.  F.     Nolicc  of  a  new  Anicrii'Qn  form  of  ninrstipiul  [ll.vrarodon],     <  Proc.  Zool.  8oo. 

London,  IHti;),  pp.  M,  .'il,  pi.  viii. 
186S.— Flower,  VT.  H.    On  tlio  I'ninmitsnrcH  of  t lie  cerebral  hemlnpheres  of  the  Marmipinlin  and  Mono> 

trennvia,  uh  conipureil  nilli  thorn;  nf  llie  pluientul  nniinnnilin,     <^  Plilloit.  Truim.  clv,lHtl,'>,  pp. 

(i:);l-ti,j|,  1>1I.  :!d-;W ;  ulmtraet  in  Proe.  Hoy.  Hoc.  IWi.'i,  pp.  "1-74, 
1866. — Jiion.    UiKi'ntie  niur.tiipiulx  of  Vlcturiu,  Anittrnlia.     <|  Ani,  Juurn.8ei.aud  Arts  ('2),  xll,  li4C6,  pp. 

•>:,ii,'i:><x 
1867.— Haugbton,  S.    On  fouie  points  In  the  mnsonlar  anatomy  of  the  murHnpiHlH.     <  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  IliHt.  xix,  IHIi",  jip.  l'27-i;U. 
MoCoy,  F.     On  anew  genuH  of  I'haluuger  (Oymnobelldvus).    <^  Ann. and  Mng.  Nat.  Hint,  xx, 
lH(i7,  pp. '287,  •28.-t.  with  1  pi. 
1867-68.— Flower,  TV.   H      On   the  devidopnient  and   Hncees«ion  of  the   toelli   in    the    .MnrHupialiii. 
<Pliihis.  TranB.  for  lfli7,  elvii,  l^lW,  pp.(l:!l-ti41,  pll.;i9-4(l;  nlmtract  in  Proe.  Koy.  Soe.  xv,lM(17, 
pp.  •l(M-4(irt  ;  and  in  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nut.  IliHt.  xx,  \i*iu,  pp.  l!.'il-i:t;i. 
1868. — Flower,  W.   H.     On  lh«  aniniliex  and  probulile  hal>it.'<  of  the  exlinet  AnHlralian  nnirnnpial, 
Tliylaeoleo  earnifex,  Owen.     <^  Quart,  .lonrn.  (;e<d.  Hoe.  Lonilon,  xxiv,  WW,  pp.  ;!n7-lll'.'. 
Oervala,  P.     JKiuioire  unr  leH  fornu's  eerc'liriilen  propres  i»ux  niarnnpianx.     <  Nonv.  Areli.  Mils. 

IliHt.  Nat.  Paii8,  t.  v,  Ifd'J,  M<Sin.  pp.  'A'K-'J.M,  jill.  i;t,  14. 
McCoy,  F.     On  the  Hpeclen  of  woiiiliat.H  fl'liasecdoniyidie].     (Al)Ntract.)    <",  TiauH.  and  Pioc. 

Koy.  Soe.  Victoria,  viii,  l*iH,  pp.  •,>(lli-'2; 0. 
Peters,  W.     Ileber  das  On  tyinpanieiiin  iind  die  (jeliiirknochrlolipn  der  8eliiiul>eltbiero  in  Ilozng 
aiif  die  I'la^c  von  der  Deiitnn^  des  Qnadrutbeines  be!  deu  Villein.     <  —  t    Also,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nal.  Hist,  i,  18t)8,  pp,  779-782,  with  1  pi. 
Sander,  J.     Uelier  dun  (juereoiiiinissini'imystem  des  OrosshirnH  bei  dcii  ]louteltbieri>D  [Mnrsa- 
pialia].    <  Areb.  Anat.  IHiiH,  pp.  711-71H,  with  1  pi. 
1869.— £di'on'a(.    Marsupial  do(;s.    <  Am.  Kat.  iii,  18()'.),  p.  K\.    [From  Q.  .1.  Sci.  .Jan.  18C9,  wbicb  see 

for  author.] 
1871. — Cones,  B.     On  the  niyolojjy  of  the  OrnilliorhynehnH.     <  Coiuin.  Kasex  IiiHt.  vi,  1871,  pp.  128-17n. 
1872. — Coues,  Z3.      The  osteology  and  myology   <d'  Didelphys  vir^iniana.     With  an  up[iendix  on  tbe 
brain,  by  .lellrieH  W'yniau.     <C  Mem.  Itoaton  Soe.  Nat.  Hi.^t.  ii,  lr7'J,  art.  ;i,  pp.  41-1,")4. 
Lincecum,  O.    The  opoHsnui.     <  An:.  Nat.  vi,  187'i,  pp.  .'■io.'i-.''),'',7. 
1876. — Barnard,   W.   B.     Observutions  on  the  development  of  Didelpliya  virKininun.     <^  Proe.  Am. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sol.  xxiv,  187C,  jip.  U.^-M7,  IlKg.  1-4. 

[For  most  of  tlie  following  titles,  tlie  oomiilliTs  aro  iuilchtoil  to  tlio  kind  attentions  of  Mr.  ,r.  A.  Alien.  They  were 
roceivvd  diirlnfj;  tlio  printiiij;  of  the  Ili1iliogrn)iby,  lint  too  lalo  fur  ItmorlloD  ttn/ler  tliclr  proper  lioailA,  unil  repreaout,  in  jmr. 
tlcular,  niany  iiiiportnnt  piileoontoloi^lcal  papers  by  Lcidy,  Marsb,  and  Cope.] 

1780.— Clavigeio,  F.  S.    Storiu  antica  del  Slessico.    4  vols.    4°.    Ceaonn,  1780. 

1782. — Mackenzie,  A.  A  general  history  of  tbe  for  trade  from  Cunadu  to  the  northwest.  < Macken- 
zie's Voyages,  etc.  vol.  i,  l/'.l'J,  pp.  1-1(U. 

1787.— Clavigero,  F.  S.  History  of  Mexico,  translated  from  the  Ilaliun  by  C.  Cullen.  '2  vols.  i°, 
London,  1787.  [Contains  an  alphubetieal  list  of  Mexieun  luauimii.ls,  wilh  deseriptions  and 
remarks.] 

181S.  -lUlger,  C.  Uubcrblick  der  Siiugthierc  uach  ihrcr  Vertboilung  iibcr  die  Welltbeilc.  <  Abbuudl. 
der  KiJuig.  Akad.  der  Wisseuseh.  in  Berlin,  1804-11  (1815),  pp.  a9-l&9. 


filil^:! 


ItlllLlOCiK.  Al'l'KNDIX— (^  ADDICNDA. 


1075 


MniuiiiiilH,  pp,  I'.l'l-l'.PJ.     [!)  HiiccicN.  1 
I'itmnuUI,  1H31).    [I.ixl  nl' maiiiiiiulx, 


1821.— KeniRteii,  B.    CiipltlsTricliicIji  rnHiiiiiri  ilcsi  riplin  nHliMiliiKirn.    lli'inl.,  IH.'I. 

1826.— RoBB,  J.  C.     ZiHlldKicul  iippciidix  !»  I'iinj'n  lliiid  mijjik''.     MiiiniiiiilH,  pp.'.l.'-U,'),     [H  ipcclcB.] 

1027.— Williamo,  J.  L.  A  view  cil'Wcnt  I'lniiilii,  ciiiliniciii;;  il«);ciiynipli,v,  lii|i(iKiHpli.v,  clc.  H  .  I'liil- 
iiili'l|ihla,  IH'.'T.     [t'oiituiiiN  lint oriLiiiiiiiimln.  J 

1828.— Robs,  X  C.    /l>c">lll^i(:ltl  ii|ipcii<lix  liil'itri,v'H  Inuiili  vii)'iii;c'. 

1829.- Field,  D.  D.    lIlHtory  uf  Ili^rkHliiru  C()Uiit.y,  Mum.    1I4<^. 
lip.  ;«i-;i8.] 

1830.— .Jnon.    Qiimlriir idn.    < Cab.  Nnt.  Hint,  i,  l&UO,  p.  210. 

1831. — Trimery,  N.  C.  do.  Ili.|ilr«K<>ii  tnt  dc  iiiitnnrlijkd  gpHcliii'ili'iiiH  vnii  «loii  wnlriis  en  ilo  krniiis 
(liT  viTnchi'idi'iilic'iKli'ii,  wi'lki^  miili'i-  ili'zo  dicri'ii  viiiirkoniinrn.  <  Ili.jilr,  tut  dii  iiatniirk. 
Wi'tiMiBcli.  vi,  Irtlil,  pp.  ;i(;U-:ill'J,  wilh  a  plate. 

1837. — WlUiams,  J.  Ii.  Tho  Tirritdiy  of  I'liirida;  or  Hkotcbiis  of  lliu  lo|i(i);iiipIi,v,  civil  uDil  iiiitiirnl 
liisior.v  iiCilii'  tipiintr.v,  lliti  cliiimtv,  and  llm  Indian  IiIIjch,  IVoiii  llm  iirHt  diHcovcry  to  tliu  pres- 
ent time,  with  a  map,  vitnvM,  Hv.     Xi'W  Yolk,  A.  T.  (lonilvirb,  IMIIT. 

1841. — Harlan,  R.  MoiIoIh  of  tint  foHHil  remains  of  tlic  Dinotlierinni  ^i^iinteiun.  <^  Am.  Jonin.  S<M. 
and  Arts,  xli,  l.'^Jl,  p.  17'-. 

1842-43.— Holboll,  C.  Ili'nia!iknin(;er  over  noj^le  ]pal(ed.vrH  on  fnylei  dj  kki'ovne.  <^  Nat.  Tidiwk.  iv, 
lH4-.'-i:i,  pp. -J/T.-jrA 

1844. — Morton,  S.  O.    On  a  new  Hpoeies  of  IlippopotamuH  [II.  minor).    <  I'roe.  Aead.  Nut.  .Sci.  I'liila. 
ii,  1H44,  pp.  14-17,  Willi  a  riK«. 
Flummer,  J.  T.     Serap.s  in  natural  irwtory.     (Jnadrnpeils.     [MaininalH  of  Wavne  County,  Indi- 
ana.]   <^  Am.  Jourii.  Sci.  and  ArlH,  xlvi,  1*1'   pp. ',';!!)- 'J III. 

1845.  — Wyman,  J.  [On  tho  foHsil  nkeliitoii  of  llydrarehos  »illiinani.]  <  I'loc.  lioRton  Sue.  Nat.  IliMt. 
ii,  lH4.'i,  pp.  <).j-(iH. 

1846.— Lister,  O.  [On  the  allegations  of  Dr.  Koch  respeitinn  the  dimovery  of  IlydnirilioH.  J  <  I'roc. 
Iloston  Soe.  Nat.  lIlBt.  ii,  lH4(i,  pji.  94-!l(i. 

1846-49.— Holboll,  C.  Notice  over  Oidnlicndernes  kiperkaniak  [Baliena].  <  Nat.  TidHnk.  ii,  lH4U-4il, 
pp.  30S-;!1(). 

1847.— Miiller,  J.     Uebcr  die  von  Ilerrii  Koch  in  Alaliania  KeKamnielten  fuHNilen  Knocdienrcsle  seineu 
Uyilrarchoa.     <  Archiv  flir  Anal.  1847,  pp  :)()i-:!'.lli. 
Miiller,  J.    Untersncbnngen  liber  den  llydraichiis.    <Heiich(  Veib.  K.  Pr.  Akad.  WisH.  Ber- 
lin, ie47,  pp.  10;i-U4. 
Ritzius,  A.    [On  the  llydrarehos  of  Koch.]    <  Am.  Joiirn.  Sei.  and  Arts  ('J),  iv,  Itf47,  pp.  4Q1, 422. 
Kdilorittl.    Ilarlanns,  a  new  genus  of  fossil  pachyderms.     <  Am.  Jonru.  Sci.  and  Arts  (2),  Hi, 
1H47,  p.  12.-.. 

1850.— Leidy,  J.  [On  Encrotaphus  jacksoni  and  Arcba>utherinni  morloni.]  <  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
riiila.  V,  18.-.0,  pp.  UO-!);t. 

1851.— Qirard,  C.  Iconographio  onoyclopiBdia  of  science,  literature,  and  urt.  Systcmutioully  arranged 
by  .1.  (J.  Heck.  Translated  from  the  Geiinan,  with  additions,  and  edited  liy  .Spencer  F.  Haird, 
...  In  four  volumes.  .  .  .  New  York,  IS'iI :  Kiidc.lph  Clarrigne,  jinblisher,  .  .  .  [Vol.  ii: 
[xx.v  pp.-f  ].  liotany  [203  pp.],  Zoology  [f.02  pp.],  Anthropohigy  and  surgery  [219  pi>.+] 
-f  Indexes,  xii,  xvi,  v  [-(-  1]  pp.] 

[Cdlilalns,  pp.  :i'.l'i-S02,  a  cljaptiT  on  Munimnls.  by  Clmrli's  (iir.irit.] 
Girard,  C.    Onllines  of  general  zoology.    Manmials,  by  Charles  Girard.    Birds,  by  John  Cotsiu. 
Roi)tilcs,  by  Spencer  F.  Baird.   Fishes,  by  Spencer  1".  Baird.  Invertebrates,  by  8.  S.  Haldeniann. 
[Edited  by  Speucor  FuUerton  Baird.]    Reprinted  from  the  Icouographic  Encyclopcdin  of  Sci- 
ence, Literature,  and  Art.    New  York:  Rudolph  Garrigue,  publisher,  ....  1851.     8°.    2  p.  1., 

ix-xxi,  502,  xvi  pp. 

(Aropriiit  of  tlie  "Zoology  "  of  tlic  iivcoilingTOlume  Willi  special  tUlcpagc  and  introiinctory  notice.    Thechap- 
terou  Mammals  occupies  111  pp.  (J93-503).] 
Leidy,  .7.    [On  some  fossils— i.  f .,  Arctndon— from  Nebraska.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  v, 
1851,  p.  278. 
1852.— Leidy,  J.    Remarks  on  a  fossil  vertebra— of  Pontogenus  prisciis,  n.  sp.— from  Ouachita,  L». 
<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Phihi.  vi,  1852,  p.  52. 


m\' 


107G 


MONOOUAPnS  OF  KOHTII  AMKIJICAN  KODENTIA. 


1859 

1860 

1861 

1862. 

1864. 
1865. 
1867. 

1868. 


1858.— Chadbourne,  P.  A.    IJKt  of  iiiaimiials  of  tlio  vii'iiiily  of  Williiiinetown,  Mass.    <\Villiiims 

Quarleily,  v,  .Jmiu,  l^.'i.H,  pp  :!!j(i,  :j.*i7.     [A  nominal  list  of ;!.')  hpccivH.] 
Emiiioiis,  E.     H'o.-sil  niumnialH  of  North  Carolina. "|     <  Ut'p.  (icol.  Snrvuy  Noilli  Carolina,  IfM, 

pp.  ll«)-2li.  tiiiif.  IS-IU.     [KiinuH,  SnH,  Maatodon,  Klipliax,  (.'eryns,  linla;na,  etc.] 
Hlud,  J.  H.    Calalo;,'ne  of  IIk^  aniinalx  of  Hiip«rt's  Land.    <  Uep.  of  Kxpl.  of  Country  between 

Lake  Superior  and  Ueil  Kiver  .Sutllemcnt,  1S5S,  pp.  40(i-4()>J. 

— Wlnans,  E.  ^V.    .Mephitis  (piaterliueariH  [n.  sp.].— Win.— Four-striped  Nkunk.    <  Unknown 

ui'WHpapur,  date  IH.'VJ.     [8e«  Coues'a  Monogr.  Mustelida^  p.  2l!it.] 
— Prout,  H.  A.    [On  a  fossil  tooth  from  Virginia.]    <;  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  i,  IfJCO,  pp.  U99, 700. 

[NiiiiH'tt  Lt-iiiyiitlierlum  (wltUuutupeciUc  uoiue),  aad  rel'urrod  uour  Titauotliurium.J 
— R^BB,  B.  R.     [Nominal  list  of  the  matuinalaof  Britieh  America.]    <^  Edinburgh  Now  Philos. 

.louni.  .xiii,  l-til,  pp.  Kil . 

— V7ood,  C.  B..    Ueuiarks  on  the  natural  history  of  British  Colombia  and  Vancouver.    <^  Mayne'a 

(K.  C.)  Four  Years  iu  British  Columbia  and  Vaiicmivcr  Island.    [Mammals,  pp.  414-410.] 
— Edilorial.    Mesozoic  niamninls.    <  Am.  Jouru.  Sci.  and  Arts  (U),  xxxviii,  18C4,  p.  2t:5. 
— Benedeu,  P.  J.  Van.     Kccherches  sur  les  equalodons.    <  Mdin.  Acad.  Roy.  Btdjjique,  xxxv,  18C5. 
— Seeley,  H.  E.    Tli>i  laws  which  havn  determined  the  distribntiou  of  life  and  rocks.    <^Anu. 

and  .Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (:i),  xx,  1SC7,  pp.  404-415. 
— Leidy,  J.    Indication  of  an  Elotberium  [K.  snpcrbns,  n.  s.]  in  California.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  riiila.  1806,  p.  177. 
Leldy,  J.    Notice  of  some  remains  of  extinct  pachyderms.    -^  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  I'hila.  lt!5B, 

pp.  'Jiw-aa;!. 

Marsh,  O.  C.    Notice  of  a  ni'W  and  diminutivo  species  of  fossil  horse  (F<inus  parvulus;  from 
the  tertiary  of  Xeliniska.     <^  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  M  ser.  xlvi,  ISGf,  pp.  I!74,  '\7!>. 

74. — Milne-Edw^ards,  H.  ami  A.  Kechercliea  pour  scrvir  u  I'histoiro  uatuielle  des  niammif(>res. 
...  i'aris;  Victor  Mas;  '(Is,  1SG8-Iti74.    '2  vols.    4".     Vol.  i,  2  p.  1.,  pp.  :i!l4;  vol.  ii.pp.  viii, 

1)11.  1(1.'),  with  10,")  11.  expi         jiy.     [Comi)aro  defective  title,  an/in,  p. 978.] 

—Cope,  E.  D.  Synopsis  of  the  extinct  mammalia  of  the  cave  formations  iu  the  United  States, 
with  some  observations  on  some  Myviopoda  fouud  in  and  near  the  same,  and  on  some  extiuct 
mammals  of  the  caves  of  Anguilla,  W.  I.,  and  of  other  localities.  <^  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Sue. 
Phila.  xi,  18()0,  i)p.  17l-l!)2,  iill.  iii-v. 

ITwenti-.spvon  sijiM-ies  fiotu  caves  uf  dift'crcut  parts  of  the  UoittMl  KtBles,  fourtern  of  llii^in  cxtincl  and  thir- 
teen utiU  exit^tiu).^  Till)  foltDwin};  extioct  Hpcciea  are  deacribed  aa  new: — Slereodectea  torlim,  Tamiaa  la)videila, 
Srlurila  panoliiia,  Mixopliajrus  fneIn?ilK,  Uatera  perdidda;  alao.  Anil)lyilii7.a  iuilndata  ami  I.O)Cun)ylus  luugidena 
(Keo.ct  app.  nn.)  from  Aii^uilla,  W.  I.,  nud  Anoplonaasa  fori'ipata,  Ucmicaulodnu  cflodiena  ({fen.  ct  app.  an.), 
extiiir't  niariix'  jtprciea,  the  tirst  alllrd  to  tlie  Celaroa.  fion)  near  Savaonah.  Ga.,  and  tlie  last  a  Sirenian,  from 
Ki'\port,  N.J.I 

1870.— Brandt,  J.  P.  l!eitr.-'^e  znr  Natnr(;cschichte  des  F.liuds  in  Bezug  auf  leine  inorphologischen 
nnd  paheontolosischen  Verh:iltnis,se,  sowie  seine  gi'ographische  Verbrcltuug,  nehst  Bemer- 
knngen  iiberdie  iniociine  Flora  unil  Insecluufauna  desHuchuordeus.  <  Mem.  Acad.  St.  lYtersb. 
xvi,  no. ,'),  1870,pp.  .S4,  with  :)  ill. 
Cope,  E.  D.  Fourth  contribution  to  the  history  of  (he  fauna  of  the  niiocenc  and  eocene  periods 
of  the  United  States.      <  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  xi,  1b70,  pp.  yH.'i-21)4. 

[MaiiitiialH,  Krt)  hriclitiua  polvponis  (j.p.  .ov.).  Meaoter.)n  lieirif-iua  t(;cn.  ot  ap.  uov,),  Sua  f,  'J'liinotliU' 

riuni  aiiiiulatiim  (;;<'i).  ct  )«p.  liov.).) 

Cope,  E.  D.     [Uemarks  on   vertebralo  remains  from  eaves  of  Angnilla,  W.   I.J     <  Proc.  .\ui. 

Philos.  Sne.  Phila.  xi,  I.-^Td,  p.  (1. 

[l.osr,a>_yIiiH  1/itiileiiH  rliaiMcterized,  and  1)oi)aa  of  a  Hinall  deer  referred  to. J 
Leidy,  J.    [Oo  Droinalheriuin  silvestre;  its  .pr       'it  want  of  a  ir.ii   dibular  eondyle.]     <^  Proc. 

Aeail.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  1^-70,  p.  H. 
Leidy.  J.     [Uemarks  on  Megaceropa  coluradetisis,  n.  s.]     <^  Proc.   \ead.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1870, 

pp.  l,-.>. 

1871. — Cope,  E.  D.     Tie.   method  of  erea"  -     of  oiganie  form  .     <  Proc.  Air.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  Xll, 

1871,  |ip.  'wo-ao;) 

Cope,  E.  D.     [Note  ouj  the  Port  Keuuedy  Boutj  Cavern.    <  Piuo.  Am.  Philos.  S'  "  Phila.  xii, 
l'!71.  p.  l.->. 


1868- 


1869. 


,,,^j^.K«^t*™^m«3j«t*ia»> 


>     -VV;    •*■> 


lllULUKHf.  AIM'KN'DIX— (}.  ADDKNDA. 


1077 


1871.— Cope,  E.  D.     I'ri'liiiiiimiy  ropoit  (in  tlio  vcili'biiilH  dinrovind  in  tin'  Tort  Kiiimily  Itoni'  Ciivo 
[CliiBtcr  C'dnntv,  IVnnii.  |.     <  I'loc.  Am.  I'liilii".  Snr.  I'liilii.  xii,  1H7I,  pp.  7;l-lii-J,  lij;t.  l-'.M. 

lUrniains  or  :M  ^p^(-il>Hl)^  inumnuillo.  iiiMrly  all  ('XliiKt.  iiH  follows:— Kilciit^ii.i.  r>,  Uodontiii.  11.  lii^t-i  livoru, 
V;  rngiilntil.  10;  Carulvnni.  4.  Tho  foUowiiii;  dcHrriliod  ii8  iii'w :— Mi'(;:ilony\  Io.\iMlon,  M  whratltMi.  M.  splio- 
nmloD,  !hl.  tortulitH,  Sciunm  culyciiiuH.  ArvicolnHpeotlirn,  A.  tftruiloUa.  A.dicldla,  A.  liivohitH.  A.  aI;;iihh1iih.  A. 
liialUlolii*,  KtrtllizoD  cloiR'inuni,  PrHotlKTiiirii  palatiiiniti.) 
Leidy,  J.  Notes  on  the  Ainoiican  iniistni1<ni  ami  otlnT  I'oSHilii.  <  Am.  Jonin.  8i'i.  ami  Arl.'<,  :iil 
HIT.  i,  l-<;i,  pp.  Ki-llS.  (riiim  I'ldi'.  Acad.  Nat.  .Sci.  I'liila.  Sept.  1H711.) 
'  Leidy,  J.     l{fport  on  tlic  vrrtcliraU'  foSHil.-j  of  tho  tertiary  t'onnatioiiMorthc  West.    <^  Ann.  Hep. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Siirv.  Terr,  for  If^TO,  1871,  pp.  ;t40-;t7(>. 

(Agpucral  mimiliHry,  so  far  as  tnaniiiialH  nt'O  eoiu'iM-nt'i),  of  tlie  siiini' aiillu.i'n  "Kxliiicl  !llaintuatittn  KiuHuKif 
Jlakotaanil  Ni'lnaskii".! 
Marab,  O.  C.     Notice  of  BOine  uew  fossil  niaininals  from  tlii'  tertiary  formation,     x  '^"''  <lonrii. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  lid  ser.  li,  1871,  pp.  li.'i— tl. 
;^  |Spp.  un.  Tit^iuotlirrium  ?  Queeps,  PalH'oayops  iiiiuor,  I^oiiliioilun  liainliaiius,  I^.  aflitii*.  1,.  nailMK.  I..  pmnihiA. 

Anclntlii-riani  j;iacilis,  Lophlothoriiiiii  (oov.  ^ft•n.)  ballanli.  Klotln  liiiin  li-iitn».  IMalynolnn  Kit-yleii.  I',  aliialim, 
I'.?  coiiiloni.  Dicotylea  iK'sporiiia,  IlypsoihiM  (;raoili.i,  Lininotlioriniii  t.\r;omii»,  I.,  elc^iaiial 
Marsh,  O.  C.     Notice  of  some  new  fosoil  nianimals  and  hiids  from  tlie  tertiary  lornialions  of 
the  West.    <  Am.  ,[onrn.  Sei.  and  Arts,  lid  ser.  ii,  1871,  pp.  I'.i0-li7. 

[MamnmlK,  spp.  iin.  Arcloniys  vi-tiis, Gcomys  l)i»Hlcalu»,  Siluraviia  (iiov  gra.)  nilidii".  S.  iniilaim.  Trlacoilua 
(uov.  (It'll.)  fallal,  Cania  luouLantiH,  Vulpavus  (iiov.  gen.)  paUistrio.  Ampbicjoii  aiiRiistideDH  1 
1872.— [Cope,  B.  I).]    The  armed  MetalopUodon.     [«imii.]     <  Am.  Nat.  vi,  187v!,  pp.  774,775. 

Cope,  B.  D.    Descriptions  of  some  new  vertelimtii  from  the  liridKer  gronp  of  the  eocene.    —  Pn- 
lipont.  Bull.  no.  1,  Jnly  'iO,  \ti7-i,  pp.  l-fi ;  <  Pihc.  Am.  IMiilos.  Hoc.  I'hila.  xii,  187S,  pp.  1()0-1«5, 
[Mam.  (pp.  t-2),  «pl>.  nil.  Meaonyx  obtiisldt'iin,  Tiiai'odon  aciiloiitus,  I.opliinUioriiini  pygmu'iiiii.] 
Cope,  E.  D.    Second  account  of  the  new  vei  tehrata  from  the  ]lridi;er  eocene.    =^  IVheont.  Hull, 
no.  U,  Ann.  ''i,  1872,  pp.  1-3 ;  <  I'roc.  Am.  I'hilos.  Sos.  xii,  187'i,  pp.  4(i(i-4fi8. 

[Spp.  nil.  IleloUierium  prouyoniuum,  Slypoloplius  (gco.  nov.)  punseDa,  raiilolntea  (BCD.  Ilov.)  loliRlelindus 
(sic),  I'aendoloiiiUB  {pm. nov.)  liiaUB.] 
Cope,  E.  D.    Third  account  of  new  vertelitftta  from  the  Bridger  enceuo  of  Wyoming  Valley. 
=  PaliBout.  Bull.  no.  li,  Auj;.  7, 1872,  pp.  1-4  ;  <  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  xii,  187'.',  pp.  409-472. 
IMumm.  (pp.  1,3),  »pp.  uu.  Stypolopbua  iuBec'ivoriia,  .S.  brevicolcflribiin,  Sliacia  (Ren.  uov.)  paiTlvorua,  Touii- 
tbciium  (gen.  Dov.)  rnHtrattiui.] 
Cope,  B.  D.    Notices  of  new  verlehrata  from  the  upper  waters  of  Bitter  Creek,  Wyoming  Terri- 
tory.   —  Pahcout.  Bull.  no.  (i,  Aug.  20, 1872,  pp.  1-4 ;  <  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc  Phila.  xii,  1872,  pp. 
4Kl-48ti.    [Mnm.  spp.  nn.  Synoplothcrium  (gen.  nov.)  lanius,  Kohu8iIeus(gcn   riiiv.)cornutus.] 
Cope,  B.  D.     Second  notice  of  extinct  vetelirates  from   Bitter  Cr  x-k,  Wyoming.    =Pala!ont. 
Bull.  no.  7.  Ang.  22,  187-2,  pp.  1,2;  <  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  xii,  1872,  pp.  487,488. 
[Spp.  ii;i.  Palieoayopa  vallidoiia,  Loxolophodon  cornutim,  L.  furcatua,  L.  prpBaicornia.l 
Cope,  E.  D.    On  Biithinodon,  an  extinct  genus  of  ungulates.     <  Proc.  Phil.  Soc.  I'hiln.  xii,  1872 

pp.  417-420.     [Spp.  un.  Bathmodon  radians,  B.  semicinctns.] 
Cope,  B.  D.    [Ou  Bathmodon  radians,  n.  sp.]    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1872,  p.  38. 
Cope,  E.  D.    On  tho  cronimn  of  a  liump-backed  whalo  [Megaptera  bellicosa].    <  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Philu.  1872,  p.  11. 
Cope.B.  D.     Ou  the  dentition  of  Metalophodon.     <Proe.  Am.  Pliilo«.  Soc.  Phila.  xii,  1872, pp. 

542-54.'>. 
Cope,  B.  D.    Ou  a  new  genus  of  Plenrodirt   Vom  tho  eocene  of  Wyoming.    <Proe.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.  Phihi.  xii,  1872, pp.  472,  47:i.     Llnelm'         so  the  ungulate  Hpeeics  Notharctns  vasacciensis.] 
Cope,  E.  D.     On  a  lU'w  vertebi.ite  genus  i  the  northern  par'  ,)f  the  tertiary  basiu  of  Green 

Kiver.    ::^  Pali t.Biill.  no.  8,  Out.  12, 1872,  p.  1 ;         .oc  Am.  Philos.  .Soc.  Phila.  xii,  187'J,  p.  5,'>4. 

[Anaptoiiior|)lniB  UMimliia.l 
Cope,  B.  D.    On  the  vertebrate  fossils  of  the  Wahsatch  strata.    <  Ann.  Rep.  II.  S.  Oeol.  .Siirv. 

Terr,  for  1871,  1872,  p|).  liSO-SriX    [Ou  tho  genus  Bathmodon.] 
Cope,  B.  D.    Telegram  respecting  extinct  proboscidians  from  Wyoming.    =  Pi)''j'onf.  Bull.  no. 
6,  Aug.  ID.  1872  (10  lines);  also,  somewhat  modiOed,  Proc.  Am,  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  xii,  187'J,  p. 
580, (J.  I'.    [Loxolophodon  eornntns,  L.  furcatus,  L.  prefsicornis.] 
Leidy,  J.    Ou  some  now  species  of  fossil  raammoliafrom  Wyoming.    <  Am.  ,Innrn.  Sci.  and  Arts, 

•id  ser.  iv,  1872,  pp.  2.10,240. 

|Spp.  nu.Palaeoayops"  "niliB.  Ulntatbcriiim  rolmaliini.  nintaraaalliatroi  1  , 


.         »  / 


lii* 


1078 


MONOOKArilS  OF  NOJITII  AMEUICAN  KODENTIA. 


1873. — Leidy,  J.     Onllic  lOHsil  viMli'bratrs  i)f  Hit!  riirly  tertiary  I'lirniatinn  of  Wvniiiiiiji.     <^  Ann.  Ucp. 
II.  .S.  (jfol.  Srirv.  Terr,  for  1S71,  187-J,  pp.  ;iDa-;i7a.     [.Miuiimiilrt,  pp.  ;!5;!-;!(m.] 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Comnimiiciition  on  tho  discovery  of  uow  Uoi'.ky  Moiintiiiu  fossils.    <^Proc.  Aiu. 

riiiloN.  Six:.  IMiilu.  xii,  IS*'.',  pp.  riT^.G/O. 
Marsh,  O.  C.     Discovery  of  fossil  Qiindriiiiianit  in  the  eocene  of  Wyominj;.     <[  Am.  Joiiru.  Sci. 

and  Arts,  lid  ser.  iv,  lH7i,  pp.  405,  1(U>. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Note  on  u  newxenus  of  carnivores  from  the  tertiary  of  Wyoming.    <  Am.  Journ. 
Wei.  and  Arts,  :id  ser.  iv,  iHTa,  p.  4l)fi. 

[OrtMicyoii.  typewprcios  O.  laliJeiiB—  Linnmlelia  latidflia,  Mnrah.] 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Note  on  Tinoceras  anei'ps.    <^  Am.  ,Jour[i.  .Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  Iv,  lfl4,  p.  38,?,    • 

[TituiKittit'riiiiu  ?  nticeps  rcferie'l  to  TiiKx'ura^,  untl  staleil  tn  bu  a  Proboscidian.} 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Notice  of  a  new  species  of  Tinoeeras.     <;  Am.  Jonrn.  Sei.  and  Arts,  3d  ser,  iv,  1S72, 

p.  3-,';i.     [Tinoceraa  );randis.     Tlie  peculiar  gronp  to  wliicli  it  belongs  named  Tinoceridaj.] 
Marsh,  O.  C.     Notice  of  some  remarkable  fossil  umnimals.     <^  Am.  Jonin.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser. 
iv,  IrtTU,  pp.  34:1,344. 

(DiamHTas  lacii:)lris  dcscribuii.  Diuoc-praa  and  Tiniicerna  couaidered  as  ropreKcntiuj;  a  distinct  order,  callud 
Diuocfira.] 

Marsh,  O.  C.    Prellminftry  description  of  new  tertiary  muuimals.    Tart  i.    <^Am.  Jonrn.  Sci. 
and  Alts,  3d  ser.  iv,  lS7iJ,  pp.  122-188. 

[Spp.  iin.  l*alir</H.vops  laticeps,  Tcliiiatotbcrliim  (uor.  gen.)  validus,  Lyiuuobyug  (nov.  gen.)  roluistun,  Uyra* 
elms  priiiei'p.t,  Iluinacodon  (nov.  gen.)  va<{aiiB,  Lymuncyou  (nov.  gen.)  verns,  Viverraviis  (nov.  gen.)  gracilis, 
Nyctitberiuui  (nor.  gon.)  volox,  K.  itriscus,  Taipavue  (nov.  gen.)  nitidus.] 

Marsh,  O.  C.    Preliminary  description  <  f  new  tertiary  mammals.    Parte  il,  iii,iv.    <Am.Journ. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  iv,  li-78,  pp.  20'i-224. 

[Sp]».  nn.  Limnofelis  (nov.  gen.)  ferox,  h.  latidens.  Lymnocyon  riparius,  L.  npilis.  Thinocyon  (nov.  gen.)  velox, 
Viverraviis  (f)  uitidii.'),  Tbino'.estes  (nov.  gen.)  iineops,  Telnialesles  (nov.  gen.)  crnssns,  Lininotberiuni  atDno,  Oro- 
liippus  puniilus,  llelohyus  (nov.  gLMi.)  plicodon,  Tliinotherium  (nov.  gpw  )  valldnni,  PoHaalacodon  (uov.  gen.)  lito- 
Talis,  Anisacodon  (aov.  gen.)  eiB;.jiiM«,  Oaletiidoii  (nov.  gen.)  pnlclier.  Stenacodou  (uov.  gen.)  rams,  AntiacodoD 
(nov.  gen.)  vcnnstus,  ll.\thro4lon  (uov.  gi-ii.)  typiis,  13.  anuectens.  ^lesacodon  (nor.  gen.)  apecioaiis,  liemiacoilou 
(nov.  geu.)  gracilis.  II.  nanus.  U.  pnci'  us  («ic),  Centetodon  altidena,  Kntoniodon  (nov.  geu.)  coniptns,  Entonin. 
codon  (nov.  gen.)  %iiiutns,  ('otraeodon  (nov.  gen.)  deliuatna,  Xyctllestta  (nov.  gen.)  serotinus,  Zipbacedon  (nov. 
gen.)  rngatuM,  Qarpolodon  (uov.  gen.)  sylveatris.  H.  viilpinui,  Orotheiium  (nov.  gen.)  uintanum,  lielaletea  (nov. 
geu.)  ijoop,  Paramys  rolin.Hlus,  Tilloinys  (nov.  gen  )  ai-nex.  T.  parvus,  Taxyni.\8  (nov.  gen.)  Incaiis,  Seiuravua 
pnrvidens.  Colouomya  (nov.  gen.)  eeler,  Apnteni>  a  (nov.  gen.)  bcllus,  A.  bellnlns,  Knto^uacodon  angustideus,  Tria- 
codou  grnndia,  T.  nanus,  Knryaeodou  (nov.  gen.)  topidus,  Paboacodon  vagna  ] 

1873. — Adams,  A.  L.    Field  and  forest  rambles,  with  notes  and  observations  ou  tbo  natural  liistory  of 
Kastern  Canada.    H°.     London,  1873. 

{ List  of  niammais,  pp.  QD5,  '^m,  and  many  valuable  notes  poisim.  ] 
Cope,  E.  D.    Second  notice  of  extinct  vertebrala  from  the  tortiary  of  the  plaiDS.    =PaIffiont. 
lUiil.  no.  15,  Aug.  80,  1H73,  pp.  UG. 

[Manini.  Hpp.  nn.  Palteolagusagapetillna.  Culotaxiscristatua,  Hyracodon  qundrlpllcatua,  H.  acridena,  Synibi..  .• 
tlou  torniH,  MiobiiHilena  opbry.as,  Megaeeratops  acer.  M.  lieloceras.J 

Cope,  B.  D.    Third  notice  of  extinct  vcrtcbrnta  of  the  tertiary  of  the  plains.    =PnlU!onf.  Hull. 

no.  K),  Aug.  80,  1-73,  pp.  1-8. 

[Sp|).  nil.  Doiuina  (geu.  nov.)  gradata.  nerpetotboriiiir  :en.  nov.)  fiizoi,  Dnptopliiliis  (gen.  nov.)  sqiialidens, 
Toiuarctua  (gen.  nov.)  brevirostris,  Stiliaiiis  (gen.  nov.)  i  otusilobua,  Cmiis  gregiiiius.  Isacua  (geu.  nov.)  cnntcu* 
Ills,  Palwolngns  tiirgidiis,  P.  triplex.  Tiicillui  (geu.  nov.)  aviinculnH,  T.  lejioriuuiu,  T.  pantense,  Ctynitoptychus 
(gen.  nov.)  cbrysodon,  (>.  nuHntiia,  G.  itilopbns.  G.  niiuntus,  Anebitlieriuni  euueatnin,  I.eptnnehenin  calcarala, 
L.  niininia,  Trinierodus  (gen.  nov.)  cedrensis.] 

Cope,  E.  D.     I'onrth  nnlico  of  extinct  vertebrata  from  Ihi'  litidger  and  Ureen  Kivei^  tertiaries. 
^Paheoiit.  Hull.  no.  17,  Oct.  8.5,  187.3,  pp.  1-4. 

(Spp.  nn.  Eobasileus  galeatua,  Arcboinodon  (gen.  uov  )  insolcns,  I'benacudus  (gen.  uuv.)  priniiuvue,  Orotho- 
rtuin  index.] 

Cope,  E.  D.    rOn  a  supposed  fossil  skull  of  a  hog.]    <  Proc.  Aend.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  1873,  p.  807. 
Cope,  B,  D.     On  the  short-footid   laignlata  of  the  eocene  of  Wyoiniug.     <Am.  Philos.  Soc. 

Phila.  xiii,  1-73,  pp.  3-'-74,  pll.  i-iv. 

fOii  tlie  syateuiatie  position  and  ebaracters  of  Loxolopbodon,  Eobnslleus,  Ulntntlioriuiu,  Megaeeratops,  Dnth* 

iiMidon.  and  Metuloptiodon. ) 

Cope,  E.  D.    On  the  llut-clawed  cariiivora  of  the  eocene  of  Wyoming.    <^  Pioe.  Am.  Philos,  Soo. 
Phila.  xiii.  1873,  pp.  1U8-80U.    [Geueru  Mesouyx  aud  Syuoplotherium.] 


BllJLlOUK.  ArrKNL>lX-(}.  ADDENDA. 


1070 


1873.— Cope,  E.  D.     On  two  ii<(w  perissodactyli'K  from  (lie  llridRPr  eoccnr.     :i  I'alnoni.  Hull.  mi.  11, 
.Jan.  :U,  li-7;l,  pp.  2:  <  rriic.  Am.  I'liildH.  .Sue.  I'liilu.  xiii,  lf!7:i,  |ip.  X>,Mi. 
[Spp.  un.  L.vmnoliyu8  lavitleus,  l*ula>o«yopB  ftmlinalin.l 

Cope,  B.  D.  Oil  some  coconti  iiiiinimnlH  obt.iimil  l>y  Iliiyili'u'r*  K.'ulonirul  Nurvi'y  iil'  l^T'J. 
=  rulii)orit.  Bull.  no.  V2,  Miircli  K  I'J?:!,  pp.  1-0. 

[Spp.  iin.  Mitrosyopii  vicariun,   .\ntiiiro»lnii  rmi-atiiH,  OliRDliiniUM   iKcn.  nov.)  cinctuj*,   ruiiuiijs  b'pl'nUis, 
PaltuuHyojiH  iliacuuuB.  Uydacliyus  hiiplii'alu».    Ilelnrenrt's  to  Hi  otbtr  Rp'cU'M.J 

Cope,  B.  D.  On  the  extinct  vertobrata  of  the  eocene  of  Wyoiiiiii-.  obspiviil  by  (lie  cNpiililimi 
of  m-i,  with  notes  on  the  geology.  <  Ann.  Rep.  U.  H.  Gcol.  8»rv.  Terr,  for  I87'v',  \kT.\,  n<- 
54r>-(i49,  pll.  i-vi. 

[Mamiuala,  pp.  54f>-Gll;  (general  revi^'W  of  tbo  vortobrato  fauna  of  llio  rot-t-iipof  \V\ online,  pp.  »i4a-ti4'.t  ) 

Cope,  B.  D.    [Heniarks  on  mauiniuliiui  remains  from  tin.'  minunue  of  Coloniilo.]     <  I'roc.  Acml 

Nat.  .Sci.  Phila.  187;t,  pp.  41'J,  f-'d. 
Leidy,  J.     [Notice  of  fossil  vertebrates  from  llie  mioeenii  of  Virginia.]     ^ ;  I'roc.  Acad.  Nat.  Koi. 

Phila.  IS*:!,  p.  ir.. 
Leidy,  J.    [Remarks  on  the  occurrence  of  an. extinct  hog  in  America.]    <  I'roc.  Acail.  Nul.  «ci. 

Phila.  1873,  p.  '207. 

[Doubts  till!  occurrence  of  Su»  in  America  as  an  citinct  aoijnal.l 

Leidy,  J.    Department  of  the  Interior.  |  —  |  Reiiort  |  of  the  |  United  States  geological  suivey  | 

of  I  the  Territories.    |    F.  V.  Uaydeu,   |  United  Slates   geologist-iu-tuivrge V<iluuio 

i.  I  —  I  Fossil  vertebrates.  \  Part  i.   I  —  |  Contributions  |  to  the  |  extinct  vertebrate  fauna  | 

of  I  the  Western  Territories.    |   liy  |  Prof.  Joseph  Leidy Washington:   (Jovcrnmeut 

Printing  Oflico.     1873.    4°.    Tit.,  358  pp.,  pll.  i-xxxvii,  with  37  11.  expl. 

[Contains  "Extinct  vertebrate  fauua  of  the  BrldBcr  tertiary  formation  of  Wyoming  Territory  '  (maninials.  pp. 
Sl-iai);  '■  Description  of  remains  of  mammHl.s  from  tbe  tertiary  iormaliou  of  Sweetwater  Kivcr,  Wyoming'  Ijip. 
198-ii08);  "Description  of  verti'brate  loasils  from  the  tertiary  formation  of  Joliu  Day's  lliver,  Oreijon"  (pp.'JlO- 
223)1  "  Description  ofremains  of  voitcbrata  fi-om  tertiary  forinalious  of  ililTorcnt  .Slates  and  Terrilories  west  of 
the  Mississippi  lliver"  (mamraala,  pp,  237-2(01 1  "Synopsis  of  Ibo  extinct  vertebrata  described  or  noticed  in  tlio 
present  work  "  (mammals,  pp.  315-3i8).l 

Marsb,  O.  C.  Additional  observations  on  the  Dinocerata.  <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arte, .3d  ser 
V,  187-2,  pp.  293-21)6. 

Marsh,  O.  C.  New  observations  on  tho  Dinocerata.  <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  vi, 
pp.  300,301. 

Marsh,  O.  C.  Note  on  the  dates  of  some  of  Professor  Cope's  recent  papers  [on  vertebrate 
fossil's  from  Wyoming].    <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  v,  1873,  pp.  23,5, a;i6 

Marsh,  O.  C.    Notice  of  new  tertiary  mauimala.    <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts, 3d  »er.  v,  1873, 

pp.  407-410. 

[Spp.  nn.  Orolilppns  agills,  Colonoceras  (nov.  gen.)  agrestis,  Dinoceras  lucaris,  Oreodon  ocoldentalis,  Rblno- 
ceroa  anncctens,  R.  oregonensls.] 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Notice  of  new  tertiary  mammals  (oontinned).    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts, '.id 
ser.  v,  1873,  i)p.  485-488. 

[Spp.  nn.  Tillotberiura  (ni)v.  gen.)  hyracoides,  Bront  itborb-i  (nov.  gen.)  glgaa,  Eiotliorium  crassum.  1 
Marsh,  O.  C.    On  tho  gigantic  luamnii'ls  i ''  the  American  eocene.    <  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc. 

Phila.  xiii,  1873,  pp.  255-25C. 
Marsb,  O.  C.    On  the  gigantic  fossil  mammals  of  the  order  Dinocerata.    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  3d  ser.  v,  1873,  pp.  117-122,  pll.  i,  ii. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Supplementary  note  on  the  Dinocerata.    <  Am.  Journ.  Soi.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  v, 
1S73,  pp.  310,311. 
1874.-Cooper,  J.  Q.    Animal  life  of  the  Cuyamaca  Mountains  [California].    <Am.  Nat.  viii,  1874, 
pp.  14-18.    [Two  pages  devoted  to  mammals.] 
Cope,B.  D.     x<eport  on  fossil  vertebre.tes  of  New  Mexico.     <  Ann.  Rep.  Chief  of  Kngineers, 
1874,  ii,  pp.  r.91-— . 

[Spp.  nn.  KotoganuB  (g.  n.)  gli -iformiB,  Calamodon  Ig.  n.)  simplex, 


Eslbonyx  (g.  n.)  bisnloatUB,  )i.  burn.ei.twl,  K.  millculus,  Monisc^theriam  («.  n.)  ..a.ue'.se,  uatnm.Klo,  mm 
Kmolesttis  Eelephantopus,  Pben^eodas  omuivorns,  I'.  «ulr.'.;ns,  (lxj.ena  (K.n  )  Inpma,  0.  roor.„t.^n»  O  loi 
pata  Paohy»li.  (g.  n.)  osalfraga.  I'lototomn.  C    u.)  vivorrinis,  V.  Insldio!  -s.  I>  jarrovii,  Lymnocyon  prolcnm 


J0DU8.  0.    novomohlowus, 

niue'iHO,  BfttlnuiMion  niiunn, 

rcl 

IirutcmiB.] 


1080 


MONOGKAPnS  OP  NORTH  AMEKIOAN  KODENTIA. 


1874. — Cope,  B.  D.    Report  on  tim  vcrtcbruto  piiliDontoIogy  of  Colorado,    -c^  .\iiii.  Kip.     '.  S.  Orol, 
fm\.  'l\:T.  for  IH/H,  lrt74,  pp.  4^7-5:!:),  iill.  i-viii  (niuiiiiimls). 

[MniiiiDiilH/ia^Wm.  liiitl  i)p. -JolMSO,  4>il-S10,  .M@-.'i.l'.>.    Li  xnlopbnilon  ^iilentiiH,  SyiiiborDilon  li.MHiceraa,  Acura* 
tlitriiim  niitit,  Aiichithi'Tiimi  exulctuui,  Hpp.  uu.] 

Cope,  B.  D.    [MiiHtortoii  proiluctns,  .Sti'iieoliber  pansiiB,  spp.  iiii.]    <  I'loc.  Aoiul.  Nnt.  Sci.  Pliila. 

IHT-I,  pp.  •J'.>l->i-.>;). 
Cope,  E.  D.    SynopwH  of  till'  virtclnntu  of  tliu  iiiioeiiic  of  Cumbeilnml  County,  Nbw  .Iitscv. 

<  I'roc.  Am.  I'liilos.  Soc.  IMiilu.  .\iv,  1874,  pp.  :iUl-'.!li4.     [Liht  of  njiunniulH,  p.  :)(i;t— (i  speeii').! 
Gervai8,  P.    Hfiiiarque  uu  Hnjct  d'l  RyHlf'uic  dentairt;  du  I'ai.    <^  Jnurn.  ilo  /ool.  t.ii,  I'm  is,  1874, 

pp.  4:il-);!0,  pi.  18,  fig!?,  l-'i. 
Leidy,  J.    Notice  of  remains  of  Titauotlieriuin.     <  Piou.  Ac»<l.,Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.  1874,  pp.  Ui.'i,  l(i6, 

•J-.i;t. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    FonHil  Iioisch  iu  America,    <  Anier.  Nat.  viii,  1874,  pp.  liH'J-id4,  lij;^.  73-75. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    On  the  striicturc  and  allinities  of  the  Urontotlierida).    <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  ltd  sor.  vii,  1874,  pp.  8l-''(),  pU.  i,  ii.     [Sp.  nov.  Brontotherium  iu{{eu8.] 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Notice  of 'new  equine  nnunuial.s  from  tlio  tertiary  formation.     <  Am.  .Tourn.  Sci. 

and  Arts,  lid  ser.  vii,  1874,  pp.  1247-258,  with  woodcuts. 

[Spp.  un.  ()ruliii>i)iiH  major,  Mioliipiitin  (uov.  gi'it.)  aiinccteus,  Anchitheriiim  aDCppB,  A.  ci;ler,  PMoliippus  (iiuv. 

gori)  licriiix,  P.  I'obimtus,  V.  ovtis.  Auchippim  brovidetift.] 

Marsh,  O.  C.  Notice  of  new  tertiary  mammals,  iii.  <^  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  vii, 
1874,  pp.  531-534, 

(Spn.  nil.  Miirotlierium  (nov.  gen.)  gigas,  M.  lepliinjx,  Styliiiodon  (oov.  ^:cn.)  inirun,  TillothiTinm  latideDB, 
Klotlmriuin  battiriHlon.] 

Marsh,  O.  C.  On  the  structures  and  aflinities  of  tlio  Hrontotheridu).  <^  Am.  Nat.  viii,  1874, 
))p.  7'.l-8.'),  pU.  i,ii. 

[I'ldilinbtjil  in'part  in  tbe  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  ami  Arts,  3il  atir.  vii,  .tan,  1^74  ] 

Marsh,  O.  C.    Small  si^io  of  the  brain  in  tertiary  mamiuals.    <^  Am.  .Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d 

ser.  viii,  1874,  pi).fifi,U7.      • 
Put:nam,  F.  W.    f-'^'^'^'"'''' "f  "  blaekflsli  taken  in  Salem  Harbor,  JIass.]     <^  Bull.  Kgsex  lust. 

vi,  l'-74,  pp.  22-24. 
Anon.    [Notice  of  fossil  walrus  skull  from  .\ccomac  Harbor,  Virginia.]    <:^Proc.  Am.  I'liilos.  SoCi 

Pliila.  xiv,  1.874,  pp.  17, 18. 

1875.— Cope,  B.  D.    The  feet  of  Bathniodou.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  I'hila.  1875,  p.  7.3. 

Cope,  E.  D.    The  phylogeny  of  the  camels.    <^  Proc.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  P'   la.  187.5,  pp.  2('il,2()2. 
Cope,  E.  D.    [On  fossil  lemurs  and  dogs  from  the  coceue  deposits  of  the  Kocky  Mountains.] 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1875,  pp.  255, 25G.    [Sarcolcniur,  g,  n. ;  Cuiiis  ursiuus,  sp.  n. ] 

Cope,  B.  D.  On  some  new  fossil  Ungulata.  Abstract  of  remarks  made  before  n  meeting  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.  =PaliBout.  Bull.  no.  I'J,  June  28, 1870,  pp. 
1-4  ;  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1875,  pp.  2.38-2(51. 

(Spp.  111).  Pliaucheiilu  (gen.  nov.)  buiupbreyaiaiia,  I*,  vulcunurum,  llippotbcrium  calamariDlD,  Apbelopa  Jamo* 

zaiiiiH  ] 

Cope,  B.  D.    On  the  nutelope-deer  of  the  Santa  F<S  marls.     <C  1  loc.  Aead.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1875, 

p.  2,57. 
Cope,  B.  D.    On  the  homologies  of  the  sectorial  tooth  of  carnivora.    <Proc.  Acad.  Not.  Sci. 

I'liila.  1875,  pp.  20-23. 
Cope,  E.  D.    Oil  tlie  supposed  carnivora  of  the  eocene  of  the  Koeky  Mountains.    <^  Proc,  Acad. 

Nut.  Sci.  Phila.  187,5,  pp.  444-448;  ^^Palajout.  Bull.  no.  20,  pp.  1-4,  Dec.  22,  1875. 
Cope,  E.  D.     Systematic  ciitaloguc  of  the  vcrlcbrata  of  the  eocene  of  New  Jlexicu  collected  iu 

1874.     <  Giol.  and  Geogr.  Kxpl.  W.  100  Merid.  April  17, 1875,  pp.  1-37. 

[.'^pp.  nn.,  Anibloctonus  (^.  u.)  sinoRns,  I'liiloloniim  HPCiindnrins,  J'.  ninlti'*iiHpl9, 1'  slreniuiR,  Diilymtctis  (g.  n  ), 

Dhiriiilon  (g.  ii.)  nltiriinpus,  It,  c'lnlim,  relyi-riiiiH  (g.  n,)  fruglvitriis,  P,  aii,:ulatiiH,  Paiiluk'Htfs  cbaciuf is,  Opiwlbu* 

toinuH  (g,  11.)  aatiiliiR.  O.  flagrana,  Apbrliacns  (g.  n,).  Antlaomlon  nif  ntalis,  A.  eraHans,  Ilyracliyus  alngularia, 

OrobippnH  tapirinus,  O.  aiigUHtiilena,  O,  cuspiilatUR,  Ilatbnioilon  latblena.  It.  cuaplilalns.    AIro.  ntiw  nnlcr  Amlily- 

poila  propoaeil.J 

Cope,  E.  D.  The  Wheeler  geological  survey  o'"  New  Mexico  for  1874.  <  Am.  Nat.  x,  1875,  pp. 
4i)-.52.     [Relateji  chiefly  t"  extinct  mammalia.] 


BIBLIOGU.  Al'l'ENDlX— Q.  ADDENDA. 


1081 


^°'5— Cones,  B.     Till'  craiii.il  imil  deiitiil  chiiriiilciN  (.f  Miiiliitiiiir',  with  ilcsrripti.m  of  Mf|iliitiN  Iroii- 
Uitii,  u,  sp.  ftisM.     <lliill.  U.  S.  (!™l.  mill  (Ji'd^.  Siiiv.  •I'cir.  V!il  mt.  im>.  i,  Ih;:.,  |1|..  7  I:.,  Iljr. 
Dana,  J.  D.     liniiiili'trs  in  SmilluTii  Xrw  KiikIumiI.     <  Am.  .luiirii.  Sii.  iuid  ArlH,  liil  mt.  x,  Ih;:,, 

pp.  :tr>:!-;(ri7. 

Klippart,  J.  H.    HiscDvery  oCnicotylcs  (rialvKimii.s) ipiisiiiM  r.r  ('(into.     <  I'nu'.  Aiii.Ahmic. 

Adv.  ,Sci.  xNiii  (ini'ftint;  for  l>*'\),  iMT.'i,  pt.  ii,  pp.  l-(i. 

Marsh,  O.  C.     New  order  [Tillodonlial  of  roceiio  inainmal.'<.     <_  Am.  Joiini.  Sii.  and  Ails,  :!d 
H(.'r.  ix,  1H75,  p.  •Jul, 

Marsh,  O.  C.     Notice  of  niuv  tiTliiuy  mannnal.s.     IV.     <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sri.  and  Art.s,  lldmT.  1«7», 

'   ,  ix,  pjl.  '.JlW-'J.^d. 

[Slip,  nn.  I-omiiiuvim  (i  ov.  urn  )  iliilioi.'..  Laopitlicna  (iiov.  gm.)  iol>U8lil!i,  ■rillolluTinm  f.Kfi.iis,  Dii-irnllm- 
liuiu  (nov.  (ii'ii.)  aniiatnra,  n.  niinum.  U.  advcniim,  AnUadiilim  (nciv.  Ben.)  moiilaiiim,  l)l|ilar,uliin  (iinv.  uni.) 
clatiiH,  Omliippun  uintPHFiM,  Tliinoliyiis  (nov.  k™.)  li'iitus,  T.  sorialis.  AsrliicliaMMB  pniiilliis:  al«o  imv.  pmii. 
kicmliipptm  dvpi'  M.  liairili  i- Antliithprium  luilnli  Lrhlv),  Epiiri'i>ilnu  (lypn  K.  luciili'nlalis  =  OriHiilciti  «-i'i. 
ilcntalm  .Marsh).] 

Marsh,  O.  C.     Hcindiiors  in  .Soutlieru  New  England.     <  Am.  .lonrn.  .Sci.  and  Aits,  :iil  ,s(  r.  1H7.">, 
X,  pp.  :i.'i.l,;i'ir). 

(Ill  an  nrlifin  liy  I'rof.  J.  I).  Dana,  fulillcil  "On  Smith.  , n  Xcw  Uni-lanil  liuiini;  tlic  nirlliii;;  of  tin,  Rn-at  Rla- 
.  ni«r,  Nil.  Ill ;  reimU'iTS  in  Suutln^rn  Ni>w  Kntjlalul".) 

1876. — Cope,  B.  D.     Fourth  contribution  to  the  hiHtory  of  tlie  cxiBtinj;  Cetncea.     <^  I'ldc.  Ai'ad.  Nut. 
Sci.  Phihi.  Ih/fi,  pp..I29-i;i'),  pll.  iii,  iv. 

Cope,  n.D.     On  the  gcolosic  ageof  the  vcrtclirato  faiinioof  tliceoccm-of  New  Mexico.     .^  rroe. 
Acad.  Nat.  .Sei.  Phihi.  187(),  pp.  0;!-G."i.    =  I'aheont.  linll.  no.  1!1,  pp.  l-:i,  April  -.'(i,  lM7ii.^ 
[llyracothiTium  and  Coryphoilon  arn  idt'ntiflod] 
Cope,  B.  D.     On  TiBiiiodonta,  a  new  gronp  of  eocene  niainiualia.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Si  i.  I'liila. 

iH7(i,  p.  ;in. 

Cope,  B.  D.    On  some  tmpposcd  lemuriue  forms  of  the  eocene  period.    <  I'loe.  Acad.  Nat.  .Sci. 
I'll  i  la.  Irt7(i,  pp.  88,89. 

Cope,  B.  D.    On  a  now  geun.'i  [ProtolabisJ  of  Caiiielidio.    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  .Sei.  Phihi.  187(i, 

pp.  141-147     [Sp.  u.  Procanielus  flssidens.] 
Cope,  B.  D.    Note  on  the  genns  Calaniodon.    <;  Am.  Jourm  Sci.  ;ld  ser.  ix,  p.  '228. 
Leidy,  J.     [Kemarks  on  foesiJH  from  the  phonphate  beds  of  Ashley  River,  S.  C]    <  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sei.  Phila.  1876,  pp.  80, 81, 8(),  87, 114,  U'l. 

[.Vnionpotber  ttiin^ra.  thoocciirroncw  of  acorapU'totnsk  of  a  walrus  i.i  noted  (p.  80)  and  new  spccien  of  xiphoid 

cetjiccaiia  are  di'soribfd— rrotoxiphina  macrops (p.  87),  P. ctionupn  (p.  Ill), gen. et  upp. nn.] 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Notice  of  new  tertiary  mauimal.'j.    V.    <  Am.  Journ.  .Sci.  and  Arts,  xii,  1870,  pp. 

401-404. 

[Spp.  nn.  }^ohippntl  (gOD.  nov.)  validiis,  K.  ptTiiis,  Paraliyuh  f(;i'n.  llov.)  vngua,  Dromocyon  (grn.  nov.)  vorax, 

Dryptodon  (gen.  nov.)  crassua.] 

Marsh,  O.  C.     On  some  characters  of  the  genus  Coryidiodon,  Owen.    <^  Am.  .Jonrn.  Sci.  and 

'Arts,  :id  mr.  xi,  1870,  pp.  42^>-^•^f'.,  'i  figg. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Principal  characters  of  the  Brontotheriila>.    <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sei.  and  Arts,  :!d  Her. 

xi,  l87(i,  ])p.  ;i:).5-;i' a,  pil.  x-xiii. 

Marsh,  O.  C.    Pri-.eipal  characters  of  the  Dinocorata.    <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts,  ;id  ser.  xi, 

187(1,  |ip.  103-1U8,  pll.  ii-vi. 
Marsh,  O.  C.     Principal  characters  of  the  Tillodoiitia.     <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arti,  lid  ser.  xi, 

187(i,  jip.  ■Mi)-i:,-i,  pll.  viii,  ix. 
Marsh,  O.  C.    Recent  discoveries  of  extinct  arinials  liy  Prof  Marsh.    -C^Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  xii,  187(),  pp.  59-61. 

[Abstract  of  a  lecture  liefor.i  tlio  graduating  elaaA  of  Yale  College,  given  June;!,  1W70.    Contains  a  hvU't'  renumi 

of  the  nioro  important  r^aulli  of  his  patinontorogiuul  explorations  id  the  Rocky  Mountain  region.] 


^1, 


ill. 


INDEX  TO  THE  WHOLE  VOLUME. 


INoTB.— Sllbjienoriu  am\  snbBlwcifir  imnn'rt  nro  trciitcd  lis  n-Hitrilivcly  dPTieric 
bi.toncp,  according  to  pi'iicrio  dcftiRnnttou;  vfrnut^iiliii-  tiami-B  aw  iihiinlly  r^'iu-nl 
adjpctlvo.l 


mill  Bpoulilc.    Tprhiiifal  luimeR  nri»  nivro 
il  iiudt^r  lit-HdM  of  IkiIIi  RobnUnllvi^  itod 


Abort's  Siiuirrel  7:if) 
Abroiiiys  49(!,  514 

Iorai509,M4 
Acaiitbiun  388 
Alucla};a  4f)C 
Amblyihiza  iliS 
American 

Field  Mouse  TiO 

Flying  Squirrel  Cw^t 

Gronud  S<iuirrcl  783 

Marmot  9ia 

Porcupiues  H8C 

Striped  Marmot  tff'i 

Wandering  Mouse  TO 
Anidriqne,  Marmotte  de  912 
Anisoiijx  nriS,  889 

bracblura  1102 

rufa .".")" 
Annulated-taiied  Spermopbile  880 
Aplodontin  549, 555 

leporiua  557,889 
Apludontia  555 

leporina  557 
Aiiluodontia  555 

leporina  557 
Arctic  Arvicolic  189 
Arctomys  041,889,909 

alpiua  839 

beecbeyi  827 

bracliinrus  902 

caligatus924 

columbianuB  889, 902 

douglassi  827 

einpetra  839, 912 

erytliroglula!UH  839 

tlaviventer  921 
.  frnnldiryi  881 

grisens  892 

guttatus  848 

boodi  871 

kcnnicoiti  839 

lateralis  814 

latrauH  892 

lewisi  902 


Arctoniys 

Indovicianus  892 

niarmotae«nadcTiBi»912 

nielanopns  912 

iniHsouriensiH  892 

nionax  911,  924 

o<-lianaganuH  928 

oUimaganns  924 

parryi  H39 

pboiognat  Iia  839 

pruinosus  924 

riebardsoni  848 

rufa  557 

trideceniliiieatUB  871 

vetiis933,94J 
Arizona  Mole  Mouse  109 
Arteuiiaia  Ilare  328 
Arvicola7, 31, 43,  111,  131, 149, 153, 
207,209,218,237,243 

alborufeecens  157 

anipbiblus  149, 153 

apclla  219 

arvalis  149 

austerns  149, 210 

borealis  157, 19(i,  197 

brcweri  157 

califoruica  157 

cinnamonu'a211 

curtatus  215 

dekayi  142 

didelta  947 

druuHBondii  192 

edax  157 

cmniousii  51 

ferrugiuea  30 

lloridaua  14 

fulva  142 

ga])pi'ii  130,142 

goBsii  235 

grcenlandicus  240 

baydeni2U 

liiatiden8  947 

belvolus  241 

blrsutna  157 


Arvii'ola 

bispidns  30 

bortennis  30 

bucUonia  240 

inviduta  947 

tongipiliB  150 

loiigiroHtriN  1.57 

niodeala  157 

niontana  157 

nasiita  157 

nuttalli  91 

oecidentalis  157 

oneiila  157 

oregoni  149,207 

oryzivora  113 

paliistris  150 

pauperriuta  215 

penusylvanica  149,  153,  150, 
219 

piuetoruui219 

quasiater  220 

ricbard»oni  204 

ripariu»149, 150,  185,204 

rnbricatuB  192 

rufeseens  157 

rufidorsuui  157 

scalopsoideB  219 

siginoduB  947 

spi'Othen9l7 

telradelta947 

texiana  30  '  . 

towHBcndi  185 

trimucrouatus  241 

trowbridgei  157 

xantliognatliuB  150,  197,  205, 
20(1 
Arvicolina)  1,2,3,4, 131 
Ascoujys  009,  Oil 

borealis  024 

bulbivorus  020 

burBariusfll2 

canadensis  012 

ilougliutii  020 

ilrumuioudii  013 

1083 


'■ri'if: 


I/' 


1084 


MONOGKAI'lia  Ol'  NOltTU  AMERICAN  KODENTIA. 


p.i  v:|i 


A«ciiinyM 

iiX'xic'aniis  (!17 
Mlft'M'rlls  (I'Ji 
lal|Milcli'h(i'.':( 

towIINIMKlii  i'i'H 

iiiiiliriiiiiN  ()28 
A.sli-coIoriMl  Hat  '^l 

AHNflplill  <!.').'> 

A»»a|iaiiiik  tMri 
Amlubdii'M  Ilaru  ;W8,:);i2 
Awiii^riiak  '.'III 
AzId.MiHisi^  IIH) 
llaiid's  liar.' -.110 
llarkiii);  Si|iiiri'i;l 
Mi»N(Uiri  X'M 
V.'iwtcrii  IMJ-J 
licar  rorcii|iiii«  ;WU 
Heaver  4IKt,  4'.14 

fosxil  4°^3 
Hceelicj's  Sperniopliilfc  829 
ni'iriftii  Murineltliier  024 
Kitvre  4;M 

HlucU-cved  Mouse  102 
lilnck  .Sciuirrel  707 
ltotta,r.(Miriuil  du  770 
Hrazilian 

Squirrt'i  750, 7u7 

Hare  IMS 
lli'dwn  Squirrel,  Siiinll  (!7;l 
Knrniwiii);  Siinirrel  1)02 
ISiisli.v-failed  lint  24 
Caeliin  i3i\6  7r>7  .  . 

C'alil'i>rui»ii 

Gray  Squirrel  7IU 

Groiind  S(iiiirrel  827,  92'J 

Haru  :i57 

Linetl-tailed  Spcniiupliile  8'^/ 
Ci>lif()riiie,fit;ureiiil  de  111  750,8:52 
Caloniys  411, 4."! 

nnreolns  01 
Caniaa  Uat  Oi:i 
Cauipa^nol  150 
Canada 

Hamster  dii  012 

Porcupine  38ti 

I'oiuhed  liut  012 

liat  408, 612 
Canailiati 

Gerliil  40» 

Hamster  01?. 

Jerboa  408 
Caiiailis(!liu  Hiipfiuaup  408 
Capislrale  ^ris  717 
Capybara  419 

Canilim, ficiMfuil  j;ri«  de  la  7111 
CaHtoi  L>.'''l,4:i2 

.iiiK'rienniis  4:U,  1 15 

canadensis  4:i;i,44 1,447,448,449 

issiodon-nsis  440 


C'uatur 

eiiropusiiH  4:!4 

fiber  4;i:i 

tiirliis  419 

/.ibethieiiii254 
Castor 

Heaver  4114 

d'Hiirope  4;!4 

du  Canada  434 
Castorida-  4-.'7,U44 
Citstoriiiie  549 
Castoruides  419 

ol'.ioeiiHis  4211,  94-* 
Castoroididie  415 
Ceutral  Amerieun  llaro  :I49 
Uereolabea  1185 
Cha-tomys  388 
CbalieomyB  nebrnsccuBiH  451 
Cbestinit-laccd  Goplier  010 
Cbestuut-clieuked  Meadow  Mouse 

197 
Chickaree  072 

Kasteni  072, 074 

Frdmoiil'H  073,079 

Kicbardson's  073, 077 

Western  073,078 
Chief  Haie  407 
Cbicn,  Petit  892 
Cbiloln8l49,  152, 153,207 

Oregon i  207 
Chiucbilla  421 
Chipinuuk  783,793 

Coininon  782  ■.'   .  _  : 

Gila  794,790 

Harris's  810 

Nortbern793,794 

Pale  793, 795 

Kocky  Mountain  793, 795 

Say's  814 

T<>wnscud's794,790 
Cliipping  Squirrel  783 
CililliiH  819 

niexieanns  803 
Collie's  Squirrel  738 
Colobotis  819,821,825  ^ 

empetru  825 

ei  ytbroKlnta^us  825 

kodiacensis  825 

riebardsoni  825 

townsendi  825 
Colonymys  938  * 

celer938,944 
Common  Chipmunk  782 
Cotton 

Kat  30 

Mouse  70 
Cricetodipus  49(j,.'>15 

lluvus  510,518 

parvus  519 


Crieetns  Oil 

liursarius  012 
inyoides  51 
talpoidcs023 
Cuniculiis243,  2"'2 
gio;<iilundieus  240 
liudsonius  240 
ton|iiatuH  24l» 
Cynoinys  041, 8^9 

C(ilniubianus908,909 
grisea  892 
(;iiiinisoni  902 
ludovicianiiH  892, 898 
soeialis  892 
Doer  Mouse  50, 408 
Deilemys  31 

toltecus  31,30 
Desc^rt 

Hare  332 
Mouse  88 
U'lilostoma  009,011,021 

alba  012  r    .  . 

biilbivoriiiii  080 
fiisca  012 
Diplostninc 

blanche  012 
brun  012  ; 

Oipodidm  402,404 
DipodiniD  455, 404 
Dipodouiyiua  494 
DipodomyiniD  494, 495,521 
Dipodomys  521, 537, 538 
agilis  540 
heerinanni  54U 
montanus  541 
ordi  541 
{ihilippi  540 
phillipii  540 
pbillippii  540 
pbillipsi  540 
pbillipsii  540 
pbillipsi  ordi  641 
wajjneri  640 
Dipn!)  405 

americaniis  4(>8 
canadensis  407 
liudsonius  407 
labradoricns  408 
labradniiuB  468 
Iconurus  468 
megalops  408 
sorieiiiUH  468 
Douglass's  Spermopbile  829 
Dusky-footed  Wood  Kat  19 
Eastern 

Chickaree  672, 074 
.Striped  Spermopbile  871 
l-iebinoproeta  380 
infcscens  3s9 


. '(  ■ 


aaeeamn^Hil 


INDEX  TO  TUE  WHOLE  VOLUMK. 


1085 


"•I'h 


l5omi  nil 

ii  vciitrii  i1(>i'(5  (.'0 

iVAdi.liihc  7i;! 

ill)  Ili>ttu*7U 

iVIIiidsdii  U73 

<lo  Ilk  Culil'DrniH  700,  KW 

do  111  i/cl(;ral  ion  87-2 

till  r.vlmlci  744 

grin  ilo  la  C'arulino  701 

biiixxo  71^'.! 
Eiclilioin,  i{<'st'll'go77S 
Kligm<)ii<)iititt43 
EwU'icliliiiiii  783 
Eruthluiii  M) 

.■limiimiH3!W,94fl 

dor8utii»:)f8,;«),a94,30f) 

ei)ixautini8;i8!t,;i9i,;i'Jr),;im 

I'lireHcoiiH  389 
Eucastor  440 

tortiiB  449,  451,944 
Eulajr"B  S!82 
Euiiij  s  94fi 
clcRUUf  946 
loxddon  946 
Eiiueunijs  118 

cliinoliilliiidcH  119 
Enroiioan  RaViliit  3li7 
Evotonij's  l;tl 
gnppi'ri  142 
(Tlaruoln  139 
rutilii!)  136 
Extinct  ....  Sco  llio  Hpecits 
I"<-d6ratiou,  ficirpiiil  do  la 672 
l'"<uleration  Squirrel  t-72 
Fibor  251 

oBoyooRcuaiH  255 
zibetUiciis  2.54 
Field  Mouse,  Aiiiericaft  50 
Fire-biillied  Squirrel  740 
Flying  Squirrel  055 
American  r.,')5 
Greater  055 
Northern  055,0.50 
S'jvorn  River  055 
Soutborn  055, 050 
Fort  Yuma  Bpenuopbile  803 
Fossil  ....  Seo  the  species. 
Fox  S(iuirrel  717 
Nortbcrn  718 
Southern  717, 719 
Western  718,720 
Frnnldin's  Spermophilo  881 
Fr(5nioiit'8  Cbicliiiree  G<3,  (i79 
Gab1)'»  llaro  349 
Gauffrr  013 
Gaufro  013 

Goomyidin  491,492,601,007,947 
Gcomyinio  009 
OaomysG09,UU 


Geoniys 

bisulealiHOlT 
lioreiilis  li','4 
brevieeps  012 
Iinll>ivoru»020 
biiisariusOI2 
euniidensis  012 
eiislanops  010 
cineri'Us  012 
clarliii  rilO 
don|;liiisii  020 
drunimondii  013 
t'iili;>iiiosMs  02fi 
fiilviisl)28 
helerodusril9 
liirsutns  019 
bispiilns  019 
inexieanus  017 
oregoneusis  012 
pi  net  i  015 

pinetis  015  '' 

rufesceUH  024 
talpoidcs023 
towusendii  024 
tHza015 
unibriniisOiS 
Huisulcalu8  024 
Geomyn  des  pins  015 
Georgia 

Hamster  of  015 
Uudeseribert  litllii  (iuiidiii|ied 
of  015 
Gcoryebus237,243 
groiulandicus  240 
helvoliiH241 
budsouins  240 
triiuucronatns  241 
Gerbil 

Canadian  408 
Labrador  468 
Gerbillo 

aux  yeux  noirs  408 
do  la  l).'iie  d'llndsnn  408 
dn  Canada  4(i^ 
queue  do  lion  408 
sorieino  468 
(iorbilliuiB  403 
(}cTbilln«4fl5 

brucbyurns  408 
canadensis  407 
daviesii  408 
budsoniuH  407 
labrudorins  4(>8 
leouurus  408 
maerourus  4iJ8 
megalops  403 
soriciiius  4(i8 
sylvaticus  408 
Geselligo  Eichboru  778 


Gila  Cliipniunk  794,*i>i> 
(iliroH  diiplicidontali  1M*> 
(ilis  Oil'.! 

iniiailensls  RV,I,»I2 
niouax  911 

niai'Miiitla  ami  ricanus  912 
Gnller  01.1 

(iiilden  li.^llieil  Sqnirivl  7.53 
(iiilibn  .MniiHO  91 
(inptier  015 

CluNtnut-faeed  010 
I'eiinOKi 
KIripc'd  872 
Grand  (iuetlinguel  7,'>7 
(irialiT  I'lyin;;  Squin-el  0,V> 
Gray-liiMiled  .Sperniopbilo  881 
Grayson's  llaie  347 
Gray  .Squirrel  701) 
California  731 
liCsser  7(U 
Nortbeni  71)0,701 
■Small  073 
Southern  701,701 
Yucatan  705 
Groninl-bo{;  912 
Ground  Siiuiirel  783.839 
Anieriean  7-"^3 
Leopard  872 
Californian  W27,820 
Orenon  827 
Prairio  872 

Striped  and  Spotted  872 
Giierlinguot  757 
grand  757 
petit  7.57 
Gymuoptyebus  945 
chrysodjii  945 
iuinutusi;45 
misntus  94j  ';  , 

trilopbus945 
llahrothrix  43,  45 
Hamster,  Canadian  013 
'  do  Virgini(^  015 
du  Canada  012 
of  Georgia  015 
Haplodon  555 

ealifornieiiH  557 
leporiniis  5.57 
ruins  5.57, 508,  .599 
IllvplndolUidie  .543,549 
Haploodon  555 
Ilaploodontidie  549  i 

Hapludon  555 
Ilnro 

Audubon's  328, 332 
Californian  3,57 
Central  Ameiieau  349 
Desert  tl32 
OabVs319 


1086 


MONOC.RAPna  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  RODENTIA. 


lIlllV 

(irM.vsof'M  :il7 
l.illlc  Cllli'l   11)7 
MiiihIi  :m> 
Niiilhirii  .liK'kiiHH  :IG0 

(iiiiiiii)  ;u:i) 

Pniiripa»7 

Siiiilliirii  ■IiickHM 350 

Viir.viiin:t04 

Willi  r  ;t(;4 
w 1  a« 

Iliii'i -liiili'd 

MiiiiHii  ma  ' ' ' 

liiii  'Jill 

IIiirrii.'!(  (Jliipiiiiink  HIO 
Ilai'vi'Hl  MdiiKC  l'j:< 
IlfliMi'iiiiiyH  IKUi 

vi'lim'.i;)r),944 
Ili'lliioliilliyH  14'.l 
Ilriiiiiiiilr/., 'J'litaii  nf  <il7 
lIiHi>i'roiii}M:il,4:i,4'>,  lll,l-JO 

ainrrii'aiiim  Til 

llllI'L-ulllH  DL 

nimti'iiiH  r>l, 73,74 

nztccim  100 

bojlii  01,74 

califuriiiciiHOS 

cainpt'Hli'iH  51 

caiuliiieiiHis  184 

C'OKUalUKOl 

cii'IiiicuH  H8 

gainboli  51,70,71,75 

goKHvpiuus  70 

gmciliH  51,74 

liiiniilix  1^3 

inilinniiH  51  -      • 

locontii  124  * 

leiicogastiT  108 

lencoiins  50 

loxbdon  941!  ' 

niaiiiiMilaliiH  51         •  •■   ' 

ini'laiioplirys  102 

iiH-xicaiiurt  lO'i  '  *"*  "^ 

niicliigaiifiistM  04    '      '    ' 

iiiyiiiilL'8  51,00,74       '  '    - 

iiuliriLsoriiHis  79 

iinltalli  91 

Ijaltistris  113 

imiasitiens  9S 

j.K))iont)tiis  51 

sniiiirieiiKis  79 

texainis  51,09 

tolti-cus  30 
Iloterninyiim  494 
llt-U'i'oiiiy  iiiat  491,495 
lleteioiiiys  490, 494, 495, 497 

ailHpermiH  494 


ll«ti'ii>inyn 

iill»>liinl>aliiH497 

(IrHiiiari'nliaiiiiH  497 

iiToraliiM  497 

iiii'laiioli'iiriis  497,515 
Honry  Maiiiml  9-.'4 
l[ulm:lii'iluN43,45,  (Sriuiiiilif 8ig- 

niutluu,  iu  iiiilex,  fur  ilupiir- 

taut  iTraliiiii.) 
HuoiVh  Maniiot  i;!73 
lIiiiUiiirH  llity  Ijeiumilig  S4C 
Hnilmiir»  Hal  -JIO 
!lU|tl'iiiuu8 

Caimdiaclio  468 

Kluiiikiipll);!!  468 

LalpruiliiiiMlin  408 
HyilioiluiTun  4'JO  r 

llytlmlagim'JSi 

uiiiialiciiit304  ■         ^ 

puliisiliiH  300 
Hyilrnmyii  40a 
Ilypiii1u;ii,s  43, 105, 131, 149,237 

gapperi  142 

gOHsypiiiuB  70 

luiici  Kiister  105, 107, 108 

ripariua  1.50 
Hystiitiilu)  379,948 
IlyHti'iooiiiiirplia  948 
llystrix  385,380 

eristata  397 

ilorsatii  388 

linilBDiiiH  389  ■    ■ 

liniliinniiiH  :J89 

piloHUs  3p9 

vcmwtiiH  397,948 
Inciilna  405 
lotiilomys  821,826 

i'rankliiii  826 

iiiexicauuH  826  ' 

polliiliiH  826 

fpicticaurtu8  826 

triili'cemliuoatiiH  fc26 
Isoili^lln  BpiHitliuii  947 
Xhcltyroinido!  944 
iBchyioiiiyH  944 

typim  944 
iHvliyroiiiyidu)  incorto)  sodiu  945 
JackaHS  llaro  350 
Jaciilido)  455 
Jauuliiia  455 
Jaculinu'455,  404 
dacnliiB  405  ■ 

atmricuniiB  468 

Iiudnoiiins  407 

laliradoiiiLS  468 
.Tacvlvs  405 
Jiirboa 

Canadian  408 

Labrador  408 


JiimpiiiK  MntiHi^  oTCaiindn  46H 
Jiintpin^  or  Labrador  Moiiho  408 
KiMiiiii'olt'M  KpiTiiioiibilr  Hki 
Kli'iiiko|iligi'  llllpriiiiiiis  408 
KoH»i'hviB»hir783 
Labrador 

(iirbil  408 

Ji'rboa  408 

Jinnpiii),'  MoiiBO  468 

]{i>t4U8 
LnbradorlBclio  nttpfniaUH  468 
Lagidiiiiii  422 
Lagoiiiyidii' 399 
LagoiiiyH  407 

niiiiiiiiiiB  407 

Iiriiicppa  407,  112,413 
LngoBtoiiitiH  420 

Largo  Nortli(TnMi'ndowMoiiatiS04 
Lc'iinniiig,  lIiidBon'B  Hay  240 
Lomimis  7, 149.237,251,243 

tloriikinuH  15 

hiiilBoniiiH  240 

ungiiluliiB  246 

zibetbk'iiH  204 
Leopard 

Ground  Squirrel  872 

Marmot  872 
Leopard  Sperumpbilo  872 
LeopardenziiiHel  h72 
Leporida)  205, 207, 373, 949 
Lvpim  282 

nlbus  288 

aiiiorieunns  283, 304, 323, 327 

a<niaticu»285, 304 

arcticii8  283,288 

arizouu!  284, 332 

arti'iniBJa  328 

artemettacHB  328 

niKlnbuni  284,328 

baeliiuani  328 

bairdi  2h3,  304 

benuctli  357  •      , 

borcali8  288,304        ' 

braBilii'n8i8'284,348  ; 

calilorniouM  284, 357 

rallotis2S4,350,;tril 

(■ainpe8tri8  2o3, 297, 304    • 

canesceiis  288 

cnnicHln8  30l,307 

doiiRlaBsi  300, 364 

fliivinnbiris  350 

gabbi  349  ■. 

gkeiKlis288 

graysoni  284,  347     ' '        '  '•■/ 

lnbi'rnieii8  288 

bndhonius  304 

loiigii'andutnH  369 

inagollanicns  369  *■'"' 

muxieanuB  ;I50  "• ' 


INDEX  TO  THK  WnOLE  VOLUMK. 


1087 


iiuniiH;ini,:K;7 

uiKricaiiiliiliiH  XM 

uiiltiilli  UHi, ;WH,  ;l:i() 

paluHlriH  'jK'i,  HUd 

I'icliiiritHniii  Xu 

ii.vlvalinin'.'''l,;W7,;i4(l 

top(ili:)4H 

tcxcimlNt284 

tcxiiiniis  ;ir)0, 351 

tiinidMs  '^Kl,  28H 

townKdiili  at? 

trowbiiilKci  ii84, 344 

variiibiliH'JHy.'.W.im 

virKiiiiamiHyH3, '21)7,  ;i(il,;!ll7 

waHliiii){to"i  '.'m;), ;tOI 
LcBBci'  (iray  SqiiiiTiil  7(>1 
Lewi»'»  ilariiiiit  iXli! 
Lined-taili'cl  Spnrniopliilu  tjjli 
LoiiiHiaiia  Murniot  892 
LunaKiiy  24C 
LitM» 

Clii.-f  Hare  407 

Haivoiit  Mc)U8«  123 

Norduiii  Meadow Mouiio  100, 
197 
Macr<)C()liiHr)21 

halliciiH  540 
Macnixim  (!()0 
ailol|)li(i  741 

(catuaim  750 
aureoRaater  750 
boothim  742 
briiuijtM>iiigi-r766 
californieiis  827 
colliu;!  738 
colliioi  "  var.  1 "  740 
(limidiatim  773 
dorBulis  746 
iiavivi'iiler  757 
fraMori  703 
funiij^aliiH  708 
({erraidi  700 
griBeoflttviiH  753 
griei'ogcna  757 
gucrlinguH  757 
Ignitus  700 
irroratus  757 
knhlii  767 
Icueogaster  757 
Icncojis  753 
ludoviciaiins718 
mauriiH  746 
melania  701,740 
middellinouais  703 
nioiio  750 
nit;o.van;i74;i 
nigrcacoiiH  746 
l)nsillu8  750 


Macrdxiia 

|i,vbicli'i  741 

tiiMiiiiniH  7li3 

YiilpiiiiiH  717 

NUtitlinhiM  700 
MyoxiiH  NtriatiiH7H2 
Mariiiut 

lloury  1»24 

UdoU'h  872 

I.tMipard  873 

Li'wI.h'bUO^ 

LiiiiiNiaiiii  892 

Miiiylaiid  912 

I'rairic  8!hi 

Qiinbic  912 

UiK-ky  Mountain  921 

Stripwl  Ainoritim  878 
Miinniittu 

il'Ani(<ri(|nn  91li 

<ln  MivHonri  H92 
Mni'inuttd  of  Ainrricit  912 
MarHJi  Hare  30U 
Maryland  Marmot  012 
MiuiKacn»  255 
Muadow  Mouse  210 

Cliestnnt-chiseked  197 

Largo  NortUern  294 

IJttlo  Northern  190,  197. 

Oregon,  207 

Pennsylvania  1,50 

Townsend's  185 

Wilson'H  149, 106 
Mdriouu  dii  Canada  408 
Mdrioues  405 
MerioneH  405 

acadieus  468 

anicricauuB  408 

canadeubis  466 

huduouicuB  407 

labradoriuB  468 

labradoruH  408 

inicroccpliuluH  408 

ncmoralia  468 
Mexican 

Hare  350 

Speriuoi)bilo  868 
Mexicanisclie  TaHchenniauH  017 
Micbigan  Mouse  94 
Microtus  149 
MiHotberuius  242 

torquatus  240 
Missouri 

Barking  .Squirrel  892 

Molo-Hiouse  108 

I'rairio  Dog  892 

Marniotte  du  892 
Mole-niouso 

Arizoua  109 

Missouri  108 


Monax  912 
Krl«91J 

MllUHO 

Aiiu'rican  I'leld  50 

Atnerirun  Wandering  r>0 

A^.lee  100 

illai'keyeil  1112 

Cotton  70 

liolilen91 

lliuo. tailed  216 

Ml  lie  llarvenl  123 

I'uraxiliu  98 

li.'d  91 

I'miriu  Meiub)W  210 

Itedbaeked  142 

Kice-lield  113 

Wi'Htorn  Prairie  70 

Wlnte-loof,ud  50 
Mures  6 

cunleularil  149 

HoporoNi  909 
Miiridiu  1,404,940 
Murino)  1,2,3,4,0 
Mnrine.1lba>r,  llerell'ti  924 
Mu»7,  43,  105,  111,  121),  119,  237, 
243,  251,4ti5,  609,  909 

agrariuH  51 

ainericanuH  51 

ainpliibiuN  149 

arvalis  149 

aureolns  91 

bairdii  94 

bumuriUH  012 

californicus  98 

eanadensis  467 

caroliuensis  124 

ciuercus  24 

deeuniauus935  ,  , 

einpetra912,839 

tloridauus  14  .  . 

gra!iilaudieua246    . 

bndsoniuH  240 

bumilis  123 

labradoriuH  408 

lecontii  123 

lemmuH  149 

lenensis  246 

Icueopus  51,79 

lougipee  407 

ludovicianus  012 

inicbiganeusisi'4 

missouriensis  108 

monax  911,912 

noveboraceubis  51 

palustria  113  . 

rutilus  130 

saecatuM  613 

sylvaticus  var. 51        j.., 

torquatus  246 


,.^„.. 


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1088 


MONOGRAPHS  OF  NOUTU  AMHBICAN  ItODEMlA. 


Una 

tuta  (110 

7il>i'llii('ii»ur>4 
MtiHciilim  4'i,  i'-> 

]rlU'tl|ill!4  ill 

Miihk  Ui'iivcrviOS 
Mn^Kiiit  tr>r) 

M.Viivin<'i<14U,ir>3 

l>iut('UHiHl4'.),  ir>:),  l.'iti 

SljiHiLHtor  !i.">l 
zitn  tliU'iiH'.'M 

M.Vdilis  Ml,  MO, '£17, 24a 
nll><>)'iiluiiii  'Ml 

(■4IO|ll>li   'J^lJ 

KMriiliiii<lii'ii8  84fl 

llC'lvollIB  'J41 

IiuilMiiiiim'i4G 
ttbfiisiH  '^41 
toiqiiiitiiH  *J40 
triiiiiuT<iiiutUH!i4t 
M,v<iiiii>r|>hii  i)4(! 
M>>im>iiicH  l.VJ,  153 
riiiaiiiiH  l.'l!. 
tiiniiKimli  1K> 
xniitliiignatliua  197 
MyHu|i8  IKK! 

fratiTiiiiB'.l:l7,944 
iniiiiitiiHU;t7,U44 
Myoxiis* 

<lriiiniiioi)(lii  'H 
Ni'i>t<iiiia  7,  45 

NL'iituiiin  45.    (See  antler  Sijriiio- 
(Idii,  III  index,  for  impurtniil 
I'imtiiiii.) 
oiiii'ii'it  14, 'J4 
(IniiniiMMKlii  'J4 
I'lMrii^incu  14,2^, 'ill 
llDriduiiii  14, 15,  It-,  19 
fllMilMN  14, 19,'.>i 
niiiKiittcr  'Z>,  94(i 
iiioxii'iiiiu  15 
iiiirroiiUH  15 
occi<U'iitii)iH  'iA 
KfOtoiiD),  tiiHHil  '29 
North  Aiiii'ikaii  rika4U7 
NurtliiTii 

('lii|iiiinnk  79:1 
riyiiiK  .Siiuiirol  )!,'>;), I'mTi 
Imix  S(|iiii'ri'l  71rt 
Oriiy  Siiuirn-l  700,  701 
Mi'iiilow-iiKjiiiM'  19ti,  197,',i04 
ViiiyiiiK  Hiirii  :t0t 
Oclii'tiidiiii  45,  l-iO 
liuiiiilirt  Vi'A 
l<>ll;;ii:all(lil  ISli 
iiu'xiraiiiiN  1^ 
iiuiiituiiiia  I'M 
Ogotoum  497  , 


OmliilraiM.'.'.V. 

aiiit>ri('uiiu  'J55 

/iln'MiiciiH  'J.''5 
Oiiyelic.myn  4:1,45,105 

li'iii'iifiiinti^r  lOH 

tiiriiiliiH  UK) 
( iredon 

Urmiiiil  8<iiilrrcl  H!i7 

Mi'Uilow-iiiiiiiiH-  '207 
Oriziilm  .S(|iiirrul  70:1 
OryctnlaKiix  'J'*2 
OryctimiyH  (i'21 

biitlii'(i'2(i 
OryemnyM  4:1, 45 

|ialiiKtiis  113 
Ol(ieoliiliiiiiH19 

OtOglKMiH  515 

flava  5II> 

loiiKiinciiilniH  519 
Oli>.''pi'riiiiiiiliiliiii  H19,  H-Jl 

Ihi'cliryi  825 

iIoii);laMii  f'£i 

f;i'uiiiniiiruH'''25 
OiyiiiictepiH  4:),  45 
Q'lttcliit  I'll'.) 
(juii(lrii|H'(l    o.     Cii-orKia,     iiiiilr' 

Beiilivd  litilv  Iil5 
Qni'lico  Marmot  H:t9,  912 
Qnimii'lipatluii  i'A't 
I'aUmii'Uhtor  451 

iirl)raHC'i>iiHiH  451 
PaliLMiln^iid  37:t 

oyain'ti'llim  :t75,  949 

liayiii'iii  :i;:i,  949 

Iriiilrx:t75,949 

tiii'uiduH  :i7:<,  949 
Pain 

('liipiuiiiik  79:1,795 

HIripcil  Sporniopliili!  K72 
Paiiulax  :I70 

Haiii'la'-lldi'i  370,949 
ParaiiivH  9:i:i 

ili'ii('utior9:(4,9l:l 

iluliiatitHimiiH  9:I5, 94:i 

(lelicaliin  9.14.  94:1 

iMptiHliiH  9:l4,  94:1 

ri'lii^tiiH  9:i;j 

roliiiNtiis  9:14. 94:1 

itialaiiH  9:15 
Paraiiitic  Mouho  98 
Purry'd  8pi<riiiopbil»  i^l9 
PecoHlioplH'rOlO 
IVdi'tiiliL'  4(l'2 
IVili'timn  464 
Pctloinys  149,  152,  15:1,  '20!t 

aiiHt<'rii!('21U 

'-'intiaiiioiiU'iiH  '211 

■  iirtatiiH '215 

liuyduui  '211 


Puiiiinylvaiiia,  Meailow-monM   of 

I. 5*; 

Prro^iiatliMlinin  494,  495 
IVroKiial  hiiH  i'M,  495,  400 
l>i(-o)or515 
raHciatn.H.''>UO 
IIjiviih  51(i 
liiHpidiiH  51:i,  514 
uiollipilosuK  509 
iiioiiticola  .500,  Ml 
parviiH  .504,519 
|i('iiit'illatii8  .504 
Pliyllolia4:i 
IVriiviaii  t<i|iiirri'l  7CH 
IVIit  (Jui'rliii({iiet  7.57 

Cliicu  H92 
Pika,  Nurlli  American  407 
PineniyM  149,  "218 

piiii'loriiiii  '219 
PityiiiyH  15-2, 1.5;t,'21« 
didi'lta  947 

piiiuloriiiii  1:h;,  149,319 
(|iia»iali'r  '22*) 
telraili0la947 
Pocket  (ioplii-rOKS 
PiK'ket  .Moiiw" 
Fiwiiattd  500 
Hispid  51:i 
Iloiidaraii  515 
Kiwil  519 
.Moiiiitaiii  .^>09 
Tiifl-tailii)  .504 
Yellow  511) 
Polar  Hare  '2HH 
Pidatoiiclid  d'Aiii<!riqiio  (155 
l'ori-('pie:fc<9 
Porcupine 
Bear  :|H9 
Canada  ;Wfl 
Poreiipioeti,  North  American  38(S 
PlUK'hed 
Kat  Gl:i 
Caiinda  Ul'2 
Southern  (ilu 
Prairie  Udk  !^9-2 
MiMioiiri  rt'i 
.Sburt-tailed  90i 
Western  902 
Prairie 

(Jroi'nd  Rqiiiml  578 
11  an-  '297 
Marmot  H92 
Meudow-mouse  210 
Scpiiriid  892 
f!Si|niri'el,Htriped  872 
Praotlierinm  :t7(i 

palatiiiiim  :I77 
PHanimomys  149,218 
piuutoruw  219 


INDEX  TO  THE  WilOLE  VOLUME. 


1089 


niie    of 


in  386 


FMadoatouiu  COU.Ull 
burealiii  C-.>4 
biilbivnniiu  GiW 
biinuiriiiH  (>1'.< 
cuHranupH  OIU 
duugloaii  6:20 
doriilaim  CI5 
fulvnHC28 
biii|ijduDi  (110 
mvxicauu  017 

uuibriiiiiH  6iB 
pHeudoBtouin  jk  Imiime  (il2 
Vwiidratuuiidai  4U1,U0U 
PiivudotoinnH  OAii 
Psvudutoniuii  blanB946 
PteroniyH  05:1 

alpiuuB  6ri& 

hudmuiuB  &X>,  (iT( ,  &:'■! 

oreguDcusiii  655 

•abrinuH  655 

volucelli65!> 
Rabbit.    See  Hare 

European  367 

Gray  327 

Jackuiis350 

(name)  369 

Wood3!«7 
Rat 

Aab-colored,  with  bairy  tuil, 
of  Rocky  Mountains  U4 

Canada  46(^,618 

HudHon's  246 

Hare-tailed  846 

Labrador  468 

Muek  355 

MuwiuiS  %>r> 

Pou3bed  619 

Southern  Pouched  015 
Bed  Monae  01 
Red-backed  Muuae  14S 
l!ed-bellicd  Squirrel  750 
Ueitbrwion  45, 11«,  ISO,  121 

caroliuensis  124 

oblncbilloides  110 

cuuiculoiden  110 

bumiliH  123 

lecontei  124 

lougioauda  126 

niegulotiH  124 

mexicauuR  128 

typiouB  119 
RhuithmsoiuruB  666 
RhiuoBoiurus  666 
Riobardaon'a 

Chickaree  073,677 

S|>emiophUe  848 

Rice-6eld  Uoaae  113 

69  M 


Rucky  Mountain 

ChipmiMik  79'.l 

Huiry-tuiliid  Ri^t  24 

Lino<l-t«il(Ml  Spcrmophilo  820 

Muruiiit  1)21 

Varying  Huro  310 
Saccouiyidu;  4ftl,  49-,',  009 
Sacconiyiiia48t',4!il,(ioy 
Suceuniy  oidca  489,  493 
SiK'CupboruB  009, Oil 

ulbUB  012 

boreallB  024 

burBariuH012, 014 

b»ttu>  020 

nicxicanuH  017 

piueti  015 

quucbil  019 

tul[iimleHC23 
SuKO  Iluri' :i2H,  ^DO 
Suluuiiiuder  013,015 
8undKutOI3 
Say'a  Chipmunk  814 
Sca|iteruiu,vit  43 
Sciuruvua  935, 9%,  944 

nitiduH  935,944 

parviduUB  931!,  944 

unduns  935, 944 
Sciuridoj  037,943 

incvrtiB  scdia  944 
Suluromorphu  943 
Soiuropiei  ub  040, 653 

liudBouiuB  055, 056 

vulucellii  0.')3, 055, 05(> 
SciuroBpaliu^ini  009 
SciuroBpaiucuidcB  609 
Sciuriis  041,  (K),  0(i(i,779 

abeni071,7;U,737,738 

ucrobatfB  055 

iBHtuanti  072, 75fi,  757, 759, 5  ol , 
7(i2 

alburti  735 

ulbi|>eH  741 

aiuericauuB  782 

arizunouBiB  738 

OJiiatit'UB  793 

utroveutriB  718 

auduboni  718 

aureigOBter  671, 750,  752,  7,53 

belohuri  073 

bootbiie  071,  741,  746,  740 

botta)  773,  776 

brHHilicnBiB  756 

callfotnionu  827 

calycinuB9:il,943 

capiNtrutUB717 

caro..o.'nBi8  071, 700, 701, 70(i, 
712,715,716,783 

carol  inuB  073 

castauouotua  735 


SoluruB 

eoBtanotus  735 

chrvBuruB  757 

finereUB  071,700,717,718 

clttikii777 

eolliiui  072,738,741 

di4>|Hii  701  , 

diinidiiitUB  773 

(lorBiiliB  74li 

duugluBsi  070, 073,  G78 

ffriuginiviiulrl8  750 

foBBor  072,  TM,  733,  734 

Ircnioiiti  0711, 073,  079 

t'uliginoBiiB701 

tuMioViirii'giUUB  741 

gi'rrurdi  072,700,707,768 

gilvigulariB  757 

grauiniuruB  820 

griB4u»cuuil»tuB  746 

guvrllngUB  7Ii7 

guiununBiH  750 

buurumniii  731 

bulTuiunni  757 

hiulBouiUB  055,  070,  072,  073, 

700 
bj'iiopyrrbUB  072, 740,749,750 
byporrlioduB  757 
igbiventriB  708 
iutiiruiuiliuB  742 
liingBdorlli  708 
lauuginuBUB  073 
latcrulis  814 
lc|MiriuuB  731,738 
luucoguBlcr  750 
IcucopB  071,  753,  756 
Ivucotia  071,700,  701 
lewisi  880 
limitiB  718 

ludoviciiinni)  071,  718,780 
lysteri  783 
niucruura  718 
n)iicrouruuB718 
nmcruuruB718 
niugnicundatUB  718 
nitixicunuB  8(i8 
niigratoriuB  701 
minor  virgatUB  793 
mnllipMuHUB  073 
nitbiiuxii  773 

niger  671, 700, 717,719, 781 
uigreBceuB  74G 
occidcntalia  718 
ocnIiituB  738 
pauoliuB  0:i2,943 
(MinUBylvanicnB  700 
pUBillua  756 
pyrrhouotUB  768 
quodriv'ittatuB  793 
rariasimUB,  etc.  868 


1090 


MONOGUAPIIS  OF  NOItTH  AMKUK^AN  BODKNTIA. 


SciiiniH 

r«liotiiR!KU,U4:i 

rloliar.lH.iiii  670,  (7:t,  fiH!t,6!»r, 
700,741 

rigidiiH  T4'2 

nilik'niiiliitiiH  718 

riil>r<>liii.'ntiinfi7ll 

riiflv.'iitiT  718 

nillvt'iitris  717 

riifolirncliiHtuiii  886 

riif<.iiiKOT67a,7r>7,7r.8,7(l-2,7(i;i 

HabriniiH  655 

Bayi  718 

HociiiliH  778 

Htrainiiiuiifi  768 

HtriutiiH  78-2,793 

RiiliniirntuH  718 

siu'kli'yi  67:> 

tnniaiili|H-iiHiH  8<;8 

te|ilir.iga>it«'r  671, 763, 765 

texiuniiH  717 

towiiHi.n.Ii  673 

tricol.ir  768 

tridvcfiulineutuH  871 

ntbeiiHiH  793 

varinl)iliH67ii,768 

varieKat.>i<liv.  746 

varii'K»tii8  717, 741 

vnrius  741 

Tolanx  655 

To)iic<>lla655 

vulgariH  673 

vnlpimiH  701,717 

yiU'utitiifliiRiH  671,705 
Severn  Fljing  8quirrul65& 
Scwpllel  567 
8liort-tnile<l 

Prairii'-diig  902 

8|irrinn]iliiU<  860,  862 
Showtl  557 
Siffl<-iir  1112 

SignicMl.ui  31, :«,  35,  39,  45 
8igni<i.lnii 31, 45.  (Ini|M>rtniilerra 
film  .111  p.  45.  TrauHfpr  thih 
name  aiul  N'.-ot.imii  to  left 
side  of  t  tie  v.'rtieiil  liar,  and 
bring  Iluluclieilua  in  tiie 
Tight. ) 

berlanilieri  36 

hiRpiduK  36 
8ignindnuteH  6,  7 
Small 

Bniwii  Squirrel  673 

Gray  Sqnirrel  673 
Stiuiirau  Sperinophile  864 
Buiitliern 

Flyint  Squirrel  655,  (566 

Fox  Sqnirrel  717,  719 

Gray  gquintjl  701, 704 


B<iutlieni 

r.iui'li.'d  Rut  615 

Varying  lliiri-  :i01,:i(i7 
Siiuloi'iipiiiiiilii'  :185 
Sp.'rniitl.ipliiliiH  hl'.l 
Hpenii.ipliilii  81!) 
S|ii'rniopliile 

Aiiiiiiluteil-tailed88tl 

Ilt'.*cli.'>  'h  H'Jl* 

C'alir.iiiiiiin  Lineil-tail.d  ►'sW 

Diiugli.Ks'H  1  ju.-.l-tailf.l  ^27 

EtMl.'in  Strip. '.1  f/l 

F.)i  t  Yiiiiiii  863 

Franklin'it  HHl 

Orny-hciul.'.l  881 

liin.'tailiMl  82(i 

Mexii  an  8(i8 

Pale  Sirip.d  «72 

Parrj'sKU) 

lUii6  .-.72 

Ki.'liardwin'H  84H 

K.H'k,vM.inntain  l.in.'.l-tuiled 
826,  827 

Sli.irl-tailed  860 

Son.nan  h64 

StriiM'd  871 

TownN.'iul'H  848 
SiM'rni.ipliilun  641,819,  88<> 

aiinnlalnH  821,  HHi 

arinaln8  849 

bei'dn-ji  827,  829 

liuckl.'yi  827 

clarkii  777 

coueliii  827 

douglami  827,  829 

eli'guim  849 

einiietra  821,  839,  843 

erytliriiglniieuB  K19,  841 

franklini  i^2l,  881,884 

grunininrUD821,  825,  ><M,  827, 
830 

gntliitUK  849 

liarrii<i  810 

hoiidi  H72 

kiKliaceiiHiH  839,  840 

lateralis  814 

In.l.ivi.'ianiiH  8.J-2 

um.TnrnH  827 

mexi.'anuH  821,  8ii4,  HfM 

mollm  321.  825,  8tiO 

obMiletnH821,82li,  8)>(i 

pallidiiH  872 

parryi82l,K19,  841 

pliiBii.igniitliii  8:I9 

|dia).igiiallia  839 

quiulrivittatiiH793 

rii'liardMHii  821,  835,  848,  849, 
Wil 

HpiloHonia  821,  826,  864 


8p.<rni.ipliiliiii 

lereli.'MUiluH  821,  86:1,  '«i4 

t.iwi  wii.li  H4,-(.  ,"411,  HCO 

tiid.'ceinlineatiiH  8-Jl,i<71|H;:.i, 
874,  876,  877 
.S.|niirel 

AliirlV,  735 

Ameri.'iin  Flying  (i5!'> 

American  (ir.innd  7»-3 

H»iliing-92 

Hlii.'k  717 

HniziliHii  7.''1>,757 

lliiir.i»iiig  902 

Califiiriiia  (iray  731 

Chipping  78.3 

C.illie'H  738 

Fi'ileniti.in  872 

Fir.'-lielli.Ml  746 

Flying  <i55 

F.ix  7i; 

O.ild.'ii-liellied  75:< 

(iray  700 

Greater  Flying  655 

Oi-.innd78;i,K)9 

Prairie  (ii.iund  872 

L.'iipai'.l  Gr.iiind  873 

L.'N«.'i"  (iray  701 

MiKHiiuii  Iliirl>iiig81l2 

N.irlh.-rnGra;'  7IK),701 

N.irtli.trii  Flying  6,Vi, (i5  • 

Northern  Fox  718 

Orizahn  763 

Peruvian  768 

Prairie  >^^ 

I{.-d-l.ellied  750 

Severn  Kiv(>r  655 

Small  llruwn  (i73 

Small  Gray  t)73 

Southern  Flying  65.'), 606 

Spnthi'm  (jray  701,704 

8<mthernF.ix717,71i) 

Strip.Ml  782,783 

8tri|i.'.l  Praiiie  873 

Vari.-.!  741 

W.'Mteni  Harking  903 

WeMern  Fox  718,720 

Yucatan  Gray  705 
Sphiggnrnx  388 
Spliiiignrina)  385 
St.^n.'olilier  451 
Steiieotiher  neliraacoUNia  4,51,  453, 

944 
8tenen6l>er  paiiHiiH  4.5:1,4.^)5,944 
StoremleeteN  turtud  912 
Striped 

Amerieaii  lifarmot  872 

.tuil  Spotted  Ground  Squirrel 
872 

QupherS73 


IKDEX  TO  TIIH  WIIOLK  VOLUMK. 


lOVU 


StriiM>i1 

rruii'id  8(|iiirrel  p72 

IS|H'iiiio|iliil(i  K7I  • 

H|iiiini<i]i)iili',  lCii8t<-rii  M71 

S|>eriiiii|iliilr,  I'lile  87!< 

Hiliiiiml  Tp'.'.TSI 
SiiIhhk  TKt 
8\vaiii|i  Ituliliit  :Mi4 
SylviluKim  K^'i 

iiiti'iiiiHia  'M>i 

linc'liiimiii  ;K28 

111111118  H'.T 

8.vii»ii'.  iii.VMaVH 
(■oo|)(<ri  2:tr» 

Hj-ii(^llii'riiH:tf<0,:M 
SyiM'lht-iiiiiti  iH'i 
TiiiiiiK  liiKlsoniii  r>7:i 
Tuiiiiiinl>ll,;TU 

aiiieiicuniiTH-i 

iiBialli:im7fia,7U;i,7t»7,S70 

b<injulm78W,7U:t 

co<)|HTi  7'.M 

<li)rKali»781i,7!»4 

hHrri»i7i*2,H10,aia,8ia 

hiiidHii  7'J4 

Utrraliii7t--2,m4,817 

lijuviduiiB  u:m,  01:1 

Ijslcii  7St 

ininiiliiNiUK 

l>nlla«i  7*J:) 

imlliiluH  tm,  71)3 

<|iiailriiimcii1ntii8  794 

qiiadrlvlttatiis  Itii,  TOU,  W6, 

807 
rubnilini'AtiiK  673 
striati  1 78a.  783, 788, 71«,  7!f.l 
towii8vii()i  788,794 
Tapeti  888, 348 
bnwilieDBis  '148 


Toped 

liiaHiliriiHibiiH  348 
TaHrlit'iiiiiiiiiM  ()13 

Mi-xiniiil8(0ii'  1117 
TftXjiiijH  '.'3'' 

liU'ai'iH'.l38,tl4l 
Tiiiu.ti»779 
Ti'onuiiia  7 
Tboiiiciiii.v«i:(l<.l,r>8t 

boi't'iiliM  (184 

lllltt!!'  <'l8<l 

biilbivorim  t;8ti,*i88 

l-lllNillH  (t8H 

doii^laHHii  i\\Ht 
liilviiBll84,(i8rt 

lHtict'|l8  •>8(> 

MlfeKCtMm  l>84 

tal|i»iili-n  ri83,  Ii8.'>,  l>8(> 

iiiiibiiuii8lS88 
TillomjH  938 

parvii8  939, 944 

Hviii'X  938,944 
Tlaniutotli  8<W 
Ton'usvi.d'a 

Chi|iuiiiiik  791,  79«i 

M(Miilo\v-niou8»  185 

Sitoi'iuopliilu  848 
Triciiiiii  373 

niinip  373 

aviinculiiH  '.{73 

puiiieiw  :)75 
Trogoiitherliiiii  431,450 

obinvii8i8  483 
Truwbri(lgu'8  Ilaru  ;t44 
Tuctt  (il7 

Tiivaii  ol'  Heinoiidtz  (>17 
'I'liKan  ni7 
Tim*  (117 

UodukiTlbi'd  liltiv  (|iindriip(Hl  of 
Guurgia  015 


llrmii  3^9 
Vaiii'd  Sijiiirri'l  741 
Varying  llari'  ;W4 
\'<-Hp('riitiiiH  43,45 

aiiifiii-uiiiiH  51 

aiirroliiH  91 

aztrnm  1(N> 

califiiriiii'iiH  98 

<TlilllU^U8  88 

f{nHH,vpinii8  70 

h'liropnH  50 

iticlaiKiphryH  llrj 

inirbixaiH'iiHiH  94 

wiiinritMiHiH  79 
Virgin. I',  llaiimttr  (li'(>15 
VistMichuH  481 

Wandrrin}^  iMiiimt*,  Aiiicricau  50 
WapiskiMwfeBii'k  840 
V  atcr  Mure  :it>4 
\Vi'8U'rii 

MurkinK  B<|iiirr)'l  908 

V  hiiikari'i'  073,078 

I'lix  8i|iiirnl  'IH,  780 

I'rairii'  Duk  908 

Varjii.u  Mam  30i) 
\Vhi»tlfr  984 
\Vhite-f<Milfd  Moimn  50 
WiIwmi'h  Mt'ttdow-iiiuUM'  149,  15(> 
Wi8ht(iMwi8h  8<.I8 
\Vo<k1  Ilaru  3'87 
\V(mh1  Hat  14 

Uii8b,r-lai1i'd  84 
Uii8k.v-f<H>t<Ml  19      . 
WoiHlebiick  911,918 

\lTII8  041 

Yucatan  Gray  Siiuirrel  TOO 
Zapodidiu  455 
ZapiiB  '105 

hiidiMiiiiii8  407,470,47<> 
Zibetbmtze  85!i 


N*lr.-Wh«lr  ral.  pub.  Aag.  INtf. 
(Na  pan  prcriaanlr  luanl-) 


